The present invention relates to a fuel reforming apparatus.
In general, a fuel cell is such that, inversely to electrolysis of water, hydrogen is coupled with oxygen and electricity and heat generated thereupon are taken out. Because of their higher electricity generation efficiency and adaptability to environment, fuel cells have been actively developed for household-fuel-cell cogeneration systems and fuel-cell-powered automobiles. Hydrogen as fuel for such fuel cells is produced by reforming, for example, petroleum fuel such as naphtha or kerosene or city gas through a reformer.
In the installation shown in
Conventionally, the reformer 1 and its associated instruments or the vaporizer 2, gasifier 3, desulfurizer 4, shift converter 5 and CO remover 6 are assembled as a unit into a fuel reforming apparatus. As such fuel reforming apparatus, for example, a burner combustion type apparatus as disclosed in JP 2003-327405 A has been proposed.
Such fuel reforming apparatus is shown in
In the above-mentioned burner combustion type apparatus, the inner cylinder 9a itself of the vessel 9 is utilized as a part of the reformer 1, and a furnace flue 11 is arranged centrally inside the inner cylinder 9a for flow of the combustion gas from a combustor 10 therethrough; formed between the furnace flue 11 and the inner cylinder 9a is a flow path 12 of the combustion gas in which a plurality of (six in
The furnace flue 11 of the reformer 1 is connected to an upper end of a base inner cylinder 16 standing from a base plate 14. A lower end of the vessel 9 is detachably and sealingly connected, via connecting means (not shown) such as bolts and nuts, to an upper end of a base outer cylinder 15 short in length and standing from an outer periphery of the base plate 14. The associated instruments of the reformer 1 or the vaporizer 2, gasifier 3, desulfurizer 4, shift converter 5 and CO remover 6 are arranged in a cylindrical space 17 which is defined by the base plate 14, the base inner and outer cylinders 16 and 15 and the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9 and which is communicated with the flow path 12 of the combustion gas.
The base inner cylinder 16 is interiorly formed with an air flow path 18 to feed air to the combustor 10. Arranged axially of the cylinder is a fuel gas supply pipe 19 to feed fuel gas such as anode off gas to the combustor 10. Upon startup, a combustion-fuel supply pipe 20 is adapted to feed fuel for combustion to the combustor 10.
In the fuel reforming apparatus shown in
Use of the vessel 9 having the vacuum heat-insulating layer 9c between the inner and outer cylinders 9a and 9b remarkably enhances the heat insulating performance so that decrease in volume of the heat insulating layer 9c can be attained and the apparatus can be made compact in size while heat dissipation is suppressed to improve thermal efficiency.
The interior of the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9 is utilized as the flow path 12 of the combustion gas for the reformer 1, which brings about simplification in structure of the whole apparatus and thus reduction in cost. The reformer 1 comprises the furnace flue 11 having combustion gas from the combustor 10 flowing therethrough and the plural reforming tubes 13 arranged side by side in the flow path 12 of the combustion gas between the furnace flue 11 and the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9 and having reforming catalysts charged therein for flowing of the source gas therethrough for reforming thereof, which makes it possible to shorten in length the reformer 1 through utilization of the multiple reforming tubes 13 and utilization of radiant heat transfer due to high-temperature combustion in the combustor 10, with the advantageous result that the associated instruments such as the vaporizer 2, gasifier 3, desulfurizer 4, shift converter 5 and CO remover 6 can be arranged beneath the reformer 1 so as to decrease in height the fuel reforming apparatus.
In a normal operation, the reformer 1 is fed with the primary fuel; the combustion gas from the burnt fuel gas is heat exchanged with the primary fuel in the reformer 1, vaporizer 2 and gasifier 3 and is lowered in temperature into about 200° C. or temperature level of reaction in the shift converter 5 and in the CO remover 6, so that there is no fear of unnecessary heat exchange occurring even in an instance where reactors such as the shift converter 5 and the CO remover 6 are nakedly arranged in the cylindrical space 17 which is the flow path of the combustion gas.
Thus, reduction in size of the apparatus and increase in heat efficiency can be attained; labor and time of the construction work for the heat insulating layer 9c can be drastically reduced; and maintenance can be readily carried out.
As mentioned above, the burner combustion type reforming apparatus shown in
The combustion gas is not sufficiently decreased in temperature even when it reaches an upper end of the furnace flue 11. Therefore, the combustion gas, which is returned back at the upper end of the furnace flue 11 into the flow path between the furnace flue 11 and the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9, is high in temperature so that upper ends of the reforming tubes 13 arranged in the flow path between the inner cylinder 9a and the furnace flue 11 are exposed to high temperature. Therefore, the reforming tubes must be made from heat-resisting alloy, leading to increase in cost.
Moreover, the combustion gas lowered in the flow path between the furnace flue 11 and the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9 flows right down along the reforming tubes 13 so that it has less heat transfer efficiency and may have deflections in flow; as a result, heat inputs of the respective reforming tubes 13 may become nonuniform, leading to lowered performance of the reformer 1 and difficulty in sufficiently reducing in size of the reforming tubes 13.
The invention was made in view of the above and has its object to provide a fuel reforming apparatus which facilitates convective heat transfer by the combustion gas flowing in the furnace flue so as to sufficiently red heat the furnace flue and sufficiently heat the reforming tubes through the radiation heat transfer, so that the heat transfer area of each of the reforming tubes may be made smaller to further reduce in size the reforming tubes; the upper end of the reforming tube may be prevented from being exposed to high temperature so as to allow the reforming tubes made from material other than heat-resisting alloy; the combustion gas flowing down through the flow path between the furnace flue and the inner cylinder of the vacuum heat-insulating vessel is prevented from having deflections in flow; heat inputs of the respective reforming tubes are made uniform, whereby the reformer can be improved in performance and reduced further in size.
The invention is directed to a fuel reforming apparatus wherein reforming tubes are accommodated in a flow path between an inner cylinder of a vessel and a furnace flue arranged in the inner cylinder, combustion gas generated in a combustor and raised up in said furnace flue being lowered in said flow path so as to reform source gas flowing in a reformer, characterized in that formed between said furnace flue and a guide cylinder accommodated in the furnace flue is a gap though which the combustion gas generated in the combustor for introduction toward an upper end of said flow path is raised.
The invention is further directed to a fuel reforming apparatus wherein reforming tubes are accommodated in a flow path between an inner cylinder of a vessel and a furnace flue arranged in said inner cylinder, combustion gas generated in a combustor and raised up in said furnace flue being lowered in said flow path so as to reform source gas flowing in a reformer, characterized in that a helical plate is arranged in said flow path such that the combustion gas returned back at an upper end of said furnace flue and lowered in said flow path flows across said reforming tubes.
The invention is still further directed to a fuel reforming apparatus wherein reforming tubes are accommodated in a flow path formed between an inner cylinder of a vessel and a furnace flue arranged in said inner cylinder, combustion gas generated in a combustor and raised up in said furnace flue being lowered in said flow path so as to reform source gas flowing in a reformer, characterized in that formed between said furnace flue and a guide cylinder accommodated in the furnace flue is a gap through which the combustion gas generated in the combustor for introduction toward an upper end of said flow path is raised, a helical plate being arranged in said flow path such that the combustion gas returned back at an upper end of said furnace flue and lowered in said flow path flows across said reforming tubes.
In the invention, the combustion gas is raised through the gap between the furnace flue and the guide cylinder accommodated in the furnace flue to red heat the furnace flue through convective heat transfer, the combustion gas being returned back at the upper end of the furnace flue and lowered while guided by the helical plate arranged in the flow path defined by the inner cylinder and the furnace flue. Thus, the reforming tubes are heated through radiation heat transfer of the furnace flue and are also heated through convective heat transfer of the combustion gas which is lowered to flow across the reforming tubes by the guidance of the helical plate.
According to a fuel reforming apparatus of the invention, combustion gas is raised up in the narrow gap between the furnace flue and the guide cylinder and in parallel with the source gas flowing in the reforming tubes so as to red heat the furnace flue, whereby radiation heat transfer can be efficiently conducted from the furnace flue to the reforming tubes. Thus, the surface areas (heat transfer areas) of the reforming tubes can be reduced and the reforming tubes can be made compact in size.
Because of the reforming tubes being not exposed to high temperature, the reforming tubes may be made from usual stainless steel, leading to decrease in cost.
The combustion gas lowered in the space between the furnace flue and the inner cylinder of the vacuum heat-insulating vessel is guided by the helical plate to flow diametrically across all of the reforming tubes, so that flow rate of the combustion gas is high in comparison with an instance where the combustion gas flows right down with no helical plate, thereby obtaining heat transfer efficiency about four times as great as that of latter. Thus, the convective heat transfer is facilitated; heat transfer is made to all of the reforming tubes with uniform gas flow rate so that heat inputs to the respective reforming tubes become uniform, resulting in lack of heat unevenness; thus, the reformer can obtain high reforming performance and the reforming tubes may be compact in size.
An embodiment of the invention will be described on the basis of the drawings.
The guide cylinder 21 is made from usual stainless steel, is hollow in its interior and is closed at its lower end. Mounted on an upper end of the guide cylinder 21 is a guide plate 23 which is larger in diameter than the furnace flue 11; combustion gas raised up in a gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 is returned back by the guide of guide plate 23 into the flow path 12 between the inner cylinder 9a and the furnace flue 11.
In the drawings, reference numeral 15a denotes a discharge port connected to a side of the base outer cylinder 15; 24, an air supply pipe; 25, fuel gas which is anode off-gas; 26, combustion fuel such as naphtha; 27, air; 28, combustion gas; 29, source gas which is being reformed; and 30, exhaust gas. Though not shown, the primary fuel such as naphtha is adapted to be introduced into the primary fuel gasifier 3; water is adapted to be introduced into a water vaporizer 2; and the reformed gas is adapted to be introduced via a selective oxidation CO remover 6 and a humidifier 7 shown in
Next, the mode of operation of the above embodiment will be described also in conjunction with
When electric power is to be generated in the PEFC 8 shown in
On the other hand, the fuel gas 25, the combustion fuel 26 and the air from the air supply pipe 24 are burnt in the combustor 10 to generate high-temperature (about 1200° C.) combustion gas 28 which is raised up in the narrow gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 uniformly and at high flow rate without having deflections in flow. The upward flow of the combustion gas 28 is in parallel with the source gas 29 flowing upward or downward in the reforming tubes 13. Thus, the upward flow of the combustion gas 28 in the narrow gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 and in parallel with the source gas 29 flowing in the reforming tubes 13 accelerates convective heat transfer by the combustion gas 28 to red heat the furnace flue 11, the reforming tubes 13 being heated by radiation heat transfer of the furnace flue 11.
The combustion gas 28 having reached the upper end of the narrow gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 is returned back by the guide plate 23 and is lowered in the flow path 12 between the inner cylinder 9a and the furnace flue 11 helically along the helical plate 22 to flow diametrically across the reforming tubes 13 and heat the same through convective heat transfer; then, it passes through the cylindrical space 17 where the vaporizer 2, desulfurizer 4, shift converter 5, gasifier 3 and CO remover 6 are accommodated and is discharged outside as the exhaust gas 30 via the combustion gas discharge port 15a on the lower end of the base outer cylinder 15.
The source gas 29 flowing up and down in the reforming tubes 13 is heated through radiation heat transfer of the furnace flue 11 heated by the combustion gas 28 and is also heated through convective heat transfer of the combustion gas 28 which is lowered to flow diametrically across the reforming tubes 13 helically along the helical plate 22 in the flow path 12 between the inner cylinder 9a and furnace flue 11, whereby it is reformed.
According to the embodiment, the combustion gas 28 is raised up in the narrow gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 and in parallel with the source gas 29 flowing in the reforming tubes 13 so as to red heat the furnace flue 11 through convective heat transfer, so that efficient radiation heat transfer can be conducted to the reforming tubes 13 by the furnace flue 11. Therefore, the surface areas (heat transfer areas) of the reforming tubes 13 can be reduced and the reforming tubes 13 can be made compact in size in comparison with those in the fuel reforming apparatus shown in
The combustion gas 28 heats the furnace flue 11 through convective heat transfer, and the furnace flue 11h heats through radiation heat transfer a low-temperature region with great heat input required which is adjacent to an inlet of the reformer 1 below a lower end of the furnace flue 11, so that temperature of the combustion gas 28 at the upper end of the gap between the furnace flue 11 and the guide cylinder 21 is lowered than the combustion temperature (1200° C.) of the combustor 10 into the order of 800° C. which is sufficient for reforming. Therefore, the reforming tubes 13 may not be made from costly heat-resisting alloy and may be made from usual stainless steel, leading to cost-down of the fuel reforming apparatus.
The combustion gas 28 lowered in the flow path 12 between the inner cylinder 9a of the vessel 9 and the furnace flue 11 is guided by the helical plate 22 to flow diametrically across all the reforming tubes 13 so that the flow rate of the combustion gas 28 is high in comparison with an instance where the combustion gas flows right down with no helical plate 22, so that great heat transfer efficiency is obtained which is about four times as great as that of the latter. Thus, convective heat transfer is facilitated and is made to all of the reforming tubes 13 at uniform gas flow rate, so that input heats of the respective reforming tubes 13 become uniform with no heat unevenness. As a result, the reformer 1 can obtain high reforming performance. Moreover, the reforming tubes 13 have great heat transfer efficiency, which fact also contributes to reduction in size of the reforming tubes 13.
The gas reformed in the reformer 1 passes through the low-temperature shift converter 5 and the selective oxidation CO remover 6 and is fed via the lower end of the base outer cylinder 15 to outside of the fuel reforming apparatus and then into the humidifier 7 shown in
It is to be understood that, in a fuel reforming apparatus according to the invention, various changes and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, the selective oxidation CO remover may be substituted with a methanator which utilizes so-called methanation reaction.
As is clear from the foregoing, a fuel reforming apparatus according to the invention is effective as a fuel reforming apparatus for reforming the primary fuel such as methanol, city gas, naphtha or kerosene to be fed to the fuel cell. Since surface areas (heat transfer areas) of respective reforming tubes can be reduced, the apparatus is especially effective as a fuel reforming apparatus which can be made compact in size; it is effective as a fuel reforming apparatus which is low in cost; furthermore, it is effective as fuel reforming apparatus which can obtain high reforming performance as convective heat transfer is facilitated and conducted to all of the reforming tubes with uniform gas flow rate so that input heats of the respective reforming tubes become uniform with heat unevenness being eliminated.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP04/01445 | 2/12/2004 | WO | 11/14/2005 |