G-beta-gamma regulated phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase

TABLE OF CONTENTS
G-beta-gamma Regulated Phosphatidylinositol-3' Kinase
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1
III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 6
A. DEFINITIONS 9
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 10
V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 13
A. THE p101 AND p120 GENES 19
B. p101 AND p120 PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES 29
C. ANTIBODIES TO p101 AND p120 PROTEINS 39
D. DIAGNOSIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL ACTIVATION DISORDERS 42
1. DETECTION OF THE p101 GENE AND TRANSCRIPTS 44
2. DETECTION OF THE p101 GENE PRODUCTS 46
E. SCREENING ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT MODULATE G-PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY 50
1. In vitro SCREENING ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT BIND TO p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 55
2. ASSAYS FOR INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH THE p101 OR p120 PROTEINS 57
3. ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT INTERFERE WITH p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT/INTRACELLULAR MACROMOLECULE INTERACTION 60
4. ASSAYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS THAT AMELIORATE INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 65
F. THE TREATMENT OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH STIMULATION OF G-PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 69
1. INHIBITION OF p101 ADAPTOR EXPRESSION OR p101 ADAPTOR ACTIVITY TO REDUCE G PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K ACTIVITY AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION 69
2. RESTORATION OR INCREASE IN p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY TO PROMOTE IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION 78
G. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION 79
1. EFFECTIVE DOSE 79
2. FORMULATIONS AND USE 80
VI. EXAMPLE: Purification and characterization of porcine G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K activities 83
A. MATERIALS & METHODS 83
1. PI3K ASSAYS 83
B. RESULTS 89
VIII. EXAMPLE: PEPTIDE SEQUENCING OF PORCINE G.beta..gamma.-ACTIVATED
A. PI3K A AND B 91
B. MATERIALS AND METHODS 91
C. RESULTS 93
IX. EXAMPLE: Cloning of the cDNAs encoding porcine p120 and p101 94
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS 94
B. RESULTS 95
X. EXAMPLE: Cloning of the cDNAs encoding human p120 and p101 96
A. Human p101 97
B. Human p120 99
XI. EXAMPLE: Expression of porcine p120 and p101 in insect cells 99
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS 99
1. CONSTRUCTION OF EXPRESSION VECTORS 99
2. Sf9 cell transfections and production of recombinant proteins 100
3. Purification of Sf9-derived proteins 100
B. RESULTS 104
XII. EXAMPLE: Expression of porcine p101 and p120 in mammalian cells 105
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS 105
1. CELL CULTURE 105
2. CONSTRUCTION OF EXPRESSION VECTORS 105
3. U937 TRANSFECTION PROTOCOLS 106
4. COS-7 CELL TRANSFECTIONS 107
B. RESULTS 108
XIII. DEPOSIT OF CLONES 111
CLAIMS 112
ABSTRACT 118
I. INTRODUCTION
The present invention relates to novel G-protein regulated phosphoinositide 3OH-kinase enzymes isolated from cells of hematopoietic lineage which are involved in cellular signal transduction pathways, and to the use of these novel enzymes in the treatment and diagnosis of disease.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Phosphoinositide 3OH-kinases (PI3Ks) are a large family of enzymes capable of 3-phosphorylating at least one of the cellular phosphoinositides (Whitman et al., 1988, Nature 332:644-646; Auger et al., 1989, Cell 57:167-175). 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides are found in all higher eukaryotic cells. A growing body of evidence implicates PI3K and a lipid product of this enzyme, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (hereinafter "PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 "), as part of a novel and important second messenger system in cellular signal transduction. The components of this novel PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 -based signalling system appear to be independent of the previously characterized signalling pathway based on inositol phospholipids, in which a phosphoinositidase C (PIC) hydrolyses PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 to release the structurally distinct second messengers inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate (Ins(1,4,5) P.sub.3) and diacylglycerol.
Select extracellular agonists and growth factors will stimulate intracellular PI3K activity and cause the rapid and transient intracellular accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3. Surprisingly, stimulation of a variety of different types of cell surface receptors, including receptor tyrosine kinases, receptors associated with src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine growth factors, and G protein coupled receptors will all activate members of the PI3K family. (Reviewed in Stephens et al., 1993, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1179:27-75). For example, tyrosine kinase receptors which, when activated, result in increased accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 are the PDGF receptor, the EGF receptor, members of the FGF receptor family, the CSF-1 receptor, the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, and the NGF receptor. Receptors associated with src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases which stimulate PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 accumulation are the Il-2 receptor, Il-3 receptor, mIgM receptor, the CD4 receptor, the CD2 receptor, and the CD3/T cell receptor. Additionally, the cytokine Il-4 receptor and the G protein linked thrombin receptor, ATP receptor, and the fMLP receptor all stimulate the activity of a PI3K, resulting in subsequent PtdIns (3,4,5)P.sub.3 accumulation. Thus, PtdIns(3,4,5) P.sub.3 appears to be a second messenger in extremely diverse signalling pathways.
Support for the proposition that PI3K activity and production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 is a physiological relevant pathway of signal transduction for these diverse receptors is derived, inter alia, from two different lines of experimental evidence: inhibition of PI3K activity by fungal metabolites and observations of direct protein associations. Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite, irreversibly inhibits PI3K activity by binding covalently to the catalytic domain of this enzyme. Inhibition of PI3K activity by wortmannin eliminates the subsequent cellular response to the extracellular factor. For example, neutrophils respond to the chemokine fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) by stimulating PI3K and synthesizing PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3. The synthesis correlates with activation of the respiratory burst involved in neutrophil destruction of invading microorganisms. Treatment of neutrophils with wortmannin prevents the fMLP-induced respiratory burst response. Thelen et al., 1994, PNAS, USA 91:4960-4964. Indeed, these experiments with wortmannin, as well as other experimental evidence, shows that PI3K activity in cells of hematopoietic lineage, particularly neutrophils, monocytes, and other types of leukocytes, is involved in many of the non-memory immune responses associated with acute and chronic inflammation.
PI3K enzymes interact directly with, and may be co-purified with, activated forms of several receptor tyrosine kinases. When purified, receptor tyrosine kinase associated PI3K was found to consist of 170-200 kD heterodimers (Otsu et al., 1991, Cell 65:91-104, Pons et al., 1995, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:4453-4465, Inukai et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271:5317-5320) comprising a catalytic subunit and an adaptor (or regulatory) subunit.
Two different -homologs of the catalytic subunit, p110.alpha. and p110.beta., have been described and cloned. The catalytic subunit, which irreversibly binds wortmannin, tightly associates with one or other members of a small family of highly related regulatory subunits, p55.alpha., p55P1K, p85.alpha. and p85.beta., to form the 170-200 kD heterodimers. The known regulatory subunits contain a large collection of protein:protein interaction domains, including two SH2 domains (Cantley et al., 1991, Cell 64:281-302).
The presence of the SH2 domains are thought to be responsible for the binding and stimulation of PI3K heterodimers to activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Activated receptors are phosphorylated at key tyrosine residues within local consensus sequences preferred by the SH2 domains found in the 55-87 kD PI3K adaptors (Songyang et al., 1993, Cell 72:767-778). Once the PI3K heterodimer binds, it directly activates the PI3K catalytic subunit (although this effect is relatively small in vitro, Carpenter et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268:9478-9483, Backer et al., 1992, EMBO J. 11:3469-3479) and translocates the cytosolic PI3K to a source of its phospholipid substrate. The combination of these factors leads to a surge in PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 production. Clearly, these isoforms of PI3Ks (p100.alpha./p110.beta./p55.alpha.,p55PIK) seem structurally adapted to function as dedicated signal transducers downstream of receptor-regulated tyrosine kinases, very like the way the .tau.-family of PI-PLCs are regulated by receptor-sensitive tyrosine kinases (Lee and Rhee, 1995, Current Biol. 7:193-189).
However, the p110/p85 sub-family of PI3Ks do not seem to be involved in the production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 that can occur as a result of activation of cell surface receptors which utilize heterotrimeric GTPases to transduce their signals (e.g., fMLP, PAF, ATP, and thrombin). These types of cell surface receptors have been primarily described in cells of hematopoietic origin whose activation is involved inflammatory responses of the immune system. Recent evidence has suggested that a chromatographically distinct form of wortmannin-sensitive PI3K is present in U937 cells and neutrophils that possesses a native, relative molecular mass of about 220 kD (Stephens et al., 1994, Cell 77:83-93). This PI3K activity can be specifically stimulated by G.beta..gamma. subunits, but not G.alpha.-GTP subunits. A similar PI3K activity has also been described in an Osteosarcoma cell line (Morris et al., 1995, Mol. Pharm. 48:532-539). Platelets also contain a G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K, although it is unclear whether this is a p85/p110 PI3K family member (Thomason et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269:16525-16528). It seemed likely that this poorly characterized, G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K might be responsible for production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 in response to agonists like ATP, fMLP etc.
Stoyanov et al., (1995) have recently published the cloning and expression of a wortmannin-sensitive PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 -selective PI3K, termed p110.gamma., from a human bone marrow cDNA library. p110.gamma. was amplified by PCR using primers designed to target potential PI3K's as well as PtdIns4-kinase's catalytic centers. It is clearly distinct from p110.alpha. and p110.beta., as it lacks, for example, an amino-terminus binding domain for a member of the p85 adaptor family. p110.gamma. was speculated to be the PI3K activity downstream of heterotrimeric GTPase-linked receptors on the basis of its sensitivity to both G.alpha.-GTP and G.beta..gamma.-subunits in vitro and its expression in myeloid-derived cells. Nevertheless, this hypothesis left several unresolved questions regarding the earlier biochemical evidence which indicated that the G.beta..gamma. responsive PI3K was not stimulated by G.alpha.-GTP subunits, and that it possessed a much greater molecular mass of about 220 kD.
The effects of G.beta..gamma. subunits on pllOT were suggested to be mediated via a putative NH.sub.2 -terminus pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. However, with the description of an increasing number of G.beta..gamma. regulated effectors, mounting evidence suggests that PH domains do not represent a widely used G.beta..gamma. binding domain. Recent work, using a panel of relatively small peptides based on the sequence of domains only found in the G.beta..gamma.-activated adenylate cyclases (ACs 2 and 4) which specifically block G.beta..gamma. activation or inhibition of several effectors, has suggested there may be some grounds for believing G.beta..gamma. subunits contain a widely used effector activating domain. Further, regions in different effectors that interact with this effector activating domain show significant sequence similarities. Hence a motif (Gln-X-X-Glu-Arg) within the domain in AC2 highlighted by these peptide studies also appears in regions of potassium channels and .beta.-ARKs already implicated in regulation by G.beta..gamma. subunits (Chen et al., 1995, Science 268:1166-1169). However, this motif is not replicated in all proteins known to be regulated by G.beta..gamma. subunits, and consequently sequence analysis cannot currently predict whether a protein will be regulated by G.beta..gamma. subunits.
Identification of the mechanism by which PI3K-activity is activated by cellular agonists which transduce their signals through G protein linked receptors is lacking. It is important to note that the vast majority of agonists which activate the neutrophil respiratory burst involved in the inflammatory response will bind to G-protein-coupled receptors rather than receptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, the mechanism by which PI3K is regulated in response to these types of chemokines is likely to be very different from regulation by growth factors which signal through tyrosine kinases. The present invention is directed towards resolving this issue by the identification, purification, and cloning of a novel and specific form of PI3K which is activated by g subunits of trimeric G-proteins.
III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the discovery, identification, purification, and cloning of nucleotides that encode the trimeric G protein regulated PI3K, a novel protein that produces accumulation of the second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 in response to activation of G protein-linked receptors. This novel G-protein regulated PI3K is comprised of a catalytic subunit, p120, and a regulatory subunit, p101. The p120 catalytic subunit shares partial amino acid sequence homology with the PI3K catalytic subunits p110.alpha., p110.beta., and p110.gamma.. p101, on the other hand, is a completely new protein with no identifiable homology to any other sequence previously available. In the absence of p101 regulatory subunit, activated G protein subunits induce a mild stimulation of catalytic activity by the p120 catalytic subunit. However, in the presence of p101 subunit, the PI3K activity of the catalytic subunit is stimulated over 100 fold by activated G proteins.
cDNAs encoding both porcine p101 and p120 and human p101 and p120 have been cloned and sequenced, and are described herein. The porcine p101 and p120 cDNAs encode proteins of about 877 amino acids and about 1102 amino acids, respectively (FIG. 2 and FIG. 4), while the human p101 and p120 cDNAs encode proteins of about 881 amino acids and about 1103 amino acids, respectively (FIG. 11 and FIG. 13). Although the amino acid sequences of the p120 proteins are homologous to those of other known PI3K catalytic subunits, the p120 cDNAs described herein diverge from the cDNAs encoding the known PI3K catalytic subunits, particularly at, for example, the carboxyl terminus (amino acid residues 1075 to 1102).
The p101 transcript is found primarily in cells of hematopoietic lineage. p120, and other PI3K catalytic subunit proteins, appear to have a far broader tissue and cell type distribution. Notably, the presence of a trimeric G protein sensitive PI3K activity has only been found in a limited number of cells of hematopoietic lineage (e.g., neutrophils, platelets, etc.). Thus, the ability to activate PI3K enzymes in response to stimulation of trimeric G protein linked receptors appears largely dependent on the presence of the p101 subunit.
The invention encompasses the following nucleotides, host cells expressing such nucleotides, and the expression products of such nucleotides: (a) nucleotides that encode mammalian p101 and p120 proteins, including the porcine p101 and p120 and the human p101 and p120, and the p101 and p120 gene products, including the porcine and human gene products; (b) nucleotides that encode portions of p101 and p120 that correspond to its functional domains, and the polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences, including but not limited to the p101 nucleotides encoding, for example, the p101 G.beta..gamma. interaction domain, or the catalytic subunit associating domain, or amino acid residues from about 1 to 160, 80-120, 161 to 263, 264 to 414, 415 to 565, 566 to 706, 707-832, and/or 833 to 877, and p120 nucleotides that encode the p120 membrane binding domain, or the regulatory subunit domain, or amino acid residues from about 173 to 302 and 310 to 315; (c) nucleotides that encode mutants of p101 and p120 in which all or a part of one of the domains is deleted or altered, and the polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences, including but not limited to mutants of p101 wherein the nucleotides encoding the G protein interaction domain, or the catalytic subunit associating domain, or amino acid residues from about 1 to 160, 80-120, 161 to 263, 264 to 414, 415 to 565, 566 to 706, 707-832, and/or 833 to 877 are deleted, and to mutants of p120 wherein the nucleotides encoding the membrane binding domain, or the regulatory subunit domain, or amino acid residues from about 173 to 302 and 310 to 315 are deleted; (d) nucleotides that encode fusion proteins containing the p101 protein or one of its domains (e.g., the G.beta..gamma. interaction domain, or the catalytic subunit associating domain, or the domains described by amino acid residues from about 1 to 160, 80-120, 161 to 263, 264 to 414, 415 to 565, 566 to 706, 707-832, and/or 833 to 877), or the p120 protein or one of its domains (e.g., the membrane binding domain, or the regulatory subunit domain, or amino acid residues from about 173 to 302 and 310 to 315) fused to another polypeptide.
The invention also encompasses agonists and antagonists of G protein regulated PI3K, including small molecules, large molecules, mutant p101 proteins that compete with native p101, and antibodies, as well as nucleotide sequences that can be used to inhibit p101 gene expression (e.g., antisense and ribozyme molecules, and gene or regulatory sequence replacement constructs) or to enhance p101 gene expression (e.g., expression constructs that place the p101 gene under the control of a strong promoter system), and transgenic cells and animals that express a p101 transgene or "knock-outs" that do not express p101.
In addition, the present invention encompasses methods and compositions for the diagnostic evaluation, typing and prognosis of immune system disorders, including inflammation, and for the identification of subjects having a predisposition to such conditions. For example, p101 nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be used as diagnostic hybridization probes or as primers for diagnostic PCR analysis for the identification of p101 gene mutations, allelic variations and regulatory defects in the p101 gene. The present invention further provides for diagnostic kits for the practice of such methods.
Further, the present invention also relates to methods for the use of the p101 gene and/or p120 gene products for the identification of compounds which modulate, i.e., act as agonists or antagonists, of G protein-regulated PI3K gene expression and or p101 and/or p120 gene product activity. Such compounds can be used as agents to control immune system disorders and, in particular, as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammation disorders such as arthritis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma, allergies, reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.
Still further, the invention encompasses methods and compositions for the treatment of inflammation disorders such as arthritis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma, allergies, reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. Such methods and compositions are capable of modulating the level of p101 gene expression and/or the level of p101 or p120 gene product activity.
This invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery of a G protein stimulated PI3K activity in isolated neutrophils; the purification and characterization of this activity as a heterodimeric PI3K protein comprised of a p101 subunit and a p120 subunit; the identification and cloning of p101 cDNA from libraries prepared from porcine neutrophil mRNA, human monocyte mRNA, and human leukocyte mRNA; the identification and cloning of p120 cDNA from libraries prepared from porcine neutrophil mRNA and human Leukocyte mRNA; characterization of the novel sequences; and studies of isolated recombinantly expressed p101 and p120 protein in insect cells, U937 cells, and Cos-7 cells.
A. DEFINITIONS
As used herein, the following terms, whether used in the singular or plural, will have the meanings indicated:
G protein-regulated PI3K: refers to a PI3K enzyme whose activity is stimulated by activated trimeric G proteins such as G.beta..gamma. subunits and/or G.alpha.-GTP subunits.
p101: means the regulatory subunit of the G protein-regulated PI3K, also known as the adaptor subunit. p101 includes molecules that are homologous to p101 or which bind to p120 and stimulate PI3K catalytic activity in response to activation of trimeric G proteins. p101 fusion proteins having an N-terminal Glu tag (specifically MEEEEFMPMPMEF) are referred to herein as (EE)101 fusion proteins, while p101 fusion proteins having an N-terminal myc epitope tag are referred to herein as myc101 fusion proteins.
p101 nucleotides or coding sequences: means nucleotide sequences encoding the p101 regulatory subunit protein, polypeptide or peptide fragments of p101 protein, or p101 fusion proteins. p101 nucleotide sequences encompass DNA, including genomic DNA (e.g. the p101 gene) or cDNA, or RNA.
p120: means the catalytic subunit of the G protein-regulated PI3K. Polypeptides or peptide fragments of p120 protein are referred to as p120 polypeptides or p120 peptides. Fusions of p120, or p120 polypeptides or peptide fragments to an unrelated protein are referred to herein as p120 fusion proteins. (EE)120 fusion proteins have the N-terminal Glu tag MEEEEFMPMEFSS. Functional equivalents of p120 refer to a PI3K catalytic subunit protein which binds to the p101 regulatory subunit with high affinity in vivo or in vitro. Other functional equivalents of p120 are homologous catalytic subunits of a G protein-regulated PI3K, such as p117.
p120 nucleotides or coding sequences: means nucleotide sequences encoding the p120 catalytic subunit protein, polypeptide or peptide fragments of p120 protein, or p120 fusion proteins. p120 nucleotide sequences encompass DNA, including genomic DNA (e.g. the p120 gene) or cDNA, or RNA.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D. Porcine p101 adaptor subunit nucleotide sequence. (SEQ ID NO:1)
FIG. 2. Deduced Porcine p101 amino acid sequence. (SEQ ID NO:2) Tryptic peptides identified by protein sequencing are underlined with a solid line.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C. Porcine p120 catalytic subunit nucleotide sequence. (SEQ ID NO:3)
FIG. 4. Deduced Porcine p120 catalytic subunit sequence. (SEQ ID NO:4) Tryptic peptides identified by protein sequencing are underlined with a solid line. The region of divergence from the published amino acid sequence of p110.gamma. is underscored with a broken line.
FIG. 5. G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K in neutrophil cytosol is distinct to p85/p110 PI3Ks. Aliquots of each of the fractions derived from a Q-sepharose chromatographic profile were either Western blotted and probed with .alpha.p85.alpha. or .alpha.p85.beta. monoclonal antibodies and visualized with an HRP-linked second antibody (upper panel in FIG. 5), or incubated with 100 nM [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin, resolved by SDS-PAGE (6% acrylamide and fluorographed (lower panel in FIG. 5). G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K activity eluted in fractions 20-24.
FIG. 6. Peak B After Final Mini Q Column Purification Contains a G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K Activity. The final purification product of the Peak B activity was analyzed after isolation from a Mini Q column in the presence and absence of activated G.beta..gamma. subunits (.beta..gamma.), a tyrosine phosphorylated peptide (YP-peptide), wortmannin, and/or G.alpha..sub.i -GDP subunits (.alpha..sub.i -GDP).
FIG. 7. Pharmacological and regulatory properties of free p120 and p101/p120 PI3Ks recombinantly expressed in Sf9 cells. Assays contained either 7 nM p101/p120 or 36 nM p120 alone (final concentrations) which were incubated with various reagents; 10 mM NaF and 30 .mu.m AlCl.sub.3 (A/F); 1 .mu.M G.beta..gamma. subunits (.beta..gamma.); 2 .mu.m G.alpha.-GDP; 100 nM wortmannin (W) or 50 .mu.m tyrosine phosphorylated peptide (PY) for a total of 15 minutes (at 0.degree. C.) prior to starting the assays by adding [.gamma..sup.32 P]-ATP; [.sup.32 P]-incorporated into [.sup.32 P]-PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 was quantified. The data shown are means (n=2).
FIG. 8. p101 can associate with a G.beta..gamma.-stimulated PI3K activity in U937 cells. U937 cells were transiently transfected with mammalian expression vectors encoding either (EE)120 or (EE)101, co-transfected in combination with mammalian expression vectors encoding myc101, myc120, or an irrelevant control myc fusion protein, as indicated. A total of 40 .mu.g of vector DNA was used. After co-transfection, the cells lysed, precleaned and immunoprecipitated with protein G sepharose covalently cross-linked to .alpha.-(EE) monoclonal antibody as described more fully in the Examples herein. The resulting immunoprecipitates were washed and G.beta..gamma.-activated (1 .mu.M, final concentration) PI3K activity was assayed. The PI3K activity detected in immunoprecipitates from cells transfected with irrelevant (EE)-tagged protein, either with or without G.beta..gamma.s was subtracted from the data shown (these were means of 1896 dpm and 2862 dpm in the absence and presence of G.beta..gamma.s, respectively). Parallel transfections labelled with [.sup.35 S]-methionine showed the amount of [.sup.35 S]-p101 and [.sup.35 S]-p120 in the immunoprecipitates fell by 40% when they were co-transfected (data not shown).
FIG. 9. Regulation of p101/p120 by G.beta..gamma.s in vivo. Cos-7 cells were transfected with mammalian expression vectors encoding G.beta..gamma. subunit (".beta..sub.1 .gamma..sub.2 "), p101 ("101"), and/or p120 ("120"), as indicated. After 48 hours of transient expression, cells from each transfection were either Western blotted to determine "Relative Expression", or assayed for the accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 accumulation (shaded bars). For Western blotting, samples were probed with an .alpha.-(myc) monoclonal antibody to quantitate the expression of the various (myc)-tagged proteins. Results are given relative to the expression obtained in the presence of all 4 key vectors; the absolute levels of (myc)-p120 and (myc)-p101 were very similar and about 10.times. greater than that of (myc)-.gamma..sub.2. Parallel batches of cells were labelled with [.sup.32 P]-Pi; after 90 minutes lipids were extracted, deacylated and water-soluble head groups resolved by anion-exchange HPLC and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. Data shown are means (n=2)+/- ranges. Data for [.sup.32 P]-PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 are above the irrelevant DNA control (972.+-.41 dpm).
FIGS. 10A and 10B. Human p101 adaptor subunit nucleotide sequence. (SEQ ID NO:11)
FIG. 11. Deduced Human p101 amino acid sequence. (SEQ ID NO:12)
FIGS. 12A and 12B. Human p120 catalytic subunit nucleotide sequence. (SEQ ID NO:13)
FIG. 13. Deduced Human p120 catalytic subunit sequence. (SEQ ID NO:14)

V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the identification, purification, and cloning of a specific form of PI3K which is activated by .beta..gamma. subunits of trimeric G-proteins. p101, described for the first time herein, is a novel subunit of the G-protein regulated PI3K. Also described herein is the identification, cloning, and correct sequence of p120, the catalytic subunit of the trimeric G-protein regulated PI3K.
PI3K are enzymes which phosphorylate phosphatidyl inositols at the 3d position to generate the intracellular signaling molecule PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3. Although it has been shown that PI3K's are induced in a variety of cell types upon stimulation of tyrosine kinase receptors, PI3K's which are activated by trimeric G-protein linked receptors have only been detected in a limited number of hematopoietic lineage derived cells such as platelets, monocytes, and leukocytes. Interestingly, accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 in these cells is associated with many of the immune responses involved in acute and chronic inflammation. For example, neutrophils are activated by, inter alia, the chemokine fMLP which is released in response to infection by microorganisms. This agonist binds to a pertussis toxin sensitive G protein coupled receptor and activates the neutrophil respiratory burst, resulting in superoxide production and cytotoxicity. The respiratory burst response correlates with a rapid and transient intracellular increase in PI3K activity.
Studies in neutrophils demonstrates that wortmannin, which selectively inhibits the catalytic component of PI3K's, causes a shutdown of superoxide production. Since the vast majority of agonists which activate this respiratory burst bind to G protein-linked receptors, the G protein regulated PI3K activity represents a candidate for a dominant effector pathway whose inhibition will reduce the destructive cellular effects of inflammation. However, wortmannin is not a clinically appropriate inhibitor of this pathway since wortmannin inhibits all PI3K catalytic activities, including those involved in other cellular pathways such as growth factors.
Reported herein is the discovery that the G-protein regulated PI3K is composed of two subunits: the catalytic subunit (p110.gamma., p117 or p120); and the p101 regulatory subunit. The ability of PI3K to respond to cell surface receptors which stimulate the release of G.beta..gamma. subunits from activated trimeric G-proteins is largely dependent on the presence of the p101 regulatory subunit. Although catalytic subunits exhibit a small stimulation (approximately 1.7 fold) of PI3K activity in vitro in the presence of G.beta..gamma. subunits, addition of p101 proteins will increase G.beta..gamma.stimulation of PI3K activity 100 fold. Neutralization of p101, removal of p101, or interference of p101 binding to its binding partners, will render the cells incapable of generating greatly increased levels of the intracellular signal PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 in response to activated G.beta..gamma. subunits. Thus, the limited distribution of the p101 subunit in bone marrow derived cells appears to be the critical factor in the cell type specificity of this response. Furthermore, p101 contains no significant homologies with any other identified sequence. This discovery makes p101, and the p101/p120 complex, the target of choice to inhibit, activate, or modulate G protein-activated PI3K with minimal non-specific effects.
The invention also encompasses the use of p101 and p120 nucleotides, p101 and p120 proteins and peptides, as well as antibodies to p101 and p120 (which can, for example, act as p101 or p120 agonists or antagonists), antagonists that inhibit G protein-activated PI3K activity or expression, or agonists that activate G protein-activated PI3K activity or increase its expression in the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders, including, but not limited to immune responses associated with acute and chronic inflammation, in animals such as humans. For example, antagonists of G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K will be useful in the treatment of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma and other lung conditions, allergies, reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, to name just a few inflammatory disorders. In addition, p101 nucleotides and p101 regulatory subunits, as well as p120 nucleotides and p120 catalytic subunits, are useful for the identification of compounds effective in the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders involving G protein-activated PI3Ks.
Further, the invention encompasses the use of p101 and p120 nucleotides, p101 and p120 proteins and peptides, as well as antibodies to p101 and p120 in the diagnosis of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders. The diagnosis of a p101 regulatory subunit or p120 catalytic subunit abnormality in a patient, or an abnormality in the G protein activated PI3K signal transduction pathway, will also assist in devising a proper treatment or therapeutic regimen.
In particular, the invention described in the subsections below encompasses p101 regulatory subunit, polypeptides or peptides corresponding to functional domains of the p101 regulatory subunit (e.g., the catalytic subunit association domain, or the domain which interacts with activated G proteins), mutated, truncated or deleted p101 regulatory subunits (e.g. a p101 regulatory subunit with one or more functional domains or portions thereof deleted), p101 regulatory subunit fusion proteins (e.g. a p101 regulatory subunit or a functional domain of p101 regulatory subunit, fused to an unrelated protein or peptide such as an epitope tag, i.e., the myc epitope), nucleotide sequences encoding such products, and host cell expression systems that can produce such p101 regulatory subunit products.
Additionally, the invention encompasses p120 catalytic subunit proteins, polypeptides, functional domains of the p120 subunit (e.g., the catalytic domain), mutated, truncated or deleted p120 subunit proteins, p120 fusion proteins, nucleotide sequences encoding such products, and host cell expression systems that can produce such p120 catalytic subunit products.
The invention also encompasses antibodies and anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists and agonists of the G protein-activated PI3K, as well as compounds or nucleotide constructs that inhibit expression of the p101 or p120 gene (transcription factor inhibitors, antisense and ribozyme molecules, or gene or regulatory sequence replacement constructs), or promote expression of p101 regulatory subunit (e.g., expression constructs in which p101 coding sequences are operatively associated with expression control elements such as promoters, promoter/enhancers, etc.). The invention also relates to host cells and animals genetically engineered to express the human p101 regulatory subunit (or mutants thereof) or to inhibit or "knock-out" expression of the animal's endogenous p101 regulatory subunit.
Further, the invention particularly encompasses antagonists which prevent the association of p101 regulatory subunits with their binding partners, including p120 and other PI3K catalytic subunit proteins such as p117 and p110.gamma., as well as activated trimeric G protein proteins, including G.beta..gamma. subunits.
The p101 regulatory subunit proteins or peptides, p101 regulatory subunit fusion proteins, p101 nucleotide sequences, antibodies, antagonists and agonists can be useful for the detection of mutant p101 regulatory subunits or inappropriately expressed p101 regulatory subunits for the diagnosis of immune disorders. The p101 and p120 subunit proteins or peptides, p101 and p120 subunit fusion proteins, p101 and p120 nucleotide sequences, host cell expression systems, antibodies, antagonists, agonists and genetically engineered cells and animals can be used for screening for drugs effective in the treatment of such immune disorders. The use of engineered host cells and/or animals may offer an advantage in that such systems allow not only for the identification of compounds that bind to the p101 regulatory subunit, but can also identify compounds that affect the signal transduced by the activated p101 regulatory subunit, specifically, production of the intracellular signaling molecule PtdIns(3,4,5) P.sub.3.
Finally, the p101 regulatory subunit protein products and fusion protein products, antibodies and anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists or agonists (including compounds that modulate signal transduction which may act on downstream targets in the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway) can be used for therapy of such diseases. For example, nucleotide constructs encoding functional p101 regulatory subunits, mutant p101 regulatory subunits, as well as antisense and ribozyme molecules can be used in "gene therapy" approaches for the modulation of p101 regulatory subunit expression and/or activity in the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders. Thus, the invention also encompasses pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treating hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders.
The invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery of novel PI3K enzymes in porcine neutrophils. Like other PI3K proteins, these enzymes 3-phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 substrates, and were completely inhibited by 100 nM wortmannin. However, unlike the previously described PI3K p85/p101 protein complexes, the PI3K activity was stimulated over 100 fold by incubation with G.beta..gamma. subunits. Addition of G.alpha.-GDP subunits could inhibit this G.beta..gamma. activation. Furthermore, the PI3K activity was not stimulated by phosphorylated tyrosine peptides. When purified, two distinct heterodimeric protein complex were identified: a p117/p101 complex and a p120/p101 complex. Peptide sequencing revealed that the p101 protein was identical in each complex. The p120 and p117 proteins were homologous with the exception of the amino terminus (see Examples below). Porcine p101 and p120 cDNAs were then cloned using degenerate probes based upon the peptide sequence to screen an expression library of cDNAs synthesized from porcine neutrophil mRNA. Human p101 and p120 were cloned using probes derived from the porcine cDNA sequences to screen human monocyte and leukocyte cDNA libraries. While sequence analysis of the porcine and human subunits revealed that the p120 proteins are homologous to previously cloned PI3K catalytic subunits (although they diverge significantly at the extreme carboxyl terminus), the p101 proteins are unrelated to any sequence in the databases.
Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the porcine and human homologs of p101 and p120 reveals a high degree of conservation between the two species. This high degree of conservation between two mammalian species suggests that a similar degree of conservation probably exists among mammalian species in general. In the same way that the porcine sequences were used to clone their human homologs, one skilled in the art can clone p101 and p120 homologs from other mammalian species using the disclosed human and/or porcine sequences and the methods described in this specification.
Experiments described herein expressing p101 and/or p120 fusion proteins in insect cells demonstrated that p101 binds tightly to p120 in a 1:1 molar stoichiometry. Free purified p120 exhibited PI3K activity which was insensitive to the presence of G.alpha. subunits and tyrosine phosphorylated peptides, and only mildly stimulated by G.beta..gamma. subunits. However, when bound to p101, the PI3K activity of p120 was stimulated 100 fold by the presence of G.beta..gamma. subunits. When p101 was expressed alone in insect cells, p101 did not exhibit PI3K activity.
An interesting result occurred when p101 was expressed as a tagged fusion protein in human U937 cells. When this recombinantly expressed porcine p101 was immunoprecipitated via the fusion protein tag, these immunoprecipitants did contain G protein regulated PI3K activity. Coexpression of p120 with p101 slightly decreased the amount of PI3K activity that could be immunoprecipitated. These results indicated the human U937 cells contained a PI3K catalytic subunit which could bind to and be activated by the porcine p101 regulatory subunit. These results demonstrate that along with their highly conserved amino acid sequences, homologs from different mammalian-species resemble one another functionally and structurally.
Further, transient transfections were performed in Cos-7 cells, which do not normally stimulate PI3K activity in response to activated G-proteins, with constructs encoding p101, p120 and/or G.beta..gamma. subunits. Transfection of a construct which expressed p120 only produced significant increases in cellular PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 levels in a G.beta..gamma. dependent fashion when co-expressed in the presence of p101.
Various aspects of the invention are described in greater detail in the subsections below.
A. THE p101 AND p120 GENES
The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of porcine p101 regulatory subunit are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. A relatively common allelic variation occurs at amino acid residue 483 in the open reading frame; a serine may be replaced by a glycine at this position.
The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) of human p101 regulatory subunit are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, respectively.
The nucleotide sequence encoding the first 733 amino acids of the porcine p101 regulatory subunit, corresponding to the first 736 amino acids of the human subunit, is believed to be sufficient to bind the catalytic subunit. However, without the 145 carboxyl terminal amino acids, this truncated p101 bound to p120 will not stimulate PI3K activity in response to G.beta..gamma. subunits. Therefore, the catalytic subunit associating domain is believed to be contained within the first 732 amino acids (735 for human), and the carboxyl terminal amino acids 733 to 877 (736 to 880) could be involved in the response to G.beta..gamma. subunits.
Other domains of porcine p101 are described by amino acid residues from about 1 to 160, 80-120, 161 to 263, 264 to 414, 415 to 565, 566 to 706, 707-832, and/or 833 to 877. The corresponding domains of human p101 are described by amino acid residues from about 1 to 160, 80-120, 161 to 263, 264 to 416, 417 to 567, 568 to 709, 710-835, and/or 836 to 880. The nucleotide sequences which encode amino acid residues from about 161 to 263 define a pleckstrin homology ("PH") domain (PROSITE:PS50003). PH domains may be involved in binding of proteins to G.beta..gamma. subunits (Touhara et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269:10217) and to membrane phospholipids (see Shaw, 1996, Bioessays 18:35-46). Thus, the PH domain of p101 may be involved in both of these events.
The nucleotide sequences encoding amino acids 1 to 160 of p101 may be responsible for binding to the p120 catalytic subunit. When this region of the p101 protein is analyzed for secondary structure, it is predicted to have a self-contained alternating .alpha.-helix/.beta.-sheet structure. Within this structure is found homology to a "WW domain" (Staub et al., 1996, Structure 4:495-499 and TIBS 21:161-163). This WW domain may bind to a proline-rich domain found within the N-terminus of p120 protein (residues 310 to 315). Thus, the WW domain of p101 may be involved in mediating the interaction between the regulatory subunit and the catalytic subunit.
The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) of porcine p120 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively. The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:13) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) of human p120 are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively. A cryptic thrombin cleavage site is present after the first approximately 40 amino acid residues. The truncated p120 protein lacking these approximately 40 amino terminal residues is still able to bind to p101, but PI3K activity is reduced approximately 20 to 30%. In other words, a protein having the amino acid sequence of the section of SEQ ID NO:4 (porcine p120 deduced amino acid sequence) extending from about amino acid residue 41 to residue 1102 retains the functionality of full-length p120. Based on the high degree of sequence homology between porcine and human p120, a protein having the amino acid sequence of the section of SEQ ID NO:14 (human p120 deduced amino acid sequence) extending from about amino acid residue 41 to residue 1102 would also retain the functionality of full-length p120. Although the p120 protein was highly homologous to the previously cloned plloy protein reported by Stoyanov et al. (1995), the extreme C-terminus of p120 diverges from the reported p110.gamma. protein at amino acid residue 1075; thus, the last 28 amino acid residues of p120 have not been published in reports of any homologous protein. As noted above, the nucleotides encoding a proline-rich region including p120 residues 310 to 315 may be involved in the interaction between p120 and p101. Additionally, the nucleotides encoding p120 amino acid residues from about 173 to 302 define a weak PH domain which may be a candidate for membrane binding and/or G.beta..gamma. subunit interaction of the p101/p120 complex.
Data presented in the working examples, infra, demonstrate that the p120 cDNA encodes the catalytic subunit of the G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K. The p101 cDNA encodes a novel regulatory subunit protein which binds to the p120 subunit. This heterodimer 3-phosphorylates PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 in response to activation of trimeric G-protein linked receptors.
The p101 nucleotide sequences of the invention include: (a) the DNA sequence shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 10 or contained in the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp101 as deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under accession number 97636; (b) nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 11, or the p101 regulatory subunit amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp101 as deposited with the ATCC; (c) any nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to the complement of the DNA sequence shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 10 or contained in the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp101, as deposited with the ATCC under highly stringent conditions, e.g., hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 0.5M NaHPO.sub.4, 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65.degree. C., and washing in 0.1.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at 68.degree. C. (Ausubel F. M. et al., eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. I, Green Publishing Associates, Inc., and John Wiley & sons, Inc., New York, at p. 2.10.3) and encodes a functionally equivalent gene product; and (d) any nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to the complement of the DNA sequences that encode the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 10 or contained in the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp101, as deposited with the ATCC, under less stringent conditions, such as moderately stringent conditions, e.g., washing in 0.2.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at 42.degree. C. (Ausubel et al., 1989, supra), yet which still encodes a functionally equivalent p101 gene product. Functional equivalents of the p101 regulatory subunit include naturally occurring p101 regulatory subunit present in other species, and mutant p101 regulatory subunits whether naturally occurring or engineered which retain at least some of the functional activities of p101 (i.e., binding to the p120 or p117 catalytic subunit, stimulation of catalytic activity in response to G.beta..gamma. subunits, and/or interaction with G.beta..gamma. subunits). The invention also includes degenerate variants of sequences (a) through (d).
The invention also includes nucleic acid molecules, preferably DNA molecules, that hybridize to, and are therefore the complements of, the nucleotide sequences (a) through (d), in the preceding paragraph. Such hybridization conditions may be highly stringent or less highly stringent, as described above. In instances wherein the nucleic acid molecules are deoxyoligonucleotides, ("oligos"), highly stringent conditions may refer, e.g., to washing in 6.times.SSC/0.05% sodium pyrophosphate at 37.degree. C. (for 14-base oligos), 48.degree. C. (for 17-base oligos), 55.degree. C. (for 20-base oligos), and 60.degree. C. (for 23-base oligos). These nucleic acid molecules may encode or act as p101 antisense molecules, useful, for example, in p101 gene regulation (for and/or as antisense primers in amplification reactions of p101 gene nucleic acid sequences). With respect to p101 gene regulation, such techniques can be used to regulate, for example, inflammatory immune responses. Further, such sequences may be used as part of ribozyme and/or triple helix sequences, also useful for p101 gene regulation. Still further, such molecules may be used as components of diagnostic methods whereby, for example, the presence of a particular p101 allele responsible for causing an inflammatory response, such as arthritis, may be detected.
In addition to the p101 nucleotide sequences described above, full length p101 cDNA or gene sequences present in the same species and/or homologs of the p101 gene present in other species can be identified and readily isolated, without undue experimentation, by molecular biological techniques well known in the art. Experimental evidence described herein indicates that the p101 proteins are conserved in different mammalian species. For example, human p101 was cloned from monocyte and leukocyte libraries using probes derived from the porcine p101 cDNA sequence, and the deduced amino acid sequences of the human and porcine were found to be highly conserved. The structural and functional similarity of the two homologs is evidenced by experiments showing that when porcine p101 was expressed in U937 cells, the porcine p101 bound to a human homolog of the catalytic subunit. Additionally, members of the tyrosine kinase regulated PI3K family of proteins, for example the p110/p85 PI3K, are also conserved among different mammalian species. Therefore, homologs of p101 and p120 can be isolated from a variety of mammalian cells known or suspected to contain a trimeric G-protein regulated PI3K, particularly cells of hematopoietic origin, and more particularly platelets, monocytes, leukocytes, osteoclasts, and neutrophils.
The identification of homologs of p101 in related species can be useful for developing animal model systems more closely related to humans for purposes of drug discovery. For example, expression libraries of cDNAs synthesized from neutrophil mRNA derived from the organism of interest can be screened using labeled catalytic subunit derived from that species, e.g., a p120, p117, or p110.gamma. catalytic subunit fusion protein. Alternatively, such cDNA libraries, or genomic DNA libraries derived from the organism of interest can be screened by hybridization using the nucleotides described herein as hybridization or amplification probes. Furthermore, genes at other genetic loci within the genome that encode proteins which have extensive homology to one or more domains of the p101 gene product can also be identified via similar techniques. In the case of cDNA libraries, such screening techniques can identify clones derived from alternatively spliced transcripts in the same or different species.
Screening can be by filter hybridization, using duplicate filters. The labeled probe can contain at least 15-30 base pairs of the human or porcine p101 nucleotide sequence, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 10, respectively. The hybridization washing conditions used should be of a lower stringency when the cDNA library is derived from an organism different from the type of organism from which the labeled sequence was derived. With respect to the cloning of a mammalian p101 homolog, using porcine and/or human p101 probes, for example, hybridization can, for example, be performed at 65.degree. C. overnight in Church's buffer (7% SDS, 250 mM NaHPO.sub.4, 2 .mu.M EDTA, 1% BSA). Washes can be done with 2.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C. and then at 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C.
Low stringency conditions are well known to those of skill in the art, and will vary predictably depending on the specific organisms from which the library and the labeled sequences are derived. For guidance regarding such conditions see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Press, N.Y.; and Ausubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y.
Alternatively, the labeled p101 nucleotide probe may be sed to screen a genomic library derived from the organism of interest, again, using appropriately stringent conditions. The identification and characterization of human genomic clones is helpful for designing diagnostic tests and clinical protocols for treating hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders in human patients. For example, sequences derived from regions adjacent to the intron/exon boundaries of the human gene can be used to design primers for use in amplification assays to detect mutations within the exons, introns, splice sites (e.g. splice acceptor and/or donor sites), etc., that can be used in diagnostics.
Further, a p101 gene homolog may be isolated from nucleic acid of the organism of interest by performing PCR using two degenerate oligonucleotide primer pools designed on the basis of amino acid sequences within the p101 gene product disclosed herein. The template for the reaction may be cDNA obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA prepared from, for example, human or non-human cell lines or cell types, such as neutrophils, known or suspected to express a p101 gene allele.
The PCR product may be subcloned and sequenced to ensure that the amplified sequences represent the sequences of a p101 gene. The PCR fragment may then be used to isolate a full length cDNA clone by a variety of methods. For example, the amplified fragment may be labeled and used to screen a cDNA library, such as a bacteriophage cDNA library. Alternatively, the labeled fragment may be used to isolate genomic clones via the screening of a genomic library.
PCR technology may also be utilized to isolate full length cDNA sequences. For example, RNA may be isolated, following standard procedures, from an appropriate cellular source (i.e., one known, or suspected, to express the p101 gene, such as, for example, neutrophils or other types of leukocytes). A reverse transcription reaction may be performed on the RNA using an oligonucleotide primer specific for the most 5' end of the amplified fragment for the priming of first strand synthesis. The resulting RNA/DNA hybrid may then be "tailed" with guanines using a standard terminal transferase reaction, the hybrid may be digested with RNAase H, and second strand synthesis may then be primed with a poly-C primer. Thus, cDNA sequences upstream of the amplified fragment may easily be isolated. For a review of cloning strategies which may be used, see e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra.
The p101 gene sequences may additionally be used to isolate mutant p101 gene alleles. Such mutant alleles may be isolated from individuals either known or proposed to have a genotype which contributes to the symptoms of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders such as inflammation. Mutant alleles and mutant allele products may then be utilized in the therapeutic and diagnostic systems described below. Additionally, such p101 gene sequences can be used to detect p101 gene regulatory (e.g., promoter or promotor/enhancer) defects which can affect hematopoietic lineage cell activation.
A cDNA of a mutant p101 gene may be isolated, for example, by using PCR, a technique which is well known to those of skill in the art. In this case, the first cDNA strand may be synthesized by hybridizing an oligo-dT oligonucleotide to mRNA isolated from cells known or suspected to be expressed in an individual putatively carrying the mutant p101 allele, and by extending the new strand with reverse transcriptase. The second strand of the cDNA is then synthesized using an oligonucleotide that hybridizes specifically to the 5' end of the normal gene. Using these two primers, the product is then amplified via PCR, cloned into a suitable vector, and subjected to DNA sequence analysis through methods well known to those of skill in the art. By comparing the DNA sequence of the mutant p101 allele to that of the normal p101 allele, the mutation(s) responsible for the loss or alteration of function of the mutant p101 gene product can be ascertained.
Alternatively, a genomic library can be constructed using DNA obtained from an individual suspected of or known to carry the mutant p101 allele, or a cDNA library can be constructed using RNA from a cell type known, or suspected, to express the mutant p101 allele. The normal p101 gene or any suitable fragment thereof may then be labeled and used as a probe to identify the corresponding mutant p101 allele in such libraries. Clones containing the mutant p101 gene sequences may then be purified and subjected to sequence analysis according to methods well known to those of skill in the art.
Additionally, an expression library can be constructed utilizing cDNA synthesized from, for example, RNA isolated from a cell type known, or suspected, to express a mutant p101 allele in an individual suspected of or known to carry such a mutant allele. In this manner, gene products made by the putatively mutant cell type may be expressed and screened using standard antibody screening techniques in conjunction with antibodies raised against the normal p101 gene product, as described, below, in Section 5.3. (For screening techniques, see, for example, Harlow, E. and Lane, eds., 1988, "Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor.) Additionally, screening can be accomplished by screening with labeled fusion proteins, such as, for example, the (EE)120 or the myc120 fusion proteins. In cases where a p101 mutation results in an expressed gene product with altered function (e.g., as a result of a missense or a frameshift mutation), a polyclonal set of antibodies to p101 regulatory subunit are likely to cross-react with the mutant p101 regulatory subunit gene product. Library clones detected via their reaction with such labeled antibodies can be purified and subjected to sequence analysis according to methods well known to those of skill in the art.
The invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences that encode mutant p101 regulatory subunits, peptide fragments of the p101 regulatory subunit, truncated p101 regulatory subunits, and p101 regulatory subunit fusion proteins. These include, but are not limited to nucleotide sequences encoding mutant p101 regulatory subunits described in section 5.2 infra; polypeptides or peptides corresponding to the catalytic binding, or G.beta..gamma. subunit binding domains of the p101 regulatory subunit or portions of these domains; truncated p101 regulatory subunits in which one or two of the domains is deleted, or a truncated, nonfunctional p101 regulatory subunit. Nucleotides encoding fusion proteins may include but are not limited to full length p101 regulatory subunit, truncated p101 regulatory subunit or peptide fragments of p101 regulatory subunit fused to an unrelated protein or peptide, such as for example, an epitope tag which aids in purification or detection of the resulting fusion protein; or an enzyme, fluorescent protein, luminescent protein which can be used as a marker.
The invention also encompasses (a) DNA vectors that contain any of the foregoing p101 regulatory subunit coding sequences and/or their complements (i.e., antisense); (b) DNA expression vectors that contain any of the foregoing p101 regulatory subunit coding sequences operatively associated with a regulatory element that directs the expression of the coding sequences; and (c) genetically engineered host cells that contain any of the foregoing p101 regulatory subunit coding sequences operatively associated with a regulatory element that directs the expression of the coding sequences in the host cell. As used herein, regulatory elements include but are not limited to inducible and non-inducible promoters, enhancers, operators and other elements known to those skilled in the art that drive and regulate expression. Such regulatory elements include but are not limited to the baculovirus promoter, cytomegalovirus hCMV immediate early gene promoter, the early or late promoters of SV40 adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC system, the TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage A, the control regions of fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of acid phosphatase, and the promoters of the yeast .alpha.-mating factors.
Finally, the invention also encompasses nucleotides encoding p120 subunit proteins including the newly described carboxyl terminus of this catalytic subunit, deletion variants of p120 subunit proteins, nucleotides which hybridize to these nucleotides under highly stringent conditions and which encode functionally equivalent products, including the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp120 deposited with the ATCC under accession number 97637, allelic variants of p120 (e.g., mutant alleles or the naturally occurring alleles such as the allelic variation at amino acid residue 483), and equivalent p120 nucleotides from different organisms isolated as described above for the p101 nucleotides of the invention. Additionally, the invention encompasses expression vectors and host cells for the recombinant production of p120.
B. p101 AND p120 PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES
p101 regulatory subunit and p120 catalytic subunit, polypeptides and peptide fragments, mutated, truncated or deleted forms of the p101 regulatory subunit and/or p101 regulatory subunit fusion proteins and the p120 catalytic subunit and/or p120 catalytic subunit fusion proteins can be prepared for a variety of uses, including but not limited to the generation of antibodies, as reagents in diagnostic assays, the identification of other cellular gene products involved in the regulation of hematopoietic lineage cell activation, as reagents in assays for screening for compounds that can be used in the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders, and as pharmaceutical reagents useful in the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders related to G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K.
FIGS. 2 and 11 show the amino acid sequences of porcine and human p101 regulatory subunit protein, respectively. FIGS. 4 and 13 show the amino acid sequence of porcine and human p120 catalytic subunit protein, respectively. The broken line on FIG. 4 underscores the region of p120 which diverges from the published sequences of the PI3K catalytic subunits p110.alpha., p110.beta., and p110.gamma..
The p101 regulatory subunit sequence begins with a methionine in a DNA sequence context consistent with a translation initiation site. The predicted molecular mass of both porcine and human p101 regulatory subunits is 97 kD.
The p101 regulatory subunit amino acid sequences of the invention include the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2) or FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:12), or the amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone pcMV3mycp101, as deposited with the ATCC. Further, p101 regulatory subunits of other species are encompassed by the invention. In fact, any p101 regulatory subunit protein encoded by the p101 nucleotide sequences described above, are within the scope of the invention.
The p120 catalytic subunit amino acid sequences of the invention include the cDNA clone pCMV3mycp120 , as deposited with the ATCC. The invention also encompasses p120 catalytic subunits of other species, and the p120 proteins encoded by the p120 nucleotide sequences described above in the previous section.
The invention also encompasses proteins that are functionally equivalent to the p101 regulatory subunit encoded by the nucleotide sequences described above, as judged by any of a number of criteria, including but not limited to the ability to bind catalytic subunit, the binding affinity for catalytic subunit, the ability to stimulate PI3K activity of the catalytic subunit in response to activated trimeric G proteins, the resulting biological effect of catalytic subunit binding and response to activation of trimeric G proteins, e.g., signal transduction, a change in cellular metabolism (e.g., generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3) or change in phenotype when the p101 regulatory subunit equivalent is present in an appropriate cell type (such as the superoxide burst in neutrophils). Such functionally equivalent p101 regulatory subunit proteins include but are not limited to additions or substitutions of amino acid residues within the amino acid sequence encoded by the p101 nucleotide sequences described, above, but which result in a silent change, thus producing a functionally equivalent gene product. Amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Similarly, the invention also encompasses functional equivalents of p120 protein, as described above.
While random mutations can be made to p101 DNA (using random mutagenesis techniques well known to those skilled in the art) and the resulting mutant p101 regulatory subunits tested for activity, site-directed mutations of the p101 coding sequence can be engineered (using site-directed mutagenesis techniques well known to those skilled in the art) to generate mutant p101 regulatory subunits with increased function, e.g., higher binding affinity for catalytic subunit, and/or greater signalling capacity; or decreased function, e.g., lower binding affinity for catalytic subunit, and/or decreased signal transduction capacity. For example, porcine p101 amino acid sequence may be aligned with that of human p101 regulatory subunit. Mutant p101 regulatory subunits can be engineered so that regions of interspecies identity are maintained, whereas the variable residues are altered, e.g., by deletion or insertion of an amino acid residue(s) or by substitution of one or more different amino acid residues. Conservative alterations at the variable positions can be engineered in order to produce a mutant p101 regulatory subunit that retains function; e.g., catalytic subunit binding affinity or activated G protein transduction capability or both. Non-conservative changes can be engineered at these variable positions to alter function, e.g., catalytic subunit binding affinity or signal transduction capability, or both. Alternatively, where alteration of function is desired, deletion or non-conservative alterations of the conserved regions can be engineered. One of skill in the art may easily test such mutant or deleted p101 regulatory subunits for these alterations in function using the teachings presented herein.
Other mutations to the p101 coding sequence can be made to generate p101 regulatory subunits that are better suited for expression, scale up, etc. in the host cells chosen. For example, the triplet code for each amino acid can be modified to conform more closely to the preferential codon usage of the host cell's translational machinery.
Peptides corresponding to one or more domains (or a portion of a domain) of the p101 regulatory subunit (e.g., the p120 binding domain, the G protein interacting domain, or the domains defined by amino acid residues from about 1 to 150, 151 to 300, 301 to 450, 451 to 600, 601-732 (porcine) or 601-735 (human), and 733-877 (porcine) or 736-881 (human)), truncated or deleted p101 regulatory subunits (e.g., p101 regulatory subunit in which portions of one or more of the above domains are deleted) as well as fusion proteins in which the full length p101 regulatory subunit, a p101 regulatory subunit peptide or truncated p101 regulatory subunit is fused to an unrelated protein are also within the scope of the invention and can be designed on the basis of the p101 nucleotide and p101 regulatory subunit amino acid sequences disclosed in this Section and above. Such fusion proteins include but are not limited to fusions to an epitope tag (such as is exemplified in the Examples below); or fusions to an enzyme, fluorescent protein, or luminescent protein which provide a marker function.
While the p101 regulatory subunit polypeptides and peptides can be chemically synthesized (e.g., see Creighton, 1983, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles, W. H. Freeman & Co., N.Y.), large polypeptides derived from the p101 regulatory subunit and the full length p101 regulatory subunit itself may advantageously be produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well known in the art, for expressing nucleic acid containing p101 gene sequences and/or coding sequences. Such methods can be used to construct expression vectors containing the p101 nucleotide sequences described above and appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. These methods include, for example, in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. See, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1989, supra, and Ausubel et al., 1989, supra. Alternatively, RNA capable of encoding p101 nucleotide sequences may be chemically synthesized using, for example, synthesizers. See, for example, the techniques described in "Oligonucleotide Synthesis", 1984, Gait, M. J. ed., IRL Press, Oxford, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the p101 nucleotide sequences of the invention. Where the p101 regulatory subunit peptide or polypeptide is a soluble derivative the peptide or polypeptide can be recovered from the culture, i.e., from the host cell in cases where the p101 regulatory subunit peptide or polypeptide is not secreted, and from the culture media in cases where the p101 regulatory subunit peptide or polypeptide is secreted by the cells. However, such engineered host cells themselves may be used in situations where it is important not only to retain the structural and functional characteristics of the p101 regulatory subunit, but to assess biological activity, e.g., in drug screening assays.
The expression systems that may be used for purposes of the invention include but are not limited to microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, S. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing p101 nucleotide sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the p101 nucleotide sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the p101 sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant piasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing p101 nucleotide sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3, U937) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter).
In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the p101 gene product being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of p101 regulatory subunit protein or for raising antibodies to the p101 regulatory subunit protein, for example, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., 1983, EMBO J. 2:1791), in which the p101 coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with the lacZ coding region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN vectors (Inouye & Inouye, 1985, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109; Van Heeke & Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). If the inserted sequence encodes a relatively small polypeptide (less than 25 kD), such fusion proteins are generally soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The PGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety. Alternatively, if the resulting fusion protein is insoluble and forms inclusion bodies in the host cell, the inclusion bodies may be purified and the recombinant protein solubilized using techniques well known to one of skill in the art.
In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhidrosis virus (AcNPV) may be used as a vector to express foreign genes. (E.g., see Smith et al., 1983, J. Virol. 46: 584; Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,051). In a specific embodiment described below, Sf9 insect cells are infected with a baculovirus vectors expressing either a 6.times.HIS-tagged p120 construct, or an (EE)-tagged p101 construct.
In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. Specific embodiments described more fully below express tagged p101 or p120 cDNA sequences using a CMV promoter to transiently express recombinant protein in U937 cells or in Cos-7 cells. Alternatively, retroviral vector systems well known in the art may be used to insert the recombinant expression construct into host cells. For example, retroviral vector systems for transducing hematopoietic cells are described in published PCT applications WO 96/09400 and WO 94/29438.
In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the p101 nucleotide sequence of interest may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the p101 gene product in infected hosts. (E.g., See Logan & Shenk, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659). Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted 101 nucleotide sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where an entire p101 gene or cDNA, including its own initiation codon and adjacent sequences, is inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only a portion of the p101 coding sequence is inserted, exogenous translational control signals, including, perhaps, the ATG initiation codon, must be provided. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (See Bittner et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymol. 153:516-544).
In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript may be used.
Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38, and U937 cells.
For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the p101 sequences described above may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the p101 gene product. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that affect the endogenous activity of the p101 gene product.
A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., 1977, Cell 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:2026), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., 1980, Cell 22:817) genes can be employed in tk.sup.-, hgprt.sup.- or aprt.sup.- cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., 1980, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567; O'Hare et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colberre-Garapin et al., 1981, J. Mol. Biol. 150:1); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., 1984, Gene 30:147).
The p101 gene products can also be expressed in transgenic animals. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, micro-pigs, goats, and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees may be used to generate p101 transgenic animals.
Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce the p101 transgene into animals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to pronuclear microinjection (Hoppe, P. C. and Wagner, T. E., 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Van der Putten et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 82:6148-6152); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson et al., 1989, Cell 56:313-321); electroporation of embryos (Lo, 1983, Mol Cell. Biol. 3:1803-1814); and sperm-mediated gene transfer (Lavitrano et al., 1989, Cell 57:717-723); etc. For a review of such techniques, see Gordon, 1989, Transgenic Animals, Intl. Rev. Cytol. 115:171-229, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present invention provides for transgenic animals that carry the p101 transgene in all their cells, as well as animals which carry the transgene in some, but not all their cells, i.e., mosaic animals. The transgene may be integrated as a single transgene or in concatamers, e.g., head-to-head tandems or head-to-tail tandems. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into and activated in a particular cell type by following, for example, the teaching of Lasko et al. (Lasko, M. et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6232-6236). The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific activation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art. When it is desired that the p101 gene transgene be integrated into the chromosomal site of the endogenous p101 gene, gene targeting is preferred. Briefly, when such a technique is to be utilized, vectors containing some nucleotide sequences homologous to the endogenous p101 gene are designed for the purpose of integrating, via homologous recombination with chromosomal sequences, into and disrupting the function of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous p101 gene. In this way, the expression of the endogenous p101 gene may also be eliminated by inserting non-functional sequences into the endogenous gene. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into a particular cell type, thus inactivating the endogenous p101 gene in only that cell type, by following, for example, the teaching of Gu et al. (Gu et al., 1994, Science 265: 103-106). The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific inactivation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Once transgenic animals have been generated, the expression of the recombinant p101 gene may be assayed utilizing standard techniques. Initial screening may be accomplished by Southern blot analysis or PCR techniques to analyze animal tissues to assay whether integration of the transgene has taken place. The level of mRNA expression of the transgene in the tissues of the transgenic animals may also be assessed using techniques which include but are not limited to Northern blot analysis of cell type samples obtained from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, and RT-PCR. Samples of p101 gene-expressing tissue, may also be evaluated immunocytochemically using antibodies specific for the p101 transgene product, as described below.
C. ANTIBODIES TO p101 AND p120 PROTEINS
Antibodies that specifically recognize one or more epitopes of p101 regulatory subunit, or epitopes of conserved variants of p101 regulatory subunit, or peptide fragments of the p101 regulatory subunit are also encompassed by the invention. Also encompassed by the invention are antibodies which recognize one or more epitopes of the p120 protein, particularly, the novel carboxyl terminus. Such antibodies include but are not limited to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), humanized or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab').sub.2 fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above.
The antibodies of the invention may be used, for example, in the detection of the p101 regulatory subunit or p120 in a biological sample and may, therefore, be utilized as part of a diagnostic or prognostic technique whereby patients may be tested for abnormal amounts of these proteins. Such antibodies may also be utilized in conjunction with, for example, compound screening schemes, as described, below, in Section 5.5, for the evaluation of the effect of test compounds on expression and/or activity of the p101 or p120 gene products. Additionally, such antibodies can be used in conjunction with the gene therapy techniques described, below, in Section 5.6, to, for example, evaluate the normal and/or engineered p101 regulatory subunit-expressing cells prior to their introduction into the patient. Such antibodies may additionally be used as a method for the inhibition of abnormal p101 regulatory subunit or p120 activity. Thus, such antibodies may, therefore, be utilized as part of inflammatory disorder treatment methods.
For the production of antibodies, various host animals may be immunized by injection with the p101 regulatory subunit, a p101 regulatory subunit peptide, truncated p101 regulatory subunit polypeptides, functional equivalents of the p101 regulatory subunit or mutants of the p101 regulatory subunit. Additionally, host animals may be immunized by injection with p120 catalytic subunit or peptides of the p120 subunit. Such host animals may include but are not limited to rabbits, mice, and rats, to name but a few. Various adjutants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, including but not limited to Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjutants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of the immunized animals.
Monoclonal antibodies, which are homogeneous populations of antibodies to a particular antigen, may be obtained by any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique of Kohler and Milstein, (1975, Nature 256:495-497; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110), the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kosbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72; Cole et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026-2030), and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., 1985, Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Such antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD and any subclass thereof. The hybridoma producing the mAb of this invention may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo. Production of high titers of mAbs in vivo makes this the presently preferred method of production.
In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies" (Morrison et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855; Neuberger et al., 1984, Nature, 312:604-608; Takeda et al., 1985, Nature, 314:452-454) by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a porcine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region.
Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird, 1988, Science 242:423-426; Huston et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; and Ward et al., 1989, Nature 334:544-546) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies against p101 gene products. Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide.
Antibody fragments which recognize specific epitopes may be generated by known techniques. For example, such fragments include but are not limited to: the F(ab').sub.2 fragments which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab').sub.2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed (Huse et al., 1989, Science, 246:1275-1281) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity.
Antibodies to the p101 regulatory subunit or the p120 catalytic subunit can, in turn, be utilized to generate anti-idiotype antibodies that "mimic" the p101 regulatory subunit or p120 subunit, respectively, using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., Greenspan & Bona, 1993, FASEB J 7(5):437-444; and Nissinoff, 1991, J. Immunol. 147(8):2429-2438). For example antibodies which bind to the p101 regulatory subunit and competitively inhibit the binding of catalytic subunit to the p101 regulatory subunit can be used to generate anti-idiotypes that "mimic" the p101 regulatory subunit and, therefore, bind and neutralize catalytic subunit. Such neutralizing anti-idiotypes or Fab fragments of such anti-idiotypes can be used in therapeutic regimens to neutralize catalytic subunit and reduce inflammation.
D. DIAGNOSIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL ACTIVATION DISORDERS
A variety of methods can be employed for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders, including inflammatory disorders, and for the identification of subjects having a predisposition to such disorders.
Such methods may, for example, utilize reagents such as the p101 and p120 nucleotide sequences described above, and p101 regulatory subunit and p120 antibodies, as described, in Section 5.3. Specifically, such reagents may be used, for example, for: (1) the detection of the presence of p101 or p120 gene mutations, or the detection of either over- or under-expression of p101 or p120 mRNA relative to the non-hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder state; (2) the detection of either an over- or an under-abundance of p101 or p120 gene product relative to the non-hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder state; and (3) the detection of perturbations or abnormalities in the signal transduction pathway mediated by p101 regulatory subunit and p120 catalytic subunit.
The methods described herein may be performed, for example, by utilizing pre-packaged diagnostic kits comprising at least one specific p101 or p120 nucleotide sequence or p101 or p120 regulatory subunit antibody reagent described herein, which may be conveniently used, e.g., in clinical settings, to diagnose patients exhibiting hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder abnormalities.
For the detection of p101 or p120 mutations, any nucleated cell can be used as a starting source for genomic nucleic acid. For the detection of p101 or p120 gene expression or p101 or p120 gene products, any cell type or tissue in which the p101 or p120 gene is expressed, such as, for example, neutrophil cells, may be utilized.
Nucleic acid-based detection techniques are described, below, in Section 5.4.1. Peptide detection techniques are described, below, in Section 5.4.2.
1. DETECTION OF THE p101 GENE AND TRANSCRIPTS
Mutations within the p101 or p120 genes can be detected by utilizing a number of techniques. Nucleic acid from any nucleated cell can be used as the starting point for such assay techniques, and may be isolated according to standard nucleic acid preparation procedures which are well known to those of skill in the art.
DNA may be used in hybridization or amplification assays of biological samples to detect abnormalities involving gene structure, including point mutations, insertions, deletions and chromosomal rearrangements. Such assays may include, but are not limited to, Southern analyses, single stranded conformational polymorphism analyses (SSCP), and PCR analyses.
Such diagnostic methods for the detection of p101 or p120 gene-specific mutations can involve for example, contacting and incubating nucleic acids including recombinant DNA molecules, cloned genes or degenerate variants thereof, obtained from a sample, e.g., derived from a patient sample or other appropriate cellular source, with one or more labeled nucleic acid reagents including recombinant DNA molecules, cloned genes or degenerate variants thereof, as described above, under conditions favorable for the specific annealing of these reagents to their complementary sequences within the p101 or p120 gene. Preferably, the lengths of these nucleic acid reagents are at least 15 to 30 nucleotides. After incubation, all non-annealed nucleic acids are removed from the nucleic acid molecule hybrid. The presence of nucleic acids which have hybridized, if any such molecules exist, is then detected. Using such a detection scheme, the nucleic acid from the cell type or tissue of interest can be immobilized, for example, to a solid support such as a membrane, or a plastic surface such as that on a microtiter plate or polystyrene beads. In this case, after incubation, non-annealed, labeled nucleic acid reagents of the type described above are easily removed. Detection of the remaining, annealed, labeled 101 or p120 nucleic acid reagents is accomplished using standard techniques well-known to those in the art. The p101 or p120 gene sequences to which the nucleic acid reagents have annealed can be compared to the annealing pattern expected from a normal gene sequence in order to determine whether a gene mutation is present.
Alternative diagnostic methods for the detection of p101 or p120 gene specific nucleic acid molecules, in patient samples or other appropriate cell sources, may involve their amplification, e.g., by PCR (the experimental embodiment set forth in Mullis, K. B., 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202), followed by the detection of the amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. The resulting amplified sequences can be compared to those which would be expected if the nucleic acid being amplified contained only normal copies of the p101 or p120 gene in order to determine whether a gene mutation exists.
Additionally, well-known genotyping techniques can be performed to identify individuals carrying p101 or p120 gene mutations. Such techniques include, for example, the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), which involve sequence variations in one of the recognition sites for the specific restriction enzyme used.
The level of p101 or p120 gene expression can also be assayed by detecting and measuring p101 or p120 transcription. For example, RNA from a cell type or tissue known, or suspected to express the p101 or p120 gene, such as hematopoietic lineage cells, especially myeloid cells and platelets, may be isolated and tested utilizing hybridization or PCR techniques such as are described, above. The isolated cells can be derived from cell culture or from a patient. The analysis of cells taken from culture may be a necessary step in the assessment of cells to be used as part of a cell-based gene therapy technique or, alternatively, to test the effect of compounds on the expression of the p101 or p120 gene. Such analyses may reveal both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the expression pattern of the p101 or p120 gene, including activation or inactivation of p101 or p120 gene expression.
2. DETECTION OF THE p101 GENE PRODUCTS
Antibodies directed against wild type or mutant p101 or p120 gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof, which are discussed, above, in Section 5.3, may also be used as hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder diagnostics and prognostics, as described herein. Such diagnostic methods, may be used to detect abnormalities in the level of p101 or p120 gene expression, or abnormalities in the structure and/or temporal, tissue, cellular, or subcellular location of the p101 regulatory subunit, and may be performed in vivo or in vitro, such as, for example, on biopsy tissue.
The tissue or cell type to be analyzed will generally include those which are known, or suspected, to contain cells express the p101 or p120 gene, such as, for example, neutrophil cells which have infiltrated an inflamed tissue. The protein isolation methods employed herein may, for example, be such as those described in Harlow and Lane (Harlow, E. and Lane, D., 1988, "Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The isolated cells can be derived from cell culture or from a patient. The analysis of cells taken from culture may be a necessary step in the assessment of cells that could be used as part of a cell-based gene therapy technique or, alternatively, to test the effect of compounds on the expression of the p101 or p120 gene.
For example, antibodies, or fragments of antibodies, such as those described, above, in Section 5.3, useful in the present invention may be used to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the presence of p101 or p120 gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof. This can be accomplished, for example, by immunofluorescence techniques employing a fluorescently labeled antibody (see below, this Section) coupled with light microscopic, flow cytometric, or fluorimetric detection.
The antibodies (or fragments thereof) or fusion or conjugated proteins useful in the present invention may, additionally, be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy or non-immuno assays, for in situ detection of p101 or p120 gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof, or for catalytic subunit binding (in the case of labeled catalytic subunit fusion protein).
In situ detection may be accomplished by removing a histological specimen from a patient, and applying thereto a labeled antibody or fusion protein of the present invention. The antibody (or fragment) or fusion protein is preferably applied by overlaying the labeled antibody (or fragment) onto a biological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine not only the presence of the p101 or p120 gene product, or conserved variants or peptide fragments, but also its distribution in the examined tissue. Using the present invention, those of ordinary skill will readily perceive that any of a wide variety of histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified in order to achieve such in situ detection.
Immunoassays and non-immunoassays for p101 or p120 gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof will typically comprise incubating a sample, such as a biological fluid, a tissue extract, freshly harvested cells, or lysates of cells which have been incubated in cell culture, in the presence of a detectably labeled antibody capable of identifying p101 or p120 gene products or conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof, and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art.
The biological sample may be brought in contact with and immobilized onto a solid phase support or carrier such as nitrocellulose, or other solid support which is capable of immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support may then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detectably labeled p101 regulatory subunit or p120 subunit antibody or fusion protein. The solid phase support may then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody or fusion protein. The amount of bound label on solid support may then be detected by conventional means.
"Solid phase support or carrier" is intended to encompass any support capable of binding an antigen or an antibody. Well-known supports or carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, gabbros, and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material may have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody. Thus, the support configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc. Preferred supports include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
The binding activity of a given lot of p101 regulatory subunit or p120 subunit antibody or fusion protein may be determined according to well known methods. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine operative and optimal assay conditions for each determination by employing routine experimentation.
With respect to antibodies, one of the ways in which the antibody can be detectably labeled is by linking the same to an enzyme and use in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Voller, "The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)", 1978, Diagnostic Horizons 2:1-7, Microbiological Associates Quarterly Publication, Walkersville, Md.); Voller et al., 1978, J. Clin. Pathol. 31:507-520; Butler, 1981, Meth. Enzymol. 73:482-523; Maggio (ed.), 1980, Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.; Ishikawa et al., (eds.), 1981, Enzyme Immunoassay, Kgaku Shoin, Tokyo). The enzyme which is bound to the antibody will react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means. Enzymes which can be used to detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate, dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase. The detection can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection may also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
Detection may also be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, by radioactively labeling the antibodies or antibody fragments, it is possible to detect p101 regulatory subunit through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein). The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
It is also possible to label the antibody with a fluorescent compound. When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wave length, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labeling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and fluorescamine.
The antibody can also be detectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as .sup.152 Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
The antibody also can be detectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
Likewise, a bioluminescent compound may be used to label the antibody of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in, which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
E. SCREENING ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT MODULATE G-PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY
The following assays are designed to identify compounds that interact with (e.g., bind to) p101 regulatory subunit or the p120 catalytic subunit, compounds that interact with (e.g., bind to) intracellular proteins that interact with p101 regulatory subunit and/or the p120 catalytic subunit, compounds that interfere with the interaction of p101 regulatory subunit with the p120 catalytic subunit or with other intracellular proteins involved in G protein stimulated PI3K mediated signal transduction, and to compounds which modulate the activity of p101 or p120 gene (i.e., modulate the level of p101 or p120 gene expression) or modulate the level of p101 or p120. Assays may additionally be utilized which identify compounds which bind to p101 or p120 gene regulatory sequences (e.g., promoter sequences) and which may modulate p101 or p120 gene expression. See e.g., Platt, K. A., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269:28558-28562, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The compounds which may be screened in accordance with the invention include but are not limited to peptides, antibodies and fragments thereof, prostaglandins, lipids and other organic compounds (e.g., terpines, peptidomimetics) that bind to the p101 regulatory subunit or p120 catalytic subunit and either mimic the activity triggered by the natural ligand (i.e., agonists) or inhibit the activity triggered by the natural ligand (i.e., antagonists); as well as peptides, antibodies or fragments thereof, and other organic compounds that mimic the p101 regulatory subunit or the p120 catalytic subunit (or a portion thereof) and bind to and "neutralize" natural ligand.
Such compounds may include, but are not limited to, peptides such as, for example, soluble peptides, including but not limited to members of random peptide libraries (see, e.g., Lam, K. S. et al., 1991, Nature 354:82-84; Houghten, R. et al., 1991, Nature 354:84-86), and combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular library peptides made of D- and/or L-configuration amino acids, phosphopeptides (including, but not limited to members of random or partially degenerate, directed phosphopeptide libraries; see, e.g., Songyang, Z. et al., 1993, Cell 72:767-778); antibodies (including, but not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric or single chain antibodies, and FAb, F(ab').sub.2 and FAb expression library fragments, and epitope-binding fragments thereof); and small organic or inorganic molecules.
Other compounds which can be screened in accordance with the invention include but are not limited to small organic molecules that are able to gain entry into an appropriate cell (e.g., in the neutrophil) and affect the expression of the p101 or p120 gene or some other gene involved in the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway (e.g., by interacting with the regulatory region or transcription factors involved in gene expression); or such compounds that affect the activity of the p101 regulatory subunit, e.g., by inhibiting or enhancing the binding of p101 to the catalytic subunit of the PI3K or the binding of p101 to some other intracellular factor involved in the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway, such as, for example, G.beta..gamma..
Computer modelling and searching technologies permit identification of compounds, or the improvement of already identified compounds, that can modulate p101 regulatory subunit or p120 catalytic subunit expression or activity. Having identified such a compound or composition, the active sites or regions are identified. Such active sites might typically be the binding partner sites, such as, for example, the interaction domains of the p120 catalytic subunit with p101 regulatory subunit itself. The active site can be identified using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X-ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found.
Next, the three dimensional geometric structure of the active site is determined. This can be done by known methods, including X-ray crystallography, which can determine a complete molecular structure. On the other hand, solid or liquid phase NMR can be used to determine certain intra-molecular distances. Any other experimental method of structure determination can be used to obtain partial or complete geometric structures. The geometric structures may be measured with a complexed ligand, natural or artificial, which may increase the accuracy of the active site structure determined.
If an incomplete or insufficiently accurate structure is determined, the methods of computer based numerical modelling can be used to complete the structure or improve its accuracy. Any recognized modelling method may be used, including parameterized models specific to particular biopolymers such as proteins or nucleic acids, molecular dynamics models based on computing molecular motions, statistical mechanics models based on thermal ensembles, or combined models. For most types of models, standard molecular force fields, representing the forces between constituent atoms and groups, are necessary, and can be selected from force fields known in physical chemistry. The incomplete or less accurate experimental structures can serve as constraints on the complete and more accurate structures computed by these modeling methods.
Finally, having determined the structure of the active site, either experimentally, by modeling, or by a combination, candidate modulating compounds can be identified by searching databases containing compounds along with information on their molecular structure. Such a search seeks compounds having structures that match the determined active site structure and that interact with the groups defining the active site. Such a search can be manual, but is preferably computer assisted. These compounds found from this search are potential G protein activated PI3K modulating compounds.
Alternatively, these methods can be used to identify improved modulating compounds from an already known modulating compound or ligand. The composition of the known compound can be modified and the structural effects of modification can be determined using the experimental and computer modelling methods described above applied to the new composition. The altered structure is then compared to the active site structure of the compound to determine if an improved fit or interaction results. In this manner systematic variations in composition, such as by varying side groups, can be quickly evaluated to obtain modified modulating compounds or ligands of improved specificity or activity.
Further experimental and computer modeling methods useful to identify modulating compounds based upon identification of the active sites of p120 catalytic subunit, p101 regulatory subunit, and related transduction and transcription factors will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Examples of molecular modeling systems are the CHARMm and QUANTA programs (Polygen Corporation, Waltham, Mass.). CHARMm performs the energy minimization and molecular dynamics functions. QUANTA performs the construction, graphic modelling and analysis of molecular structure. QUANTA allows interactive construction, modification, visualization, and analysis of the behavior of molecules with each other.
A number of articles review computer modelling of drugs interactive with specific proteins, such as Rotivinen et al., 1988, Acta Pharmaceutical Fennica 97:159-166; Ripka, New Scientist 54-57 (Jun. 16, 1988); McKinaly and Rossmann, 1989, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxiciol. 29:111-122; Perry and Davies, OSAR: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design pp. 189-193 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1989); Lewis and Dean, 1989, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 236:125-140 and 141-162; and, with respect to a model receptor for nucleic acid components, Askew et al., 1989, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:1082-1090. Other computer programs that screen and graphically depict chemicals are available from companies such as BioDesign, Inc. (Pasadena, Calif.), Allelix, Inc. (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada), and Hypercube, Inc. (Cambridge, Ontario). Although these are primarily designed for application to drugs specific to particular proteins, they can be adapted to design of drugs specific to regions of DNA or RNA, once that region is identified.
Although described above with reference to design and generation of compounds which could alter binding, one could also screen libraries of known compounds, including natural products or synthetic chemicals, and biologically active materials, including proteins, for compounds which are inhibitors or activators.
Compounds identified via assays such as those described herein may be useful, for example, in elaborating the biological function of the p101 or p120 gene product, and for ameliorating hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders. Assays for testing the effectiveness of compounds, identified by, for example, techniques such as those described in Section 5.5.1 through 5.5.3, are discussed, below, in Section 5.5.4.
1. In vitro SCREENING ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT BIND TO p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT
In vitro systems may be designed to identify compounds capable of interacting with (e.g., binding to) p101 regulatory subunit or p120 catalytic subunit. Compounds identified may be useful, for example, in modulating the activity of wild type and/or mutant p101 or p120 gene products; may be utilized in screens for identifying compounds that disrupt normal p101 regulatory subunit/catalytic subunit interactions; or may in themselves disrupt such interactions.
The principle of the assays used to identify compounds that bind to the p101 regulatory subunit involves preparing a reaction mixture of the p101 regulatory subunit and the test compound under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow the two components to interact and bind, thus forming a complex which can be removed and/or detected in the reaction mixture. The p101 regulatory subunit species used can vary depending upon the goal of the screening assay. For example, where agonists of the natural ligand are sought, the full length p101 regulatory subunit, or a fusion protein containing the p101 regulatory subunit fused to a protein or polypeptide that affords advantages in the assay system (e.g., labeling, isolation of the resulting complex, etc.) can be utilized.
The screening assays can be conducted in a variety of ways. For example, one method to conduct such an assay would involve anchoring the p101 regulatory subunit protein, polypeptide, peptide or fusion protein or the test substance onto a solid phase and detecting p101 regulatory subunit/test compound complexes anchored on the solid phase at the end of the reaction. In one embodiment of such a method, the p101 regulatory subunit reactant may be anchored onto a solid surface, and the test compound, which is not anchored, may be labeled, either directly or indirectly. In another embodiment of the method, a p101 regulatory subunit protein anchored on the solid phase is complexed with labeled catalytic subunit such as p120. Then, a test compound could be assayed for its ability to disrupt the association of the p101/p120 complex.
In practice, microtiter plates may conveniently be utilized as the solid phase. The anchored component may be immobilized by non-covalent or covalent attachments. Non-covalent attachment may be accomplished by simply coating the solid surface with a solution of the protein and drying. Alternatively, an immobilized antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, specific for the protein to be immobilized may be used to anchor the protein to the solid surface. The surfaces may be prepared in advance and stored.
In order to conduct the assay, the nonimmobilized component is added to the coated surface containing the anchored component. After the reaction is complete, unreacted components are removed (e.g., by washing) under conditions such that any complexes formed will remain immobilized on the solid surface. The detection of complexes anchored on the solid surface can be accomplished in a number of ways. Where the previously nonimmobilized component is pre-labeled, the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexes were formed. Where the previously nonimmobilized component is not pre-labeled, an indirect label can be used to detect complexes anchored on the surface; e.g., using a labeled antibody specific for the previously nonimmobilized component (the antibody, in turn, may be directly labeled or indirectly labeled with a labeled anti-Ig antibody).
Alternatively, a reaction can be conducted in a liquid phase, the reaction products separated from unreacted components, and complexes detected; e.g., using an immobilized antibody specific for p101 regulatory subunit protein, polypeptide, peptide or fusion protein, or the catalytic subunit protein or fusion protein, or the test compound to anchor any complexes formed in solution, and a labeled antibody specific for the other component of the possible complex to detect anchored complexes.
2. ASSAYS FOR INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH THE p101 OR p120 PROTEINS
Any method suitable for detecting protein-protein interactions may be employed for identifying intracellular proteins that interact with p101 regulatory subunit and/or the catalytic subunit p120. Among the traditional methods which may be employed are co-immunoprecipitation, crosslinking and co-purification through gradients or chromatographic columns of cell lysates or proteins obtained from cell lysates and the p101 regulatory subunit to identify proteins in the lysate that interact with the p101 regulatory subunit. For these assays, the p101 regulatory subunit component used can be a full length p101 regulatory subunit, or a truncated peptide. Similarly, the component may be a p120 catalytic subunit, or a complex of the p101 regulatory subunit with the p120 catalytic subunit. Once isolated, such an intracellular protein can be identified and can, in turn, be used, in conjunction with standard techniques, to identify proteins with which it interacts. For example, at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of an intracellular protein which interacts with the p101 regulatory subunit, PI3K (p101/p120 complex), or p120 catalytic subunit, can be ascertained using techniques well known to those of skill in the art, such as via the Edman degradation technique. (See, e.g., Creighton, 1983, "Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles", W. H. Freeman & Co., N.Y., pp.34-49). The amino acid sequence obtained may be used as a guide for the generation of oligonucleotide mixtures that can be used to screen for gene sequences encoding such intracellular proteins. Screening may be accomplished, for example, by standard hybridization or PCR techniques. Techniques for the generation of oligonucleotide mixtures and the screening are well-known. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra., and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, 1990, Innis, M. et al., eds. Academic Press, Inc., New York).
Additionally, methods may be employed which result in the simultaneous identification of genes which encode the intracellular proteins interacting with p101 regulatory subunit and/or the p120 catalytic subunit and/or the PI3K. These methods include, for example, probing expression, libraries, in a manner similar to the well known technique of antibody probing of .lambda.gt11 libraries, using labeled p101 regulatory subunit protein, or a p101 regulatory subunit polypeptide, peptide or fusion protein, e.g., a p101 regulatory subunit polypeptide or p101 regulatory subunit domain fused to a marker (e.g., an enzyme, fluor, luminescent protein, or dye), or an Ig-Fc domain.
One method which detects protein interactions in vivo, the two-hybrid system, is described in detail for illustration only and not by way of limitation. One version of this system has been described (Chien et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:9578-9582) and is commercially available from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.).
Briefly, utilizing such a system, plasmids are constructed that encode two hybrid proteins: one plasmid consists of nucleotides encoding the DNA-binding domain of a transcription activator protein fused to a p101 nucleotide sequence encoding p101 regulatory subunit, a p101 regulatory subunit polypeptide, peptide or fusion protein, and the other plasmid consists of nucleotides encoding the transcription activator protein's activation domain fused to a cDNA encoding an unknown protein which has been recombined into this plasmid as part of a cDNA library. The DNA-binding domain fusion plasmid and the cDNA library are transformed into a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains a reporter gene (e.g., HBS or lacZ) whose regulatory region contains the transcription activator's binding site. Either hybrid protein alone cannot activate transcription of the reporter gene; the DNA-binding domain hybrid cannot because it does not provide activation function, and the activation domain hybrid cannot because it cannot localize to the activator's binding sites. Interaction of the two hybrid proteins reconstitutes the functional activator protein and results in expression of the reporter gene, which is detected by an assay for the reporter gene product.
The two-hybrid system or related methodology may be used to screen activation domain libraries for proteins that interact with the "bait" gene product. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, p101 regulatory subunit may be used as the bait gene product. Total genomic or cDNA sequences are fused to the DNA encoding an activation domain. This library and a plasmid encoding a hybrid of a bait p101 gene product fused to the DNA-binding domain are cotransformed into a yeast reporter strain, and the resulting transformants are screened for those that express the reporter gene. For example, and not by way of limitation, a bait p101 gene sequence, such as the open reading frame of p101 (or a domain of p101), as depicted in FIG. 1 can be cloned into a vector such that it is translationally fused to the DNA encoding the DNA-binding domain of the GAL4 protein. These colonies are purified and the library plasmids responsible for reporter gene expression are isolated. DNA sequencing is then used to identify the proteins encoded by the library plasmids.
A cDNA library of the cell line from which proteins that interact with bait p101 gene product are to be detected can be made using methods routinely practiced in the art. According to the particular system described herein, for example, the cDNA fragments can be inserted into a vector such that they are translationally fused to the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4. This library can be co-transfected along with the bait p101 gene-GAL4 fusion plasmid into a yeast strain which contains a lacZ gene driven by a promoter which contains GAL4 activation sequence. A cDNA encoded protein, fused to GAL4 transcriptional activation domain, that interacts with bait p101 gene product will reconstitute an active GAL4 protein and thereby drive expression of the HIS3 gene. Colonies which express HIS3 can be detected by their growth on petri dishes containing semi-solid agar based media lacking histidine. The cDNA can then be purified from these strains, and used to produce and isolate the bait p101 gene-interacting protein using techniques routinely practiced in the art.
3. ASSAYS FOR COMPOUNDS THAT INTERFERE WITH p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT/INTRACELLULAR MACROMOLECULE INTERACTION
The macromolecules that interact with the p101 regulatory subunit are referred to, for purposes of this discussion, as "binding partners". These binding partners are likely to be involved in the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway, and therefore, in the role of p101 regulatory subunit in hematopoietic lineage cell activation regulation. Known binding partners are catalytic subunits of the PI3K kinase such as p120, p117, and perhaps certain p110 proteins. Other binding partners are likely to be activated trimeric G proteins such as G.beta..gamma. subunits, and or lipids. Therefore, it is desirable to identify compounds that interfere with or disrupt the interaction of such binding partners with p101 which may be useful in regulating the activity of the p101 regulatory subunit and thus control hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders associated with p101 regulatory subunit activity.
The basic principle of the assay systems used to identify compounds that interfere with the interaction between the p101 regulatory subunit and its binding partner or partners involves preparing a reaction mixture containing p101 regulatory subunit protein, polypeptide, peptide or fusion protein as described in Sections 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 above, and the binding partner under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow the two to interact and bind, thus forming a complex. In order to test a compound for inhibitory activity, the reaction mixture is prepared in the presence and absence of the test compound. The test compound may be initially included in the reaction mixture, or may be added at a time subsequent to the addition of the p101 regulatory subunit moiety and its binding partner. Control reaction mixtures are incubated without the test compound or with a placebo. The formation of any complexes between the p101 regulatory subunit moiety and the binding partner is then detected. The formation of a complex in the control reaction, but not in the reaction mixture containing the test compound, indicates that the compound interferes with the interaction of the p101 regulatory subunit and the interactive binding partner. Additionally, complex formation within reaction mixtures containing the test compound and normal p101 regulatory subunit protein may also be compared to complex formation within reaction mixtures containing the test compound and a mutant p101 regulatory subunit. This comparison may be important in those cases wherein it is desirable to identify compounds that disrupt interactions of mutant but not normal p101 regulatory subunits.
The assay for compounds that interfere with the interaction of the p101 regulatory subunit and binding partners can be conducted in a heterogeneous or homogeneous format. Heterogeneous assays involve anchoring either the p101 regulatory subunit moiety product or the binding partner onto a solid phase and detecting complexes anchored on the solid phase at the end of the reaction. In homogeneous assays, the entire reaction is carried out in a liquid phase. In either approach, the order of addition of reactants can be varied to obtain different information about the compounds being tested. For example, test compounds that interfere with the interaction by competition can be identified by conducting the reaction in the presence of the test substance; i.e., by adding the test substance to the reaction mixture prior to or simultaneously with the p101 regulatory subunit moiety and interactive binding partner. Alternatively, test compounds that disrupt preformed complexes, e.g. compounds with higher binding constants that displace one of the components from the complex, can be tested by adding the test compound to the reaction mixture after complexes have been formed. The various formats are described briefly below.
In a heterogeneous assay system, either the p101 regulatory subunit moiety or the interactive binding partner, is anchored onto a solid surface, while the non-anchored species is labeled, either directly or indirectly. In practice, microtiter plates are conveniently utilized. The anchored species may be immobilized by non-covalent or covalent attachments. Non-covalent attachment may be accomplished simply by coating the solid surface with a solution of the p101 or p120 gene product or binding partner and drying. Alternatively, an immobilized antibody specific for the species to be anchored may be used to anchor the species to the solid surface. The surfaces may be prepared in advance and stored.
In order to conduct the assay, the partner of the immobilized species is exposed to the coated surface with or without the test compound. After the reaction is complete, unreacted components are removed (e.g., by washing) and any complexes formed will remain immobilized on the solid surface. The detection of complexes anchored on the solid surface can be accomplished in a number of ways. Where the non-immobilized species is pre-labeled, the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexes were formed. Where the non-immobilized species is not pre-labeled, an indirect label can be used to detect complexes anchored on the surface; e.g., using a labeled antibody specific for the initially non-immobilized species (the antibody, in turn, may be directly labeled or indirectly labeled with a labeled anti-Ig antibody). Depending upon the order of addition of reaction components, test compounds which inhibit complex formation or which disrupt preformed complexes can be detected.
Alternatively, the reaction can be conducted in a liquid phase in the presence or absence of the test compound, the reaction products separated from unreacted components, and complexes detected; e.g., using an immobilized antibody specific for one of the binding components to anchor any complexes formed in solution, and a labeled antibody specific for the other partner to detect anchored complexes. Again, depending upon the order of addition of reactants to the liquid phase, test compounds which inhibit complex or which disrupt preformed complexes can be identified.
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, a homogeneous assay can be used. In this approach, a preformed complex of the p101 regulatory subunit moiety and the interactive binding partner is prepared in which either the p101 regulatory subunit or its binding partners is labeled, but the signal generated by the label is quenched due to formation of the complex (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,496 by Rubenstein which utilizes this approach for immunoassays). The addition of a test substance that competes with and displaces one of the species from the preformed complex will result in the generation of a signal above background. In this way, test substances which disrupt p101 regulatory subunit/intracellular binding partner interaction can be identified.
In a particular embodiment, a p101 regulatory subunit fusion can be prepared for immobilization. For example, the p101 regulatory subunit or a peptide fragment, e.g., corresponding to the CD, can be fused to a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene using a fusion vector, such as pGEX-5X-1, in such a manner that its binding activity is maintained in the resulting fusion protein. The interactive binding partner can be purified and used to raise a monoclonal antibody, using methods routinely practiced in the art and described above, in Section 5.3. This antibody can be labeled with the radioactive isotope .sup.125 I, for example, by methods routinely practiced in the art. In a heterogeneous assay, e.g., the GST-p101 regulatory subunit fusion protein can be anchored to glutathione-agarose beads. The interactive binding partner can then be added in the presence or absence of the test compound in a manner that allows interaction and binding to occur. At the end of the reaction period, unbound material can be washed away, and the labeled monoclonal antibody can be added to the system and allowed to bind to the complexed components. The interaction between the p101 or p120 gene product and the interactive binding partner can be detected by measuring the amount of radioactivity that remains associated with the glutathione-agarose beads. A successful inhibition of the interaction by the test compound will result in a decrease in measured radioactivity.
Alternatively, the GST-p101 regulatory subunit fusion protein and the interactive binding partner can be mixed together in liquid in the absence of the solid glutathione-agarose beads. The test compound can be added either during or after the species are allowed to interact. This mixture can then be added to the glutathione-agarose beads and unbound material is washed away. Again the extent of inhibition of the p101 regulatory subunit/binding partner interaction can be detected by adding the labeled antibody and measuring the radioactivity associated with the beads.
In another embodiment of the invention, these same techniques can be employed using peptide fragments that correspond to the binding domains of the p101 regulatory subunit and/or the interactive or binding partner (in cases where the binding partner is a protein), in place of one or both of the full length proteins. Any number of methods routinely practiced in the art can be used to identify and isolate the binding sites. These methods include, but are not limited to, mutagenesis of the gene encoding one of the proteins and screening for disruption of binding in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Compensating mutations in the gene encoding the second species in the complex can then be selected. Sequence analysis of the genes encoding the respective proteins will reveal the mutations that correspond to the region of the protein involved in interactive binding. Alternatively, one protein can be anchored to a solid surface using methods described above, and allowed to interact with and bind to its labeled binding partner, which has been treated with a proteolytic enzyme, such as trypsin. After washing, a short, labeled peptide comprising the binding domain may remain associated with the solid material, which can be isolated and identified by amino acid sequencing. Also, once the gene-coding for the intracellular binding partner is obtained, short gene segments can be engineered to express peptide fragments of the protein, which can then be tested for binding activity and purified or synthesized.
For example, and not by way of limitation, a p101 gene product can be anchored to a solid material as described, above, by making a GST-p101 regulatory subunit fusion protein and allowing it to bind to glutathione agarose beads. The interactive binding partner can be labeled with a radioactive isotope, such as .sup.35 S, and cleaved with a proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin. Cleavage products can then be added to the anchored GST-p101 fusion protein and allowed to bind. After washing away unbound peptides, labeled bound material, representing the intracellular binding partner binding domain, can be eluted, purified, and analyzed for amino acid sequence by well-known methods. Peptides so identified can be produced synthetically or fused to appropriate facilitative proteins using recombinant DNA technology.
4. ASSAYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS THAT AMELIORATE INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
Compounds, including but not limited to binding compounds identified via assay techniques such as those described, above, in Sections 5.5.1 through 5.5.3, can be tested for the ability to ameliorate immune system disorder symptoms, including inflammation. The assays described above can identify compounds which affect p101 regulatory subunit activity (e.g., compounds that bind to the p101 regulatory subunit, inhibit binding of the natural ligands, and either activate signal transduction (agonists) or block activation (antagonists), and compounds that bind to a natural ligand of the p101 regulatory subunit and neutralize the ligand activity); or compounds that affect p101 or p120 gene activity (by affecting p101 or p120 gene expression, including molecules, e.g., proteins or small organic molecules, that affect or interfere with splicing events so that expression of the full length or the truncated form of the p101 regulatory-subunit can be modulated). However, it should be noted that the assays described herein can also identify compounds that modulate p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction (e.g., compounds which affect downstream signaling events, such as inhibitors or enhancers of activities which participate in transducing the PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.3 signal which is generated by catalytic subunit binding to the p101 regulatory subunit). The identification and use of such compounds which affect another step in the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway in which the p101 or p120 gene and/or p101 or p120 gene product is involved and, by affecting this same pathway may modulate the effect of p101 regulatory subunit on the development of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders are within the scope of the invention. Such compounds can be used as part of a therapeutic method for the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders.
The invention encompasses cell-based and animal model-based assays for the identification of compounds exhibiting such an ability to ameliorate hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms. Such cell-based assay systems can also be used as the standard to assay for purity and potency of the natural ligand, catalytic subunit, including recombinantly or synthetically produced catalytic subunit and catalytic subunit mutants.
Cell-based systems can be used to identify compounds which may act to ameliorate hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms. Such cell systems can include, for example, recombinant or non-recombinant cells, such as cell lines, which express the p101 and/or p120 gene. For example leukocyte cells, or cell lines derived from leukocyte cells can be used. In addition, expression host cells (e.g., COS cells, CHO cells, fibroblasts, Sf9 cells) genetically engineered to express a functional p101/p120 PI3K and to respond to activation by the natural ligand G.beta..gamma. subunits, e.g., as measured by a chemical or phenotypic change, induction of another host cell gene, change in intracellular messenger levels (e.g., PtdIns(3,4,5) P.sub.3, etc.), can be used as an end point in the assay.
In utilizing such cell systems, cells may be exposed to a compound suspected of exhibiting an ability to ameliorate hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms, at a sufficient concentration and for a time sufficient to elicit such an amelioration of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms in the exposed cells. After exposure, the cells can be assayed to measure alterations in the expression of the p101 or p120 gene, e.g., by assaying cell lysates for p101 or p120 mRNA transcripts (e.g., by Northern analysis) or for p101 or p120 protein expressed in the cell; compounds which regulate or modulate expression of the p101 or p120 gene are valuable candidates as therapeutics. Alternatively, the cells are examined to determine whether one or more hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder-like cellular phenotypes has been altered to resemble a more normal or more wild type phenotype, or a phenotype more likely to produce a lower incidence or severity of disorder symptoms. Still further, the expression and/or activity of components of the signal transduction pathway of which p101 regulatory subunit is a part, or the activity of the p101 regulatory subunit signal transduction pathway itself can be assayed.
For example, after exposure of the cells, cell lysates can be assayed for the presence of increased levels of the second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3, compared to lysates derived from unexposed control cells. The ability of a test compound to inhibit production of second messenger in these assay systems indicates that the test compound inhibits signal transduction initiated by p101 regulatory subunit activation. The cell lysates can be readily assayed using anion-exchange HPLC. Alternatively, levels of superoxide production or O.sub.2 may be assayed by monitoring chemiluminescence from horseradish-peroxidase catalyzed luminol oxidation as described in Wymann et al., 1987, Anal. Biochem. 165:371-378, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Finally, a change in cellular adhesion of intact cells may be assayed using techniques well known to those of skill in the art.
In addition, animal-based hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder systems, which may include, for example, mice, may be used to identify compounds capable of ameliorating hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder-like symptoms. Such animal models may be used as test systems for the identification of drugs, pharmaceuticals, therapies and interventions which may be effective in treating such disorders. For example, animal models may be exposed to a compound, suspected of exhibiting an ability to ameliorate hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms, at a sufficient concentration and for a time sufficient to elicit such an amelioration of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder symptoms in the exposed animals. The response of the animals to the exposure may be monitored by assessing the reversal of disorders associated with hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders such as inflammation. With regard to intervention, any treatments which reverse any aspect of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder-like symptoms should be considered as candidates for human hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorder therapeutic intervention. Dosages of test agents may be determined by deriving dose-response curves, as discussed below.
F. THE TREATMENT OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH STIMULATION OF G-PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
The invention also encompasses methods and compositions for modifying hematopoietic lineage cell activation and treating hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders, including inflammatory disorders. For example, by decreasing the level of p101 gene expression, and/or p101 regulatory subunit gene activity, and/or downregulating activity of the p101 regulatory subunit pathway (e.g., by interfering with the interaction of p101 regulatory subunit with the p120 catalytic subunit, or by targeting downstream signalling events), the response of leukocyte cells to factors which activate trimeric G protein associated receptors, such as cytokines, may be reduced and the symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases ameliorated. Conversely, the response of leukocyte cells to activation of G protein associated receptors may be augmented by increasing p101 regulatory subunit activity. For example, such augmentation may serve to boost the response of the immune system to infections. Different approaches are discussed below.
1. INHIBITION OF p101 ADAPTOR EXPRESSION OR p101 ADAPTOR ACTIVITY TO REDUCE G PROTEIN ACTIVATED PI3K ACTIVITY AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION
Any method which neutralizes catalytic subunit or inhibits expression of the p101 or p120 gene (either transcription or translation) can be used to reduce the inflammatory response. Such approaches can be used to treat inflammatory response disorders such as arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma and other lung conditions, allergies, reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, to name just a few inflammatory disorders.
In one embodiment, immuno therapy can be designed to reduce the level of endogenous p101 or p120 gene expression, e.g., using antisense or ribozyme approaches to inhibit or prevent translation of p101 or p120 mRNA transcripts; triple helix approaches to inhibit transcription of the p101 or p120 gene; or targeted homologous recombination to inactivate or "knock out" the p101 or p120 gene or its endogenous promoter.
Antisense approaches involve the design of oligonucleotides (either DNA or RNA) that are complementary to p101 or p120 regulatory subunit mRNA. The antisense oligonucleotides will bind to the complementary p101 or p120 mRNA transcripts and prevent translation. Absolute complementarity, although preferred, is not required. A sequence "complementary" to a portion of an RNA, as referred to herein, means a sequence having sufficient complementarity to be able to hybridize with the RNA, forming a stable duplex. In the case of double-stranded antisense nucleic acids, a single strand of the duplex DNA may thus be tested, or triplex formation may be assayed. The ability to hybridize will depend on both the degree of complementarity and the length of the antisense nucleic acid. Generally, the longer the hybridizing nucleic acid, the more base mismatches with an RNA it may contain and still form a stable duplex (or triplex, as the case may be). One skilled in the art can ascertain a tolerable degree of mismatch by use of standard procedures to determine the melting point of the hybridized complex.
Oligonucleotides that are complementary to the 5' end of the message, e.g., the 5' untranslated sequence up to and including the AUG initiation codon, should work most efficiently at inhibiting translation. However, sequences complementary to the 3' untranslated sequences of mRNAs have recently shown to be effective at inhibiting translation of mRNAs as well. See generally, Wagner, R., 1994, Nature 372:333-335. Thus, oligonucleotides complementary to either the 5'- or 3'- non- translated, non-coding regions of the p101 or p120 shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 could be used in an antisense approach to inhibit translation of endogenous p101 or p120 mRNA. Oligonucleotides complementary to the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA should include the complement of the AUG start codon. Antisense oligonucleotides complementary to mRNA coding regions are less efficient inhibitors of translation but could be used in accordance with the invention. Whether designed to hybridize to the 5'-, 3'- or coding region of p101 regulatory subunit mRNA, antisense nucleic acids should be at least six nucleotides in length, and are preferably oligonucleotides ranging from 6 to about 50 nucleotides in length. In specific aspects the oligonucleotide is at least 10 nucleotides, at least 17 nucleotides, at least 25 nucleotides or at least 50 nucleotides.
Regardless of the choice of target sequence, it is preferred that in vitro studies are first performed to quantitate the ability of the antisense oligonucleotide to inhibit gene expression. It is preferred that these studies utilize controls that distinguish between antisense gene inhibition and nonspecific biological effects of oligonucleotides. It is also preferred that these studies compare levels of the target RNA or protein with that of an internal control RNA or protein. Additionally, it is envisioned that results obtained using the antisense oligonucleotide are compared with those obtained using a control oligonucleotide. It is preferred that the control oligonucleotide is of approximately the same length as the test oligonucleotide and that the nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide differs from the antisense sequence no more than is necessary to prevent specific hybridization to the target sequence.
The oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization, etc. The oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors in vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6553-6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:648-652; PCT Publication No. WO88/09810, published Dec. 15, 1988), or hybridization-triggered cleavage agents. (See, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechniques 6:958-976) or intercalating agents. (See, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pharm. Res. 5:539-549). To this end, the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport agent, hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc.
The antisense oligonucleotide may comprise at least one modified base moiety which is selected from the group including but not limited to 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine.
The antisense oligonucleotide may also comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from the group including. but not limited to arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose.
In another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified phosphate backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, and a formacetal or analog thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide is an .alpha.-anomeric oligonucleotide. An .alpha.-anomeric oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual .beta.-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gautier et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6625-6641). The oligonucleotide is a 2'-0-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6131-6148), or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al., 1987, FEBS Lett. 215:327-330).
Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g. by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.). As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16:3209. Methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:7448-7451).
While antisense nucleotides complementary to the p101 or p120 coding region sequence could be used, those complementary to the transcribed untranslated region are most preferred.
The antisense molecules should be delivered to cells which express the p101 regulatory subunit in vivo, e.g., cells of hempatopoetic origin such as platelet, and neutrophils and other leukocytes. A number of methods have been developed for delivering antisense DNA or RNA to cells; e.g., antisense molecules can be injected directly into the tissue or cell derivation site, or modified antisense molecules, designed to target the desired cells (e.g., antisense linked to peptides or antibodies that specifically bind receptors or antigens expressed on the target cell surface) can be administered systemically.
However, it is often difficult to achieve intracellular concentrations of the antisense sufficient to suppress translation of endogenous mRNAs. Therefore a preferred approach utilizes a recombinant DNA construct in which the antisense oligonucleotide is placed under the control of a strong pol III or pol II promoter. The use of such a construct to transfect target cells in the patient will result in the transcription of sufficient amounts of single stranded RNAs that will form complementary base pairs with the endogenous p101 or p120 transcripts and thereby prevent translation of the p101 or p120 mRNA. For example, a vector can be introduced in vivo such that it is taken up by a cell and directs the transcription of an antisense RNA. Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired antisense RNA. Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art. Vectors can be plasmid, viral, or others known in the art, used for replication and expression in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequence encoding the antisense RNA can be by any promoter known in the art to act in mammalian, preferably human cells. Such promoters can be inducible or constitutive. Such promoters include but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290:304-310), the promoter contained in the 3' long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22:787-797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1441-1445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296:39-42), etc. Any type of plasmid, cosmid, YAC or viral vector can be used to prepare the recombinant DNA construct which can be introduced directly into the tissue or cell derivation site; e.g., the bone marrow. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used which selectively infect the desired tissue or cell type; (e.g., viruses which infect cells of hematopoietic lineage), in which case administration may be accomplished by another route (e.g., systemically).
Ribozyme molecules designed to catalytically cleave p101 or p120 mRNA transcripts can also be used to prevent translation of p101 or p120 mRNA and expression of p101 regulatory subunit. (See, e.g., PCT International Publication WO90/11364, published Oct. 4, 1990; Sarver et al., 1990, Science 247:1222-1225). While ribozymes that cleave mRNA at site specific recognition sequences can be used to destroy pol or p120 mRNAs, the use of hammerhead ribozymes is preferred. Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions that form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA. The sole requirement is that the target mRNA have the following sequence of two bases: 5'-UG-3'. The construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is well known in the art and is described more fully in Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988, Nature, 334:585-591. There are hundreds of potential hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites within the nucleotide sequence of human p101 or p120 cDNA (FIG. 3). Preferably the ribozyme is engineered so that the cleavage recognition site is located near the 5' end of the p101 or p120 mRNA; i.e., to increase efficiency and minimize the intracellular accumulation of non-functional mRNA transcripts.
The ribozymes of the present invention also include RNA endoribonucleases (hereinafter "Cech-type ribozymes") such as the one which occurs naturally in Tetrahymena Thermophila (known as the IVS, or L-19 IVS RNA) and which has been extensively described by Thomas Cech and collaborators (Zaug et al., 1984, Science, 224:574-578; Zaug and Cech, 1986, Science, 231:470-475; Zaug et al., 1986, Nature, 324:429-433; published International Patent Application No. WO 88/04300 by University Patents Inc.; Been and Cech, 1986, Cell, 47:207-216). The Cech-type ribozymes have an eight base pair active site which hybridizes to a target RNA sequence whereafter cleavage of the target RNA takes place. The invention encompasses those Cech-type ribozymes which target eight base-pair active site sequences that are present in p101 or p120.
As in the antisense approach, the ribozymes can be composed of modified oligonucleotides (e.g. for improved stability, targeting, etc.) and should be delivered to cells which express the p101 regulatory subunit in vivo, e.g., neutrophils. A preferred method of delivery involves using a DNA construct "encoding" the ribozyme under the control of a strong constitutive pol III or pol II promoter, so that transfected cells will produce sufficient quantities of the ribozyme to destroy endogenous p101 or p120 messages and inhibit translation. Because ribozymes unlike antisense molecules, are catalytic, a lower intracellular concentration is required for efficiency.
Endogenous p101 or p120 gene expression can also be reduced by inactivating or "knocking out" the p101 or p120 gene or its promoter using targeted homologous recombination. (E.g., see Smithies et al., 1985, Nature 317:230-234; Thomas & Capecchi, 1987, Cell 51:503-512; Thompson et al., 1989 Cell 5:313-321; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). For example, a mutant, non-functional p101 regulatory subunit (or a completely unrelated DNA sequence) flanked by DNA homologous to the endogenous p101 or p120 gene (either the coding regions or regulatory regions of the p101 or p120 gene) can be used, with or without a selectable marker and/or a negative selectable marker, to transfect cells that express p101 regulatory subunit in vivo. Insertion of the DNA construct, via targeted homologous recombination, results in inactivation of the p101 or p120 gene. Such approaches are particularly suited in the agricultural field where modifications to ES (embryonic stem) cells can be used to generate animal offspring with an inactive p101 regulatory subunit (e.g., see Thomas & Capecchi 1987 and Thompson 1989, supra). However this approach can be adapted for use in humans provided the recombinant DNA constructs are directly administered or targeted to the required site in vivo using appropriate viral vectors.
Alternatively, endogenous p101 or p120 gene expression can be reduced by targeting deoxyribonucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the p101 or p120 gene (i.e., the p101 or p120 promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the p101 or p120 gene in target cells in the body. (See generally, Helene, C. 1991, Anticancer Drug Des., 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al., 1992, Ann, N.Y. Acad. Sci., 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J., 1992, Bioassays 14(12):807-15).
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the activity of p101 regulatory subunit can be reduced using a "dominant negative" approach to interfere with trimeric G protein activation of PI3K. To this end, constructs which encode defective p101 regulatory subunits can be used in gene therapy approaches to diminish the activity of the p101 regulatory subunit in appropriate target cells. For example, nucleotide sequences that direct host cell expression of p101 regulatory subunits in which the Goy interacting domain is deleted or mutated can be introduced into hematopoietic cells (either by in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy methods described above). Alternatively, nucleotide sequences which encode only a functional domain of p101 could be used as an inhibitor of native p101/p120 interactions. Alternatively, targeted homologous recombination can be utilized to introduce such deletions or mutations into the subject's endogenous p101 or p120 gene in the bone marrow. The engineered cells will express non-functional receptors (i.e., a regulatory subunit that is capable of binding the catalytic subunit, but incapable of stimulating the catalytic activity in response to G protein activation). Such engineered cells, i.e. neutrophils or other leukocyte lineages, should demonstrate a diminished response to activation of G protein linked receptors to extracellular chemokines, resulting in reduction of the inflammatory phenotype.
2. RESTORATION OR INCREASE IN p101 REGULATORY SUBUNIT EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY TO PROMOTE IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION
With respect to an increase in the level of normal p101 or p120 gene expression and/or p101 regulatory subunit gene product activity, p101 or p120 nucleic acid sequences can be utilized for the treatment of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders, including reduced immune system responses to chemokines. Where the cause of the immune system disfunction is a defective p101 regulatory subunit, treatment can be administered, for example, in the form of gene replacement therapy. Specifically, one or more copies of a normal p101 gene or a portion of the p101 gene that directs the production of a p101 gene product exhibiting normal function, may be inserted into the appropriate cells within a patient or animal subject, using vectors which include, but are not limited to adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus and herpes virus vectors, in addition to other particles that introduce DNA into cells, such as liposomes.
Because the p101 or p120 gene is expressed in the hematopoietic lineage cells, including the neutrophils and other leukocytes, such gene replacement therapy techniques should be capable of delivering p101 or p120 gene sequences to these cell types within patients. Alternatively, targeted homologous recombination can be utilized to correct the defective endogenous p101 or p120 gene in the appropriate cell type; e.g., bone marrow cells or neutrophils and/or other leukocytes. In animals, targeted homologous recombination can be used to correct the defect in ES cells in order to generate offspring with a corrected trait.
Finally, compounds identified in the assays described above that stimulate, enhance, or modify the signal transduced by activated p101 regulatory subunit, e.g., by activating downstream signalling proteins in the p101 regulatory subunit cascade and thereby by-passing the defective p101 regulatory subunit, can be used to achieve immune system stimulation. The formulation and mode of administration will depend upon the physico-chemical properties of the compound.
G. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION
The compounds that are determined to affect p101 or p120 gene expression or p101 regulatory subunit activity, or the interaction of p101 with any of its binding partners including but not limited to the catalytic subunit, can be administered to a patient at therapeutically effective doses to treat or ameliorate hematopoietic cell activation disorders, including inflammatory response disorders such as arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma and other lung conditions, allergies, reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of hematopoietic lineage cell activation disorders.
1. EFFECTIVE DOSE
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD.sub.50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED.sub.50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD.sub.50 /ED.sub.50. Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC.sub.50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
2. FORMULATIONS AND USE
Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients.
Thus, the compounds and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates may be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectal administration.
For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the disclosure or the protection granted by Letters patent hereon.
VI. EXAMPLE: Purification and Characterization of Porcine GOX-activated PI3K Activities
A. MATERIALS & METHODS
1. PI3K ASSAYS
Purified aliquots of Sf9-derived or pig neutrophil cytosol-derived PI3K were diluted in ice-cold 0.12M NaCl, 25 mM HEPES, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mg-ml.sup.-1 BSA, 1% betaine, 0.020, w/v, Tween-20, pH 7.4, 0.degree. C. to an appropriate extent, then 5 .mu.l aliquots were stored on ice until assayed. If the PI3K assays were performed on immunoprecipitates from U937 cells (see following examples) then the PI3K was immobilized on 10 .mu.l of packed protein G Sepharose beads in an ice-cold buffer defined above. 30 .mu.l of a mixture of phospholipids with or without G.beta..gamma.s and/or G.alpha.s (either GDP-bound or activated) was added to the 5 .mu.l fractions, or 10 .mu.l of beads, and mixed. After 10 minutes on ice, 5-10 .mu.l of last wash buffer, supplemented with MgCl.sub.2 to give a final concentration in the extant assay volume of 3.5 mM, was added and mixed. Six minutes later, 5 .mu.l of last wash buffer was added (to give a final assay volume of 50 .mu.l) containing [.gamma..sup.32 P]-ATP (typically 10 .mu.Ci assay.sup.-1, Amersham, PB10168) and 3.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, tubes were mixed and transferred to a 30.degree. C. water bath. Assays were quenched after 15 minute with 500 .mu.l of chloroform:methanol:H.sub.2 O (29:54:13.1, v/v/v). One .mu.l of 100 mM ATP, 103 .mu.l of 2.4 HCl and 434 .mu.l of chloroform were subsequently added to generate a two phase `Folch` solvent distribution. After mixing and centrifugation, the lower phases were removed and transferred to clean tubes containing 424 .mu.l of fresh `upper phase` (methanol:1M HCl: chloroform; 48:47:3, v/v/v). After mixing and centrifugation the lower phase was removed to a fresh tube (during the purification of porcine neutrophil PI3Ks, [.sup.32 P]-lipid product was quantitated at this point with a geiger counter), dried under vacuum, deacylated and resolved by TLC on PEI plates (with 0.6M HCL; PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 has an Rf of 0.47) (Stephens et al., 1994, Cell 77:83-93). In some experiments the dried lipid was redissolved in chloroform:methanol/2:1, v/v), applied to a potassium oxalate-impregnated TLC plated and resolved in a mixture of chloroform:acetone:methanol:acetic acid:H.sub.2 O (40:15:13:12:8, v/v/v/v/v; Traynor-Kaplan et al., 1988).
The lipid/G protein subunit mixtures were prepared as follows: PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 (which was prepared from Folch phosphoinositide fractions by 2 cycles of chromatography on immobilized neomycin) and PtdEtn (Sigma) were dried under vacuum (sufficient to give final concentrations in the assay of 50 .mu.m and 0.5 mM; respectively). In some experiments PtdIns4P (prepared similarly to the PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2) and/or PtdIns (Sigma) were included. The dried lipid was bath-sonicated (at room temperature) into final wash buffer (above) supplemented with 0.1%, sodium cholate. After cooling on ice, portions of this dispersed lipid stock were mixed with a mixture, totaling 1 .mu.l assay.sup.-1, of G.beta..gamma. storage buffer (1% cholate; 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 4.degree. C., 0.1M NaCl; 1 mM DTT; 0.5 mM EDTA), active G.beta..gamma., or an equivalent volume of boiled G.beta..gamma. from 3-7 mg-ml.sup.-1 stocks in storage buffer. In some experiments the 1 .mu.l would include G.alpha. subunits or their storage buffer in which case the G.beta..gamma.s were premixed with the G.alpha. subunits (either GDP bound or activated; see below) for 10 minutes on ice.
G.alpha. subunits (an equimolar mixture of G.alpha.:o, i, i.sub.2 and i.sub.3 prepared as described in, and stored in the same buffer as the G.beta..gamma. subunits except supplemented with 10 .mu.m GDP) were activated by incubation on ice with 10 mM NaF, 30 .mu.m AlCl.sub.3 (A/F) for 10 mins; assays into which these subunits were diluted also contained A/F.
a) Protein Purification
Pigs blood (42 batches) was collected directly into anti-coagulant in 21 containers. Within 40 minute of collection the blood/anti-coagulant was mixed with 3% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 360 kD) in isotonic saline (4.2 of blood mixture: 0.8 of PVP). After 35 minutes standing (in 25 containers) the erythrocytes had settled adequately to allow the supernatant to be siphoned off and centrifuged (8 minutes, 1000.times.g) in 1 liter containers. Approximately 28 liters of this primary supernatant was recovered. The sedimented cells were resuspended in Hank's saline such that the final accumulated volume was contained in two 1 liter centrifuge bottles. The cells were sedimented by centrifugation (8 minute 1000.times.g). Supernatants were aspirated and the cell pellet was hypotonically shocked (to lyse any residual, contaminating erythrocytes) by the addition of 70 mls of ice-cold H.sub.2 O. After 25-30 seconds of mixing, 77 mls of 10.times.Hank's saline (without calcium) was After one wash with Hank's saline, the cells were combined into one centrifuge bottle, pelleted and resuspended in 500 mls of ice-cold; 40 mM TRIS, pH 7.5, 4.degree. C.; 0.12M NaCl; 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. Di-isopropylfluorophosphate was added (final concentration 0.5 mM), after 5 minute on ice the cells were pelleted (approximately 80-90 mls packed volume) and resuspended in 300 mls of ice-cold 40 mM TRIS, pH 7.5; 0.1M NaCl; 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2 ; 1 mM EGTA; 0.2 mM EDTA and antiproteases I. The cell suspension was sonicated (Heat Systems Probe sonicator, setting 9.25, 4.times.15 seconds with 1 minute mixing, on ice, between each burst) then centrifuged (2000.times.g 10 min) to sediment unbroken cells and nuclei (less than 5% of cells remained intact). The supernatant was centrifuged (at 100 000.times.g 60 min, 4.degree. C.) and the supernatants were decanted, pooled, mixed with EDTA, betaine and DTT (final concentrations of 5 mM, 1% and 1 mM; respectively) and finally frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80.degree. C. Cytosolic fractions prepared in this manner typically had a protein concentration of 8 to 9 mg-ml.sup.-1 (about 2.5 g protein per preparation). Once the cytosol from the equivalent of 750 liters of blood (18 to 42 preparations, 9.times.10.sup.12 cells, 40 g protein) had been collected and stored at -80.degree. C., they were thawed in three batches separated by 5 hr. From this point onwards all procedures were carried out at 2-4.degree. C.
The freshly thawed cytosol was supplemented with Tween-20 (0.05%, w/v, final concentration), centrifuged (20 000.times.g for 30 min, 2.degree. C.) filtered (5 .mu.m cellulose nitrate, 4.5 cms diameter; Whatman) diluted approximately 2.5.times. with buffer K (see below) to a final conductivity of 200 .mu.S (at 4.degree. C.), then loaded (12.5 ml-min.sup.-1 with a peristaltic pump) onto a 800 ml (5 cms diameter) column of fast flow Q Sepharose equilibrated with buffer K. The total volume of diluted cytosol was approximately 15.5 liters. Once loaded, the column was washed with 1 liter of buffer K then eluted with a 4.5 liter, linear gradient, of 0.1 to 0.6M NaCl in buffer K at 8 ml-min.sup.-1. Fifty 1 ml fractions were collected. The conductivity and Absorbance (at 280 nm) of the column eluate were monitored continuously (and in all subsequent steps). Buffer K had the following composition: 40 mM TRIS/Hl, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM EDTA, 1% betaine; 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 5 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate pH 7.5 at 4.degree. C., 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol with 4 .mu.gml.sup.-1 each of antipain, leupeptin, bestatin, pepstatin A and aprotinin and 0.1 mM PMSF (`antiproteases II`). This solution, as well as those that follow, was 0.2 .mu.m filtered.
Once the relevant fractions had been identified by PI3K assays, they were pooled and immediately loaded (10 ml-min.sup.-1) onto a 1.8 l column (5 cms diameter) of Sephadex-G25-fine, which had been pre-equilibrated with 18 l buffer L (only last 2 liters with antiproteases II), (buffer L contained: 5 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate, 20 mM KCl, 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1% betaine, 0.1 mM EDTA, 10 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0 at 4.degree. C., 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol plus antiproteases II). The desalted pool from Q sepharose was immediately loaded (5 ml-min.sup.-1) onto 80 ml of hydroxylapatite (2.6 cms diameter; Macroprep-ceramic, BioRad) equilibrated with 1 liter of buffer M (5 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate; 10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, 4.degree. C., 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1% Betaine, 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol) at a flow rate of 10 ml-min.sup.-1, and then with 100 mls of buffer N, (comprised of buffer M supplemented with 0.1 mM EDTA and antiproteases I) immediately prior to loading the sample. After loading, the column was washed with 100 mls of buffer N and eluted with an 100 ml linear gradient of 0.05 to 0.35M potassium phosphate in buffer N (4 ml-min.sup.-1). 25 ml fractions were collected and assayed for G.beta..gamma.-stimulated PI3K activity.
Relevant fractions were pooled (typically a total of 100 mls), diluted 3.times. with buffer O (to a conductivity of 250 .mu.S, 4.degree. C.) and loaded (1.1 ml-min.sup.-1) onto Heparin Sepharose HR (1.6 cms diameter column that had been pre-equilibrated with 150 mls of buffer O (see below, at 2 ml-min.sup.-1). After loading, the column was washed with buffer O (30 mls) and eluted with a 140 ml linear gradient of 0.1-0.7M KCl in buffer O (flow rate 1 ml-min.sup.-1), the elute was collected in 5 ml fractions. Buffer O was: 20 mM HEPES, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 EDTA, 0.05% w/v/Tween 20, 1.0% butane, 1 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate pH 7.2, 4.degree. C., 15 MM .beta.-mercaptoethanol, plus antiproteases II.
G.beta..gamma.-stimulated PI3K activity eluted from Heparin sepharose HR in two peaks, designated peaks A and B. Both A and B were further purified by sequential use of the same combination of columns. Peak A was in 15 mls (0.4M KCl) and was diluted 8 fold into buffer P (see below) to a final conductivity of 200 .mu.S, 4.degree. C.), peak B was in 15 mls (0.6M KCl) and was diluted 10.times. into buffer P (to a final conductivity of 200 .mu.S, 4.degree. C.). Dilution was immediately prior to loading at 1 ml-min.sup.-1 onto a Mono Q 5/5 HR column pre-equilibrated with 20 mls of buffer P. After loading, the column was washed with 5 mls of buffer P. Eluate was collected in 0.5 ml fractions. Buffer P contained: 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 EDTA, 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1% betaine, 1 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate, pH 7.1, 4.degree. C., 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol plus antiproteases II.
The relevant fractions from Mono Q (A) and (B) were pooled independently (both had a total volume of 3 mls) concentrated with an ultrafiltration unit (50 kD cut-off pre-washed with buffer P) to 0.8 mls, centrifuged (10,000.times.g for 10 minutes, 0.degree. C.) and loaded (0.25 ml-min.sup.-1) directly onto a high performance size exclusion chromatography column (V.sub.o 72 mls, V.sub.t 172 mls) pre-equilibrated with buffer Q (see below; 2 liters without antiproteases II, then 150 mls with antiproteases II) 1.5 ml fractions were collected just prior to the V.sub.o. Buffer Q contained: 0.17M KCl, 1% betaine, 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM EDTA, 1.5 mM potassium phosphate, 40 mM HEPES, pH 6.9 at 4.degree. C., 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol.
Relevant fractions from A and B were pooled independently (both had a total volume of 6 mls) diluted with buffer R to 24 mls (final conductivity 250 .mu.S, 4.degree. C.) and loaded (0.8 ml-min.sup.-1) onto an acrylic-based cation-exchange HPLC column (2.5 mls volume, BioRad) and eluted with a 25 ml linear gradient of KCl (0.1 to 0.6M) in buffer R. The eluate was collected in 1 ml fractions. Buffer R contained: 1% betaine, 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM EDTA, 20 mM HEPES, pH 6.8 at 4.degree. C., 15 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol plus antiproteases II.
Relevant fractions were pooled (3 mls for (A), 2 mls for (B)), diluted 7.times. with buffer S (final conductivity of 180 .mu.S, 4.degree. C.) and loaded (0.15 ml-min.sup.-1); onto a Mini Q column (0.24 mls, operated on a Pharmacia Smart.TM. system). The column was washed with 1 ml of buffer S and eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl (0.1 to 0.5M NaCl) in buffer S at 0.1 ml-min.sup.-1. The elute was collected 75 .mu.l fractions. Buffer S contained: 1% betaine, 0.05% w/v Tween 20, 1 mM EGTA, 0.2 mM EDTA, 2 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate, 10 mM TRIS, pH 7.7, 4.degree. C., 1 mM DTT (without antiproteases).
Protein concentrations throughout the purification were was estimated in four ways: (a) with a protein binding dye (BioRad; this was only used on lysates, cytosolic and Q sepharose fractions); (b) by integration of Abs 280 nm peak areas (this was calibrated by using the dye binding assay); (c) proteins on filters were stained with Ponceau S and compared with the staining intensity of defined aliquots of a similarly immobilized standard; and (d) proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie R250 were compared with aliquots of proteins of known concentration run on the same gel.
Final preparation of PI3K (or first stage purified material) were incubated with 100 nM [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin (17.7 Ci mmol.sup.-1, Amersham, custom made), resolved by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie Blue, and photographed. [.sup.3 H] was then detected fluorographically.
VII. RESULTS
Analysis of porcine neutrophil cytosol by an ion-exchange chromatography showed it contained a G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K activity of similar properties to ones already described in U937 and osteosarcoma cells. Use of [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin as a probe identified a doublet of proteins of apparent size 117 kD and 120 kD which eluted in the fractions containing G.beta..gamma.-activated PI3K activity, and further, that they were at 2-4% of the levels of [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin bound by p110.alpha. and/or p110.beta. (see FIGS. 5). This peak of G.beta..gamma. activated PI3K activity was purified further (all figures and tables detail the purification of the preparations of PI3Ks that were ultimately sequenced). During this procedure, it split into two peaks (A and B) both which displayed apparent, native, relative, molecular masses of 220 kD. Once essentially pure, as assessed by Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gels, it was clear that both activities co-migrated with two proteins: (A) with proteins of 117 kD (which specifically bound [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin and was assumed therefore to be the catalytic subunit) and 101 kD; and (B) with proteins of 120 kD (which also bound [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin) and 101 kD. This result indicated that the PI3K activities were p117/p101 and p120/p101 heterodimers in their native state. In their final forms PI3Ks A and B had been purified approximately 180,000.times. and 380,000.times. from neutrophil lysates (1,000,000,000.times. from blood) with 5.5% overall recovery of activity. Table 1 defines the recoveries of protein and PI3K activity through each step).
TABLE 1______________________________________Purification of pig leukocyte G-protein .beta..gamma. subunit activated PI3K's Total Total Fold Pool of protein Pool Activity Purifica activity in pools Volume in pools tion______________________________________Cytosol 40 g 151 100% 1 Q-Sepharose 1.5 g 40 mls 90% 24 (desalted) (1.5 g) (450 mls) (124%) Hydroxylapatite 162 mg 100 mls 125% 309 Heparin Sepharose Peak A 19 mg 15 mls 46% 970 Peak B 12 mg 15 mls 53% 1769 Mono Q pool A 5.4 mg 3 mls 16% 1187 B 1.4 mg 3 mls 15% 4291 Size exclusion A 0.722 mg 6 mls 16% 8902 (850 .mu.l applied) B 0.2 mg 6 mls 15.5% 51038 Cation Exchange A 0.13 mg 3 mls 6% 18489 B 0.014 mg 2 mls 9.5% 271761 Mini Q p from A 15 .mu.g 0.225 mls 2.2% 58754 from B 10 .mu.g 0.225 mls 3.1% 174151______________________________________
These extents of enrichment are consistent with the quantities of [.sup.3 H]-17-hydroxy-wortmannin bound by these proteins compared to p85/p110 family members. All of these proteins are thus considered to be of low abundance.
Purified preparations of PI3Ks A and B were indistinguishable on the basis of their lipid kinase activities. Both preparations were (a) activated over 100.times. by G.beta..gamma. subunits, in a G.alpha.-GDP-sensitive fashion, (b) completely inhibited by 100 nM wortmannin (with 5 .mu.M ATP in the assays), (c) insensitive, either in the presence or absence of G.beta..gamma.s, to tyrosine phosphorylated peptides which activate p85/p110 family PI3Ks five fold (see FIG. 6), and (d) able to 3-phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 (the identity of the products was established by sequential deacylation and deglyceration followed by anion-exchange HPLC analysis of the [.sup.32 P]-labelled water-soluble products with internal [.sup.3 H]-labeled standards). Further, the purified preparations of PI3K A and B displayed the lowest apparent Km for the latter substrate (8 and 10 .mu.M for A and B, respectively) utilizing the .gamma.-phosphate of ATP as the phosphate donor (results not shown).
VIII. EXAMPLE: PEPTIDE SEOUENCING OF PORCINE G.beta..gamma.-ACTIVATED PI3K A AND B
In this example, both porcine PI3K proteins were analyzed by amino acid sequencing. PI3Ks A and B, purified from the equivalent of 40 g of cytosolic protein, were Western blotted onto nitrocellulose, stained with Ponceau S, the bands corresponding to all four subunits were excised, treated with trypsin and processed for internal amino acid sequence analysis.
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Generation of peptides and peptide sequencing. Aliquots of protein for sequencing were Western blotted (in a wet blotter) onto nitrocellulose (0.45 .mu.m pore size BA85; Schleicher and Schuell). The transfer buffer contained 192 mM glycine, 25 mM TRIS and 10% v/v methanol. Prior to assembling the final transfer unit the Whatman No. 1 filter paper supports on the (-) side of gel/filter sandwich, and the gel (1 mm thick), were soaked (2-3 mins) in transfer buffer containing 0.0005% (w/v) SDS. The transfer was for 16 h at a fixed 35 V (0.25 to 0.35 Amps, at 5.degree. C.). The filters were stained with 0.1% Ponceau S in 1% acetic acid for 1 min, then destained for 1 minute in 1% acetic acid. Approximately, 85-90% of the protein loaded on the gel was recovered the filter. The bands of interest were excised from the nitrocellulose and processed for internal amino acid sequence analysis as described (Tempst et al., 1990, Electrophoresis 11:537-552), with modifications (Lui et al., 1996). Briefly, in situ proteolytic cleavage was done using 0.5 .mu.g trypsin (Promega, Madison, Wis.) in 25 .mu.l 100 mM NH.sub.4 HCO.sub.3 (supplemented with 1% Zwittergent 3-16) at 37.degree. C. for 2 hours. The resulting peptide mixture was reduced and S-alkylated with, respectively 0.1% .beta.-mercaptoethanol (BioRad, Richmond, Calif.) and 0.3% 4-vinyl pyridine (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.), and fractionated by reversed phase HPLC. An enzyme blank was done on an equally sized strip of nitrocellulose.
HPLC solvents and system configuration were as described (Elicone et al., 1994), except that an 2.1 mm 214 TP54 Vydac C4 (Separations Group, Hesperia, Calif.) column was used with gradient elution at a flow rate of 100 .mu.l/min. Identification of Trp-containing peptides was done by manual ratio analysis of absorbances at 297 and 277 nm, monitored in real time using an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) model 1000S diodarray detector (Erdjument-Bromage et al., 1994). Fractions were collected by hand, kept on ice for the duration of the run and then stored at -70.degree. C. before analysis.
Purified peptides were analyzed by combination of automated Edman degradation and matric-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry; details about this combined approach, including mass-aided post-chemical sequencing routines can be found elsewhere (Geromanos et al., 1994, Techniques in Protein Chemistry V 143-150; Elicone et al., 1994, J. Chromatogr. 676:121-137; Erdjument-Bromage et al., 1994, Protein Sci. 3:2435-2446). After storage, column fractions were supplemented with neat TPA (to give a final concentration of 10%) before loading onto the sequencer disks and mass spectrometer target. Mass analysis (on 2% aliquots) was carried out using a model Voyager RP MALDI-TOF instrument (Vestec/PerSeptive, Framingham, Mass.) in the linear mode, with a 337 nm output nitrogen laser, an 1.3 m flight tube and .alpha.-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (premade solution obtained from Linear Sci., Reno, Nev.) as the matrix. A 30 kV ion acceleration voltage (grid voltage at 70%, guide wire voltage at 0.1%) and -2.0 kV multiplier voltage were used. Laser fluence and number of acquisitions were adjusted as judged from optimal deflections of specific maxima, using a TDS 520 Tektronix (Beaverton, Ore.) digitizing oscilloscope. Mz (mass to charge) spectra were generated from the time-of-flight files using GRAMS (Galactic Ind., Salem, N.H.) data analysis software. Every sample was analyzed twice, in the presence and absence of two calibrants (25 femtomoles each of APID and P8930), as described (Geromanos et al., 1994). Chemical sequencing (on 95% of the sample) was done using a model 477A instrument from Applied Biosystems (AB). Stepwise liberated PTH-amino acids were identified using an `on-line` 120A HPLC system (AB) equipped with a PTH C18 (2/1.times.220 mm; 5 micron particle size) column (AB). Instruments and procedures were optimized for femtomole level phenyl thihydantoin amino acid analysis as described (Erdjument-Bromage et al., 1994, Protein Sci. 3:2435-2446; Tempst et al., 1994, Methods CompanionMeth. Enzymol. 6:284-261).
Peptide average isotopic masses were summed from the identified residues (including the presumed ones) using ProComp version 1.2 software (obtained from Dr. P. C. Andrews, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.).
A doubly tyrosine phosphorylated peptide (18 residues) based on the sequence surrounding tyrosines 740 and 751 in the PDGF .beta.R was prepared by the microchemical facility at the Babraham Institute.
B. RESULTS
Peptide sequence data immediately resolved several issues regarding the relationships between these proteins.
The p101s derived from both PI3Ks A and B were identical and further a relatively common allelic-variant was identified at 483 in the ORF, (marked in FIG. 4) such that a serine was replaced by a glycine. p117 and p120 displayed virtually identical tryptic HPLC profiles and all apparently common peptides that were sequenced from both species were identical with the exception of a amino-terminal blocked peptide from p117 (see below). Peptide sequence information was then used to design probes for retrieving the nucleotide sequence encoding these proteins.
IX. EXAMPLE: Cloning of the cDNAs Encoding Porcine p120 and p101
Degenerate oligonucleotide probes, based on the sequence of a peptide from porcine p120 and a peptide from porcine p101 were used to screen an oligo-dT-primed, amplified, cDNA library (made from pig neutrophil poly A-selected RNA). Described blow is the cloning and characterization of cDNA's encoding both the p101 and p120 proteins.
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS
We prepared 0.7 mg total RNA from 4.2.times.10.sup.9 pig neutrophils (Chomczynski & Sacchi, 1987, Anal. Biochemistry 162:156-159). This RNA was used by Stratagene (San Diego, Calif.) to produce PolyA-selected mRNA from which they prepared oligodT- and random-primed cDNA libraries in .lambda.ZAPII (approximately 5.4.times.10.sup.-6 and 3.2.times.10.sup.6 primary p.f.u. respectively). Amplified libraries were constructed from approximately 2.times.10.sup.6 original recombinants and these were used to screen for p120 and p101 cDNAs by standard procedures.
2.5.times.10.sup.6 plaques derived from the oligodT-primed library were screened using a [.sup.32 P]-labelled oligo based on peptide sequence from p120 [CA(T/C) GA(T/C) TT(T/C) ACI CA(A/G) CA(A/G) GTI CA(A/G) GTI AT(T/C/A) GA(T/C) ATG] (SEQ ID NO:5). Twelve positive clones were identified isolated as Bluescript.TM. based plasmids and both DBA strands sequenced (using the ABI automatic sequencing facility at the Babraham Institute). The inserts of these plasmids represented a series of overlapping clones with two clones defining a full length ORF encoding all of the peptide sequence derived from p117/p120 tryptic digests (FIG. 4).
0.9.times.10.sup.6 plaques derived from the oligodT-primed library were screened using a [.sup.32 P]-labelled oligo based on peptide sequence from p101 [GCITA(T/C)ATGGA(A/G)GA(T/C)ATIGA(A/G)GA] (SEQ ID NO:6). 1 positive clone was identified, isolated and sequenced. The 5' end of this clone (Dll) represented part of the sequence for one of the tryptic peptides, thus identifying it as a partial clone. A further 0.6.times.10.sup.6 plaques from the oligoT-primed library were screened using a [.sup.32 P]-labelled Cla-1 restriction fragment derived from D11. Sixty-six positive clones were identified, 49 of which were isolated and some partially sequenced. These represented a series of overlapping clones all of which contained D11 sequence but all of which were smaller than D11 itself. 3.5.times.10.sup.6 plaques from the random-primed library were then screened using a [.sup.32 P]-labelled Apa-1 restriction fragment derived from D11. Ninety-eight positive clones were identified. These clones were re-screened (at the stage of primary plaque isolates) by a PCR-based approach using primers designed against the Bluescript.TM. vector (either `forward` and `reverse` primers) and internal D11 sequence. This enabled us to identify (independent of orientation) the longest potential N-terminal extensions encoding p101 sequence. The 3 clones giving the largest PCR-fragment were isolated and sequenced. These represented overlapping clones which, together with D11, defined a full length ORF encoding all of the peptide sequence derived from the p101 tryptic digest (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2)
B. RESULTS
Two clones defined a full length ORF encoding all of the p117/p120 tryptic peptides (see FIGS. 1-4). Of three potential start methionines, the central one was identified as active (in contrast to the assumption of Stoyanov et al., 1995, Science 269:690-693) on the basis of the precise match between the measured mass of an amino-terminal blocked p120-derived peptide and the theoretical masses of amino-terminal peptides that would be derived as a result of initiating translation at each of the three methionines. As such, p120 has a theoretical size of 126 kD. Comparison of the mass of the amino-terminal blocked peptide produced from p117 with the relevant regions of the amino-terminal end of p120 indicates no precise matches (allowing for usual amino-terminal blocking). Hence p117 is unlikely to be a proteolytically or post-translationally modified form of p120, nor is it likely to result from use of a second translation start point within the p120 message. However, a cDNA with an ORF encoding p117 has not been isolated.
The protein and DNA sequences defining p120 were used to search data bases for similar structures. Similarities with all previously cloned PI3Ks were identified. However, the sequence was nearly identical, allowing for species differences, to p110.gamma. (Stoyanov et al., 1995). The only significant discrepancy between our sequence and that Stoyanov et al., is found in the extreme COOH terminus. On the basis of primary structure only, the identification of a COOH terminal pleckstrin homology domain in p120 could not be confirmed.
By utilizing several overlapping fragments, derived from both oligo-dT and random-primed, pig neutrophil-derived, cDNA libraries, a full length ORF encoding all of the peptide sequence derived from p101 has been defined. A p101-derived, amino-terminal blocked peptide was identified; its mass was precisely equivalent to that predicted for an amino-terminal acetylated version of the first 12 residues defined by the predicted start in the ORF described. The predicted relative molecular mass of p101 is 97 kD. Although the protein and DNA sequence data bases were searched for similar structures or sub-structures, no significant matches were identified.
X. EXAMPLE: Cloning of the cDNAs Encoding Human p120 and p101
Radiolabeled PCR products derived from the porcine p101 and p120 cDNA sequences were successfully used to screen human cDNA libraries for their human homologs. The cloning and characterization of cDNA's encoding human p101 and p120 is described below.
A. Human p101
A human monocyte cDNA library (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.; mRNA source: U937 cell line, PMA treated at 50 ng/ml for 3.5 days) was screened with a radiolabeled PCR product corresponding to bp 887-1287 of the porcine p101 cDNA sequence. .lambda.gt11 phages containing the human cDNA library were plated, as described in the Clontech Lambda Library Protocol Handbook, and transferred to nylon filters. Filter-bound DNA was denatured by autoclaving the filters for one minute, after which the filters were prehybridized for 2 hours at 42.degree. C. in 50% formaldehyde, 5.times.Denhardts, 5.times.SSC, 0.05 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, 0.05M NaPO.sub.4 at pH6.8, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate and 1% SDS. The radiolabeled PCR probe was denatured by boiling for 5 minutes, cooled on ice for 15 minutes, and then added to the filters in the hybridization buffer at a final concentration of 1 million cpm/ml. Hybridization proceeded overnight at 42.degree. C. with constant agitation. Filters were then washed once in 2.times.SSC, 1% SDS at room temperature for 20 minutes, followed by a wash in 2.times.SSC, 1% SDS at 42.degree. C. for twenty minutes, and finally a wash at 0.2.times.SSC, 1% SDS at 42.degree. C. for 20 minutes. After autoradiography, positive clones were isolated according to the Clontech Library Handbook by picking the area around and including the positive clone and eluting the phage into Phage Dilution Buffer. The phages were then replated at a density allowing for isolation of a single phage plaques, grown overnight, and transferred to nylon filters. The filters were hybridized with the same radioactive PCR probe as above, washed, and subjected to autoradiography. Single, pure, positive phage plaques were picked, the phage eluted into Phage Dilution Buffer and then replated to give a confluent lawn. The plaque purified phage lawn was eluted into Phage Buffer and lambda phage DNA isolated according to the protocol in the Clontech Library Protocol Handbook.
Purified lambda DNA was cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, separated on an agarose gel, and the EcoRI DNA insert isolated and recloned into EcoRI linearized Bluescript KS+. Bluescript plasmids containing these DNA inserts were then sequenced. Five of the independently isolated cDNA clones contained sequences homologous to the porcine p101 cDNA sequence between nucleotide 1137 and the stop codon at nucleotide 3021. Relative to the porcine p101 sequence, the isolated human clones contained an additional 544 bp of 3' untranslated sequence.
Because the porcine sequence is very GC rich at the 5' end, the probability of finding a full length clone in an oligo-dT primed library is low. Therefore, we decided to use a library that was both oligo dT and random primed in order to increase the probability of finding a clone that contained the GC rich 5' end. Using the same radiolaeled PCR product of the porcine p101 sequence and the same methods described above, we screened a human leukocyte 5'-Stretch Plus cDNA Library (Clontech; mRNA source: normal peripheral blood leukocytes) and isolated several clones, one of which contained the 5' end of the human p101 sequence. This clone included roughly 300 bp upstream of the coding sequence and the first 1612 bp of the coding sequence. A full length cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of the human p101 sequence was then constructed by fusing the 5' end of the leukocyte clone (from a HindIII site 77 bp upstream of the start codon to a SacI site at position 1262) with the monocyte clone (from the SacI site to an XbaI site at position 3014, 305 bp downstream of the stop codon). The entire sequence of the full-length cDNA clone was determined, and the coded amino acid sequence deduced.
Since this full length clone was derived from two different clones from two different libraries, the existence of the 3' end of the p101 clone in the leukocyte library was verified. Using five different sets of PCR primers, we demonstrated that the 3' end of p101, which was cloned from the monocyte library, was present in both the monocyte and the leukocyte libraries.
B. Human p120
The human homolog of porcine p120 was cloned by screening a leukocyte cDNA library (Clontech; mRNA source: normal peripheral blood leukocytes) with a radioactively labeled PCR fragment of the porcine sequence from bp 875 to 1315, according to the protocol described above for the cloning of human p101. We independently isolated two clones containing the 5' end of human p120, corresponding to bp 6 to 2414 in the porcine sequence as reported by Stephens et al. The human sequence contains an EcoRI site at bp 2408, and since the cDNA library had been constructed with EcoRI linkers, the full length human sequence had to be contained in two separate clones, one containing the 5' EcoRI fragment, the other containing the 3' EcoRI fragment. The library was therefore rescreened under the same conditions as above with a radioactively labelled PCR fragment from the 3' end (bp 2801 to 3395) of the porcine p120 sequence. We independently isolated two clones containing the 3' end of the sequence from position 2408 (human sequence) to the beginning of the poly A tail at position 5128. The DNA inserts of the two phages containing the 5' and the 3' EcoRI fragment were isolated and fused at the EcoRI site to give a full length cDNA clone (1-5128) containing the total coding region (84 to 3390) of the human p120 homolog. The entire sequence of the full-length cDNA clone was determined, and the coded amino acid sequence deduced.
XI. EXAMPLE: Expression of Porcine p120 and p101 in insect cells
Recombinant, clonal, baculo-viruses (rbv) harboring either a amino-terminal, 6.times.HIS-tagged p120 (pAcHLT p120) cDNA or a amino-terminal, (EE)-tagged p101 cDNA (pAcO-G1) p101) were prepared and used to drive production of the above proteins in insect (Sf9) cells.
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. CONSTRUCTION OF EXPRESSION VECTORS
The use of N-terminal PCR and appropriate restriction sites allowed the porcine p120 and p101 ORFs to be manipulated into a form where they could be inserted in frame into various expression vectors. In each case, the first amino acid encoded after the N-terminal tag was the start methionine. The 3'-untranslated region of the p120 cDNA was used in full and that of the p101 cDNA truncated at a BamHI site (nucleotide 192, FIG. 1). The vectors used for baculovirus-driven expression in Sf9 cells were pAcHLT (which encodes an N-terminal `6.times.His-tag` followed by a thrombin cleavage site, Pharminogen; the p120 ORF was inserted into the XhoI-EcoRI sites) and pAcO-G1 (which encodes an N-terminal `EE-tag`, ONYX Pharmaceuticals; the p101 ORF was inserted into the EcoRI-NotI sites). All vectors were N-terminally sequenced before use.
2. Sf9 cell transfections and production of recombinant proteins
Sf9 cells were grown in TNM FH with 11% HI-FBS in a spinner flask and were maintained at between 0.5 and 2.times.10.sup.6 cells ml.sup.-1. Sf9 cells were transfected with Insectin.TM. (Invitrogen) liposomes with linearized baculo-gold DNA (Pharminogen) and relevant baculo-virus transfer vectors as recommended (Invitrogen). The resulting recombinant baculo viruses were plaque-purified and amplified to yield high-titre viral stocks. The optimal (for production of protein) dilutions were determined for each high-titre stock. pAcO-G1 p101 virus were allowed to infect adherent Sf9 cells for 2.2 days at 27.degree. C.; pAcHLT p120 virus were allowed to infect in a spinner culture (usually) for 1.9 days at 27.degree. C. Cells were harvested into ice-cold 0.41% KCl; 2.66% sucrose; 20 mM MgCl.sub.2 ; 8 mM NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4, pH 6.2, 25.degree. C.; treated with 1 mM di-isopropylfluorophosphate (5 minutes on ice), and washed once in the harvesting solution. Centrifugally packed aliquots of cells were frozen in liquid N.sub.2 and stored at -80.degree. C.
3. Purification of Sf9-derived proteins
Porcine p120 was purified using a metal-ion chelation column (Talon, Clontech). Cell pellets were thawed into 0.10M NaCl; 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 10 mM Tris.HCl, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 and antiproteases I (see above) at a ratio of 1 liter of infected Sf9 cell culture into 50 mls of sonication buffer, probe-sonicated (4.times.15 second bursts on ice), and centrifuged (120,000.times.g for 40 minutes, 4.degree. C.). The supernatant was removed and pooled (cloudy supernatant at the top of the tube was removed separately, 0.45 .mu.M filtered with a low-protein binding filter and then pooled with the remainder). The cytosolic fraction was supplemented with Tween-20 and betaine (0.05%, w/v, and 1%, respectively) then pumped onto a column of Talon resin equilibrated in equivalent buffer (1.2 mls of resin per liter of original infected Sf9 culture at a linear flow velocity of 20 cms hr.sup.-1). This, and all subsequent steps were carried out at 4.degree. C. The column was sequentially washed (same flow) with 20 column volumes each of: Buffer A, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 0.15M NaCl; 1% betaine; 0.05%, w/v, Tween-20; buffer B, 1%, w/v, Triton X-100; 0.15M NaCl; 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 1% betaine 0.05%, w/v, Tween-20; buffer C, 0.15M NaCl; 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.1, 4.degree. C.; 1% betaine; 0.05%, w/v, Tween-20; buffer D; 0.15M NaCl; 30 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 4.degree. C. %, 1% betaine, 0.02%, w/v, Tween-20; 10%, v/v, ethylene glycol; 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 ; and then 8 column volumes buffer E, comprised of buffer D supplemented with 10 MM imidazole (pH 7.5). During the Buffer E wash, 2 ml fractions were collected. Finally, at half the flow used previously, the column was washed with buffer F, which was comprised of buffer D supplemented with 70 mM imidazole (pH 7.5; final concentration). Typically 1 ml fractions were collected. With experience fractions were pooled on the basis of the Abs 280 nm trace (continuously recorded) and supplemented with 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EGTA (final concentrations) immediately. Typically this process yielded 4 mg of p120 per liter of Sf9 culture. The p120 prepared in this manner was usually greater than 90% pure. The final pool of p120 was desalted via a 15 ml column of G-25 superfine equilibrated in buffer G, which was comprised of buffer D supplemented with 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EGTA (final concentrations). `p120 blank` preparations used in some experiments were prepared in precise parallel to a normal p120 preparations except the starting cells were either infected with wild type baculo-virus, or were uninfected. The final fractions derived from these `blank` preparations were pooled on a `parallel volume` basis because they contained virtually no protein.
The p120 6.times.HIS tag contained a thrombin cleavage recognition motif. Careful titration with thrombin and analysis with 6% polyacrylamide SDS-gels revealed two thrombin sites, with similar sensitivities to thrombin, both close to the amino-terminal (because an .alpha.COOH-terminal antibody still immunoprecipitated the twice-cut p120). One site was at the expected location for the site engineered into the tag; the other site was approximately 40-residues in from the amino-terminal (in a region with no favored thrombin recognition sequences). Under optimized conditions (2 U ml.sup.-1, thrombin; 0.2 mg-ml.sup.-1 p120; 4 hours, 4.degree. C., with 1 mM EGTA and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2) it was possible to generate preparations of thrombin cleaved p120 which contained 15% uncut p120, 50% cut at the authentic amino-terminal thrombin site and 35% with an additional approximately 40 residues cleaved. In these experiments thrombin action was terminated by the addition of 100 nM N-acetyl D-Phe Pro-2-amido-5 guanidino butane boronic acid; a potent thrombin inhibitor (Sigma). Throughout this work, preparations of partially cleaved p120 were used parallel with totally uncleaved p120. It was clear that: (A) all three p120's bound to p101 with very similar affinity, (B) p101 bound to the p120 mixture was activated by G.beta..gamma.s to a similar extent to p101 bound to uncleaved p120 and, (C) both the uncleaved and partially cleaved p120s were virtually insensitive to G.beta..gamma. subunits in the absence of p101 (although complete thrombin cleavage tended to reduce overall p120 catalytic activity by 20-30% and increase the 1.7 fold apparent activation by G.beta..gamma. in the absence of p101 to about 2.5 fold).
Porcine (EE)-p101 was purified from frozen pellets of Sf9 cells as follows. Cells from 2 liters of infected Sf9 culture were sonicated into 50 mls of 0.12M NaCl; 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 25 HEPES, pH 7.4, 4.degree. C.; 1 mM EGTA plus antiproteases I as described above. After centrifugation (120,000.times.g, 4.degree. C., 40 minutes), the supernatant was removed (as described above), supplemented with 1% w/v, Triton X100, 0.4% sodium cholate, 0.4M NaCl (final concentrations), and mixed with 2 mls of packed protein G sepharose covalently cross-linked to an .alpha.-(myc) irrelevant, monoclonal antibody (washed in an equivalent solution). After 30 minutes mixing at 4.degree. C., the beads were sedimented and the supernatant was removed and mixed with 1 ml of protein G Sepharose covalently cross-linked to an .alpha.-(EE) monoclonal antibody (equilibrated in an equivalent solution). After 2 hours mixing at 4.degree. C. the beads were washed as described below for U937 cell .alpha.-(EE) immunoprecipitations, except (a) the washes were in a 20 ml centrifuge tube, and (b) the beads were finally washed 3.times. with buffer H, comprised of buffer G with 1%, w/v, Triton X-100. `p101 blank` (p101C) preparations used in some experiments were prepared from either wild-type baculo-virus infected or uninfected cells exactly as described above.
p101/p120 heterodimers formed in vivo by co-infection of Sf9 cells with both forms of recombinant baculo-virus were purified as described for (EE)-p101 except the immunoprecipitates were washed 4.times. with buffer I, 1%, w/v, Triton X-100; 0.15M NaCl; 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 4.degree. C.; 1 mM EGTA; 2.times.with buffer J, comprised of buffer I supplemented with 0.4M NaCl (final concentration), then 3.times. with buffer G before being eluted with 1 bed volume of 150 .mu.g ml.sup.-1 (final concentration) of (EE)-peptide in buffer G. The (EE)-peptide, amino-terminal-acetylated EYMPTD, has a very high affinity for the .alpha.-(EE) monoclonal antibody. After the beads were incubated with (EE)-peptide, on ice, for 40 minutes, the supernatant was removed. Aliquots of the eluted proteins were diluted and assayed for PI3K activity (see above) or mixed with SDS sample buffer directly.
In in vitro reconstitution experiments, p120 preparations in buffer G supplemented with 1%, w/v, Triton X-100 (now equivalent to buffer H) were mixed with (EE)-p101 (10:1 molar ratio of protein) still bound to the protein G matrix, mixed for 2 hours (end on end at 4.degree. C.), then washed and eluted with (EE)-peptide as described for the purification of p101/p120-PI3K reconstituted in vivo, in the Example below.
B. RESULTS
Single-step purifications utilizing the tags yielded purified protein preparations as assessed by Coomassie staining; their apparent sizes matched expectation. Further, both were correctly recognized in Western blots by specific, COOH Terminal directed and internal-sequence directed, antipeptide, rabbit polyclonal sera (not shown) indicating their authenticity.
p120 bound tightly, and in 1:1 molar stoichiometry, to p101 both (a) in vitro, when both proteins had been independently purified, mixed (with p101 still associated with the protein G matrix used to isolate it) then washed stringently before being eluted with (EE)-peptide or, (b) in vivo, when Sf9 cells were co-infected with both forms of rbv and proteins were purified via the p101 tag (data not shown).
Free, purified p120 was a PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 -selective, wortmannin-sensitive PI3K. G.beta..gamma.s had a small and bi-modal effect on free p120 PI3K activity. An equimolar mixture (final total concentration of 2 .mu.m) of G.alpha.'s o, i.sub.1, i.sub.2 and i.sub.3 bound to GDP and in the presence of aluminum fluoride had no significant effect on free p120 PI3K activity (this was a preparation of G.alpha.s which, when added in a 1.5 fold molar excess, could completely inhibit the effects of G.beta..gamma.s, on PI3K). Tyrosine phosphorylated peptides able to activate p85/p101-PI3K family members also had no detectable effect on p120 PI3K activity. When bound to p101 (either in vivo or in vitro) p120's, PI3K activity could be activated greater than 100.times. by G.beta..gamma. subunits. Tyrosine phosphorylated peptides and G.alpha.-GDP/aluminum fluoride had no effect on G.beta..gamma. activated, or basal, p101/p120 PI3K activity. In the absence of G.beta..gamma.s the specific activity of p120 in a p101/p120 complex is lower than the specific activity of free p120 but is increased greater than 50.times. in their presence (see FIG. 7).
Comparison of the specific catalytic activities of pig neutrophil-derived PI3K (B) and the Sf9-derived p101/p120 heterodimers, under identical, G.beta..gamma.-stimulated, assay conditions, showed the Sf9 derived material to have a 2.times. higher activity per mg protein. This result is not inconsistent with the likely `age at assay` of a PI3K preparation derived from circulating neutrophils via a 4 day purification protocol and indicates the bulk of the recombinant PI3K is correctly folded and that any critical post-translational modifications must be in place.
XII. EXAMPLE: Expression of Porcine p101 and p120 in Mammalian Cells
A family of mammalian expression vectors were constructed that enabled transient expression of amino-terminal epitope-tagged forms (either (myc) or (EE)) of porcine p101 and p120. This example describes the production of purified recombinant p101 and p120 fusion proteins from mammalian cells, and subsequent analysis of their properties.
A. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. CELL CULTURE
U937 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 with 10%, v/v, heat-inactivated (HI)-FBS and diluted 4 fold every 2 days. Cos-7 cells were grown in DMEM 10% HI-FBS.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF EXPRESSION VECTORS
The use of N-terminal PCR and appropriate restriction sites allowed the porcine p120 and p101 ORFs to be manipulated into a form where they could be inserted in frame into various expression vectors (in each case the first amino acid encoded after the N-terminal tag was the start methionine. The 3'-untranslated resin of the p120 cDNA was used in full and that of the p101 cDNA truncated at a BamHI site (nucleotide 192, FIG. 1). The vectors used for cytomegalovirus-driven (CMV) expression in mammalian cells were (A) pCMV(EE) (encoding an N-terminal MEEEEFMPMPMEF (SEQ ID NO:7) or MEEEEFMPMEFSS (SEQ ID NO:8) `EE-tag` for p101 or p120 expression, respectively) and (B) pCMV (myc) (encoding an N-terminal MEQKLISEEDLEF (SEQ ID NO:9) or MEQKLISEEDLEFSS (SEQ ID NO:10) `myc-tag` for p101 or p120 expression, respectively). All vectors were N-terminally sequenced before use.
3. U937 TRANSFECTION PROTOCOLS
Exponentially growing U937 cells (diluted 12 hours previously) were washed 2.times. with PBS and resuspended in sterile electroporation medium (EM) containing; 30 mM NaCl, 0.12M KCl, 8.1 mM Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4, 1.46 mM KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 and 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, at room temperature. Circular plasmid DNA was added in 1.times.EM to the cells to produce a 0.5 ml final volume containing 1.4 .times.10.sup.7 cells and 40 .mu.g total DNA (usually made up to 40 .mu.g with an expression plasmid with the same promoter and expressing a similarly tagged but irrelevant protein) and were transferred to a cuvette (0.4 cms gap, BioRad). After 15 minutes standing at room temperature the cells were electroporated (1 pulse at 280V and 960 .mu.F, with a BioRad Gene pulser; time constants were typically 18 msec) then placed on ice for a further 8 minutes before being diluted into 5 mls of RPMI, 10% HI-FBS. After standing for 5 minutes, to allow dead cells to clump together, the cells were diluted with 35 ml of RPMI, 10% HI-FBS, supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin, then TPA and ZnCl.sub.2 were added (both of which substantially amplify expression from CMV promoters in U937 cells) to final concentrations of 5.times.10.sup.-8 M and 200 .mu.M, respectively. If the cells were to be labelled with [.sup.35 S]-methionine (trans-label, ICN) then the RPMI used after the electroporation was methionine-, and leucine-free and contained 2 mM NaHCO.sub.3 and 25 mM HEPES and 10% dialyzed HI-FBS and the cells resuspended in a final volume of 10 mls with 20 .mu.Ci/ml [.sup.35 S]-methionine/leucine (phs TPA and ZnCl.sub.2, as above). After 12 hours (either with or without [.sup.35 S]) the cell suspensions were mixed with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (1 mM final concentration), left for 5 minutes, then collected by centrifugation, washed 1.times. with PBS, and lysed for immunoprecipitation. (EE)-epitope tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated from U937 cell lysates as follows. Cells from 1 electroporation were lysed into 1.25 mls of lysis buffer containing 1%, w/v, Triton X-100, 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 4.degree. C.; 1 mM EGTA; 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 ; 0.15 m NaCl and 0.1 mM PMSF, 10 .mu.g ml.sup.-1 leupeptin, 10 .mu.gml.sup.-1 aprotinin, 10 .mu.gml.sup.-1 antipain 10 .mu.gml.sup.-1 pepstatin A and 10 .mu.gml.sup.-1 of bestatin (henceforth known as antiproteases I). The lysates were centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 0.degree. C., 15 minutes). The resulting supernatants was removed and mixed with 4M NaCl (0.1 ml), 20% sodium cholate (25 .mu.l) and protein G sepharose (40 .mu.l packed volume) covalently coupled to an irrelevant, isotype-matched, mouse monoclonal antibody (at approx. 5-10 mg-ml.sup.-1 sepharose). The supernatants were mixed end over end for 20 minutes, then the beads were sedimented and the supernatant transferred to another tube with protein G sepharose beads (10 .mu.l, packed) covalently crosslinked to .alpha.-(EE)-mouse monoclonal antibody (at approx. 5-10 mg-ml.sup.-1 sepharose). After 2 hours mixing at 4.degree. C. the immunoprecipitates were washed 5.times. with 1.0%, w/v, Triton X-100; 0.4% cholate; 0.004% SDS; 0.4M NaCl; 1 mM EGTA; 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, at 0.degree. C.; 1.times. with 0.5M LiCl, 0.1M Tris, pH 8.0, 4.degree. C.; 2.times. with 0.12M NaCl; 1 mM EGTA; 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, at 0.degree. C. The last buffer wash was supplemented with 1 mM DTT (final wash buffer). If the immunoprecipitates were prepared from [.sup.35 S]-methionine labelled cells the last wash was omitted and the beads were boiled in SDS sample buffer. Otherwise, the samples were assayed for PI3K activity as described below.
4. COS-7 CELL TRANSFECTIONS
Exponentially growing Cos-7 cells were trypsinized/replated at about 50-70% confluence 3 hours prior to transfection. At the time of transfection they were again trypsinized, diluted into DMEM 10% FBS, counted, washed 2.times. in PBS and resuspended in EM (1.times.10.sup.7 per cuvette) mixed with circular plasmid DNA (40 .mu.g total per cuvette, made up of combinations of 10 .mu.g of EXV-(EE)-.beta..sub.1, 10 .mu.g of EXV-(myc)-.tau..sub.2, 10 .mu.g of pCMV-(myc)-p120 or 10-40 .mu.g of an irrelevant mammalian expression vector), to give a final volume of 500 .mu.l and then transferred to an electroporation cuvette (0.4 cms gap, BioRad). After 10 minutes at room temperature the cells were electroporated (250V, 960 .mu.F), placed on ice for 8 minutes then diluted into DMEM 10% FBS. Aggregated cells were allowed to clump and were avoided as the cells were aliquoted into 6 cm dishes (four from each cuvette).
After 48 hours, the four dishes from each treatment were washed into HEPES-buf fered DMEM containing 1 mM NaHCO.sub.3 and 0.2% fatty acid-free BSA. After 10 hours two replicate dishes were harvested for Western blotting (with .alpha.-(myc) monoclonal antibody as the 1.degree. detection reagent, .alpha.-mouse-HRP as the 2.degree. detection system and quantitation by ECL and densiometric scanning). Two dishes were washed into phosphate-free, DMEM, with 1 mM NaHCO.sub.3 and 0.2% fatty acid-free BSA, then incubated for a further 90 minutes at 37.degree. C. with 300 .mu.Ci [.sup.32 P]-Pi per dish (in 4 mls). Media was aspirated and 1 ml of ice-cold 1M HCl was added. The cells were scraped, removed and the dishes washed with 1.33 mls of methanol. The HCl and methanol washes were pooled with 2.66 mls of chloroform (to yield a `Folch` two phase, solvent distribution) mixed and centrifuged. The lower phases were removed and mixed with 1.95 mls of fresh upper phase (see above) containing 0.5 mM EDTA and 1 mM tetrabutylammonium sulphate. After mixing and centrifugation, the lower phases were removed, dried down, deacylated and prepared for analysis by anion-exchange HPLC (Stephens et al., 1991, Nature. Lond. 351:33-39, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
B. RESULTS
When transiently expressed in U937 cells, (EE)-p101 and (EE)-p120 could be specifically immunoprecipitated from [.sup.35 S]-methionine labelled cells in approximately equal amounts (allowing for their relative compliment of methionines; 8:25 respectively, data not shown). Stringently washed .alpha.-(EE)-p101 immunoprecipitates contained a wortmannin-sensitive, PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2 -selective, G.beta..gamma.-sensitive PI3K activity that was absent in controls using either an irrelevant monoclonal antibody for the immunoprecipitation, or a cDNA encoding an (EE)-tagged irrelevant protein which was expressed, as judged by [.sup.35 ]-methionine labelling, to similar levels as (EE)-p101.
The activation by G.beta..gamma..tau.s could be blocked by preincubation with a 2 fold molar excess of G.alpha.-GDP. Further, the PI3K activity in these p101 immunoprecipitates was insensitive to G.alpha.-GDP/aluminum fluoride. Co-transfection of (myc)-p120 with (EE)-p101 did not increase the PI3K activity specifically recovered in .alpha.-(EE) immunoprecipitates. Indeed it decreased, probably because the expression of (EE)-p101 was relatively lower in the presence of (myc)-p120 expression vectors. In contrast, cells transfected with (EE)-p120 .alpha.-(EE)-immunoprecipitates contained barely detectable PI3K activity either in the presence or absence of G.beta..gamma.s. These cells contained comparable moles of [.sup.35 S]-methionine labelled p120 as there was (EE)-p101 in .alpha.-(EE)-immunoprecipitates from (EE)-p101 transfected cells. Co-transfection with (myc)-p101 resulted in a substantial increase in, specifically, the G.beta..gamma..tau.-stimulated PI3K activity that could be recovered, despite a fall in the expression of (EE)-p120 (as judged by [.sup.35 S]-methionine labelling) (see FIG. 8). This data indicates that U937 cells (human) contain an endogenous PI3K catalytic subunit that can bind to a transiently expressed p101 (pig). When bound to p101 (pig) that endogenous catalytic subunit displays substantial regulation by G.beta..gamma.s because all of the p120 present in the immunoprecipitates is bound to p101.
In contrast, in .alpha.-(EE) immunoprecipitates from (EE)-p120 transfected cells much of the p120 is unassociated with p101 and hence relatively inactive (compared to that bound to p101 and in the presence of G.beta..gamma..tau.s). However, this PI3K activity, when assayed in the presence of G.beta..gamma.s, is substantially amplified by co-transfection with (myc)-p101. The alternative explanation for these data--that the p120 is `denatured` (although soluble and capable of being immunoprecipitated) unless expressed in the presence of p101--is unlikely in view of the data obtained with independently Sf9-purified, derived proteins.
To test whether the p101/p120 PI3K could be activated by G.beta..gamma.s and produce PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 in vivo, we transiently expressed various combinations of (myc)-.gamma..sub.2, (EE)-.beta..sub.1, (myc)-p101 and (myc)-p120 in Cos-7 cells and measured their effects on the levels of [.sup.35 P]-phosphoinositides in cells 48 hours after transfection (see FIG. 9). p120 only produced significant increases in PtdIns(3,4,5)P.sub.3 and PtdIns(3,4)P.sub.2 in a .beta..sub.1 .gamma..sub.2 -dependent fashion in the presence of p101. This pattern of results could not be explained by changes in the relative expression of the different cDNAs when introduced in combinations (see FIG. 9).
III. DEPOSIT OF CLONES
The following microorganisms or clones were deposited ith the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md., on the dates indicated and were assigned the indicated accession number:
______________________________________ ATCC Date Clone Access. No. of Deposit______________________________________pCMV3mycp101 97636 12/27/96 pCMV3mycp120 97637 12/27/96______________________________________
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and functionally equivalent methods and components are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING - - - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: - - (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 14 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4692 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1: - - CCGTGCGCCC CTCAAGACTA ATGGACCCCC GGCTCAGGAA TCGCACGAGG CA -#GGCTCACA 60 - - CCCGAGGCCC ATGGAAGTTC CCAGGCCAGG GGTCAAGTTG GAACCGAAGC TG -#CTGCCAGC 120 - - TTACACCACA GCCACAGCAA CTTGGGATCT GAGCTGCATC TGTGACCTAC AC -#CACAGCTC 180 - - ACGGCAATGC TGGATTCCCA ACACACCAAG TGGGGCCAGG GATCGAACCC GC -#ATCCTCTT 240 - - GGACAGTAGT CAGATTCATT ACCACTGAGC CATTGACAGG AACTCCAGGG GC -#AGGGGGGA 300 - - GTCTCTTGTT TTTGGCTCCT CCCGACACCT GGTGAAATGG ACCAGCGCAG GC -#ACCCCTTT 360 - - CCAGTGGCTG TCCCAGGCGA TGACTCAGGA TGCAGCCAGG GGCCACGACG TG -#CACGGAGG 420 - - ACCGCATCCA GCACGCCCTG GAGCGCTGCT TGCACGGGCT CAGCCTCAGC CG -#CCGCTCCA 480 - - CCTCCTGGTC AGCTGGGCTG TGTCTAAACT GTTGGAGCCT GCAGGAGCTG GT -#CAGCAGGG 540 - - ATCCGGGCCA CTTCCTTATC CTCCTGGAGC AGATCCTGCA GAAAACCCGA GA -#GGTCCAAG 600 - - AGAAGGGCAC CTATGACCTC CTCGCGCCCC TGGCCCTGCT CTTCTATTCT AC -#TGTCCTCT 660 - - GTACGCCACA CTTCCCGCCA GACTCAGATC TCCTTCTGAA AGCAGCCAGA AC -#CTACCACC 720 - - GATTCCTGAC CTGGCCGGTT CCGTACTGCA GCATCTGCCA GGAACTGCTC AC -#CTTCATCG 780 - - ATGCTGAGCT GAAGGCCCCA GGAATCTCCT ACCAGCGACT GGTGAGGGCG GA -#GCAGGGCC 840 - - TGTCCACAAG GAGTCACCGC AGCTCCACCG TCACGGTGCT CTTGGTGAAC CC -#CGTGGAGG 900 - - TGCAGGCTGA GTTCCTTGAC GTGGCCGACA AGCTGAGCAC ACCAGGGCCC TC -#GCCGCACA 960 - - GCGCCTACAT CACCCTGCTC CTGCATGCCT TCCAGGCCAC CTTTGGGGCC CA -#CTGTGACC 1020 - - TCTCTGGTCT GCACCGCAGG TTGCAGTCCA AGACCCTGGC AGAGCTCGAG GC -#CATCTTCA 1080 - - CGGAGACAGC CGAGGCACAG GAGCTGGCCT CAGGCATCGG GGATGCAGCT GA -#GGCCCGGC 1140 - - AGTGGCTCAG GACCAAGCTG CAGGCGGTGG GAGAGAAGGC CGGCTTCCCT GG -#TGTCTTAG 1200 - - ACACCGCCAA ACCTGGCAAG CTCCGCACCA TCCCCATCCC GGTCGCCAGG TG -#CTACACCT 1260 - - ACAGCTGGAA CCAGGACAGC TTCGACATCC TGCAGGAAAT CCTGCTCAAG GA -#GCAGGAGC 1320 - - TGCTCCAGCC AGAGATCCTG GACGACGAGG AGGACGAGGA CGAGGAGGAC GA -#GGAAGAGG 1380 - - ACTTGGACGC CGACGGCCAC TGCGCGGAGA GGGACTCCGT GCTCTCCACC GG -#CTCGGCGG 1440 - - CCTCCCACGC CTCCACGCTG TCCCTGGCCT CGTCCCAGGC CTCGGGGCCC AC -#GCTCTCCC 1500 - - GCCAGTTGCT GACCTCCTTC GTCTCGGGCC TCTCGGATGG CGTGGACAGC GG -#CTACATGG 1560 - - AGGACATCGA GGAGAGCGCC TACGAGCGGC CCCGGAGGCC TGGCGGCCAC GA -#GCGCCGGG 1620 - - GCCACCGCCG GCCCGGGCAG AAGTTCAACA GGATCTATAA ACTCTTCAAG AG -#CACCAGCC 1680 - - AGATGGTGCT GCGGAGGGAC TCGCGCAGCC TGGAGGGCAG CCCGGACAGC GG -#CCCGCCCC 1740 - - TGCGTCGGGC CGGCAGCCTC TGCAGCCCCC TGGACAGCCC GACCCTGCCC CC -#GTCCCGGG 1800 - - CCCAGGGCTC CCGCTCGCTG CCCCAGCCCA AGCTCAGCCC CCAGCTGCCC GG -#CTGGCTCC 1860 - - TGGCCCCCGC CTCCCGCCAC CAGCGCCGCC GCCCCTTCCT GAGCGGGGAC GA -#GGACCCCA 1920 - - AGGCTTCCAC GCTGCGTGTC GTGGTCTTCG GCTCGGATCG GATCTCGGGG AA -#GGTGGTCC 1980 - - GGGCTTACAG CAACCTGCGG CGGCTGGAGA ACAACCGTCC TCTCCTCACA CG -#GTTCTTCA 2040 - - AGCTACAGTT CTTCTACGTG CCTGTCAAGC GGAGCCGTGG GACAGGCACC CC -#CACCAGCC 2100 - - CAGCCCCTCG GAGCCAGACG CCCCCCCTCC CCACAGACGC CCCGAGGCAC CC -#GGGCCCTG 2160 - - CAGAGCTGGG CGCCGCCCCC TGGGAGGAGA GCACCAATGA CATCTCCCAC TA -#CCTCGGCA 2220 - - TGCTCGACCC CTGGTACGAG CGAAACGTCC TGGGCCTCAT GCACCTGCCT CC -#TGAAGTCC 2280 - - TGTGCCAGTC CCTGAAGGCT GAGCCCCGGC CCCTGGAGGG CTCCCCTGCC CA -#GCTGCCCA 2340 - - TCCTGGCGGA CATGCTGCTC TACTACTGCC GCTTCGCTGC CCGGCCGGTG CT -#GCTGCAGG 2400 - - TCTATCAGAC CGAGCTGACC TTCATCACCG GGGAGAAGAC GACGGAGATC TT -#CATCCACT 2460 - - CCCTGGAGCT GGGCCACTCT GCTGCCACAC GTGCCATCAA GGCTTCGGGT CC -#TGGCAGCA 2520 - - AGCGGCTGGG CATCGATGGT GACCGGGAGG CCGTCCCTCT AACACTACAG AT -#AATTTACA 2580 - - GCAAGGGGGC CATCAGCGGC CGGAGTCGCT GGAGCAACAT GGAAAAGCTC TG -#CACCTCTG 2640 - - TCAACCTCAG CAAGGCCTGC CGGCAGCAGG AGGAGCTAGA CTCCAGCACA GA -#GGCCCTGA 2700 - - CGCTAAACCT GACAGAAGTG GTGAAAAGAC AGACCCCTAA ATCCAAGAAG GG -#CTTTAACC 2760 - - AGATCAGCAC CTCGCAGATC AAAGTGGACA AGGTGCAGAT CATCGGCTCT AA -#CAGCTGCC 2820 - - CCTTTGCCGT GTGTCTGGAC CAGGACGAGA GGAAGATCCT GCAGAGTGTC AT -#CAGGTGCG 2880 - - AGGTCTCGCC CTGCTACAAG CCTGAGAAGA GCAGCCTCTG CCCCCCACCC CA -#GAGGCCCT 2940 - - CCTACCCGCC AGCGCCGGCC ACGCCCGACC TCTGCTCCCT GCTCTGCCTG CC -#CATCATGA 3000 - - CTTTCAGCGG AGCTCTGCCC TAGCCGCCAC CCTGCACCAG CCTGGACAGG GA -#GCCGGGGG 3060 - - GCAGCCTCCT CGGAGCCCCC TCCCCAGAAG ACTGGCGGCT GAGAGGGTCG TG -#CTCCCTGT 3120 - - GGAGAACAGA GGGGCCGTGT ACTGGGTCAG GGTCCCGCTG TGGGCCCTGC AG -#CAGCAAGA 3180 - - GCGGGGGCTG CTGGGGCCTC AGGGCTCTGT TTGGGCGAGA AGCAGGCATT AG -#GGAGAGGG 3240 - - GCCTGGCCCC ACGGCTCTCA GCTTCCTCAC GGTAGCGGAG AGAGGGATGG GT -#GAGCTTGA 3300 - - CCTCAAGGCC CTGGCCTCCA GTGGGGGTCC AGGATCCTTT CTGGAAGGAA GA -#TCCCAAGG 3360 - - CGCTGGTGCT CTGGGGTGTG GTGTTAGGGG CTCCCCCCCC AGCCCTGGGC CA -#GGGCCCCC 3420 - - CCGTTACTTT GTCAGAGACT TGGGGATCCT GTGTCTGGAG GGTCAAGTCC CC -#CTCCCTGG 3480 - - GGGTTCAAGC AGTGGAAGTA TGGTTGCGAC TTTTCTGACG TTGGTGCAAT CC -#CCGCCCCC 3540 - - ACCTCAACCC CCCCACAAAA AAACCCCTTC TCTCTTTCAA GTTCCCTGGG TC -#TTCTGTGA 3600 - - AACAGCACTA ACACTTGACC TGGCTGTGCC AGCACTTGGA ACAGATGCTC CC -#TGGATCGA 3660 - - GAGCCTTGGG AGACAGGACA AGCTTAGGTT CGGTGGTGGC TCAGTTACCT TC -#TAGCGAAA 3720 - - TGAGCAGAAG GAGGTGAATT GGCTCCTTCG AGGCTCCCCT ACCTGGGCAC TA -#AGATGGGG 3780 - - GGAATAAGGC CGCCTTAAAG GGTTGGGGTG ATGTCGTCTG CAAAGCGCCT GG -#CCCAGTGG 3840 - - CCGGCTGGTA GCAAGGTGCG GCCTCACCCT CTGGGCGTCG ACTCCCTCGT GT -#GGCGGGAG 3900 - - GCTAAAAGGA TGCCCTGCCC CCGTGATGCT GTCATTCCCT CCTTCCAATT CA -#CTGATGAG 3960 - - GCAGGACCCA GACTGAGGGG GTGAGGGGCG CACAGTTCTA CCTTTGAAGG AG -#GAAGTGCC 4020 - - TTGATCAGAG TAAGAGGAGG GTGGCCCAGG CGCCCCCAAC CGCCCCCTCC TC -#CTCTCCCA 4080 - - GGTTGGCCCC TGTGCCTCCC ACTCCCATCT CACTCCTTGG GCTGGCGCAC AT -#CACGGGCA 4140 - - CAGTCCTCCA GCCCCACAGT TCACTGGTAC CATGGCCCCT GGGTCGGTTC GC -#AGAGGATG 4200 - - GAGGATAAGA CTTGCCTCGA GAACTTGGGT CTGATGGGGA AACCGGGTGA TG -#GAAATGAT 4260 - - TCCGGAAGAT TAAAACCTCC CAGGTTCAAG TGTCGGAGAA CCGCCCCCAC AA -#CCGGACTA 4320 - - GGTTGGTAGG GAGAGGGCAG GGCTTGGGCC CGGGATTTGG ACTAGGAGAG GC -#GGGGGGAG 4380 - - GTAACCAGAG AAGCAAGACA GTTGTATCCC CGCAAAAGAC CCTTCCCCGC CC -#CTCCCCTC 4440 - - CTGCTCTGGC TCCATCTGCT TCAAAGGGTC TGGGCTTTAG GAGCCCGTGG TG -#CCCAGCGC 4500 - - AGCGTACTCA GGACTCGAGA GACGCGGACC GTGCCAGTTC CCACCCTGTG CC -#ACTCCAGG 4560 - - CCCCAGGGAG GGGTTTGCAA TATACCCTCA ACGTTTTTGT GTGTGTGGTA AG -#GTCGTCCT 4620 - - AGGACCCCAA ATGGAATTTA ACGTTATTGT CAAATAAAAC TTGATTTGTC TT -#GGAAAAAA 4680 - - AAAAAAAAAA AA - # - # - # 4692 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 877 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: - - Met Gln Pro Gly Ala Thr Thr Cys Thr Glu As - #p Arg Ile Gln His Ala 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Leu Glu Arg Cys Leu His Gly Leu Ser Leu Se - #r Arg Arg Ser Thr Ser 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Trp Ser Ala Gly Leu Cys Leu Asn Cys Trp Se - #r Leu Gln Glu Leu Val 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Ser Arg Asp Pro Gly His Phe Leu Ile Leu Le - #u Glu Gln Ile Leu Gln 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Lys Thr Arg Glu Val Gln Glu Lys Gly Thr Ty - #r Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro 65 - #70 - #75 - #80 - - Leu Ala Leu Leu Phe Tyr Ser Thr Val Leu Cy - #s Thr Pro His Phe Pro 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Pro Asp Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Lys Ala Ala Ar - #g Thr Tyr His Arg Phe 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Leu Thr Trp Pro Val Pro Tyr Cys Ser Ile Cy - #s Gln Glu Leu Leu Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Phe Ile Asp Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Pro Gly Il - #e Ser Tyr Gln Arg Leu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Val Arg Ala Glu Gln Gly Leu Ser Thr Arg Se - #r His Arg Ser Ser Thr 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Val Thr Val Leu Leu Val Asn Pro Val Glu Va - #l Gln Ala Glu PheLeu 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Asp Val Ala Asp Lys Leu Ser Thr Pro Gly Pr - #o Ser Pro His Ser Ala 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Tyr Ile Thr Leu Leu Leu His Ala Phe Gln Al - #a Thr Phe Gly Ala His 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Cys Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu His Arg Arg Leu Gl - #n Ser Lys Thr Leu Ala 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Glu Leu Glu Ala Ile Phe Thr Glu Thr Ala Gl - #u Ala Gln Glu Leu Ala 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Ser Gly Ile Gly Asp Ala Ala Glu Ala Arg Gl - #n Trp Leu Arg ThrLys 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Leu Gln Ala Val Gly Glu Lys Ala Gly Phe Pr - #o Gly Val Leu Asp Thr 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Ala Lys Pro Gly Lys Leu Arg Thr Ile Pro Il - #e Pro Val Ala Arg Cys 275 - # 280 - # 285 - - Tyr Thr Tyr Ser Trp Asn Gln Asp Ser Phe As - #p Ile Leu Gln Glu Ile 290 - # 295 - # 300 - - Leu Leu Lys Glu Gln Glu Leu Leu Gln Pro Gl - #u Ile Leu Asp Asp Glu 305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20 - - Glu Asp Glu Asp Glu Glu Asp Glu Glu Glu As - #p Leu Asp Ala AspGly 325 - # 330 - # 335 - - His Cys Ala Glu Arg Asp Ser Val Leu Ser Th - #r Gly Ser Ala Ala Ser 340 - # 345 - # 350 - - His Ala Ser Thr Leu Ser Leu Ala Ser Ser Gl - #n Ala Ser Gly Pro Thr 355 - # 360 - # 365 - - Leu Ser Arg Gln Leu Leu Thr Ser Phe Val Se - #r Gly Leu Ser Asp Gly 370 - # 375 - # 380 - - Val Asp Ser Gly Tyr Met Glu Asp Ile Glu Gl - #u Ser Ala Tyr Glu Arg 385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00 - - Pro Arg Arg Pro Gly Gly His Glu Arg Arg Gl - #y His Arg Arg ProGly 405 - # 410 - # 415 - - Gln Lys Phe Asn Arg Ile Tyr Lys Leu Phe Ly - #s Ser Thr Ser Gln Met 420 - # 425 - # 430 - - Val Leu Arg Arg Asp Ser Arg Ser Leu Glu Gl - #y Ser Pro Asp Ser Gly 435 - # 440 - # 445 - - Pro Pro Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly Ser Leu Cys Se - #r Pro Leu Asp Ser Pro 450 - # 455 - # 460 - - Thr Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Ala Gln Gly Ser Ar - #g Ser Leu Pro Gln Pro 465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80 - - Lys Leu Ser Pro Gln Leu Pro Gly Trp Leu Le - #u Ala Pro Ala SerArg 485 - # 490 - # 495 - - His Gln Arg Arg Arg Pro Phe Leu Ser Gly As - #p Glu Asp Pro Lys Ala 500 - # 505 - # 510 - - Ser Thr Leu Arg Val Val Val Phe Gly Ser As - #p Arg Ile Ser Gly Lys 515 - # 520 - # 525 - - Val Val Arg Ala Tyr Ser Asn Leu Arg Arg Le - #u Glu Asn Asn Arg Pro 530 - # 535 - # 540 - - Leu Leu Thr Arg Phe Phe Lys Leu Gln Phe Ph - #e Tyr Val Pro Val Lys 545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60 - - Arg Ser Arg Gly Thr Gly Thr Pro Thr Ser Pr - #o Ala Pro Arg SerGln 565 - # 570 - # 575 - - Thr Pro Pro Leu Pro Thr Asp Ala Pro Arg Hi - #s Pro Gly Pro Ala Glu 580 - # 585 - # 590 - - Leu Gly Ala Ala Pro Trp Glu Glu Ser Thr As - #n Asp Ile Ser His Tyr 595 - # 600 - # 605 - - Leu Gly Met Leu Asp Pro Trp Tyr Glu Arg As - #n Val Leu Gly Leu Met 610 - # 615 - # 620 - - His Leu Pro Pro Glu Val Leu Cys Gln Ser Le - #u Lys Ala Glu Pro Arg 625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40 - - Pro Leu Glu Gly Ser Pro Ala Gln Leu Pro Il - #e Leu Ala Asp MetLeu 645 - # 650 - # 655 - - Leu Tyr Tyr Cys Arg Phe Ala Ala Arg Pro Va - #l Leu Leu Gln Val Tyr 660 - # 665 - # 670 - - Gln Thr Glu Leu Thr Phe Ile Thr Gly Glu Ly - #s Thr Thr Glu Ile Phe 675 - # 680 - # 685 - - Ile His Ser Leu Glu Leu Gly His Ser Ala Al - #a Thr Arg Ala Ile Lys 690 - # 695 - # 700 - - Ala Ser Gly Pro Gly Ser Lys Arg Leu Gly Il - #e Asp Gly Asp Arg Glu 705 7 - #10 7 - #15 7 -#20 - - Ala Val Pro Leu Thr Leu Gln Ile Ile Tyr Se - #r Lys Gly Ala IleSer 725 - # 730 - # 735 - - Gly Arg Ser Arg Trp Ser Asn Met Glu Lys Le - #u Cys Thr Ser Val Asn 740 - # 745 - # 750 - - Leu Ser Lys Ala Cys Arg Gln Gln Glu Glu Le - #u Asp Ser Ser Thr Glu 755 - # 760 - # 765 - - Ala Leu Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr Glu Val Val Ly - #s Arg Gln Thr Pro Lys 770 - # 775 - # 780 - - Ser Lys Lys Gly Phe Asn Gln Ile Ser Thr Se - #r Gln Ile Lys Val Asp 785 7 - #90 7 - #95 8 -#00 - - Lys Val Gln Ile Ile Gly Ser Asn Ser Cys Pr - #o Phe Ala Val CysLeu 805 - # 810 - # 815 - - Asp Gln Asp Glu Arg Lys Ile Leu Gln Ser Va - #l Ile Arg Cys Glu Val 820 - # 825 - # 830 - - Ser Pro Cys Tyr Lys Pro Glu Lys Ser Ser Le - #u Cys Pro Pro Pro Gln 835 - # 840 - # 845 - - Arg Pro Ser Tyr Pro Pro Ala Pro Ala Thr Pr - #o Asp Leu Cys Ser Leu 850 - # 855 - # 860 - - Leu Cys Leu Pro Ile Met Thr Phe Ser Gly Al - #a Leu Pro 865 8 - #70 8 - #75 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 3808 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: - - GGCACGAGGA ATTTGTTTTG TTTTCAGAAA TTAAACAAAT GATCCTTCAG CA -#TCATCACC 60 - - TCCGCTGCTT TATCAGGTCG CATAGGGCAT GGAGCTGGAG AACTATGAAC AG -#CCCGTGGT 120 - - GCTGAGAGAG GACAACCGCC GCAGGCGTCG GAGGATGAAG CCGCGCAGCA CG -#GCAGCCAG 180 - - CCTGTCCTCC ATGGAGCTCA TCCCCATCGA GTTTGTTTTG GCCACCAGCC AG -#CGCAACAC 240 - - CAAGACCCCC GAAACGGCAC TGCTGCACGT GGCCGGCCAC GGCAATGTGG AG -#AAGATGAA 300 - - GGCCCAGGTG TTGTTGCGCG CGCTGGAGAC GAGCGTTTCT TGGGACTTCT AC -#CACCGGTT 360 - - CGGCCCCGAC CACTTCCTCC TGGTCTTCCA GAAGAAGGGG GAGTGGTACG AG -#ATCTATGA 420 - - CAAGTACCAG GTGGTGCAGA CCCTGGACTG CCTGCGCTAC TGGGAGGTGT TG -#CACCGCAG 480 - - CCCCGGGCAG ATCCACGTGG TCCAGCGGCA CGCGCCCTCG GAGGAGACAT TG -#GCCTTCCA 540 - - GCGCCAGCTC AACGCCCTCA TCGGCTACGA CGTCACCGAC GTCAGCAACG TG -#CATGACGA 600 - - TGAGCTGGAG TTCACGCGGC GCCGCCTGGT CACCCCGCGC ATGGCCGAGG TG -#GCCGGCCG 660 - - CGACCCCAAG CTTTACGCCA TGCACCCCTG GGTGACATCC AAGCCCCTCC CT -#GAGTACCT 720 - - TCTGAAGAAG ATCACTAACA ACTGCGTCTT CATCGTCATT CACCGCAGCA CC -#ACCAGCCA 780 - - GACCATCAAG GTCTCGGCCG ATGACACCCC AGGCACCATC CTCCAGAGCT TC -#TTTACCAA 840 - - GATGGCCAAG AAGAAATCTC TGATGGATAT CCCTGAAAGC CAGAACGAAC GG -#GACTTTGT 900 - - GCTGCGCGTC TGCGGCCGGG ATGAGTACCT GGTGGGTGAG ACGCCCATCA AA -#AATTTCCA 960 - - GTGGGTGAGG CAGTGCCTCA AGAATGGGGA GGAGATTCAC CTTGTGCTGG AC -#ACTCCTCC 1020 - - AGACCCAGCC CTGGACGAGG TGAGGAAGGA AGAGTGGCCG CTGGTGGATG AC -#TGCACGGG 1080 - - AGTCACTGGC TACCACGAGC AGCTGACCAT CCACGGCAAG GACCATGAAA GT -#GTGTTCAC 1140 - - CGTGTCCCTG TGGGACTGTG ACCGCAAGTT CAGGGTCAAA ATCAGAGGCA TT -#GATATCCC 1200 - - TGTCCTGCCC CGGACCGCTG ACCTCACGGT GTTTGTGGAG GCAAACATCC AG -#TATGGGCA 1260 - - GCAAGTCCTT TGCCAAAGGA GAACCAGCCC CAAACCCTTC ACGGAGGAGG TG -#CTCTGGAA 1320 - - CGTGTGGCTT GAGTTCAGTA TTAAAATCAA AGACTTACCC AAAGGGGCTC TG -#CTGAACCT 1380 - - CCAGATCTAC TGCGGCAAAG CTCCAGCACT GTCTGGCAAG ACCTCTGCAG AG -#ATGCCCAG 1440 - - TCCCGAGTCC AAAGGCAAAG CTCAGCTTCT GTACTATGTC AACCTATTGC TG -#ATAGACCA 1500 - - CCGCTTCCTC CTGCGCCATG GCGAGTATGT GCTCCACATG TGGCAGTTAT CC -#GGGAAGGG 1560 - - GGAAGACCAA GGGAGCTTCA ATGCCGACAA GCTCACGTCG GGAACCAACC CG -#GACAAGGA 1620 - - GGACTCAATG TCCATCTCCA TTCTTCTGGA CAATTACTGC CACCCCATAG CC -#TTGCCTAA 1680 - - GCATCGGCCT ACCCCTGACC CAGAAGGGGA CCGGGTTCGG GCAGAAATGC CC -#AATCAGCT 1740 - - TCGGAAGCAA CTGGAGGCAA TCATAGCCAC GGATCCGCTT AACCCACTCA CA -#GCTGAAGA 1800 - - CAAAGAACTG CTCTGGCATT TCAGATATGA AAGCCTGAAG GATCCCAAAG CG -#TATCCTAA 1860 - - GCTCTTTAGC TCGGTGAAAT GGGGACAGCA AGAAATTGTG GCCAAAACAT AC -#CAATTATT 1920 - - AGCCAAAAGG GAGGTCTGGG ATCAGAGTGC TTTGGATGTG GGGTTAACCA TG -#CAGCTCCT 1980 - - GGACTGCAAC TTCTCGGATG AAAACGTGAG AGCCATTGCA GTCCAGAAAC TG -#GAGAGCTT 2040 - - GGAGGATGAT GACGTGCTCC ATTACCTGCT CCAGCTGGTC CAGGCTGTGA AA -#TTTGAACC 2100 - - ATACCATGAC AGTGCCCTAG CCAGATTTCT GCTGAAGCGT GGTTTAAGAA AC -#AAGAGAAT 2160 - - TGGTCACTTC TTGTTTTGGT TCTTGAGAAG TGAGATTGCC CAGTCTAGGC AC -#TATCAGCA 2220 - - GAGGTTTGCA GTGATCCTGG AAGCCTACCT GAGGGGCTGT GGCACAGCCA TG -#CTGCACGA 2280 - - CTTCACCCAG CAAGTCCAAG TAATTGACAT GTTACAAAAA GTCACCATTG AC -#ATTAAATC 2340 - - GCTCTCTGCT GAAAAGTATG ACGTCAGTTC CCAAGTTATT TCCCAACTTA AG -#CAAAAGCT 2400 - - TGAAAACCTA CAGAATTTGA ATCTCCCCCA AAGCTTTAGA GTTCCCTATG AT -#CCTGGACT 2460 - - GAAAGCCGGG GCACTGGTGA TCGAAAAATG TAAAGTGATG GCCTCCAAGA AG -#AAGCCCCT 2520 - - GTGGCTTGAG TTTAAATGTG CCGATCCTAC GGCTCTATCA AATGAAACAA TT -#GGAATTAT 2580 - - CTTTAAACAC GGTGACGATC TGCGCCAAGA CATGCTTATT TTACAGATTC TA -#CGAATCAT 2640 - - GGAGTCCATT TGGGAGACCG AATCTTTGGA TCTGTGCCTC CTGCCATATG GC -#TGCATTTC 2700 - - AACTGGTGAC AAAATAGGAA TGATCGAGAT CGTGAAGGAC GCCACGACAA TC -#GCCAAAAT 2760 - - TCAGCAAAGC ACAGTGGGCA ACACGGGTGC CTTTAAAGAT GAAGTCCTGA GT -#CACTGGCT 2820 - - CAAAGAAAAA TGCCCTATTG AAGAAAAGTT TCAGGCAGCT GTGGAGAGAT TT -#GTTTATTC 2880 - - CTGTGCCGGC TACTGTGTGG CAACCTTTGT TCTCGGAATA GGCGACAGAC AC -#AATGACAA 2940 - - TATTATGATC TCAGAAACAG GAAATCTATT TCATATTGAT TTCGGACACA TT -#CTTGGGAA 3000 - - TTACAAAAGT TTCCTGGGCA TTAATAAAGA GAGGGTGCCA TTTGTGCTAA CC -#CCAGACTT 3060 - - CCTGTTTGTG ATGGGGACTT CTGGAAAGAA GACAAGTCTA CACTTCCAGA AA -#TTTCAGGA 3120 - - TGTCTGCGTC AAGGCTTACC TAGCCCTTCG TCATCACACA AACCTACTGA TC -#ATCCTCTT 3180 - - CTCCATGATG CTGATGACAG GAATGCCCCA GTTAACCAGC AAAGAAGACA TT -#GAATACAT 3240 - - TCGGGATGCC CTCACAGTGG GCAAAAGTGA GGAGGATGCT AAAAAGTATT TT -#CTGGATCA 3300 - - GATTGAAGTT TGCAGAGACA AAGGATGGAC CGTGCAGTTT AACTGGTTCT TA -#CATCTTGT 3360 - - TCTTGGCATC AAACAAGGGG AGAAGCATCC CGCATAAAAC TTTGGGCCAA GA -#GTTAAAAC 3420 - - CCAAGTTATT GTCCTAATGC TTTACGTCAG CAGGACAATC ACCGAACTTG AT -#GTCATGTA 3480 - - GTGGGACATT ATGAAAGCTG GCACTTGAGA AATATAGCTC TTCCCCTAAC TG -#AACTCTTC 3540 - - ACTGGAGAAA AACCTTGGCA TGTTTAAGTA ATGTTCAGTG TTAGGCTTAT TT -#GCATGTTT 3600 - - GTTTTTTCTC ATGTGCCCCC TCAGTCATGT TGGAGACTGT TCTAAATTTA AG -#TGGCCTAA 3660 - - TGACCTCTGA AGTTTCAACT TTCTTGGTAC TGAGTGCTTC TGAAATTCTT TA -#CAATAATT 3720 - - GGTAACATCT ATTGTCAGCT GGGTATCCTC TCAATTTTGG TTATCCTTGG GT -#TTCTCAAA 3780 - - CTCCTTACAG GAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA - # - # 3808 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1102 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: - - Met Glu Leu Glu Asn Tyr Glu Gln Pro Val Va - #l Leu Arg Glu Asp Asn 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Met Lys Pro Arg Se - #r Thr Ala Ala Ser Leu 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Ser Ser Met Glu Leu Ile Pro Ile Glu Phe Va - #l Leu Ala Thr Ser Gln 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Arg Asn Thr Lys Thr Pro Glu Thr Ala Leu Le - #u His Val Ala Gly His 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Gly Asn Val Glu Lys Met Lys Ala Gln Val Le - #u Leu Arg Ala Leu Glu 65 - #70 - #75 - #80 - - Thr Ser Val Ser Trp Asp Phe Tyr His Arg Ph - #e Gly Pro Asp His Phe 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Leu Leu Val Phe Gln Lys Lys Gly Glu Trp Ty - #r Glu Ile Tyr Asp Lys 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Tyr Gln Val Val Gln Thr Leu Asp Cys Leu Ar - #g Tyr Trp Glu Val Leu 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - His Arg Ser Pro Gly Gln Ile His Val Val Gl - #n Arg His Ala Pro Ser 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Glu Glu Thr Leu Ala Phe Gln Arg Gln Leu As - #n Ala Leu Ile Gly Tyr 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Asp Val Thr Asp Val Ser Asn Val His Asp As - #p Glu Leu Glu PheThr 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Arg Arg Arg Leu Val Thr Pro Arg Met Ala Gl - #u Val Ala Gly Arg Asp 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Pro Lys Leu Tyr Ala Met His Pro Trp Val Th - #r Ser Lys Pro Leu Pro 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Glu Tyr Leu Leu Lys Lys Ile Thr Asn Asn Cy - #s Val Phe Ile Val Ile 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - His Arg Ser Thr Thr Ser Gln Thr Ile Lys Va - #l Ser Ala Asp Asp Thr 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Pro Gly Thr Ile Leu Gln Ser Phe Phe Thr Ly - #s Met Ala Lys LysLys 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Ser Leu Met Asp Ile Pro Glu Ser Gln Asn Gl - #u Arg Asp Phe Val Leu 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Arg Val Cys Gly Arg Asp Glu Tyr Leu Val Gl - #y Glu Thr Pro Ile Lys 275 - # 280 - # 285 - - Asn Phe Gln Trp Val Arg Gln Cys Leu Lys As - #n Gly Glu Glu Ile His 290 - # 295 - # 300 - - Leu Val Leu Asp Thr Pro Pro Asp Pro Ala Le - #u Asp Glu Val Arg Lys 305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20 - - Glu Glu Trp Pro Leu Val Asp Asp Cys Thr Gl - #y Val Thr Gly TyrHis 325 - # 330 - # 335 - - Glu Gln Leu Thr Ile His Gly Lys Asp His Gl - #u Ser Val Phe Thr Val 340 - # 345 - # 350 - - Ser Leu Trp Asp Cys Asp Arg Lys Phe Arg Va - #l Lys Ile Arg Gly Ile 355 - # 360 - # 365 - - Asp Ile Pro Val Leu Pro Arg Thr Ala Asp Le - #u Thr Val Phe Val Glu 370 - # 375 - # 380 - - Ala Asn Ile Gln Tyr Gly Gln Gln Val Leu Cy - #s Gln Arg Arg Thr Ser 385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00 - - Pro Lys Pro Phe Thr Glu Glu Val Leu Trp As - #n Val Trp Leu GluPhe 405 - # 410 - # 415 - - Ser Ile Lys Ile Lys Asp Leu Pro Lys Gly Al - #a Leu Leu Asn Leu Gln 420 - # 425 - # 430 - - Ile Tyr Cys Gly Lys Ala Pro Ala Leu Ser Gl - #y Lys Thr Ser Ala Glu 435 - # 440 - # 445 - - Met Pro Ser Pro Glu Ser Lys Gly Lys Ala Gl - #n Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Val 450 - # 455 - # 460 - - Asn Leu Leu Leu Ile Asp His Arg Phe Leu Le - #u Arg His Gly Glu Tyr 465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80 - - Val Leu His Met Trp Gln Leu Ser Gly Lys Gl - #y Glu Asp Gln GlySer 485 - # 490 - # 495 - - Phe Asn Ala Asp Lys Leu Thr Ser Gly Thr As - #n Pro Asp Lys Glu Asp 500 - # 505 - # 510 - - Ser Met Ser Ile Ser Ile Leu Leu Asp Asn Ty - #r Cys His Pro Ile Ala 515 - # 520 - # 525 - - Leu Pro Lys His Arg Pro Thr Pro Asp Pro Gl - #u Gly Asp Arg Val Arg 530 - # 535 - # 540 - - Ala Glu Met Pro Asn Gln Leu Arg Lys Gln Le - #u Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala 545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60 - - Thr Asp Pro Leu Asn Pro Leu Thr Ala Glu As - #p Lys Glu Leu LeuTrp 565 - # 570 - # 575 - - His Phe Arg Tyr Glu Ser Leu Lys Asp Pro Ly - #s Ala Tyr Pro Lys Leu 580 - # 585 - # 590 - - Phe Ser Ser Val Lys Trp Gly Gln Gln Glu Il - #e Val Ala Lys Thr Tyr 595 - # 600 - # 605 - - Gln Leu Leu Ala Lys Arg Glu Val Trp Asp Gl - #n Ser Ala Leu Asp Val 610 - # 615 - # 620 - - Gly Leu Thr Met Gln Leu Leu Asp Cys Asn Ph - #e Ser Asp Glu Asn Val 625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40 - - Arg Ala Ile Ala Val Gln Lys Leu Glu Ser Le - #u Glu Asp Asp AspVal 645 - # 650 - # 655 - - Leu His Tyr Leu Leu Gln Leu Val Gln Ala Va - #l Lys Phe Glu Pro Tyr 660 - # 665 - # 670 - - His Asp Ser Ala Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Leu Ly - #s Arg Gly Leu Arg Asn 675 - # 680 - # 685 - - Lys Arg Ile Gly His Phe Leu Phe Trp Phe Le - #u Arg Ser Glu Ile Ala 690 - # 695 - # 700 - - Gln Ser Arg His Tyr Gln Gln Arg Phe Ala Va - #l Ile Leu Glu Ala Tyr 705 7 - #10 7 - #15 7 -#20 - - Leu Arg Gly Cys Gly Thr Ala Met Leu His As - #p Phe Thr Gln GlnVal 725 - # 730 - # 735 - - Gln Val Ile Asp Met Leu Gln Lys Val Thr Il - #e Asp Ile Lys Ser Leu 740 - # 745 - # 750 - - Ser Ala Glu Lys Tyr Asp Val Ser Ser Gln Va - #l Ile Ser Gln Leu Lys 755 - # 760 - # 765 - - Gln Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Gln Asn Leu Asn Le - #u Pro Gln Ser Phe Arg 770 - # 775 - # 780 - - Val Pro Tyr Asp Pro Gly Leu Lys Ala Gly Al - #a Leu Val Ile Glu Lys 785 7 - #90 7 - #95 8 -#00 - - Cys Lys Val Met Ala Ser Lys Lys Lys Pro Le - #u Trp Leu Glu PheLys 805 - # 810 - # 815 - - Cys Ala Asp Pro Thr Ala Leu Ser Asn Glu Th - #r Ile Gly Ile Ile Phe 820 - # 825 - # 830 - - Lys His Gly Asp Asp Leu Arg Gln Asp Met Le - #u Ile Leu Gln Ile Leu 835 - # 840 - # 845 - - Arg Ile Met Glu Ser Ile Trp Glu Thr Glu Se - #r Leu Asp Leu Cys Leu 850 - # 855 - # 860 - - Leu Pro Tyr Gly Cys Ile Ser Thr Gly Asp Ly - #s Ile Gly Met Ile Glu 865 8 - #70 8 - #75 8 -#80 - - Ile Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Thr Ile Ala Lys Il - #e Gln Gln Ser ThrVal 885 - # 890 - # 895 - - Gly Asn Thr Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Glu Val Le - #u Ser His Trp Leu Lys 900 - # 905 - # 910 - - Glu Lys Cys Pro Ile Glu Glu Lys Phe Gln Al - #a Ala Val Glu Arg Phe 915 - # 920 - # 925 - - Val Tyr Ser Cys Ala Gly Tyr Cys Val Ala Th - #r Phe Val Leu Gly Ile 930 - # 935 - # 940 - - Gly Asp Arg His Asn Asp Asn Ile Met Ile Se - #r Glu Thr Gly Asn Leu 945 9 - #50 9 - #55 9 -#60 - - Phe His Ile Asp Phe Gly His Ile Leu Gly As - #n Tyr Lys Ser PheLeu 965 - # 970 - # 975 - - Gly Ile Asn Lys Glu Arg Val Pro Phe Val Le - #u Thr Pro Asp Phe Leu 980 - # 985 - # 990 - - Phe Val Met Gly Thr Ser Gly Lys Lys Thr Se - #r Leu His Phe Gln Lys 995 - # 1000 - # 1005 - - Phe Gln Asp Val Cys Val Lys Ala Tyr Leu Al - #a Leu Arg His His Thr 1010 - # 1015 - # 1020 - - Asn Leu Leu Ile Ile Leu Phe Ser Met Met Le - #u Met Thr Gly Met Pro 1025 1030 - # 1035 - # 104 - - Gln Leu Thr Ser Lys Glu Asp Ile Glu Tyr Il - #e Arg Asp Ala Leu Thr 1045 - # 1050 - # 1055 - - Val Gly Lys Ser Glu Glu Asp Ala Lys Lys Ty - #r Phe Leu Asp Gln Ile 1060 - # 1065 - # 1070 - - Glu Val Cys Arg Asp Lys Gly Trp Thr Val Gl - #n Phe Asn Trp Phe Leu 1075 - # 1080 - # 1085 - - His Leu Val Leu Gly Ile Lys Gln Gly Glu Ly - #s His Pro Ala 1090 - # 1095 - # 1100 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 36 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Other (B) LOCATION: 12 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #N = Inosine (A) NAME/KEY: Other (B) LOCATION: 21 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #N = Inosine (A) NAME/KEY: Other (B) LOCATION: 27 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #N = Inosine - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: - - CAYGAYTTYA CNCARCARGT NCARGTNATH GAYATG - # -# 36 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 23 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Other (B) LOCATION: 3 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #N = Inosine (A) NAME/KEY: Other (B) LOCATION: 18 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #N = Inosine - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: - - GCNTAYATGG ARGAYATNGA RGA - # - # 23 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: - - Met Glu Glu Glu Glu Phe Met Pro Met Pro Me - #t Glu Phe 1 5 - # 10 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: - - Met Glu Glu Glu Glu Phe Met Pro Met Glu Ph - #e Ser Ser 1 5 - # 10 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9: - - Met Glu Gln Lys Leu Ile Ser Glu Glu Asp Le - #u Glu Phe 1 5 - # 10 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 15 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10: - - Met Glu Gln Lys Leu Ile Ser Glu Glu Asp Le - #u Glu Phe Ser Ser 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 3255 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11: - - AAGCTTACTC AGCGCATCTG CTACAGCATT TTATCTTCCC AAGAGCCCCA TG -#AGGCGATG 60 - - ACCCAGGATG CAGCCAGGGG CCACGACATG CACGGAGGAC CGCATCCAGC AT -#GCCCTGGA 120 - - ACGCTGCCTG CATGGACTCA GCCTCAGCCG CCGCTCCACC TCCTGGTCAG CT -#GGGCTGTG 180 - - TCTGAACTGC TGGAGCCTGC AGGAGCTGGT CAGCAGGGAC CCGGGCCACT TC -#CTTATCCT 240 - - CCTTGAGCAG ATCCTGCAGA AGACCCGAGA GGTCCAGGAG AAGGGCACCT AC -#GACCTGCT 300 - - CACCCCGCTG GCCCTGCTCT TCTATTCCAC TGTTCTTTGT ACACCACACT TC -#CCACCAGA 360 - - CTCGGATCTC CTTCTGAAGG CAGCCAGCAC CTACCACCGG TTCCTGACCT GG -#CCTGTTCC 420 - - TTACTGCAGC ATCTGCCAGG AGCTGCTCAC CTTCATTGAT GCTGAACTCA AG -#GCCCCAGG 480 - - GATCTCCTAC CAGAGACTGG TGAGGGCTGA GCAGGGCCTG CCCATCAGGA GT -#CACCGCAG 540 - - CTCCACCGTC ACCGTGCTGC TGCTGAACCC AGTGGAAGTG CAGGCCGAGT TC -#CTTGCTGT 600 - - AGCCAATAAG CTGAGTACGC CCGGACACTC GCCTCACAGT GCCTACACCA CC -#CTGCTCCT 660 - - GCACGCCTTC CAGGCCACCT TTGGGGCCCA CTGTGACGTC CCGGGCCTGC AC -#TGCAGGCT 720 - - ACAGGCCAAG ACCCTGGCAG AGCTTGAGGA CATCTTCACG GAGACCGCAG AG -#GCACAGGA 780 - - GCTGGCATCT GGCATCGGGG ATGCTGCAGA GGCCCGGCGG TGGCTCAGGA CC -#AAGCTGCA 840 - - GGCGGTGGGA GAAAAAGCTG GCTTCCCTGG GGTGTTAGAC ACTGCAAAAC CA -#GGGAAGCT 900 - - CCACACCATC CCCATCCCTG TCGCCAGGTG CTACACCTAC AGCTGGAGCC AG -#GACAGCTT 960 - - TGACATCCTG CAGGAAATCC TGCTCAAGGA ACAGGAGCTA CTCCAGCCAG GG -#ATCCTGGG 1020 - - AGATGATGAA GAGGAGGAAG AGGAGGAGGA GGAGGTGGAG GAGGACTTGG AA -#ACTGACGG 1080 - - GCACTGTGCC GAGAGAGATT CCCTGCTCTC CACCAGCTCT TTGGCGTCCC AT -#GACTCCAC 1140 - - CTTGTCCCTT GCATCCTCCC AGGCCTCGGG GCCGGCCCTC TCGCGCCATC TG -#CTGACTTC 1200 - - CTTTGTCTCA GGCCTCTCTG ATGGCATGGA CAGCGGCTAC GTGGAGGACA GC -#GAGGAGAG 1260 - - CTCCTCCGAG TGGCCTTGGA GGCGTGGCAG CCAGGAACGC CGAGGCCACC GC -#AGGCCTGG 1320 - - GCAGAAGTTC ATCAGGATCT ATAAACTCTT CAAGAGCACC AGCCAGCTGG TA -#CTGCGGAG 1380 - - GGACTCTCGG AGCCTGGAGG GCAGCTCGGA CACGGCCCTG CCCCTGAGGC GG -#GCAGGGAG 1440 - - CCTCTGCAGC CCCCTGGACG AACCAGTATC ACCCCCTTCC CGGGCCCAGC GC -#TCCCGCTC 1500 - - CCTGCCCCAG CCCAAACTCG GTACCCAGCT GCCCAGCTGG CTTCTGGCCC CT -#GCTTCACG 1560 - - CCCCCAGCGC CGCCGCCCCT TCCTGAGTGG AGATGAGGAT CCCAAGGCTT CC -#ACGCTACG 1620 - - TGTTGTGGTC TTTGGCTCCG ATCGGATTTC AGGGAAGGTG GCTCGGGCGT AC -#AGCAACCT 1680 - - TCGGCGGCTG GAGAACAATC GCCCACTCCT CACACGGTTC TTCAAACTTC AG -#TTCTTCTA 1740 - - CGTGCCTGTG AAGCGAAGTC ATGGGACCAG CCCTGGTGCC TGTCCACCCC CT -#CGGAGCCA 1800 - - GACGCCCTCA CCCCCGACAG ACTCCCCTAG GCACGCCAGC CCTGGAGAGC TG -#GGCACCAC 1860 - - CCCATGGGAG GAGAGCACCA ATGACATCTC CCACTACCTC GGCATGCTGG AC -#CCCTGGTA 1920 - - TGAGCGCAAT GTACTGGGCC TCATGCACCT GCCCCCTGAA GTCCTGTGCC AG -#CAGTCCCT 1980 - - GAAGGCTGAA GCCCAGGCCC TGGAGGGCTC CCCAACCCAG CTGCCCATCC TG -#GCTGACAT 2040 - - GCTACTCTAC TACTGCCGCT TTGCCGCCAG ACCGGTGCTG CTGCAACTCT AT -#CAGACCGA 2100 - - GCTGACCTTC ATCACTGGGG AGAAGACGAC AGAGATCTTC ATCCACTCCT TG -#GAGCTGGG 2160 - - TCACTCCGCT GCCACACGTG CCATCAAGGC GTCAGGTCCT GGCAGCAAGC GG -#CTGGGCAT 2220 - - CGATGGCGAC CGGGAGGCTG TTCCTCTAAC ACTACAGATT ATTTACAGCA AG -#GGGGCCAT 2280 - - CAGTGGACGA AGTCGCTGGA GCAACCTGGA GAAGGTCTGT ACCTCCGTGA AC -#CTCAACAA 2340 - - GGCCTGCCGG AAGCAGGAGG AGCTGGATTC CAGCATGGAG GCCCTGACGC TA -#AACCTGAC 2400 - - AGAAGTGGTG AAAAGGCAGA ACTCCAAATC CAAGAAGGGC TTTAACCAGA TT -#AGCACATC 2460 - - GCAGATCAAA GTGGACAAGG TGCAGATCAT CGGCTCCAAC AGCTGCCCCT TT -#GCTGTGTG 2520 - - CCTGGACCAG GATGAGAGAA AGATCCTGCA GAGTGTAGTC AGATGTGAGG TC -#TCACCGTG 2580 - - CTACAAGCCA GAGAAGAGCG ACCTCTCCTC ACCACCCCAG ACGCCTCCTG AC -#CTGCCGGC 2640 - - CCAGGCCGCA CCTGATCTCT GCTCCCTTCT CTGCCTGCCC ATCATGACTT TC -#AGTGGAGC 2700 - - TCTGCCCTAG TGTGGGCCCA GCGCCAGACT GGACAGAAGC CCTGGGGCAA CC -#TCCTCGGC 2760 - - CACCCCTCCA GGACAGTCCC TCTCTGTGGA GAACTGAATG GCCCTGTGCA GA -#GCCATAGT 2820 - - CCCACTGTGG GTCCTGCAAT GAGCAGGGGC TGGGAGTAGA GGGTTTCTGG GG -#CCTCAGGG 2880 - - TTCTGGGAAA GCAACAGCTA TCAGAGAGAG AAGGGCCAGA CCCCATAGCC TC -#TTAGATTC 2940 - - CTGGCAGTAG AAGGAGAAGG ATGGGTAAAT TGACCTCTGA AGTCCCTGAC CA -#TTAGCATG 3000 - - GTCTAGGATC CTTTCTAGAA GGAAGATCTG AGGCTCTGGT GCTCAGGGGG AT -#GGCTTGGG 3060 - - CCTTTTCTCT CAACCTTGGC TGAGCCTACC CCTTACTTTG CCAAAGACTT GA -#GGACCCTG 3120 - - TATGTCTGGA GTTCAGTCCC CTCCTCTGTG GGGCTCAGGT GATTGAAATG TG -#GATGAAAC 3180 - - ATTTCTCTAC TTCAAGACCA CCTCTCCCTG CAAACACCAC ACACACATGG CA -#TGCATGTA 3240 - - CGCACATGCG CACCG - # - # - # 3255 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 880 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12: - - Met Gln Pro Gly Ala Thr Thr Cys Thr Glu As - #p Arg Ile Gln His Ala 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Leu Glu Arg Cys Leu His Gly Leu Ser Leu Se - #r Arg Arg Ser Thr Ser 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Trp Ser Ala Gly Leu Cys Leu Asn Cys Trp Se - #r Leu Gln Glu Leu Val 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Ser Arg Asp Pro Gly His Phe Leu Ile Leu Le - #u Glu Gln Ile Leu Gln 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Lys Thr Arg Glu Val Gln Glu Lys Gly Thr Ty - #r Asp Leu Leu Thr Pro 65 - #70 - #75 - #80 - - Leu Ala Leu Leu Phe Tyr Ser Thr Val Leu Cy - #s Thr Pro His Phe Pro 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Pro Asp Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Lys Ala Ala Se - #r Thr Tyr His Arg Phe 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Leu Thr Trp Pro Val Pro Tyr Cys Ser Ile Cy - #s Gln Glu Leu Leu Thr 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Phe Ile Asp Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Pro Gly Il - #e Ser Tyr Gln Arg Leu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Val Arg Ala Glu Gln Gly Leu Pro Ile Arg Se - #r His Arg Ser Ser Thr 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Val Thr Val Leu Leu Leu Asn Pro Val Glu Va - #l Gln Ala Glu PheLeu 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Ala Val Ala Asn Lys Leu Ser Thr Pro Gly Hi - #s Ser Pro His Ser Ala 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Tyr Thr Thr Leu Leu Leu His Ala Phe Gln Al - #a Thr Phe Gly Ala His 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Cys Asp Val Pro Gly Leu His Cys Arg Leu Gl - #n Ala Lys Thr Leu Ala 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Glu Leu Glu Asp Ile Phe Thr Glu Thr Ala Gl - #u Ala Gln Glu Leu Ala 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Ser Gly Ile Gly Asp Ala Ala Glu Ala Arg Ar - #g Trp Leu Arg ThrLys 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Leu Gln Ala Val Gly Glu Lys Ala Gly Phe Pr - #o Gly Val Leu Asp Thr 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Ala Lys Pro Gly Lys Leu His Thr Ile Pro Il - #e Pro Val Ala Arg Cys 275 - # 280 - # 285 - - Tyr Thr Tyr Ser Trp Ser Gln Asp Ser Phe As - #p Ile Leu Gln Glu Ile 290 - # 295 - # 300 - - Leu Leu Lys Glu Gln Glu Leu Leu Gln Pro Gl - #y Ile Leu Gly Asp Asp 305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20 - - Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Val Gl - #u Glu Asp Leu GluThr 325 - # 330 - # 335 - - Asp Gly His Cys Ala Glu Arg Asp Ser Leu Le - #u Ser Thr Ser Ser Leu 340 - # 345 - # 350 - - Ala Ser His Asp Ser Thr Leu Ser Leu Ala Se - #r Ser Gln Ala Ser Gly 355 - # 360 - # 365 - - Pro Ala Leu Ser Arg His Leu Leu Thr Ser Ph - #e Val Ser Gly Leu Ser 370 - # 375 - # 380 - - Asp Gly Met Asp Ser Gly Tyr Val Glu Asp Se - #r Glu Glu Ser Ser Ser 385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00 - - Glu Trp Pro Trp Arg Arg Gly Ser Gln Glu Ar - #g Arg Gly His ArgArg 405 - # 410 - # 415 - - Pro Gly Gln Lys Phe Ile Arg Ile Tyr Lys Le - #u Phe Lys Ser Thr Ser 420 - # 425 - # 430 - - Gln Leu Val Leu Arg Arg Asp Ser Arg Ser Le - #u Glu Gly Ser Ser Asp 435 - # 440 - # 445 - - Thr Ala Leu Pro Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly Ser Le - #u Cys Ser Pro Leu Asp 450 - # 455 - # 460 - - Glu Pro Val Ser Pro Pro Ser Arg Ala Gln Ar - #g Ser Arg Ser Leu Pro 465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80 - - Gln Pro Lys Leu Gly Thr Gln Leu Pro Ser Tr - #p Leu Leu Ala ProAla 485 - # 490 - # 495 - - Ser Arg Pro Gln Arg Arg Arg Pro Phe Leu Se - #r Gly Asp Glu Asp Pro 500 - # 505 - # 510 - - Lys Ala Ser Thr Leu Arg Val Val Val Phe Gl - #y Ser Asp Arg Ile Ser 515 - # 520 - # 525 - - Gly Lys Val Ala Arg Ala Tyr Ser Asn Leu Ar - #g Arg Leu Glu Asn Asn 530 - # 535 - # 540 - - Arg Pro Leu Leu Thr Arg Phe Phe Lys Leu Gl - #n Phe Phe Tyr Val Pro 545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60 - - Val Lys Arg Ser His Gly Thr Ser Pro Gly Al - #a Cys Pro Pro ProArg 565 - # 570 - # 575 - - Ser Gln Thr Pro Ser Pro Pro Thr Asp Ser Pr - #o Arg His Ala Ser Pro 580 - # 585 - # 590 - - Gly Glu Leu Gly Thr Thr Pro Trp Glu Glu Se - #r Thr Asn Asp Ile Ser 595 - # 600 - # 605 - - His Tyr Leu Gly Met Leu Asp Pro Trp Tyr Gl - #u Arg Asn Val Leu Gly 610 - # 615 - # 620 - - Leu Met His Leu Pro Pro Glu Val Leu Cys Gl - #n Gln Ser Leu Lys Ala 625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40 - - Glu Ala Gln Ala Leu Glu Gly Ser Pro Thr Gl - #n Leu Pro Ile LeuAla 645 - # 650 - # 655 - - Asp Met Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Cys Arg Phe Ala Al - #a Arg Pro Val Leu Leu 660 - # 665 - # 670 - - Gln Leu Tyr Gln Thr Glu Leu Thr Phe Ile Th - #r Gly Glu Lys Thr Thr 675 - # 680 - # 685 - - Glu Ile Phe Ile His Ser Leu Glu Leu Gly Hi - #s Ser Ala Ala Thr Arg 690 - # 695 - # 700 - - Ala Ile Lys Ala Ser Gly Pro Gly Ser Lys Ar - #g Leu Gly Ile Asp Gly 705 7 - #10 7 - #15 7 -#20 - - Asp Arg Glu Ala Val Pro Leu Thr Leu Gln Il - #e Ile Tyr Ser LysGly 725 - # 730 - # 735 - - Ala Ile Ser Gly Arg Ser Arg Trp Ser Asn Le - #u Glu Lys Val Cys Thr 740 - # 745 - # 750 - - Ser Val Asn Leu Asn Lys Ala Cys Arg Lys Gl - #n Glu Glu Leu Asp Ser 755 - # 760 - # 765 - - Ser Met Glu Ala Leu Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr Gl - #u Val Val Lys Arg Gln 770 - # 775 - # 780 - - Asn Ser Lys Ser Lys Lys Gly Phe Asn Gln Il - #e Ser Thr Ser Gln Ile 785 7 - #90 7 - #95 8 -#00 - - Lys Val Asp Lys Val Gln Ile Ile Gly Ser As - #n Ser Cys Pro PheAla 805 - # 810 - # 815 - - Val Cys Leu Asp Gln Asp Glu Arg Lys Ile Le - #u Gln Ser Val Val Arg 820 - # 825 - # 830 - - Cys Glu Val Ser Pro Cys Tyr Lys Pro Glu Ly - #s Ser Asp Leu Ser Ser 835 - # 840 - # 845 - - Pro Pro Gln Thr Pro Pro Asp Leu Pro Ala Gl - #n Ala Ala Pro Asp Leu 850 - # 855 - # 860 - - Cys Ser Leu Leu Cys Leu Pro Ile Met Thr Ph - #e Ser Gly Ala Leu Pro 865 8 - #70 8 - #75 8 -#80 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5162 base - #pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13: - - TTTGAATTTG TTTTGTTTTC AAAAATTAAA CAAATGATCC TTCAGCATCA TC -#GCCTCCGC 60 - - TGCTTTATCA GGTCGCATAG GGCATGGAGC TGGAGAACTA TAAACAGCCC GT -#GGTGCTGA 120 - - GAGAGGACAA CTGCCGAAGG CGCCGGAGGA TGAAGCCGCG CAGTGCTGCG GC -#CAGCCTGT 180 - - CCTCCATGGA GCTCATCCCC ATCGAGTTCG TGCTGCCCAC CAGCCAGCGC AA -#ATGCAAGA 240 - - GCCCCGAAAC GGCGCTGCTG CACGTGGCCG GCCACGGCAA CGTGGAGCAG AT -#GAAGGCCC 300 - - AGGTGTGGCT GCGAGCGCTG GAGACCAGCG TGGCGGCGGA CTTCTACCAC CG -#GCTGGGAC 360 - - CGCATCACTT CCTCCTGCTC TATCAGAAGA AGGGGCAGTG GTACGAGATC TA -#CGACAAGT 420 - - ACCAGGTGGT GCAGACTCTG GACTGCCTGC GCTACTGGAA GGCCACGCAC CG -#GAGCCCGG 480 - - GCCAGATCCA CCTGGTGCAG CGGCACCCGC CCTCCGAGGA GTCCCAAGCC TT -#CCAGCGGC 540 - - AGCTCACGGC GCTGATTGGC TATGACGTCA CTGACGTCAG CAACGTGCAC GA -#CGATGAGC 600 - - TGGAGTTCAC GCGCCGTGGC TTGGTGACCC CGCGCATGGC GGAGGTGGCC AG -#CCGCGACC 660 - - CCAAGCTCTA CGCCATGCAC CCGTGGGTGA CGTCCAAGCC CCTCCCGGAG TA -#CCTGTGGA 720 - - AGAAGATTGC CAACAACTGC ATCTTCATCG TCATTCACCG CAGCACCACC AG -#CCAGACCA 780 - - TTAAGGTCTC ACCCGACGAC ACCCCCGGCG CCATCCTGCA GAGCTTCTTC AC -#CAAGATGG 840 - - CCAAGAAGAA ATCTCTGATG GATATTCCCG AAAGCCAAAG CGAACAGGAT TT -#TGTGCTGC 900 - - GCGTCTGTGG CCGGGATGAG TACCTGGTGG GCGAAACGCC CATCAAAAAC TT -#CCAGTGGG 960 - - TGAGGCACTG CCTCAAGAAC GGAGAAGAGA TTCACGTGGT ACTGGACACG CC -#TCCAGACC 1020 - - CGGCCCTAGA CGAGGTGAGG AAGGAAGAGT GGCCGCTGGT GGACGACTGC AC -#GGGAGTCA 1080 - - CCGGCTACCA TGAGCAGCTT ACCATCCACG GCAAGGACCA CGAGAGTGTG TT -#CACCGTGT 1140 - - CCCTGTGGGA CTGCGACCGC AAGTTCAGGG TCAAGATCAG AGGCATTGAT AT -#CCCCGTCC 1200 - - TGCCTCGGAA CACCGACCTC ACAGTTTTTG TAGAGGCAAA CATCCAGCAT GG -#GCAACAAG 1260 - - TCCTTTGCCA AAGGAGAACC AGCCCCAAAC CCTTCACAGA GGAGGTGCTG TG -#GAATGTGT 1320 - - GGCTTGAGTT CAGTATCAAA ATCAAAGACT TGCCCAAAGG GGCTCTACTG AA -#CCTCCAGA 1380 - - TCTACTGCGG TAAAGCTCCA GCACTGTCCA GCAAGGCCTC TGCAGAGTCC CC -#CAGTTCTG 1440 - - AGTCCAAGGG CAAAGTTCGG CTTCTCTATT ATGTGAACCT GCTGCTGATA GA -#CCACCGTT 1500 - - TCCTCCTGCG CCGTGGAGAA TACGTCCTCC ACATGTGGCA GATATCTGGG AA -#GGGAGAAG 1560 - - ACCAAGGAAG CTTCAATGCT GACAAACTCA CGTCTGCAAC TAACCCAGAC AA -#GGAGAACT 1620 - - CAATGTCCAT CTCCATTCTT CTGGACAATT ACTGCCACCC GATAGCCCTG CC -#TAAGCATC 1680 - - AGCCCACCCC TGACCCGGAA GGGGACCGGG TTCGAGCAGA AATGCCCAAC CA -#GCTTCGCA 1740 - - AGCAATTGGA GGCGATCATA GCCACTGATC CACTTAACCC TCTCACAGCA GA -#GGACAAAG 1800 - - AATTGCTCTG GCATTTTAGA TACGAAAGCC TTAAGCACCC AAAAGCATAT CC -#TAAGCTAT 1860 - - TTAGTTCAGT GAAATGGGGA CAGCAAGAAA TTGTGGCCAA AACATACCAA TT -#GTTGGCCA 1920 - - GAAGGGAAGT CTGGGATCAA AGTGCTTTGG ATGTTGGGTT AACAATGCAG CT -#CCTGGACT 1980 - - GCAACTTCTC AGATGAAAAT GTAAGAGCCA TTGCAGTTCA GAAACTGGAG AG -#CTTGGAGG 2040 - - ACGATGATGT TCTGCATTAC CTTCTACAAT TGGTCCAGGC TGTGAAATTT GA -#ACCATACC 2100 - - ATGATAGCGC CCTTGCCAGA TTTCTGCTGA AGCGTGGTTT AAGAAACAAA AG -#AATTGGTC 2160 - - ACTTTTTGTT TTGGTTCTTG AGAAGTGAGA TAGCCCAGTC CAGACACTAT CA -#GCAGAGGT 2220 - - TCGCTGTGAT TCTGGAAGCC TATCTGAGGG GCTGTGGCAC AGCCATGCTG CA -#CGACTTTA 2280 - - CCCAACAAGT CCAAGTAATC GAGATGTTAC AAAAAGTCAC CCTTGATATT AA -#ATCGCTCT 2340 - - CTGCTGAAAA GTATGACGTC AGTTCCCAAG TTATTTCACA ACTTAAACAA AA -#GCTTGAAA 2400 - - ACCTGCAGAA TTCTCAACTC CCCGAAAGCT TTAGAGTTCC ATATGATCCT GG -#ACTGAAAG 2460 - - CAGGAGCGCT GGCAATTGAA AAATGTAAAG TAATGGCCTC CAAGAAAAAA CC -#ACTATGGC 2520 - - TTGAGTTTAA ATGTGCCGAT CCTACAGCCC TATCAAATGA AACAATTGGA AT -#TATCTTTA 2580 - - AACATGGTGA TGATCTGCGC CAAGACATGC TTATTTTACA GATTCTACGA AT -#CATGGAGT 2640 - - CTATTTGGGA GACTGAATCT TTGGATCTAT GCCTCCTGCC ATATGGTTGC AT -#TTCAACTG 2700 - - GTGACAAAAT AGGAATGATC GAGATTGTGA AAGACGCCAC GACAATTGCC AA -#AATTCAGC 2760 - - AAAGCACAGT GGGCAACACG GGAGCATTTA AAGATGAAGT CCTGAATCAC TG -#GCTCAAAG 2820 - - AAAAATCCCC TACTGAAGAA AAGTTTCAGG CAGCAGTGGA GAGATTTGTT TA -#TTCCTGTG 2880 - - CAGGCTACTG TGTGGCAACC TTTGTTCTTG GAATAGGCGA CAGACACAAT GA -#CAATATTA 2940 - - TGATCACCGA GACAGGAAAC CTATTTCATA TTGACTTCGG GCACATTCTT GG -#GAATTACA 3000 - - AAAGTTTCCT GGGCATTAAT AAAGAGAGAG TGCCATTTGT GCTAACCCCT GA -#CTTCCTCT 3060 - - TTGTGATGGG AACTTCTGGA AAGAAGACAA GCCCACACTT CCAGAAATTT CA -#GGACATCT 3120 - - GTGTTAAGGC TTATCTAGCC CTTCGTCATC ACACAAACCT ACTGATCATC CT -#GTTCTCCA 3180 - - TGATGCTGAT GACAGGAATG CCCCAGTTAA CAAGCAAAGA AGACATTGAA TA -#TATCCGGG 3240 - - ATGCCCTCAC AGTGGGGAAA AATGAGGAGG ATGCTAAAAA GTATTTTCTT GA -#TCAGATCG 3300 - - AAGTTTGCAG AGACAAAGGA TGGACTGTGC AGTTTAATTG GTTTCTACAT CT -#TGTTCTTG 3360 - - GCATCAAACA AGGAGAGAAA CATTCAGCCT AATACTTTAG GCTAGAATCA AA -#AACAAGTT 3420 - - AGTGTTCTAT GGTTTAAATT AGCATAGCAA TCATCGAACT TGGATTTCAA AT -#GCAATAGA 3480 - - CATTGTGAAA GCTGGCATTT CAGAAGTATA GCTCTTTTCC TACCTGAACT CT -#TCCCTGGA 3540 - - GAAAAGATGT TGGCATTGCT GATTGTTTGG TTAAGCAATG TCCAGTGCTA GG -#ATTATTTG 3600 - - CAGGTTTGGT TTTTTCTCAT TTGTCTGTGG CATTGGAGAA TATTCTTGGT TT -#AAACAGAC 3660 - - TAATGACTTC CTTATTGTCC CTGATATTTT GACTATCTTA CTATTGAGTG CT -#TCTGGAAA 3720 - - TTCTTTGGAA TAATTGATGA CATCTATTTT CATCTGGGTT TAGTCTCAAT TT -#TGGTTATC 3780 - - TTTGTGTTCC TCAAGCTCTT TAAAGAAAAA GATGTAATCG TTGTAACCTT TG -#TCTCATTC 3840 - - CTTAAATGAT GCTTCCAAAC ATCTCCTTAG TGTCTGCAGG TGTTAGTGGT GT -#GCTAAAAG 3900 - - CAAGGAAAGC GAGTTAGTCT TTTCAGTGTC TTTTGCAATT CAATTCTTTT GT -#CATGTATA 3960 - - ACTGAGACAC ACAAACACAG CAGGAGAAAT CTAAACCGTT GTGCCTTGAC CT -#TCCTCTGC 4020 - - TGGTCTTGTT CCAGGGTTAT GAATATGAAA AAATAGAGAT GAGACTTTTT GT -#GTCAACTC 4080 - - TGTCCACAAG AGTGAGTTAT CTAGTATGAT TAGTATAGCT TTCTCCAGCA TG -#GCAGCAGG 4140 - - AAGTAACTAC AGGGCCTCTT TTATGCCTGA CATTTCTTCC CTTCCTTTTT CC -#CTGCCTCC 4200 - - CTTTTTCATC AATTGCAATG CTCCCACAAC TCTTTACAGA CTTGTGAAAT CT -#TCAAGAAC 4260 - - ACCTTTACTC TATAACTCAA AAATTAGTTG AAAAATAATT ACTTCTCAAG GA -#TTATTAGA 4320 - - ATCTTAGGTA CTTATTTGTA AAGATGTTTA GTGACTTTTT TTTCAAGTAT CT -#ATAAAGGA 4380 - - GGCAGATTCT AGAAAATATG AATTAGTTTC CAAATGCCTT AATTTTAAAC TT -#TGGCCTGA 4440 - - ACAGTTTTTT CTTTTTCTTA ATGGAAGAAG ATATTTAATA TCTTAAAAAT AT -#TCCAAGTT 4500 - - AGGAAGAACA CTACTTGCCT TATCCATTTC CCATTTAAAG GACTTTTAAA CT -#TTGACACA 4560 - - GTCCTTCAGA TTTCCTGAAA ATCCTTGAAA TATCTTACTT TAAAAATATT TT -#CATCTCTG 4620 - - AAATATCTCG TTATTTATTG GAGGTATTGT TTAACCTTAG ATAGACCATT AA -#ATTATTTA 4680 - - TAAAATATTT TGTAATTACC TGTAGYTAAT ACATTACATA GAAAAAACTA TG -#TTAACAGT 4740 - - GTCTCTGTTT AAGTATAATC AGATATAAAT ATATAACTTA ATTTTTTAAT TT -#TAAAAATA 4800 - - GATACCTGTT TGACTTTGAG GTAGTCCAGA CCTTTTCTTT TTTTTTTTTT TT -#TTTAATGT 4860 - - GTGCAAAAGC CCAAAGGTTC CTAAGCCTGG CTGCAAAGAA GAATCAACAG GG -#ACACTTTT 4920 - - TAAAAACACT CTTATCAGCC TGGGCAACAC AGTGAGACTC CATCTCTTAA AA -#AAAAAATT 4980 - - AGCTGGGTAT AGTGGTATGT GCCTGTAGTC CCAGGTACTC AGGAGGCTGA SG -#CAGGAGGA 5040 - - TTGCCTGAGC CCAGGAGGTG GAAACTGCAG AGAGTCATGA TCATGTCCTT AC -#ACTCCAGC 5100 - - CTGGATAACA GAGCGAGACC CTGTCTCAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AA -#GTCGACCG 5160 - - AG - # - # - # 5162 - - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14: - - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1101 amino - #acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear - - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: None - - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14: - - Met Glu Leu Glu Asn Tyr Lys Gln Pro Val Va - #l Leu Arg Glu Asp Asn 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Cys Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Met Lys Pro Arg Se - #r Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Ser Met Glu Leu Ile Pro Ile Glu Phe Val Le - #u Pro Thr Ser Gln Arg 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Lys Cys Lys Ser Pro Glu Thr Ala Leu Leu Hi - #s Val Ala Gly His Gly 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Asn Val Glu Gln Met Lys Ala Gln Val Trp Le - #u Arg Ala Leu Glu Thr 65 - #70 - #75 - #80 - - Ser Val Ala Ala Asp Phe Tyr His Arg Leu Gl - #y Pro His His Phe Leu 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Leu Leu Tyr Gln Lys Lys Gly Gln Trp Tyr Gl - #u Ile Tyr Asp Lys Tyr 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Gln Val Val Gln Thr Leu Asp Cys Leu Arg Ty - #r Trp Lys Ala Thr His 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Arg Ser Pro Gly Gln Ile His Leu Val Gln Ar - #g His Pro Pro Ser Glu 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Glu Ser Gln Ala Phe Gln Arg Gln Leu Thr Al - #a Leu Ile Gly Tyr Asp 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Val Thr Asp Val Ser Asn Val His Asp Asp Gl - #u Leu Glu Phe ThrArg 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Arg Gly Leu Val Thr Pro Arg Met Ala Glu Va - #l Ala Ser Arg Asp Pro 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Lys Leu Tyr Ala Met His Pro Trp Val Thr Se - #r Lys Pro Leu Pro Glu 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Tyr Leu Trp Lys Lys Ile Ala Asn Asn Cys Il - #e Phe Ile Val Ile His 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Arg Ser Thr Thr Ser Gln Thr Ile Lys Val Se - #r Pro Asp Asp Thr Pro 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Gly Ala Ile Leu Gln Ser Phe Phe Thr Lys Me - #t Ala Lys Lys LysSer 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Leu Met Asp Ile Pro Glu Ser Gln Ser Glu Gl - #n Asp Phe Val Leu Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Val Cys Gly Arg Asp Glu Tyr Leu Val Gly Gl - #u Thr Pro Ile Lys Asn 275 - # 280 - # 285 - - Phe Gln Trp Val Arg His Cys Leu Lys Asn Gl - #y Glu Glu Ile His Val 290 - # 295 - # 300 - - Val Leu Asp Thr Pro Pro Asp Pro Ala Leu As - #p Glu Val Arg Lys Glu 305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20 - - Glu Trp Pro Leu Val Asp Asp Cys Thr Gly Va - #l Thr Gly Tyr HisGlu 325 - # 330 - # 335 - - Gln Leu Thr Ile His Gly Lys Asp His Glu Se - #r Val Phe Thr Val Ser 340 - # 345 - # 350 - - Leu Trp Asp Cys Asp Arg Lys Phe Arg Val Ly - #s Ile Arg Gly Ile Asp 355 - # 360 - # 365 - - Ile Pro Val Leu Pro Arg Asn Thr Asp Leu Th - #r Val Phe Val Glu Ala 370 - # 375 - # 380 - - Asn Ile Gln His Gly Gln Gln Val Leu Cys Gl - #n Arg Arg Thr Ser Pro 385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00 - - Lys Pro Phe Thr Glu Glu Val Leu Trp Asn Va - #l Trp Leu Glu PheSer 405 - # 410 - # 415 - - Ile Lys Ile Lys Asp Leu Pro Lys Gly Ala Le - #u Leu Asn Leu Gln Ile 420 - # 425 - # 430 - - Tyr Cys Gly Lys Ala Pro Ala Leu Ser Ser Ly - #s Ala Ser Ala Glu Ser 435 - # 440 - # 445 - - Pro Ser Ser Glu Ser Lys Gly Lys Val Arg Le - #u Leu Tyr Tyr Val Asn 450 - # 455 - # 460 - - Leu Leu Leu Ile Asp His Arg Phe Leu Leu Ar - #g Arg Gly Glu Tyr Val 465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80 - - Leu His Met Trp Gln Ile Ser Gly Lys Gly Gl - #u Asp Gln Gly SerPhe 485 - # 490 - # 495 - - Asn Ala Asp Lys Leu Thr Ser Ala Thr Asn Pr - #o Asp Lys Glu Asn Ser 500 - # 505 - # 510 - - Met Ser Ile Ser Ile Leu Leu Asp Asn Tyr Cy - #s His Pro Ile Ala Leu 515 - # 520 - # 525 - - Pro Lys His Gln Pro Thr Pro Asp Pro Glu Gl - #y Asp Arg Val Arg Ala 530 - # 535 - # 540 - - Glu Met Pro Asn Gln Leu Arg Lys Gln Leu Gl - #u Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr 545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60 - - Asp Pro Leu Asn Pro Leu Thr Ala Glu Asp Ly - #s Glu Leu Leu TrpHis 565 - # 570 - # 575 - - Phe Arg Tyr Glu Ser Leu Lys His Pro Lys Al - #a Tyr Pro Lys Leu Phe 580 - # 585 - # 590 - - Ser Ser Val Lys Trp Gly Gln Gln Glu Ile Va - #l Ala Lys Thr Tyr Gln 595 - # 600 - # 605 - - Leu Leu Ala Arg Arg Glu Val Trp Asp Gln Se - #r Ala Leu Asp Val Gly 610 - # 615 - # 620 - - Leu Thr Met Gln Leu Leu Asp Cys Asn Phe Se - #r Asp Glu Asn Val Arg 625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40 - - Ala Ile Ala Val Gln Lys Leu Glu Ser Leu Gl - #u Asp Asp Asp ValLeu 645 - # 650 - # 655 - - His Tyr Leu Leu Gln Leu Val Gln Ala Val Ly - #s Phe Glu Pro Tyr His 660 - # 665 - # 670 - - Asp Ser Ala Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Leu Lys Ar - #g Gly Leu Arg Asn Lys 675 - # 680 - # 685 - - Arg Ile Gly His Phe Leu Phe Trp Phe Leu Ar - #g Ser Glu Ile Ala Gln 690 - # 695 - # 700 - - Ser Arg His Tyr Gln Gln Arg Phe Ala Val Il - #e Leu Glu Ala Tyr Leu 705 7 - #10 7 - #15 7 -#20 - - Arg Gly Cys Gly Thr Ala Met Leu His Asp Ph - #e Thr Gln Gln ValGln 725 - # 730 - # 735 - - Val Ile Glu Met Leu Gln Lys Val Thr Leu As - #p Ile Lys Ser Leu Ser 740 - # 745 - # 750 - - Ala Glu Lys Tyr Asp Val Ser Ser Gln Val Il - #e Ser Gln Leu Lys Gln 755 - # 760 - # 765 - - Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Gln Asn Ser Gln Leu Pr - #o Glu Ser Phe Arg Val 770 - # 775 - # 780 - - Pro Tyr Asp Pro Gly Leu Lys Ala Gly Ala Le - #u Ala Ile Glu Lys Cys 785 7 - #90 7 - #95 8 -#00 - - Lys Val Met Ala Ser Lys Lys Lys Pro Leu Tr - #p Leu Glu Phe LysCys 805 - # 810 - # 815 - - Ala Asp Pro Thr Ala Leu Ser Asn Glu Thr Il - #e Gly Ile Ile Phe Lys 820 - # 825 - # 830 - - His Gly Asp Asp Leu Arg Gln Asp Met Leu Il - #e Leu Gln Ile Leu Arg 835 - # 840 - # 845 - - Ile Met Glu Ser Ile Trp Glu Thr Glu Ser Le - #u Asp Leu Cys Leu Leu 850 - # 855 - # 860 - - Pro Tyr Gly Cys Ile Ser Thr Gly Asp Lys Il - #e Gly Met Ile Glu Ile 865 8 - #70 8 - #75 8 -#80 - - Val Lys Asp Ala Thr Thr Ile Ala Lys Ile Gl - #n Gln Ser Thr ValGly 885 - # 890 - # 895 - - Asn Thr Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Glu Val Leu As - #n His Trp Leu Lys Glu 900 - # 905 - # 910 - - Lys Ser Pro Thr Glu Glu Lys Phe Gln Ala Al - #a Val Glu Arg Phe Val 915 - # 920 - # 925 - - Tyr Ser Cys Ala Gly Tyr Cys Val Ala Thr Ph - #e Val Leu Gly Ile Gly 930 - # 935 - # 940 - - Asp Arg His Asn Asp Asn Ile Met Ile Thr Gl - #u Thr Gly Asn Leu Phe 945 9 - #50 9 - #55 9 -#60 - - His Ile Asp Phe Gly His Ile Leu Gly Asn Ty - #r Lys Ser Phe LeuGly 965 - # 970 - # 975 - - Ile Asn Lys Glu Arg Val Pro Phe Val Leu Th - #r Pro Asp Phe Leu Phe 980 - # 985 - # 990 - - Val Met Gly Thr Ser Gly Lys Lys Thr Ser Pr - #o His Phe Gln Lys Phe 995 - # 1000 - # 1005 - - Gln Asp Ile Cys Val Lys Ala Tyr Leu Ala Le - #u Arg His His Thr Asn 1010 - # 1015 - # 1020 - - Leu Leu Ile Ile Leu Phe Ser Met Met Leu Me - #t Thr Gly Met Pro Gln 1025 1030 - # 1035 - # 104 - - Leu Thr Ser Lys Glu Asp Ile Glu Tyr Ile Ar - #g Asp Ala Leu Thr Val 1045 - # 1050 - # 1055 - - Gly Lys Asn Glu Glu Asp Ala Lys Lys Tyr Ph - #e Leu Asp Gln Ile Glu 1060 - # 1065 - # 1070 - - Val Cys Arg Asp Lys Gly Trp Thr Val Gln Ph - #e Asn Trp Phe Leu His 1075 - # 1080 - # 1085 - - Leu Val Leu Gly Ile Lys Gln Gly Glu Lys Hi - #s Ser Ala 1090 - # 1095 - # 1100__________________________________________________________________________

G-beta-gamma regulated phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase

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