BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates to semiconductor devices and, in particular, to carbon nanotube transistors and methods of manufacturing carbon nanotube transistors.
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) can provide low-voltage performance with channel lengths scaled into the sub-10 nanometer (nm) regime. A self-aligned gate structure is used for CNT FETs in highly integrated digital applications. When considering a CNT FET for such applications, it is useful to get the voltage required to switch between ON and OFF states as low as possible. Decreasing this operating voltage improves the quality and applicability of the CNT FET for such applications.
SUMMARY
According to one embodiment, a method of fabricating a semiconducting device includes: forming a carbon nanotube on a substrate; removing a portion of the substrate to form a recess below a section of the carbon nanotube; and applying a doped material in the recess to fabricate the semiconducting device.
According to another embodiment, a method of fabricating a transistor includes: forming a carbon nanotube material on a substrate; forming one or more contacts on the substrate to define a gap between the one or more contacts; removing a portion of the substrate in the gap; and applying a doped material in the gap to fabricate the transistor.
According to another embodiment, a method of making a self-aligned carbon nanotube transistor includes: forming a carbon nanotube on a substrate; forming a source contact on the substrate over the carbon nanotube; forming a drain contact on the substrate over the carbon nanotube, wherein the drain contact is separated from the source contact by a gap; removing a portion of the substrate in the gap between the source contact and the drain contact; and applying a doped material in the gap to make the self-aligned carbon nanotube transistor.
Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present disclosure. Other embodiments and aspects of the disclosure are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed disclosure. For a better understanding of the disclosure with the advantages and the features, refer to the description and to the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
The subject matter which is regarded as the disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a carbon nanotube placed at a selected location on a substrate at an initial production stage of the exemplary carbon nanotube field-effect transistor;
FIG. 2 shows a first contact and a second contact formed on the silicon substrate in a second production stage;
FIG. 3 shows a recess formed in the silicon layer of the substrate;
FIG. 4 illustrates a coating stage in which a spacer material is deposited;
FIG. 5 shows a high-k dielectric deposition stage;
FIG. 6 illustrates a gate deposition stage;
FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary carbon nanotube field-effect transistor made using the exemplary methods disclosed herein;
FIG. 8 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the exemplary carbon nanotube field-effect transistor with a portion of the metal gate removed;
FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of producing the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor disclosed herein; and
FIG. 10 illustrates an effect of doping a spacer material of the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor has on a relation between drain current and gate-source voltage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1-6 show various stages of production or manufacture of an exemplary semiconductor device of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, the semiconductor device is a carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNT FET) having a doped gate region. The exemplary method of manufacturing the CNT FET disclosed herein produces self-aligned CNT FETs as a result of depositing the source and drain contacts prior to gate formation, and forming the gate with respect to the deposited source and drain contacts. The source and drain contacts may serve as a mask with respect to etchant used in gate formation and provide anisotropic etching that defines at least one dimension of the gate region. Additionally, the gate region includes a carbon nanotube bridge that extends between source and drain contacts. A configuration of spacer material and/or high-k dielectric is deposited in the gate region to dope the gate region. In an exemplary embodiment, only a doped spacer material is provided. The gate material may be deposited in the gate region to surround the CNT bridge circumferentially.
FIG. 1 shows a carbon nanotube 102 placed at a selected location on a substrate at an initial production stage of the exemplary CNT FET. In the exemplary embodiment, the substrate may be a silicon-on-insulator wafer that includes a top layer or silicon layer 104 on top of an insulating layer such as a BOX (buried oxide) layer 106 that may include silicon-dioxide. The carbon nanotube 102, which serves as a transistor device channel, is deposited on surface 130 of the silicon layer 104. In various embodiments, the carbon nanotube 102 is a semiconducting material.
FIG. 2 shows a first contact 108 and a second contact 110 formed on the silicon substrate 104 in a second production stage. Both the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 may be deposited on the substrate to cover a portion of the carbon nanotube bridge 102 between contact and the substrate 104. The first contact 108 and the second contact 110 are separated by a selected distance or gap. The first contact 108 and second contact 110 may be formed on the substrate using various techniques for aligning the transistor contacts at the selected distance or gap. An exemplary method of forming the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 may include using lithography and lift-off techniques. Alternately, a blanket layer of contact material may be deposited and the selectively etched. In one embodiment, the covered portions of the carbon nanotube may be axial ends of the carbon nanotube. In an exemplary embodiment, one of the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 is a source contact of the completed CNT FET and the other of the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 is a drain contact of the completed CNT FET. In one embodiment, at least one of the first contact 108 and second contact 110 includes a conductive metal such as palladium (Pd).
FIG. 3 shows a recess 112 formed in the silicon layer 104 of the substrate. In various embodiments, the surface 130 of the substrate 104 is a surface that can be effectively etched using a wet etchant. For a silicon layer, an exemplary surface may be a (110) surface, wherein (110) represents Miller indices denoting a direction of a crystallographic plane or surface. A surface 132 that is perpendicular to the (110) surface (such as a (111) surface) is also shown. Wet etchant generally dissolves surface 130 relatively effectively, while surface 132 is generally resistant to wet etching. The silicon substrate 104 is deposited on the BOX layer 106 to orient these surfaces along the directions shown in FIG. 3. Exemplary wet etchants include potassium hydroxide (KOH), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), etc. The first contact 108 and second contact 110 provide an etch mask that protects the silicon beneath the contacts during etching. Applying the contacts 108 and 110 prior to wet etching allows the contacts to define the gate region of the resulting transistor by the selected separation distance of the contacts 108 and 110 and to produce a self-aligned gate. Wet etching therefore creates a recess 112 in a volume between the contacts. In an exemplary embodiment, the recess 112 is etched to the surface of the insulator layer 106. Additionally, due to the orientation of the reactive surface 130 and the resistive surface 132, the substrate layer is etched anisotropically. Etching the recess 112 yields a suspended CNT, otherwise referred to herein as a CNT bridge or a CNT channel, that extends from the first contact 108 to the second contact 110.
FIG. 4 illustrates a coating stage in which a spacer material 120 is deposited. The spacer material 120 is deposited on the exposed surfaces, except for the carbon nanotube, to provide an insulating layer between a subsequently formed gate material and the first and second contacts 108 and 110. The spacer material 120 may be a doped dielectric material. An exemplary spacer material 120 may include hafnium oxide (HfO2), or some other dielectric that contains fixed charge to electrostatically dope the carbon nanotube. In an exemplary embodiment, the spacer material is selectively doped to include a fixed charge, thereby providing a fixed charge and an accompanying voltage bias in the gate region. A fixed charge may include a fixed non-zero charge. In another embodiment, the spacer material may be etched away at the carbon nanotube to expose the carbon nanotube at the spacer region. Then, a chemical charge-transfer dopant may be applied to the portion of the carbon nanotube in the etched spacer region. In general, the spacer material adheres to the contacts 108 and 110 as well as the substrate 104 and BOX layer 106 but does not adhere to the CNT bridge during deposition. The spacer may be formed using atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), for example.
FIG. 5 shows a high-k dielectric deposition stage. A high-k dielectric material 122 is then deposited to conform to the exposed surfaces, including the exposed carbon nanotube channel. The high-k dielectric material 122 nucleates on and annularly coats the CNT bridge 102 between the first contact 108 and the second contact 110, thereby providing a gate dielectric material all around the CNT bridge. The high-k material separates that gate metal (see FIG. 6) from the carbon nanotube bridge. The high-k dielectric material may be deposited using, for example, ALD. Exemplary high-k dielectric material may include HfO2 and Al2O3, among others. In an exemplary embodiment, the high-k dielectric material is undoped. When operating the completed CNTFET, dopant charges from the spacer material 120 may be transferred to the high-k dielectric at the CNT bridge to provide a voltage bias at the CNT bridge.
FIG. 6 illustrates a gate deposition stage. Once the high-k dielectric material is deposited, a gate material is deposited. The gate material may be a metal such as palladium (Pd), tungsten (W) or other suitable gate metal. The gate metal may be deposited using atomic layer deposition, sputtering techniques or other known techniques or combination of techniques. After deposition, a portion of the gate metal is disposed the volume between the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 including the etched recess 112. The gate therefore surrounds the carbon nanotube bridge on all sides, forming a gate-all-around transistor. The gate-all-around geometry is enabled by the formation of the suspended nanotube bridge during the etching stage. The gate-all-around geometry reduces an impact of stray change and/or adsorbed molecules.
During the gate deposition, some portion of the deposited gate metal may overfill and reside on top of the high-k dielectric surface that coats the first contacts 108 and second contact 110. After the gate metal is deposited, the gate overfill metal may be polished by chemical mechanical planarization/polishing (CMP) as illustrated in FIG. 7, so that the overfilled metal is removed, thereby revealing top surfaces of the first contact (source) 108, gate 124, and second contact (drain) 110.
FIG. 7 thus depicts an exemplary carbon nanotube field-effect transistor made using the exemplary methods disclosed herein. The exemplary CNT FET includes a substrate, having a carbon nanotube 102 disposed directly thereon. A first (source) contact 108 and a second (drain) contact 110 are disposed on the substrate 104 so that each contact covers a portion of the carbon nanotube between the contact and the substrate 104. The first contact and the second contact are separated by a gap having a selected distance. In various embodiments, the selected distance may be about 30 nanometers. A portion of the carbon nanotube 102 spans the distance between the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 to form a carbon nanotube bridge or carbon nanotube channel. A gate material 124 is deposited in an etched recess between the first contact 108 and the second contact 110 in order to surround the carbon nanotube bridge, thereby providing a gate-all-around carbon nanotube transistor. Since the gate formation is related to the source 108 and the drain 110, the transistor is self-aligned. In various embodiments, the gate metal extends to an insulating layer 106 of the substrate. Additionally, the carbon nanotube bridge may be circumferentially surrounded by a high-k dielectric material is formed between the carbon nanotube bridge and the gate metal. Spacer material 120 may provide a separation between the gate region and the source and drain contacts. The spacer may be selectively doped to provide a voltage bias in the gate region. Thus, the doped CNT FET may be operated as an n-type semiconductor. In an exemplary embodiment, the surfaces of the source 108, gate 124 and drain 110 are substantially coplanar. In an alternate embodiment, some of the gate metal 124 may be etched so that a top surface 140 of the gate metal is recessed below the top surface defined by the source 108 and drain 110, as shown in FIG. 8. Recessing additional gate metal above the CNT 102 may reduce parasitic capacitances associated with the gate.
In various alternative embodiments, a layer of thin contacts may be made upon their deposition. The contacts may then be topped by a layer of low-k dielectric material, which is polished away during the polishing of the gate metal overfill. In another alternative embodiment, the spacer material and the high-k dielectric may both include the same material, such as hafnium oxide (HfO2). In an exemplary embodiment, the dopant charges are confined to the spacer material.
FIG. 9 shows a flowchart 900 illustrating an exemplary method of producing a CNT FET disclosed herein. In box 901, a carbon nanotube is deposited on a substrate. In various embodiments, the carbon nanotube is a semiconducting material. The substrate generally resides on an insulating layer (BOX layer). In box 903, source and drain contacts are formed on the substrate. The source and drain contacts are formed on top of portions of the carbon nanotube and are separated from each other by a selected distance to provide a gap for deposition of a gate metal. In box 905, the substrate between the source and drain contacts are wet etched to create a recess between the source and drain contacts. The wet etching process leaves the carbon nanotube which thereby forms a carbon nanotube bridge between the source and drain. The substrate is etched to the BOX layer in an exemplary embodiment. In box 907, a doped spacer material is deposited on the exposed surfaces except for the carbon nanotube to provide a spacer between the gate and each of the source and drain contacts. The spacer material grows from the sides of the contacts and the silicon substrate to encompass a portion of the carbon nanotube but does not coat the carbon nanotube along its length. The doped spacer material provides a dopant that provides charge transfer to the CNTFET upon completion of the CNTFET. In box 909, a high-k material is deposited on the exposed spacer material surfaces and the exposed carbon nanotube bridge to annularly coat the carbon nanotube bridge. The high-k dielectric material provides an electrical field to the carbon nanotube bridge when a voltage is applied at the gate. Charge transferred to the high-k dielectric from the spacer material provides a voltage bias at the carbon nanotube bridge. In box 911, gate material is deposited (sputtered) on to the transistor to fill in the recess in the substrate and volume between the source and drain contacts. The deposited gate material forms a gate all around the carbon nanotube bridge.
FIG. 10 is a graph that illustrates an effect of doping a spacer material of the CNTFET has on a relation between drain current (Id) and gate-source voltage (Vgs). The relation corresponds to a CNTFET having a channel length of 30 nm and a source-drain is shown for a voltage of 0.5 V. Curve 1001 shows relation for a CNTFET having a dopant applied only to spacer material at a concentration of 0.4/nm. As Vgs increases, the Id of curve 1001 changes from an OFF state current at about 10−9 to an ON state current at about 10−5 A. Curve 1003 shows relation for a CNTFET having a dopant applied to spacer material and to the dielectric material at the carbon nanotube bridge at a concentration of 0.4/nm. As Vgs increases, the Id of curve 1003 changes from an OFF state current at about 10−11 to an ON state current at about 10−5 A. Therefore, selective doping at the spacer only increases the ON current and has a smaller leakage current and better switching behavior (i.e., the slope of Id.) than the CNTFET having dopant at the spacer and dielectric.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
The flow diagrams depicted herein are just one example. There may be many variations to this diagram or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed disclosure.
While exemplary embodiments of the disclosure have been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the disclosure first described.
Patent Application
20140151765
