GDF15 FUSION PROTEINS AND USES THEREOF

Information

  • Patent Application
  • 20230119382
  • Publication Number
    20230119382
  • Date Filed
    November 18, 2021
    2 years ago
  • Date Published
    April 20, 2023
    a year ago
Abstract
Fusion proteins containing a half-life extension protein, a linker, and a GDF15 protein are described. Also described are nucleic acids encoding the fusion proteins, recombinant cells thereof, compositions comprising the fusion proteins, and methods of using the fusion proteins for treating or preventing metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions.
Description
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is 200310 401C1 SEQUENCE LISTING.txt. The text file is 403 KB, was created on Nov. 17, 2021, and is being submitted electronically via Patent Center.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to GDF15 fusion proteins. In particular, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising a half-life extension protein, a linker and a GDF15 protein, nucleic acids and expression vectors encoding the fusion proteins, recombinant cells thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fusion proteins. Methods of producing the fusion proteins and using the fusion proteins to treat metabolic disorders are also provided.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

GDF15, a member of the TGFI3 family, is a secreted protein that circulates in plasma as a 25 kDa homodimer. Plasma levels of GDF15 range between 150 and 1150 pg/ml in most individuals (Tsai et al., J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012, 3: 239-243). Plasma levels of GDF15 are increased under conditions of injury, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. This upregulation is thought to be a cytoprotective mechanism. High plasma levels of GDF15 are associated with weight loss due to anorexia and cachexia in cancer, and in renal and heart failure. In a clinical trial, GDF15 levels were an independent predictor of insulin resistance in obese, non-diabetic subjects (Kempf et al., Eur. J. Endo. 2012, 167: 671-678). A study in twins showed that the differences in levels of GDF15 within twin pairs correlated to the differences in BMI within that pair, suggesting that GDF15 serves as a long-term regulator of energy homeostasis (Tsai et al., PLoS One. 2015,10(7):e0133362).


While GDF15 has been extensively studied as a biomarker for several cardiovascular and other disease states, a protective role for GDF15 has also been described in myocardial hypertrophy and ischemic injury (Collinson, Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2014, 29: 366-371; Kempf et al., Nat. Med. 2011, 17: 581-589; Xu et al., Circ Res. 2006, 98:342-50). GDF15 was shown to play an important role in protection from renal tubular and interstitial damage in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Mazagova et al., Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2013; 305: F1249-F1264). GDF15 is proposed to have a protective effect against age-related sensory and motor neuron loss, and it improves recovery consequent to peripheral nerve damage (Strelau et al., Neurosci. 2009, 29: 13640-13648; Mensching et al., Cell Tissue Res. 2012, 350: 225-238). In fact, GDF15 transgenic mice were shown to have a longer lifespan than their littermate controls, which can indicate that this molecule serves as a long-term survival factor (Wang et al., Aging. 2014, 6: 690-700).


Numerous reports have demonstrated the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mouse models upon treatment with GDF15 protein. Two independent strains of transgenic mice overexpressing GDF15 have decreased body weight and fat mass, as well as improved glucose tolerance (Johnen et al., Nat. Med. 2007, 13:1333-1340; Macia et al., PLoS One. 2012, 7:e34868; Chrysovergis et al., Int. J. Obesity. 2014, 38: 1555-1564). Increases in whole-body energy expenditure and oxidative metabolism were reported in GDF15 transgenic mice (Chrysovergis et al., 2014, Id.). These were accompanied by an increase in thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue and an increase in lipolytic gene expression in white adipose tissue. Mice lacking the GDF15 gene have increased body weight and fat mass (Tsai et al., PLoS One. 2013, 8(2):e55174). An Fc-fusion of GDF15 was shown to decrease body weight and improve glucose tolerance as well as insulin sensitivity in an obese cynomolgus monkey model when administered weekly over a period of six weeks (WO 2013/113008).


The effects of GDF15 on body weight are thought to be mediated via the reduction of food intake and increased energy expenditure. GDF15 may improve glycemic control via body weight-dependent and independent mechanisms.


Together, these observations suggest that increasing levels of GDF15 can be beneficial as a therapy for metabolic diseases. There is a need in the art for GDF15-based compositions that can be used to treat or prevent metabolic diseases, disorders, or conditions.


BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention satisfies this need by providing fusion proteins of GDF15 that demonstrate increased solubility/stability and exhibit features that indicate they can be used to treat or prevent metabolic diseases, disorders, or conditions. Such features include, for example, decreased body weight, increased glucose tolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity of a subject administered with a fusion protein according to an embodiment of the invention.


In one general aspect, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising: (a) a half-life extension protein, (b) a linker, and (c) a GDF15 protein, wherein the fusion protein is arranged from N-terminus to C-terminus in the order (a)-(b)-(c).


In an embodiment of the invention, the GDF15 protein is a human GDF15 protein or a functional variant thereof In particular embodiments, the GDF15 protein comprises a mature GDF15 protein or functional variant thereof. In more particular embodiments, the GDF15 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6-11. In other particular embodiments, the GDF15 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, such as an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-11.


In an embodiment of the invention, the half life extension protein is human serum albumin (HSA) or a functional variant thereof. In particular embodiments, the half life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In other particular embodiments, the half life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.


In an embodiment of the invention, the linker is a flexible linker. In particular embodiments, the flexible linker contains the sequence (GGGGS)n wherein n is 2 to 20, preferably 4 to 10 (SEQ ID NO: 129). In another embodiment of the invention, the linker of the fusion protein is a structured linker. In particular embodiments, the structured linker contains the sequence (AP)n (SEQ ID NO: 144) or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 130), wherein n is 2 to 20, preferably 4 to 10.


In embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-60 or 64-75. In particular embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-60, and 70. In more particular embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a method of obtaining a fusion protein of the invention. The method comprises: (1) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein under a condition that the fusion protein is produced, and (2) recovering the fusion protein produced by the host cell.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disease, disorder or condition, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject subcutaneously or intravenously.


According to embodiments of the invention, a method of treating a metabolic disorder selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis, in a subject in need thereof, comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-60, and 70 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


Other aspects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following disclosure, including the detailed description of the invention and its preferred embodiments and the appended claims.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments shown in the drawings.


In the drawings:



FIGS. 1A and 1B show the crystal structure of GDF15 (SEQ ID NO: 6), where the disulfide pairing of the first and second Cysteine residues (C1-C2) formed a loop at the N terminus of the protein, also shown is the crystal structure of TGF433 (SEQ ID NO: 139) for comparison.



FIG. 2 shows the effects of subcutaneous administration of fusion proteins according to embodiments of the invention, e.g., fusion proteins FP1 (SEQ ID NO: 60) and 6xHis-FP1 (SEQ ID NO: 26 with a 6xHis tag attached at the N-terminus), on food intake in C57BL/6 mice, the cumulative food intake at 24 hours post-administration is depicted. Values shown within the bars are % reduction compared to vehicle (PBS) group±SEM; N=8 animals per group for all groups, except N=9 in FP1 16 nmol/kg group. *-p<0.05, as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 3 shows the effects of subcutaneous administration of FP1 and 6xHis-FP1 (SEQ ID NO: 26 with a 6xHis tag attached at the N-terminus) on food intake in Sprague-Dawley rats, the cumulative food intake at 48 hours post-administration is depicted. Values shown within the bars are % reduction compared to vehicle (PBS) group±SEM; N=8 animals per group. *-p<0.05, as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 4 shows the change in body weight of diet induced obese (DIO) mice during treatment with FP1. Arrows indicate time (days) of subcutaneous administration post initial dose (Day 0); N=8 animals per group. *-p<0.05, for FP1 1 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; #-p<0.05, for FP1 10 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIGS. 5A and 5B show the blood glucose levels in DIO mice during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after 14 days of dosing of FP1 every 3 days (q3d), the levels are expressed as the area under the curve. N=8 animals per group. *-p<0.05, for FP1 1 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 6 shows the fed blood glucose levels in DIO mice during treatment with FP1. N=8 animals per group. *-p<0.05, as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 7 shows the 4 hour fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in DIO mice after 14 days of treatment with FP1. N=8 animals per group. *-p<0.05, as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 8 shows the change in body weight in ob/ob mice during treatment with FP1 every 3 days (qd3). Arrows indicate time (days) of subcutaneous administration post initial dose (Day 0); N=9 animals per group. *-p<0.05, for FP1 10 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; #-p<0.05, for FP1 1 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 9 shows the blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice during treatment with FP1. Arrows indicate time (days) of subcutaneous administration post initial dose (Day 0); N=9 animals per group. *-p<0.05, for FP1 10 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; #-p<0.05, for FP1 1 nmol/kg group as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 10 shows the mean (±standard deviation, SD) of the serum drug concentration-time profile of FP1 following 2 mg/kg intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration in C57BI/6 mice.



FIG. 11 shows the mean (±SD) of the serum drug concentration-time profile of FP1 following 2 mg/kg IV and SC administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.



FIG. 12 shows the mean (±SD) of the serum drug concentration-time profile of FP1 following 1 mg/kg IV and SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys, as determined by immunoassays.



FIG. 13 shows the serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP1 as an intact dimer over time following a single IV administration in cynomolgus monkeys, as determined by immuno-affinity (IA) capture-LCMS analysis.



FIG. 14 shows the serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP1 as an intact dimer over time following a single SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys, as determined by immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis.



FIG. 15 shows the concentration of FP1, represented as a % of the starting concentration, after 0, 4, 24 and 48 hours of ex vivo incubation in plasma obtained from two human subjects (Sub), as determined by immunoassay.



FIG. 16 shows the average concentration of FP 1, represented as a % of time 0, as an intact dimer after 0, 4, 24 and 48 hours of ex vivo incubation in plasma obtained from two human subjects (Sub), as determined by intact mass immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis.



FIG. 17 shows acute food intake in lean C57BL6N male mice before and after the administration of various N-terminal deletion variants of GDF15. (SEQ ID NOs: 92, 111, and 112, compared to wild type fusion with no deletion (SEQ ID 26 with a 6xHis tag attached at the N-terminus). N=8 animals per group; *-p<0.05, as compared to vehicle; p values were calculated using Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 18 shows the effect of a single dose of FP2 on food intake in C57BL/6 mice; specifically, cumulative food intake at 24 hours post administration is shown. Values shown within the bars are % reduction compared to PBS group (mean+SEM); N=8 animals per group for all groups, except N=6 in 6xHis-FP1. **-p<0.01, ***-p<0.001, ****-p<0.0001; p values were calculated using Two-way ANOVA and Dunnetts's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 19 shows cumulative food intake measured in Sprague-Dawley rats at 24 hours post administration of a single dose of FP2. Values shown within the bars are % reduction compared to PBS group (mean+SEM); N=8 animals per group. **-p<0.01, p values were calculated using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.



FIG. 20 shows the percent change in body weight during treatment with FP2 q3d in DIO mice. Arrows indicate the time of subcutaneous injections of FP2; N=6 animals per group; *-p,0.05, as compared with the vehicle, using Two Way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons;



FIGS. 21A and 21B show the area under the curve (AUC) for the blood glucose concentration levels during an OGTT test after 14 days of q3d dosing of FP2 in DIO mice. *-p<0.05, using One Way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, using n=8 animals per group.



FIG. 22A shows the plasma insulin levels during an OGTT after 8 days of q3d dosing of FP2 in DIO mice. *-p<0.05, Vehicle vs. FP2 (0.3 nmol/kg); FP2 (10 nmol/kg); and Rosiglitazone. #-p<0.05, as compared to Rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), using Two Way RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test.



FIGS. 22B shows the AUC for the plasma insulin levels during an OGTT after 8 days of q3d dosing of FP2 in DIO mice. *-<0.05, as compared to Vehicle; #-p<0.05, as compared to Rosiglitazone.



FIG. 23 shows the fed blood glucose levels after 8 days of q3d dosing of FP2 in DIO mice. *-p<0.05, as compared to Vehicle, using Two Way RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, n=8 animals per group.



FIG. 24 shows fasting HOMA-IR after 14 days of treatment with FP2 q3d, followed by 5-hour fast on Day 14, in DIO mice. *-p<0.05, as compared to Vehicle, using One Way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, for n=8 animals per group.



FIG. 25 shows serum concentrations of FP2 following 2 mg/kg intravenous (IV) and 2 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) administration in C57B1/6 mice. Values represent mean±SD (n=5 samples per timepoint).



FIG. 26 shows serum concentrations of FP2 following 2 mg/kg intravenous (IV) and 2 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) administration in Sprague Dawley rats. N=5 samples per time point.



FIG. 27 shows plasma concentrations of FP2 in cynomolgus monkeys analyzed by immunoassay. Values represent mean±SD of n=3, except n=2 for IV at day 22 (528 hr). IV—intravenous, SC—subcutaneous.



FIG. 28 shows plasma concentrations of FP2 as intact dimer in cynomolgus monkeys analyzed by LCMS. Values represent mean±SEM of n=3, except n=2 for subcutaneous (SC) at 168 hours, n=1 for SC at 120 hours and 432 hours, and n=1 for IV—intravenous at 168 hours and 432 hours.



FIG. 29 shows ex vivo stability of FP2 (Normalized Percent Recovery) over 48 hours in human plasma measured by immunoassay.



FIG. 30 shows ex vivo stability of FP2 (Normalized Percent Recovery) over 48 hours in human plasma measured by intact LC/MS.



FIG. 31 shows concentration response curves for FP2 and HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer using pAKT Assays in SK-N-AS cells expressing recombinant human GFRAL receptor (N=3).



FIG. 32 shows daily food intake (g) prior to and following a single dose of FP1 in cynomolgus monkeys. *-p<0.05 for 10mg/kg of FP1 as compared to vehicle.



FIG. 33 shows percent body weight change prior to and following a single dose of FP1 in cynomolgus monkeys. *-p<0.05 for 10mg/kg FP1 as compared to vehicle; #-p<0.05 for 3mg/kg as compared to vehicle using Two Way RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, for n=8 animals per group.



FIG. 34 shows daily food intake (g) prior to and following a single dose of FP2 in cynomolgus monkeys. *-p<0.05, as compared to Vehicle, using Two Way RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, for n=8 animals per group.



FIG. 35 shows percent body weight change prior to and following a single dose of FP2 in cynomolgus monkeys. *-p<0.05, for 10 nmol/kg of FP2 as compared to Vehicle, #-p<0.05, for 3 nmol/kg of FP2 as compared to Vehicle, & -p<0.05, for 1 nmol/kg of FP2 as compared to Vehicle, using Two Way RM ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test, for n=8 animals per group.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various publications, articles and patents are cited or described in the background and throughout the specification; each of these references is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is for the purpose of providing context for the invention. Such discussion is not an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art with respect to any inventions disclosed or claimed.


Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Otherwise, certain terms used herein have the meanings as set in the specification. All patents, published patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.


The invention relates to a fusion protein comprising (a) a half life-extension protein, (b) a linker, and (c) a GDF15 protein, wherein the fusion protein is arranged from N-terminus to C-terminus in the order (a)-(b)-(c).


It is found that a fusion protein according to an embodiment of the invention, comprising a half life-extension protein, a linker, and a GDF15 protein, results in an increased half life of the GDF15 protein, and fusion proteins of the invention exhibit metabolic effects that demonstrate their suitability as therapeutics for treating and preventing metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions. Such effects include, but are not limited to, decreasing body weight, increasing glucose tolerance, and improving insulin sensitivity of animals administered with the fusion proteins.


As used herein, the term “fusion protein” refers to a protein having two or more portions covalently linked together, where each of the portions is derived from different proteins.


Fusion proteins according to embodiments of the invention can include any GDF15 protein. As used herein, the term “GDF15 protein” refers to any naturally-occurring wild-type growth differentiation factor 15 protein or a functional variant thereof. The GDF15 protein can be from any mammal, such as a human or another suitable mammal, such as a mouse, rabbit, rat, pig, dog, or a primate. In particular embodiments, the GDF15 protein is a human GDF15 protein or a functional variant thereof. In preferred embodiments, the GDF15 protein is a mature GDF15 protein or a functional variant thereof.


As used herein, the term “mature GDF15 protein” refers to the portion of the pre-pro-protein of GDF15 that is released from the full-length protein following intracellular cleavage at the RXXR furin-like cleavage site. Mature GDF15 proteins are secreted as homodimers linked by disulfide bonds. In one embodiment of the invention, a mature GDF15 protein, shorthand GDF15(197-308) (SEQ ID NO: 6), contains amino acids 197-308 of a full-length human GDF15 protein.


As used herein, “functional variant” refers to a variant of a parent protein having substantial or significant sequence identity to the parent protein and retains at least one of the biological activities of the parent protein. A functional variant of a parent protein can be prepared by means known in the art in view of the present disclosure. A functional variant can include one or more modifications to the amino acid sequence of the parent protein. The modifications can change the physico-chemical properties of the polypeptide, for example, by improving the thermal stability of the polypeptide, altering the substrate specificity, changing the pH optimum, and the like. The modifications can also alter the biological activities of the parent protein, as long as they do not destroy or abolish all of the biological activities of the parent protein.


According to embodiments of the invention, a functional variant of a parent protein comprises a substitution, preferably a conservative amino acid substitution, to the parent protein that does not significantly affect the biological activity of the parent protein. Conservative substitutions include, but are not limited to, amino acid substitutions within the group of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine). Non-standard or unnatural amino acids (such as 4-hydroxyproline, 6-N-methyl lysine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, isovaline, and alpha-methyl serine) can also be used to substitute standard amino acid residues in a parent protein.


According to other embodiments of the invention, a functional variant of a parent protein comprises a deletion and/or insertion of one or more amino acids to the parent protein. For example, a functional variant of a mature GDF15 protein can include a deletion and/or insertion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more amino acids to the mature GDF15 protein, preferably, a deletion of 1 to 30 amino acids at the N-terminus of the mature GDF15 protein.


According to yet other embodiments of the invention, a functional variant of a parent protein comprises a substitution, preferably a conservative amino acid substitution, and a deletion and/or insertion, preferably a small deletion and/or insertion of amino acids, to the parent protein.


According to embodiments of the invention, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a GDF15 protein that has an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of a mature GDF15, such as GDF15(197-308) (SEQ ID NO: 6); or an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of a mature GDF15 truncated at the N-terminus, such as GDF15(200-308) (SEQ ID NO: 7), GDF15(201-308) (SEQ ID NO: 8), GDF15(202-308) (SEQ ID NO: 9), GDF15(203-308) (SEQ ID NO: 10), or GDF15(211-308) (SEQ ID NO: 11). The GDF15 protein can have at least one of substitutions, insertions and deletions to SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, as long as it maintains at least one of the biological activities of the GDF15 protein, such as its effects on food intake, blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and body weight, etc.


In particular embodiments, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a GDF15 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, including but not limited to, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.


Any suitable half life extension protein can be used in fusion proteins according to embodiments of the invention. As used herein, the term “half life extension protein” can be any protein or fragment thereof that is known to extend the half life of proteins to which it is fused. Examples of such half life extension proteins include, but are not limited to, human serum albumin (HSA), the constant fragment domain (Fc) of an immunoglobulin (Ig), or transferrin (Tf). In embodiments of the invention, the half life extension protein comprises HSA or a functional variant thereof. In particular embodiments of the invention, the half life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the half life extension protein comprises HSA or functional variant thereof wherein the cysteine residue at position 34 of the HSA has been replaced by serine or alanine.


In particular embodiments, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a half life extension protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.


Any suitable linker can be used in fusion proteins according to embodiments of the invention. As used herein, the term “linker” refers to a linking moiety comprising a peptide linker. Preferably, the linker helps insure correct folding, minimizes steric hindrance and does not interfere significantly with the structure of each functional component within the fusion protein. In some embodiments of the invention, the peptide linker comprises 2 to 120 amino acids. For example, the peptide linker comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 or 120 amino acids.


In embodiments of the invention, the linker increases the flexibility of the fusion protein components. In particular embodiments of the invention, the linker can be a flexible linker comprising the sequence (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 129), including but not limited to, GS-(GGGGS)n SEQ ID NO: 142 or AS-(GGGGS)n-GT SEQ ID NO: 143, wherein n is 2 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.


In other embodiments of the invention, the linker is structured. In particular embodiments of the invention, the linker can be a structured linker comprising the sequence (AP)n (SEQ ID NO: 144) or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 130), including but not limited to, AS-(AP)n-GT (SEQ ID NO: 145) or AS-(EAAAK)n-GT (SEQ ID NO: 140), wherein n is 2 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. In other embodiments of the invention, the linker comprises the sequences (GGGGA)n (SEQ ID NO: 131), (PGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 132), (AGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 133) or GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)n-GGS (SEQ ID NO: 134) wherein n is 2 to 20.


In embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-56, 59-60 or 64-75. In particular embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-56, 59-60 and 64-75. In more particular embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-56, 55-56, 59-60, and 70. In further more particular embodiments of the invention, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 60 or SEQ ID NO: 26. The fusion protein can also include small extension(s) at the amino- or carboxyl-terminal end of the protein, such as a tag that facilitates purification, such as a poly-histidine tag, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain.


The fusion proteins disclosed herein can be characterized or assessed for GDF15 biological activities including, but not limited to effects on food intake, oral glucose tolerance tests, measurements of blood glucose levels, insulin resistance analysis, changes in body weight, pharmacokinetic analysis, toxicokinetic analysis, immunoassays and mass spec analysis of the level and stability of full-length fusion proteins, and human plasma ex vivo stability analysis.


The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention. In embodiments of the invention, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-56, 59-60 or 64-75. In particular embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-31, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-56, 59-60 and 64-75. In more particular embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-56, 59-60, and 70. In further more particular embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 76-91.


According to other embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein can be in an expression vector. Expression vectors include, but are not limited to, vectors for recombinant protein expression and vectors for delivery of nucleic acids into a subject for expression in a tissue of the subject, such as viral vectors. Examples of viral vectors suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, lentiviral vectors, etc. The vector can also be a non-viral vector. Examples of non-viral vectors include, but are not limited to plasmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes, bacteriophages, etc. The vector can include any element to establish a conventional function of an expression vector, for example, a promoter, ribosome binding element, terminator, enhancer, selection marker, or an origin of replication.


According to other embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein can be codon optimized for improved recombinant expression from a desired host cell, such as Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using methods known in the art in view of the present disclosure.


The invention also provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention. Host cells include, but are not limited to, host cells for recombinant protein expression and host cells for delivery of the nucleic acid into a subject for expression in a tissue of the subject. Examples of host cells suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to HEK or CHO cells.


In another general aspect, the invention relates to a method of obtaining a fusion protein of the invention. In a general aspect, the method comprises: (1) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein under a condition that the fusion protein is produced, and (2) recovering the fusion protein produced by the host cell. The fusion protein can be purified further using methods known in the art.


In some embodiments, the fusion protein is expressed in host cells and purified therefrom using a combination of one or more standard purification techniques, including, but not limited to, affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and dialysis. Preferably, the fusion protein is purified to be free of any proteases.


The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


The invention further provides a composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of the invention can comprise a delivery vehicle for introduction of the nucleic acid molecule into a cell for expression of the fusion protein. Examples of nucleic acid delivery vehicles include liposomes, biocompatible polymers, including natural polymers and synthetic polymers, lipoproteins, polypeptides, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, artificial viral envelopes, metal particles, and bacteria, viruses, such as baculoviruses, adenoviruses and retroviruses, bacteriophages, cosmids, plasmids, fungal vectors and other recombination vehicles typically used in the art which have been described for expression in a variety of eukaryotic hosts.


The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, buffer, stabilizer or other materials known to those skilled in the art. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, one or more of water, saline, buffer, isotonic agents such as sugars, polyalcohols, auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, as well as combinations thereof. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient at the dosages and concentrations employed. The precise nature of the carrier or other material can depend on the route of administration, e.g., intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, intravenous, cutaneous, intramucosal (e.g., gut), intranasal or intraperitoneal routes. For example, liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally include a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol can also be included. Compositions for parenteral administration can be stored in lyophilized form or in a solution, and are generally placed into a container having a sterile access port, such as an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.


According to embodiments of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition can comprise one or more additional components, such as another active ingredient.


The invention also relates to kits comprising a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The kits can contain a first container having a dried fusion protein of the invention and a second container having an aqueous solution to be mixed with the dried fusion protein prior to administration to a subject, or a single container containing a liquid pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The kit can contain a single-dose administration unit or multiple dose administration units of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The kit can also include one or more pre-filled syringes (e.g., liquid syringes and lyosyringes). A kit can also comprise instructions for the use thereof. The instructions can describe the use and nature of the materials provided in the kit, and can be tailored to the precise metabolic disorder being treated.


The invention also relates to use of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to treat or prevent a metabolic disease, disorder or condition, such as type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis. According to embodiments of the invention, a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disease, disorder or condition in a subject in need of the treatment comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be used in a method of the invention, including pharmaceutical compositions comprising a fusion protein of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein.


As used herein, “subject” means any animal, particularly a mammal, most particularly a human, who will be or has been treated by a method according to an embodiment of the invention. The term “mammal” as used herein, encompasses any mammal. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, non-human primates (NHPs) such as monkeys or apes, humans, etc., more particularly a human.


A “metabolic disease, disorder or condition” refers to any disorder related to abnormal metabolism. Examples of metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions that can be treated according to a method of the invention include, but are not limited to, type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis.


The terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment” as used herein refer to administering a composition to a subject to achieve a desired therapeutic or clinical outcome in the subject. In one embodiment, the terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment” refer to administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to reduce, alleviate or slow the progression or development of a metabolic disorder, such as type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis.


The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a therapeutically active compound needed to elicit the desired biological or clinical effect. According to embodiments of the invention, “a therapeutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. A therapeutically effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. In terms of a disease state, an effective amount is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stabilize, or delay development of a disease. According to specific embodiments of the invention, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount of a fusion protein needed to treat or prevent a metabolic disease, disorder or condition, such as type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis.


According to embodiments of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered to a subject by any method known to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure, such as by intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, intravenous, cutaneous, intramucosal (e.g., gut), intranasal or intraperitoneal route of administration. In particular embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is administered to a subject by intravenous injection or subcutaneous injection.


Parameters such as the dosage amount, frequency of administration, and duration of administration of a pharmaceutical composition to a subject according to an embodiment of the invention are not limited in any particular way. The optimum values of such parameters can depend on a variety of factors, such as the subject to be treated, the particular metabolic disease to be treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, etc., and one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine the optimum values for such parameters in order to achieve the desired therapeutic or clinical outcome. For example, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered once per day, or more than once per day, such as twice, three times, four times, etc. A typical dosage can range from about 0.1 μg/kg to up to about 100 mg/kg or more of the fusion protein, depending on the factors such as those mentioned above.


EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment 1 is a fusion protein comprising: (a) a half-life extension protein, (b) a linker, and (c) a GDF15 protein; wherein the fusion protein is arranged from N-terminus to C-terminus in the order (a)-(b)-(c).


Embodiment 2 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 1, wherein the GDF15 protein is a human GDF15 protein or a functional variant thereof


Embodiment 3 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 1, wherein the GDF15 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-11.


Embodiment 4 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 1, wherein the GDF15 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.


Embodiment 5 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 4, wherein the GDF15 protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-11.


Embodiment 6 is a fusion protein according to any of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the half-life extension protein comprises human serum albumin (HSA) or a functional variant thereof.


Embodiment 7 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 6, wherein the half-life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.


Embodiment 8 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 7, wherein the half-life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.


Embodiment 9 is a fusion protein according to any of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the linker is a flexible linker.


Embodiment 10 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 9, wherein the linker comprises the sequence (GGGGS)n, wherein n is 2 to 20 (SEQ ID NO: 129), such as GS-(GGGGS)x8 (SEQ ID NO: 12) or AS-(GGGGS)x8—GT (SEQ ID NO: 141).


Embodiment 11 is a fusion protein according to any of Embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the linker is a structured linker.


Embodiment 12 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 11, wherein the linker comprises the sequence (AP)n (SEQ ID NO: 144) or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 130), wherein n is 2 to 20, such as AS-(AP)n-GT (SEQ ID NO: 145) or AS-(EAAAK)n-GT (SEQ ID NO: 140).


Embodiment 13 is a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-31, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-60 or 64-75.


Embodiment 14 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 13, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, 25-31, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-60 and 64-75.


Embodiment 15 is a fusion protein according to Embodiment 14, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-60, and 70.


Embodiment 16 is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15.


Embodiment 17 is an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 76-91.


Embodiment 18 is an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of Embodiment 16 or 17.


Embodiment 19 is a host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of Embodiment 16 or 17.


Embodiment 20 is a method of producing the fusion protein of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15, comprising: (1) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein under a condition that the fusion protein is produced; and (2) recovering the fusion protein produced by the host cell.


Embodiment 21 is a method according to Embodiment 20, wherein the recovering step comprises purifying the fusion protein to remove proteases.


Embodiment 22 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


Embodiment 23 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


Embodiment 24 is a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 22 or 23.


Embodiment 25 is a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to any of Embodiments 22 and 23.


Embodiment 26 is a method according to Embodiment 25, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis.


Embodiment 27 is a method according to Embodiment 25 or 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject subcutaneously or intravenously.


Embodiment 28 is a method of treating a metabolic disorder selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising subcutaneously or intravenously administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 40, 55-60, and 70 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


Embodiment 29 is a method of treating a metabolic disorder selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.


Embodiment 30 is a method of any one of Embodiments 25 to 29, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject intravenously or subcutaneously.


Embodiment 31 is a fusion protein of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 for use in treating or preventing a metabolic disorder selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, or rheumatoid arthritis.


EXAMPLES

The following examples of the invention are to further illustrate the nature of the invention. It should be understood that the following examples do not limit the invention and that the scope of the invention is to be determined by the appended claims.


Example 1: Design of Fusion Molecules Comprising GDF15-Effect of GDF15 Truncations

Like other TGFβ family members, GDF15 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that forms a dimer in the endoplasmic reticulum and undergoes furin cleavage to produce secreted mature GDF15 (amino acids 197-308). The secreted mature GDF15 homodimer is about 25 k Daltons, and each monomer has the potential to form up to 4 intramolecular disulfide bonds with a single intermolecular disulfide linking the homodimer components.


The crystal structure of GDF15 was determined in the invention and is depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The crystal structure shows that the C-terminus of the mature GDF15 is buried in the dimer interface, while the N-terminus is exposed. This exposed terminus allows for the linkage of fusion proteins, such as half life extension proteins, to the N-terminus of GDF15.


The crystal structure also depicts the novel disulfide paring pattern of GDF15 cysteine residues. While TGFβ1 has C1-C3 and C2-C7 pairing (i.e., pairing between its first and third cysteine residues as well as between its second and seventh cysteine residues), GDF15 has C1-C2 and C3-C7 pairing (see FIGS. 1A and 1B). This unique disulfide pairing results in a loop formed by the C1-C2 pairing that is located at the N-terminus of the protein and away from the cysteine knot that contains other disulfide bonds. The structure predicts that the N-terminus of GDF15 may not be critical for dimer formation or overall protein folding, and that GDF15 and N-terminal fusion molecules thereof may be tolerable to N-terminal deletions that delete C1 and C2, residues within the C1-C2 loop, or even residues C-terminal to C2.


Example 2: Design of Fusion Molecules Comprising GDF15 —Effect of the Linker

Different linkers between the HSA molecule and the GDF15 molecule were evaluated. Both flexible linkers, containing the sequence (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 129), and structured linkers, containing the sequence (AP)n (SEQ ID NO: 144) or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 130), wherein n is 2 to 20, were evaluated.


Fusion proteins comprising the different linkers were compared for their biophysical properties, their effect on the efficacy of food intake in lean mice, their mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) values, and their ex vivo stability in human blood. The results of tested linker variants are shown in Table 1. The molecule comprising SEQ ID NO: 31, which contained the (EAAAK)8 (SEQ ID NO: 138) linker, showed aggregation by HPLC. The remaining seven linker variants in Table 1 demonstrated no aggregation.









TABLE 1







Summary of linker variant analysis











SEQ


Good
Ex vivo


ID

Aggre-
Mouse
stability in


NO*
Linker of
gation
PK (WT)
human blood














25
AS(GGGGS)2GT
No
Yes
Yes





5
GS(GGGGS)4
No
Yes
Yes





26
AS(GGGGS)8GT
No
Yes
Yes





27
AS(AP)5GT
No
Yes
Yes





28
AS(AP)10GT
No
Yes
Yes





29
AS(AP)20GT
No
Yes
Yes





30
AS(EAAAK)4GT
No
Yes
Yes





31
AS(EAAAK)8GT
YES
Not
Not tested





tested





*-6xHis tag was attached at the N-terminus for purification purpose






Linker stability was also evaluated for these variants by in vivo studies in mice and by ex vivo stability studies in human whole blood and plasma samples. Two forms of detection were used to analyze the results from these studies. An immunoassay with anti-GDF15 capture and anti-HSA detection antibody pairs was used to evaluate how intact the linker was by measuring the presence of both molecules on either side of the linker. A broader picture of the whole-molecule integrity was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis using different surrogate peptide sequences from both HSA and GDF15 . The immunoassay demonstrated a stable PK profile for all of the linker variants and no loss of spiked plasma sample concentration for any of the linker variants observed over 48 hours. The LC-MS results were consistent with the immunoassay showing that the surrogate peptides from different parts of the HSA and GDF15 molecules were intact. The PK profile of the linker variants analyzed by LC-MS using surrogate peptides showed a similar trend for different linker variants, where they all had detectable levels at day 7. All the variants in Table 1 except for SEQ ID 31 had desirable biophysical properties and PK values.


The linker variants were evaluated for their in vivo activity by carrying out food intake studies in lean mice. Table 2 shows the influence of the linker variants on the efficacy of the fusion protein in decreasing food intake. There was a clear influence of the linker on the efficacy. With regard to the flexible (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 129) linkers, an increase in the linker length from 2 to 4 to 8 dramatically increased the fusion protein efficacy. For the more rigid (AP)n (SEQ ID NO: 144) linkers, the trend was less obvious, suggesting that the degree of freedom of the GDF15 molecule within the fusion protein plays a critical role in its efficacy.









TABLE 2







Effect of the linker on the in vivo efficacy of 


HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins in lean mice









SEQ ID

% Decrease in


NO*
Linker
food intake (mean)












25
AS(GGGGS)2GT
28.8





5
GS(GGGGS)4
40.5





26
AS(GGGGS)8GT
60.7





27
AS(AP)5GT
48.2





28
AS(AP)10GT
66.2





29
AS(AP)20GT
55.1





30
AS(EAAAK)4GT
51.9





*-6xHis tag was attached at the N-terminus for purification purpose






Example 3: Design of Fusion Molecules Comprising GDF15 —Effect of HSA Mutations

Recombinant proteins with the half life extension protein human serum albumin fused to the N-terminus of GDF15 through a linker were designed. This design should allow for the GDF15 dimerization interface to remain unperturbed and allow for the formation of the native inter-chain disulfide linkages, resulting in a GDF15 homodimer with HSA fusion extended from each GDF15 arm. With this approach, only a single gene is required to generate the HSA-GDF15 homodimer.


Native human serum albumin protein contains 35 cysteine (Cys, C) residues that form 17 disulfide bonds, with the Cys-34 residue being the only free cysteine in the molecule. This free Cys-34 has been shown to function as a free radical scavenger, by trapping multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This free Cys was thus mutated to minimize the risk of heterogeneity due to oxidation.


The free cysteine at position 34 of HSA was mutated to either serine or alanine, and the GDF15 fusion molecules with either a HSA(C34S) or a HSA(C34A) mutation were analyzed. Both of the molecules were purified using a three-step purification method: (i) ion-exchange chromatography, (ii) hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and (iii) size-exclusion chromatography. When they were first generated, HPLC analysis showed that both molecules were pure and aggregation-free (Table 3).


However, two weeks after its generation, the fusion protein containing the HSA(C34A) mutation (comprising SEQ ID NO: 48) showed aggregation by HPLC, while the fusion protein containing the HSA(C34S) mutation (SEQ ID NO: 40) remained aggregation-free after four weeks.









TABLE 3







The influence of mutating HSA C34 on fusion protein aggregation












% aggregation
% aggregation



HSA
when
2 weeks post


SEQ ID NO
mutation
purified
purification













40
C34S
0
0


48
C34A
0
33.29









Example 4: Protease Cleavage Propensity on GDF15

It was observed by the inventors that the arginine residue at amino acid position 198 of GDF15 (R198) is susceptible to protease degradation within the HSA-GDF15 fusion molecules. Such degradation results in a heterogeneous population and is undesirable for therapeutic compositions. The cleavage can be prevented by a protease inhibitor cocktail. Purification methods were investigated for the removal of the protease. Table 4 lists the two types of HSA affinity columns that were tested for purification of HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins, as measured by HPLC. At the time of purification, the HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins purified by both methods were 100% pure and intact. At low concentrations (2-5 mg/ml), proteins purified by both methods remained intact for the entire test period of 4 weeks. However, at high concentrations (40-50 mg/ml), only the antibody-based HSA resin (CaptureSelect) produced protease-free proteins that remain intact for the entire 4 week test period. The HSA-ligand-based resin (Albupure) generated proteins that were intact initially but demonstrated degradation over time when stored at high concentrations. Adding a protease inhibitor cocktail (PI) and EDTA completely arrested the degradation of the high concentration HSA-GDF15 fusion protein batch purified using the Albupure resin. Thus, the purification method plays a critical role in generating a stable therapeutic composition. Corresponding degradation was not observed in vivo or ex vivo, suggesting that once the therapeutic composition has been made protease-free, degradation of the fusion proteins is not an issue in vivo. Therefore, purification methods that can effectively remove potential proteases during production, such as those using the CaptureSelect resin, are key to successfully manufacturing GDF15 therapeutics that are homogenous, intact and stable.









TABLE 4







Protease cleavage of the HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins can be eliminated


by sample purification methods









% degraded population of HSA-


Condition
GDF15 (SEQ ID 60)
















+PI/
WEEK
WEEK
WEEK
WEEK



Concentration
Resin
EDTA
0
1
2
3
WEEK 4

















Low
Capture
No
0
0
0
0
0



Select








Low
Albupure
No
0
0
0
0
0


High
Capture
No
0
0
0
0
0



Select








High
Albupure
No
0
3.04
9.47
11.57
13.89


High
Capture
Yes
0
0
0
0
0



Select








High
Albupure
Yes
0
0
0
0
0









Example 5: N-Terminal Deletion Variants of GDF15

The GDF15 crystal structure depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B predicts that the N- terminus of GDF15 involved in the deletion variants is not critical for dimer formation and overall protein folding. It also predicts that such N-terminal deletions should not affect any potential receptor interaction. HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins comprising various deletions of the N terminal of GDF15 were tested for in vivo activity.


GDF15 N-terminal deletion variants were designed that removed the protease cleavage site at GDF15 (R198). Immediately following the R198 residue, there is a potential deamidation site at residues N199-G200, and substrate deamidation is also not favored in therapeutic compositions. GDF15 N-terminal deletions can remove both the proteolytic cleavage site and the deamidation sites simultaneously. The resulting GDF15 deletion variants that were incorporated into fusion proteins with HSA included GDF15 (201-308; SEQ ID NO: 8), GDF15 (202-308; SEQ ID NO: 9), and GDF15 (211-308; SEQ ID NO: 11). In vivo studies in mice showed that the N-terminal deletion variants of GDF15 are still active in reducing food intake (FIG. 17). The experimental results confirmed that such GDF15 N-terminal deletion variants express properly, form appropriate dimers, and are active in vivo.


Example 6: Inactive Mutants of GDF15

Table 5 lists twelve mutants of GDF15 that were made to eliminate GDF15 in vivo activity and identify the functional epitope of GDF15. The mutants include five single mutants, two double mutants, and five triple mutants. HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins comprising these mutations were characterized for their biophysical properties and activities (Table 5). Out of the 12 mutants, one did not express and four formed aggregates over time, indicating that the mutations interrupt protein folding and biophysical properties. Of the remaining seven mutants, four of them contained a single mutation of GDF15, and these mutants were tested in mice for food intake reduction compared to wild type. Three of the single mutants (I89R, I89W and W32A) lost in vivo activity, while the remaining mutant (Q60W) is as active as the wild type. These results indicated that the I89R, I89W or W32A mutation interrupts the interaction of the receptor/co-receptor with GDF15, suggesting that the functional epitopes of GDF15 are around residues I89 and W32. The numbering of the mutation is based on the mature GDF15 present in fusion protein, e.g., “1” refers to the 1st amino acid of the mature GDF15 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and “89” refers to the 89th amino acid of the mature GDF15 protein.









TABLE 5







Summary of the biophysical properties and activities of fusion proteins


comprising GDF15 mutants










SEQ ID
Mutations




NO
in GDF15
Biophysical properties
Activities













5
Wild type
Expresses well, stable
Wild type





activity


64
I89R
Expresses well, stable
Complete loss of





activity


65
I89W
Expresses well, stable
Complete loss of





activity


66
L34A, S35A, R37A
Expresses well, stable



67
V87A, I89A, L98A
Expresses well, unstable



68
L34A, S35A, I89A
Expresses well, stable



69
V87A, I89A
Expresses well, stable



70
Q60W
Expresses well, stable
As active as





wild type


71
W32A
Expresses well, stable
Complete loss of





activity


72
W29A
Expresses well, unstable



73
Q60A, S64A, R67A
Expresses well, unstable



74
W29A, Q60A, I61A
Does not express



75
W29A, W32A
Expresses well, unstable





*6xHis tag was attached at the N-terminus for purification purpose






Example 7: Expression and Purification Methods

Expression


For expression of 20 ml and greater, the expression was done using HEK Expi293™ cells grown in Expi293™ Expression media. The cells were grown at 37° C. while shaking at 125 RPM with 8% CO2. The cells were transfected at 2.5×106 cells per ml using the Expi293™ Expression Kit. For each liter of cells transfected, 1 mg of total DNA was diluted in 25 ml of Opti-MEM, and 2.6 ml of Expi293™ reagent was diluted in 25 ml of Opti-MEM and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The diluted DNA and diluted Expi293 reagent were combined and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. The DNA complex was then added to the cells. The cells were placed in the shaking incubator overnight. The day after transfection, 5 ml of Enhancer 1 from the kit was diluted into 50 ml of Enhancer 2 from the kit, and the total volume of the two Enhancers was added to the cells. The transfected cells were placed back into the incubator for 4 days until they were harvested. The cells were concentrated by centrifugation at 6,000 g for 30 minutes and then filtered with a 0.2 μm filter before the purification step.


The expression was also done in CHO cells. The plasmid was purified and characterized. Prior to transfection, 1 aliquot of 200 μg of plasmid DNA containing the coding region of HSA-GDF15 was linearized by restriction enzyme digestion with Acl I. The digestion with this restriction endonuclease ensures the removal of the ampicillin resistance gene. Two linearized 15 μg DNA aliquots were transfected into two 1×107 CHO cells (designated transfection pool A and B) using the BTX ECM 830 Electro Cell Manipulator (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA). Cells were electroporated 3 times at 250 volts with 15 millisecond pulse lengths and 5 second pulse intervals in a 4 mm gap cuvette. Transfected cells were transferred to MACH-1+L-glutamine in a shake flask and incubated for 1 day. Transfection pool A and transfection pool B were centrifuged, resuspended in MACH-1+MSX, and transferred to shake flasks to incubate for 6 days. Transfected HSA-protein fusion-producing cells from transfection pool A and transfection pool B were pooled and plated in methylcellulose on day 8 post-electroporation.


Purification


Two-step purification using CaptureSelect resin and size exclusion chromatography was used. Cell supernatants from transiently transfected Expi293™ cells were loaded onto a pre-equilibrated (PBS, pH 7.2) HSA CaptureSelect column (CaptureSelect Human Albumin Affinity Matrix from ThermoFisher Scientific) at an approximate capacity of 10 mg protein per ml of resin. After loading, unbound proteins were removed by washing the column with 10 column volumes (CV) of PBS pH7.2. The HSA-GDF15 that was bound to the column was eluted with 10 CV of 2 M MgCl2 in 20 mM Tris, pH 7.0. Peak fractions were pooled, filtered (0.2 μ), and dialyzed against PBS pH 7.2 at 4° C. After dialysis, the protein was filtered (0.2 μagain and concentrated to an appropriate volume before loading onto a 26/60 superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare). Protein fractions that eluted from the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column with high purity (determined by SDS-PAGE) were pooled. The concentration of protein was determined by the absorbance at 280 nm on a BioTek Synergy HTTM spectrophotometer. The quality of the purified proteins was assessed by SDS-PAGE and analytical size exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC, Dionex HPLC system). Endotoxin levels were measured using a LAL assay (Pyrotell®-T, Associates of Cape Cod).


Two-step purification using Albupure resin and SEC was also used. HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins were purified at room temperature using AlbuPure resin (ProMetic BioSciences Ltd) which utilizes an immobilized synthetic triazine ligand to selectively bind HSA. The expression supernatants were applied to the AlbuPure resin. The resin was then washed, first with 4 CV PBS pH 7.2 followed by 4 CV of 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl buffer. The HSA-GDF15 that was bound to the column was eluted with 4 CV of PBS pH 7.2 buffer containing 100 mM Na Octanoate. The protein-containing fractions were concentrated to a 10 mL volume using a 30,000 kDa molecular weight cutoff spin concentrator (Amicon) and then applied to a 26/60 Superdex S200 pg column (GE) that was equilibrated in PBS pH 7.2 buffer. SEC fractions containing HSA-GDF15 homodimer were identified via SDS-PAGE and pooled for analysis. The protein purities were assessed by SDS-PAGE and SE-HPLC.


The Examples 8-14, and 19 involve characterization of an exemplary fusion protein of the invention, which has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. This fusion protein is a fully recombinant protein that exists as a homodimer of a fusion of HSA with the mature human GDF15 through a 42-amino acid linker consisting of glycine and serine residues, GS-(GGGGS)8 (SEQ ID NO: 12). The predicted molecular weight of this fusion protein is 162,696 Daltons, and the single native free cysteine at position 34 of HSA has been mutated to serine. This particular HSA-GDF15 fusion protein will be referred to simply as “FP1” in the following examples, for simplicity. A 6xHis-tagged variant of FP1 (6xHis-FP1, SEQ ID NO: 26), containing an AS-(GGGGS)x 8-GT (SEQ ID NO: 141) linker, was used for comparison in some of the following examples.


Example 8: Effects of FP1 on the Food Intake of C57B1/6 Mice

The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the dose-responsive effect of FP1 on the inhibition of food intake in C57B1/6 mice.


Male C57B1/6 mice were acclimated for a minimum of 72 hours in BioDAQ cages. Mice were then grouped based on food intake in the previous 24 hours into six groups of eight. Between 4:00 and 5:00 pm, animals were weighed and dosed with vehicle or a composition comprising FP1 via subcutaneous injection. The change in food weight for each cage was recorded continuously by the BioDAQ system for a period of 48 hours after the injections. 6xHis-FP1 was used for comparison in this study.


The results (FIG. 2 and Table 6) were expressed as an average of cumulative food intake for a given time interval. The results indicated that subcutaneous administration of FP1 to C57BL/6 mice significantly inhibited food intake relative to vehicle-treated animals at all doses and time points tested. 6xHis-FP1 reduced food intake at the 8 nmol/kg dose.









TABLE 6







Effects of subcutaneous administration of FP1 on food intake in


C57BL/6 mice; Cumulative food intake at 12, 24 and 48 hours


post administration is shown


Cumulative Food Intake (g)










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
3.7 ± 0.2  
4.3 ± 0.1  
8.4 ± 0.3  


FP1, 1 nmol/kg
2.9 ± 0.1*  
3.4 ± 0.2** 
7.0 ± 0.3** 


FP1, 4 nmol/kg
2.3 ± 0.2****
3.1 ± 0.1****
6.6 ± 0.3*** 


FP1, 8 nmol/kg
2.1 ± 0.2****
3.2 ± 0.1*** 
6.4 ± 0.2****


FP1, 16 nmol/kg
1.7 ± 0.2****
2.7 ± 0.2****
6.2 ± 0.3****


6xHis-FP1, 8 nmol/kg
1.8 ± 0.2****
2.6 ± 0.2****
6.0 ± 0.2****





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS; **p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS; ***p ≤ 0.001, versus PBS; ****p ≤ 0.0001, versus PBS


One-Way ANOVA-Tukey's multiple comparisons test; n = 8/group






Example 9: Effects of FP1 on Food Intake in Sprague Dawley Rats

The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the dose-responsive effect of FP1 on the inhibition of food intake in Sprague Dawley rats.


Male Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimated for a minimum of 72 hours in the BioDAQ cages. Rats were then grouped based on food intake in the previous 24 hours into six groups of eight. Between 4:00 and 5:00 pm, animals were weighed and dosed with vehicle or a composition comprising the fusion protein via subcutaneous injection. The change in food weight for each cage was recorded continuously by the BioDAQ system, for a period of 48 hours after the injections. 6xHis-FP1 was used for comparison in this study.


The results are shown in FIG. 3 and Table 7. Subcutaneous administration of FP1 inhibited food intake at doses of 2.5 nmol/kg and 10 nmol/kg compared to vehicle-treated animals. The inhibition reached statistical significance only with the highest dose tested (10 nmol/kg) at 24 and 48 hours post-administration. 6xHis-FP1 reduced food intake at the 8 nmol/kg dose, and the effect was significant at 24 and 48 hours.









TABLE 7







Effects of subcutaneous administration of FP1 on food intake in


Sprague-Dawley rats; cumulative food intake at 12, 24 and 48


hours post administration is shown


Cumulative Food Intake (g)










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
20.6 ± 1.3
25.3 ± 1.3 
49.1 ± 2.1 


FP1, 0.1 nmol/kg
23.3 ± 1.4
26.9 ± 0.8 
52.8 ± 1.3 


FP1, 0.5 nmol/kg
22.6 ± 1.7
25.1 ± 1.0 
48.3 ± 1.8 


FP1, 2.5 nmol/kg
20.0 ± 1.4
22.0 ± 1.0 
44.6 ± 1.4 


FP1, 10 nmol/kg
18.7 ± 0.9
19.9 ± 1.0* 
39.9 ± 2.3* 


6xHis-FP1, 8 nmol/kg
17.0 ± 1.5
18.8 ± 1.4**
38.4 ± 2.5**





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS; **p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS


One-Way ANOVA-Tukey's multiple comparisons test; n = 8/group






Example 10: Effects of FP1 on Glucose Homeostasis and Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) Mice

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of FP1 on food intake, body weight, and glucose homeostasis throughout two weeks of treatment in DIO C57B1/6 mice.


Male DIO mice were weighed, and FP1 was dosed subcutaneously at 2 mL/kg every three days (q3d) at Day 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. The vehicle and rosiglitazone treatment groups were dosed with PBS on a similar regimen. The control rosiglitazone was provided in the diet at 0.015% ad libitum. Mouse and food weights were recorded daily. Glucose was measured using a glucometer (One Touch®Ultra®, Lifescan, Milpitas, Calif.). Fat and lean mass was quantitated in conscious mice by time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) using the Bruker Mini-Spec LF110. For an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), mice were fasted for 4 hours. Blood glucose was measured via tail snip at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post oral gavage administration of 2 g/kg glucose at 10 mL/kg. Insulin was measured at 0, 30, and 90 minutes post glucose administration.


At the end of the study, the mice were euthanized via CO2 inhalation, and a terminal blood sample was collected. Serum was placed into a 96 well plate on wet ice and then stored at −80° C. The liver was removed, and the fat content relative to the total mass of liver sections was assessed using TD-NMR with the Bruker Mini Spec mq60 according to the manufacturer's instructions.


The fasted homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated based on the product of fasted glucose (in mg/dL) and insulin (in mU/L) divided by a factor of 405.


Treatment of DIO mice with FP1 q3d at 1 nmol/kg and 10 nmol/kg reduced body weight (Table 8) and food intake (Table 9). The reductions reached statistical significance only at certain time points, as described below.


FP1 decreased body weight at doses of 1 (from day 2 to 14) and 10 nmol/kg (from day 1 to 14) in DIO mice (Table 8 and FIG. 4). A significant reduction in food intake was seen at days 1 and 2 of the study at the dose of 1 nmol/kg and at days 1, 8 and 9 at the 10 nmol/kg dose (Table 9).









TABLE 8







Body weight change (% of starting) during treatment with FP1


in DIO mice










Treat-





ment
Vehicle
FP1 (nmol/kg)
Rosiglitazone












Day
n/a
0.1
1
10
10 mpk/day















−2
  0.1 ± 0.2
−0.1 ± 0.4
  0.6 ± 0.4 
  0.2 ± 0.3 
0.1 ± 0.2 


−1
−0.8 ± 0.3
−0.2 ± 0.3
  0.4 ± 0.3 
−0.3 ± 0.4 
−0.9 ± 0.2   


0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0 
  0.0 ± 0.0 
0.0 ± 0.0 


1
  0.1 ± 0.2
−0.1 ± 0.4
−1.5 ± 0.5 
−2.8 ± 0.4*
1.9 ± 0.2 


2
  0.0 ± 0.3
−0.8 ± 0.5
−3.2 ± 0.4*
−3.1 ± 0.5*
2.2 ± 0.5 


3
−0.2 ± 0.4
−0.4 ± 0.4
−3.2 ± 0.6*
−4.0 ± 0.7*
2.6 ± 0.5 


4
−0.4 ± 0.5
−0.7 ± 0.5
−3.8 ± 0.6*
−4.4 ± 0.8*
3.0 ± 0.5*


5
−0.5 ± 0.4
−1.0 ± 0.3
−4.0 ± 0.5*
−4.6 ± 0.9*
3.8 ± 0.6*


6
−0.4 ± 0.6
−0.5 ± 0.5
−3.8 ± 0.4*
−5.6 ± 0.9*
4.0 ± 0.7*


7
−0.3 ± 0.5
−0.5 ± 0.5
−4.3 ± 0.6*
−6.1 ± 0.9*
5.5 ± 0.8*


8
−0.6 ± 0.5
−0.5 ± 0.5
−4.2 ± 0.6*
−6.7 ± 1.1*
6.1 ± 0.9*


9
−0.4 ± 0.5
−0.2 ± 0.5
−4.5 ± 0.6*
−7.2 ± 1.2*
7.0 ± 1.0*


10
−0.3 ± 0.5
  0.3 ± 0.5
−4.4 ± 0.8*
−7.8 ± 1.2*
7.8 ± 1.1*


11
−0.5 ± 0.5
  0.5 ± 0.4
−4.4 ± 0.8*
−7.9 ± 1.4*
8.2 ± 1.2*


12
−0.8 ± 0.6
  0.8 ± 0.5
−4.3 ± 1.0*
−7.9 ± 1.5*
8.5 ± 1.2*


13
−0.8 ± 0.6
  0.5 ± 0.5
−3.9 ± 0.9*
−8.7 ± 1.6*
8.6 ± 1.3*


14
−1.7 ± 0.6
−0.4 ± 0.5
−4.6 ± 1.0*
−9.0 ± 1.7*
7.6 ± 1.3*





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.













TABLE 9







Daily food intake (gm) during treatment with FP1 in DIO mice









Treatment











Vehicle
FP1 (nmol/kg)
Rosiglitazone












Day
n/a
0.1
1
10
10 mpk/day















−2
2.9 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.2
2.9 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1


0
3.0 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1


1
2.9 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.2*
1.5 ± 0.1*
3.6 ± 0.1*


2
3.0 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.1*
2.6 ± 0.2
3.9 ± 0.2*


3
2.8 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.1*


4
2.3 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.1
3.3 ± 0.1*


5
2.8 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
3.7 ± 0.2*


6
2.8 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.1
2.9 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.2
3.7 ± 0.2*


7
2.7 ± 0.1
2.9 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.1
3.8 ± 0.2*


8
2.7 ± 0.1
2.9 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.1*
3.5 ± 0.2*


9
3.0 ± 0.1
3.3 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.2*
4.3 ± 0.2*


10
2.6 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
3.6 ± 0.1*


11
2.9 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.1
2.7 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 0.2
3.4 ± 0.1*


12
2.7 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.2
3.6 ± 0.2*


13
2.6 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.2
3.2 ± 0.1*





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






In an OGTT performed on day 14 of the study, FP1 significantly lowered glucose levels compared to vehicle-treated animals at all time points after time 0 at all three doses tested (Table 10). This was further quantitated as total area under the curve (AUC) and delta AUC, which were significantly lower compared to vehicle for all three doses tested (Table 10 and FIGS. 5A and 5B).









TABLE 10







Blood glucose (mg/dL) levels during an OGTT after fourteen days of


q3d dosing of FP1 in DIO mice













Time after Glucose Challenge
Total AUC
Delta AUC



Dose
(min)
(mg/dL/120
(mg/dL/120















Treatment
(nmol/kg)
0
30
60
90
120
min)
min)





Vehicle
NA
209.6 ±
399.4 ±
338.5 ±
297.5 ±
269.3 ±
38244.4 ±
13089.4 ± 




16.5
46.4
46.3
38.0
36.6
4308.2
3573.0


FP1
0.1
196.6 ±
319.0 ±
241.6 ±
196.0 ±
184.0 ±
28408.1 ±
4885.5 ±




7.6
21.5
14.4
12.8
6.3*
1236.1*
955.1*



1
164.0 ±
251.4 ±
227.6 ±
191.9 ±
180.6 ±
25295.6 ±
5615.6 ±




7.2
13.0
12.6
9.4*
13.1
1026.7*
647.6*



10
146.6 ±
195.6 ±
197.1 ±
172.1 ±
174.9 ±
21768.8 ±
4211.4 ±




5.9
14.5
6.9*
6.3*
13.8
603.0*
425.8*


Rosi-
10
130.8 ±
199.1 ±
204.4 ±
184.1 ±
169.1 ±
22115.6 ±
6425.6 ±


glitazone
mpk/day
6.0
12.9
8.5*
10.9
5.7*
671.9*
599.6





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM. n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






Fed blood glucose levels were measured at the start (day 0), at day 7 and at day 13 of the study (Table 11 and FIG. 6). FP1 decreased blood glucose in a statistically significant manner at doses of 1 nmol/kg and 10 nmol/kg on day 13 of the study.









TABLE 11







Fed blood glucose during treatment of DIO mice


with q3d treatment of FP1










Dose
Time after start of treatment (days)











Treatment
(nmol/kg)
0
7
13





Vehicle
NA
177.6 ± 10.9
173.6 ± 10.6
225.3 ± 23.0


FP1
0.1
174.1 ± 8.5
171.8 ± 16.3
196.4 ± 8.1



1
167.5 ± 7.8
135.1 ± 11.2
165.3 ± 10.3*



10
165.3 ± 13.7
145.3 ± 4.9
153.8 ± 7.5*


Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
189.6 ± 17.3
122.6 ± 8.1*
154.8 ± 6.5*





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






Plasma insulin levels during the OGTT were significantly higher for FP1 than for the corresponding vehicle group for a 0.1 nmol/kg dose at 30 minutes, and lower at the 1 and 10 nmol/kg doses at the same time point (Table 12). The insulin excursion during the OGTT, as measured by total AUC, was higher than the vehicle group for the 0.1 nmol/kg dose of FP1 (Table 12), and lower at the 1 and 10 nmol/kg dose. In both cases, statistical significance was reached only at the lowest dose. At the 90 minute time point, mice treated with 1 and 10 nmol/kg of FP1 had lower insulin levels; however, this effect did not achieve statistical significance. HOMA-IR, used as a measure of insulin sensitivity, was measured on day 14 of the study. At this time point, FP1 decreased HOMA-IR, or improved insulin sensitivity, at 10 nmol/kg (Table 13 and FIG. 7).









TABLE 12







Plasma insulin (pg/mL) levels during an OGTT after fourteen days of


q3d dosing of FP1 in DIO mice











Dose
Time after Glucose Challenge (min)
Total AUC












Treatment
(nmol/kg)
0
30
90
(pg/mL/90 min)





Vehicle
NA
6096.0 ± 774.3
14660.0 ± 3031.2
5034.4 ± 405.1
 902151.9 ± 143123.2


FP1
0.1
7861.0 ± 779.5
33825.8 ± 7902.0*
6494.4 ± 797.0
1834808.8 ± 381276.1*



1
4808.1 ± 795.8
13061.8 ± 2226.3
3443.5 ± 342.5
 763218.1 ± 119766.8



10
3478.3 ± 634.6
 7147.0 ± 823.8
2958.0 ± 414.0
 462528.8 ± 44653.1


Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
2965.6 ± 524.2
 2203.1 ± 193.5*
1180.0 ± 57.1
 179025.0 ± 9970.7












Time after Glucose Challenge (min)






Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.













TABLE 13







Fasted HOMA-IR in DIO mice after fourteen


days of q3d treatment of FP1











Treatment
Dose (nmol/kg)
HOMA-IR







Vehicle
NA
 93.5 ± 15.3



FP1
0.1
112.4 ± 14.6




1
 56.7 ± 9.7




10
 37.7 ± 8.2*



Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
 27.3 ± 4.7*







Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.



n = 8 per group.



*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






The magnitude of weight loss achieved by day 13 did not result in measurable changes in absolute fat mass or percent fat mass at any dose (Table 14). At the 10 nmol/kg dose, there was a significant decrease in absolute lean mass. This decrease was not observed when expressed as percent lean mass. Liver weights were measured during terminal necropsy on day 15 of the study (Table 15). FP1 decreased absolute liver weight and liver weight as a percentage of body weight at the 10 nmol/kg dose. A decrease was observed at the 1 nmol/kg dose, but this did not reach statistical significance for either parameter. Liver fat was measured on a biopsy by NMR (Table 16). FP1 fusion protein decreased hepatic fat content, expressed as a percentage of liver biopsy weight, at 1 and 10 nmol/kg doses. The reduction was significant at the higher dose.









TABLE 14







Body composition after thirteen days of treatment


with FP1 q3d in DIO mice
















Fat Mass
Lean Mass



Dose
Fat Mass
Lean Mass
(% of
(% of


Treatment
(nmol/kg)
(g)
(g)
body)
body)





Vehicle
NA
11.6 ± 0.5
29.6 ± 0.4
23.4 ± 0.8
59.6 ± 0.9


FP1
0.1
12.2 ± 0.4
29.7 ± 0.4
24.1 ± 0.6
58.5 ± 0.6



1
12.1 ± 0.3
28.0 ± 0.4
25.1 ± 0.3
58.3 ± 0.6



10
10.6 ± 0.3
27.7 ± 0.4*
23.1 ± 0.3
60.6 ± 0.6


Rosiglita-
10 mpk/day
14.9 ± 0.6*
30.0 ± 0.5
27.2 ± 0.4*
55.0 ± 0.6*


zone





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.













TABLE 15







Liver weight after fifteen days of treatment with FP1 q3d in DIO mice













Liver Weight


Treatment
Dose (nmol/kg)
Liver weight (g)
(% of body)





Vehicle
NA
2.6 ± 0.1
5.4 ± 0.2


FP1
0.1
2.9 ± 0.2
5.8 ± 0.2



1
2.2 ± 0.1
4.6 ± 0.2



10
1.9 ± 0.1*
4.2 ± 0.1*


Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
2.5 ± 0.2
4.6 ± 0.2





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.













TABLE 16







Liver fat content measured after fifteen days of


treatment with FP1 q3d in DIO mice











Treatment
Dose (nmol/kg)
Fat (%)







Vehicle
NA
27.3 ± 2.1



FP1
0.1
26.0 ± 1.4




1
22.5 ± 1.4




10
17.8 ± 1.6*



Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
25.9 ± 0.8







Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.



n = 8 per group.



*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






Example 11: Effects of FP1 on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight in ob/ob Mice

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of FP1 on body weight and blood glucose levels over eight days of treatment in obese, hyperglycemic, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.


Male ob/ob mice were weighed and FP1 was administered subcutaneously at 2mL/kg every three days (q3d) at Day 0, 3 and 6. Mouse and food weights were recorded daily. Glucose was measured daily using a glucometer. At the end of the study, mice were euthanized, and a terminal blood sample was collected.


FP1, at the 1 nmol/kg dose, significantly decreased body weight (expressed as a percentage of starting body weight) in ob/ob mice starting at day 2 until day 8, relative to vehicle-treated mice. FP1, at the 10 nmol/kg dose, decreased body weight (expressed as a percentage of starting body weight) in ob/ob mice starting at day 1 until day 8 relative to vehicle-treated mice (Table 17 and FIG. 8).









TABLE 17







Body weight change (% of starting) during treatment


with FP1 q3d in ob/ob mice









Treatment










Vehicle
FP1










Day
n/a
1 nmol/kg
10 nmol/kg













−6
−2.5 ± 0.3
−2.8 ± 0.4
−3.6 ± 0.5


−5
−2.4 ± 0.3
−3.0 ± 0.5
−3.5 ± 0.5


−4
−1.9 ± 0.2
−2.5 ± 0.4
−2.8 ± 0.3


−1
−0.3 ± 0.3
  0.1 ± 0.2
−0.3 ± 0.2


0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0


1
  0.5 ± 0.2
−1.6 ± 0.2
−2.3 ± 0.5*


2
  1.1 ± 0.2
−1.8 ± 0.4*
−2.0 ± 0.9*


3
  1.3 ± 0.3
−2.5 ± 0.4*
−3.1 ± 1.1*


4
  1.8 ± 0.3
−3.3 ± 0.5*
−4.2 ± 1.3*


5
  1.8 ± 0.4
−3.5 ± 0.5*
−4.7 ± 1.5*


6
  2.0 ± 0.5
−4.0 ± 0.7*
−5.7 ± 1.6*


7
  2.8 ± 0.6
−4.8 ± 0.8*
−6.3 ± 1.7*


8
  3.5 ± 0.8
−4.5 ± 1.0*
−6.1 ± 1.9*





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.


*= p < 0.05, compared to that of the vehicle treated group.






FP1, at the 10 nmol/kg dose, decreased fed blood glucose values in ob/ob mice on study day 1 and 2 and from day 4 until day 8 relative to vehicle-treated mice. A reduction in in blood glucose was observed at 1 nmol/kg; however, this effect did not reach statistical significance (Table 18 and FIG. 9).









TABLE 18







Fed blood glucose during treatment of ob/ob mice with FP1 q3d









Treatment










Vehicle
FP1










Day
n/a
1 nmol/kg
10 nmol/kg













−6
463.6 ± 31.2
395.7 ± 52.0
463.6 ± 41.0


−5
554.9 ± 57.5
609.6 ± 53.6
552.9 ± 53.0


−4
502.9 ± 41.6
517.9 ± 71.6
490.3 ± 54.4


−1
552.1 ± 45.1
567.2 ± 51.2
586.0 ± 42.6


0
468.8 ± 57.3
479.7 ± 61.8
437.0 ± 42.7


1
537.0 ± 42.8
439.0 ± 80.4
336.2 ± 51.0*


2
511.7 ± 43.5
440.0 ± 74.3
293.7 ± 37.6*


3
447.8 ± 54.2
369.6 ± 75.9
279.4 ± 38.8


4
516.3 ± 47.0
384.6 ± 84.0
261.2 ± 43.7*


5
531.0 ± 47.1
410.9 ± 92.2
286.9 ± 55.8*


6
596.1 ± 45.1
451.1 ± 82.6
301.9 ± 49.3*


7
566.7 ± 44.3
425.3 ± 86.9
246.7 ± 43.5*


8
509.9 ± 37.6
337.8 ± 75.1
223.4 ± 34.1*





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


n = 8 per group.






Example 12: Multispecies Pharmacokinetics

Mouse Pharmacokinetics


FP1 was administered to female C57B1/6 mice at a dose of 2 mg/kg IV and SC in PBS, pH 7. Blood samples were collected, serum was processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 7 days following both routes of administration. The concentration of FP1 was determined using an immunoassay method. The serum drug concentration-time profile is summarized in Tables 19 and 20 and illustrated in FIG. 10.









TABLE 19







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single SC


administration in C57Bl/6 female mice









FPl-SC Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Average




56 Result
57 Result
58 Result
60 Result
63 Result
Result
Std


Timepoint
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
Dev

















 4 hr
32.299
50.735
42.766
32.407
23.018
36.245
10.698


24 hr
88.822
106.418
88.648
103.841
80.346
93.615
11.093


72 hr
33.563
38.473
32.473
33.625
32.769
34.181
2.451


96 hr
20.639
24.988
21.247
19.356
20.771
21.400
2.124


Day 7
5.399
6.919
7.234
5.994
5.637
6.237
0.803
















TABLE 20







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single IV


administration in C57Bl/6 female mice









FP1-IV Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Average




52 Result
53 Result
65 Result
66 Result
70 Result
Result
Std


Timepoint
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
Dev

















 1 hr
240.419
233.318
232.484
276.913
272.727
251.172
21.857


24 hr
86.823
95.774
80.201
93.153
88.853
88.961
6.027


72 hr
33.634
37.447
33.108
41.680
34.034
35.981
3.612


96 hr
22.666
20.588
19.458
33.718
20.361
23.358
5.909


Day 7
7.401
5.606
4.896
8.556
4.205
6.133
1.803









Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a terminal half-life of 1.67 and 1.57 days for FP1 in C57B1/6 mice following SC and IV administration, respectively (Table 21). FP1 demonstrated a mean bioavailability of ˜71% following SC administration.









TABLE 21







Mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of FP1 following 2 mg/kg IV


and SC administration in female C57Bl/6 mice


















CL or









t1/2
CL/F
Vss
Cmax
Tmax*
AUC0-last
AUC0-inf


Route

(day)
(ml/day/kg)
(ml/kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
(day*ng/ml)
(day*ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
1.67
49.48

14994
1
38315
40734



(SD)
(0.14)
(4.791)

 (1776)

 (3851)
 (4072)


IV
Mean
1.57
35.00
69.03
40231
0.04
55263
57531



(SD)
(0.19)
(3.13)
(5.8)
 (3500)

 (4853)
 (5416)





Note:


*Tmax (median)






Rat Pharmacokinetics


FP1 was administered to female Sprague Dawley rats at a dose of 2 mg/kg IV and SC in PBS, pH 7. Blood samples were collected, serum was processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 7 days following both routes of administration. The concentration of FP1 was determined using an immunoassay method. The serum drug concentration-time profile is summarized in Tables 22 and 23 and illustrated in FIG. 11.









TABLE 22







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single SC


administration in female Sprague Dawley rats.









FP1-Group 3 (SC Dose)















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Average




53 Result
55 Result
67 Result
68 Result
69 Result
Result



Timepoint
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
Std Dev

















 4 hr
4.766
3.500
3.932
3.546
3.250
3.799
0.593


24 hr
45.118
53.192
39.196
39.823
40.804
43.627
5.826


72 hr
18.900
24.102
23.124
23.718
18.933
21.755
2.615


96 hr
12.193
14.333
14.185
14.669
11.256
13.327
1.511


Day 7
2.805
2.821
2.447
3.438
2.358
2.774
0.426
















TABLE 23







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single IV


administration in female Sprague Dawley rats









FP1-Group 4 (IV Dose)















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal





51
52
57
64
66
Average




Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Result



Timepoint
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
Std Dev

















 1 hr
43.620*
382.676
403.255
443.080
510.105
356.547
181.560


24 hr
102.665*
142.661
139.066
124.528
126.425
127.069
15.728


72 hr
46.720
60.105
67.090
59.257
70.423
60.719
9.127


96 hr
29.409
39.897
41.225
42.258
48.074
40.173
6.779


Day 7
6.976
11.251
8.913
9.540
13.006
9.937
2.298





*Repeat analysis confirmed results






Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a terminal half-life of 1.34 and 1.51 days for FP1 in Sprague Dawley rats following SC and IV administration, respectively (Table 24). FP1 demonstrated a mean bioavailability of ˜23% following SC administration.









TABLE 24







Mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of FP1 following 2 mg/kg


IV and SC administration in Sprague Dawley rats


















CL or









t1/2
CL/F
Vss
Cmax
Tmax*
AUC0-last
AUC0-inf


Route

(day)
(ml/day/kg)
(ml/kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
(day*ng/ml)
(day*ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
1.34
100.09

 6987
1
19250
20112



(SD)
(0.04)
(3.97)

 (417)

 (794)
 (820)


IV
Mean
1.51
24.75
53.41
59000
0.04
83028
86525



(SD)
(0.12)
(8.53)
(17.15)
(25031)

(20126)
(20881)





Note:


*Tmax (median)






Monkey Pharmacokinetics


FP1 was administered to naive male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) at a dose of 1 mg/kg IV and SC in PBS, pH 7. Blood samples were collected, serum was processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 21 days following both routes of administration, using immunoassay bioanalysis. The serum drug concentration-time profile is summarized in Tables 25 and 26 and illustrated in FIG. 12.









TABLE 25







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single


SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys as


determined by immunoassay









FP1 (SC Dose)













Animal
Animal
Animal
Average
Std


Timepoint
110 (nM)
111 (nM)
112 (nM)
Result (nM)
Dev





Predose
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
N/A


 6 hr
49.304
43.784
72.110
55.066
15.017


 24 hr
93.368
71.958
96.863
87.396
13.483


 48 hr
107.689
97.509
115.144
106.781
8.853


 72 hr
113.601
104.190
104.449
107.414
5.360


120 hr
101.490
95.049
91.717
96.085
4.968


168 hr
82.167
75.435
81.569
79.724
3.726


240 hr
71.033
56.732
59.266
62.344
7.631


336 hr
44.380
42.758
42.571
43.236
0.995


432 hr
30.911
29.445
32.839
31.065
1.702


528 hr
21.277
20.404
26.427
22.703
3.255
















TABLE 26







Serum concentration (nM) of FP1 over time following a single


IV administration in cynomolgus monkeys as


determined by immunoassay









FP1 (IV Dose)













Animal
Animal
Animal
Average
Std


Timepoint
104 (nM)
105 (nM)
106 (nM)
Result (nM)
Dev





Predose
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
N/A


 1 hr
212.661
235.168
189.000
212.276
23.087


 6 hr
190.315
185.331
183.575
186.407
3.497


 24 hr
141.743
155.943
146.487
148.058
7.229


 48 hr
111.765
126.105
120.744
119.538
7.246


 72 hr
105.076
106.955
106.441
106.157
0.971


120 hr
92.591
103.882
103.757
100.077
6.483


168 hr
71.368
93.055
87.706
84.043
11.298


240 hr
71.554
65.093
65.685
67.444
3.572


336 hr
46.184
38.961
41.696
42.280
3.647


432 hr
34.589
31.266
19.492
28.449
7.933


528 hr
26.885
24.154
22.422
24.487
2.250









Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a terminal half-life between 8.5 and 9.2 days for FP1 in cynomolgus monkeys following SC and IV administration, respectively with a mean bioavailability of ˜88% following SC administration (Table 27).









TABLE 27







Mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of FP1 following 1 mg/kg IV


and SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys.


















CL or









t1/2
CL/F
Vss
Cmax
Tmax*
AUC0-last
AUC0-inf


Route

(day)
(ml/day/kg)
(ml/kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
(day*ng/ml)
(day*ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
8.5
3.9

17776
3
211030
256202



(SD)
(1.5)
(0.3)

 (950)

(11332)
(20192)


IV
Mean
9.2
3.4
45.6
34001
0.04
239758
292206



(SD)
(0.5)
(0.1)
(1.6)
 (3698)

 (6095)
(11516)





Note:


*Tmax (median)






Immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis was used to quantitate the concentration of intact dimer present in the serum of cynomolgus monkeys after IV and SC administration (Tables 28 and 29 and FIGS. 13 and 14). Concentrations determined by this method were similar to concentrations determined by the immunoassay (IA), demonstrating that FP1 circulates as an intact dimer, with no detectable metabolic liability in cynomolgus monkeys.









TABLE 28







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP1 as an intact dimer over time


following a single IV administration in cynomolgus monkeys as


determined by immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis.












Dimer Intact MS Data




Day
(Pooled Samples)
IA Data (Average)















0.00
0
0



0.04
33347
34537



0.25
29686
30328



1.00
28787
24089



2.00
17249
19449



3.00
16827
17272



5.00
16159
16282



7.00
11124
13674



10.00
8746
10973



14.00
5328
6879



18.00
3857
4629



22.00
2252
3984

















TABLE 29







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP1 as an intact dimer over time


following a single SC administration in cynomolgus monkeys as


determined by immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis.












Dimer Intact MS Data
IA Data



Day
(Pooled Samples)
(Average)















0.00
0
0



0.25
9625
8959



1.00
15799
14219



2.00
17671
17373



3.00
19130
17476



5.00
12284
15633



7.00
10808
12971



10.00
8910
10143



14.00
5814
7034



18.00
4074
5054



22.00
2967
3694










The concentration of analytes in cynomolgus monkey serum after IV and SC administration was also measured by immuno-affinity capture-trypsin digestion-LC-MS/MS analysis (Tables 30 and 31). Selected tryptic peptides, namely, ALV (ALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVK) (SEQ ID NO: 135), ASL (ASLEDLGWADWVLSPR) (SEQ ID NO: 136), and TDT (TDTGVSLQTYDDLLAK) (SEQ ID NO: 137), which are located within FP1 near the N-terminus of the HSA region, the N-terminus of GDF15, and the C-terminal of GDF15, respectively. The peptides were monitored as surrogate peptides of FP1. The concentrations of all of the surrogate peptides were similar to each other and the concentrations measured by immunoassay, demonstrating that the GDF15 sequence in FP1 remains intact and linked to the full HSA sequence in vivo.









TABLE 30







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of surrogate peptides representing various


regions of FP1 over time following a single IV administration in


cynomolgus monkeys as determined by immuno-affinity capture-


trypsin digestion-LC-MS/MS analysis.










Time point
FP1 Average (ng/mL)
Std Dev
IA Data















Day
hour
ALV
TDT
ASL
ALV
TDT
ASL
(ng/mL)


















0.00
0
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0


0.04
1
32400.0
39766.7
33333.3
2623.0
3162.8
2722.7
34536.9


0.25
6
29100.0
27166.7
30600.0
3439.5
1006.6
2095.2
30328.1


1.00
24
24366.7
23300.0
23800.0
4215.8
3996.2
4100.0
24088.7


2.00
48
19433.3
17733.3
18700.0
1457.2
1193.0
854.4
19448.6


3.00
72
18100.0
17200.0
17166.7
360.6
871.8
1001.7
17271.6


5.00
120
15966.7
14033.3
14233.3
1001.7
642.9
1011.6
16282.3


7.00
168
13733.3
11800.0
12100.0
1115.0
600.0
300.0
13673.6


10.00
240
9303.3
8570.0
8570.0
2290.1
1682.2
1685.9
10973.0


14.00
336
5860.0
5890.0
6056.7
415.8
312.2
388.0
6878.9


18.00
432
4143.3
4400.0
4226.7
374.3
52.9
571.2
4628.6


22.00
528
2830.0
3256.7
2753.3
355.4
420.0
319.0
3984.0
















TABLE 31







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of surrogate peptides representing


various regions of FP1 over time following a single SC administration


in cynomolgus monkeys as determined by immuno-affinity capture-


trypsin digestion-LC-MS/MS analysis.










Time point
FPI Average (ng/mL)
Std Dev
IA Data















Day
hour
ALV
TDT
ASL
ALV
TDT
ASL
(ng/mL)


















0.00
0
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
<LLOQ
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0


0.25
6
9323.3
7430.0
8123.3
1900.3
2471.6
1954.1
8959.1


1.00
24
15233.3
13390.0
14533.3
2926.3
3222.0
2683.9
14219.2


2.00
48
15366.7
14000.0
14166.7
2579.4
1646.2
2311.6
17373.0


3.00
72
17300.0
16033.3
15333.3
1571.6
1001.7
986.6
17476.0


5.00
120
15333.3
13366.7
13666.7
1222.0
1692.1
1501.1
15632.9


7.00
168
13333.3
11633.3
11700.0
709.5
472.6
781.0
12970.9


10.00
240
8496.7
7376.7
8343.3
1475.5
189.0
1039.1
10143.2


14.00
336
6046.7
6116.7
6253.3
90.2
118.5
110.6
7034.5


18.00
432
4593.3
5250.0
4636.7
802.6
1157.5
621.7
5054.2


22.00
528
3056.7
3490.0
3116.7
424.5
687.7
220.5
3693.7









Human plasma stability assay


The purpose of this study was to analyze the ex vivo stability of FP1 in human plasma. Fresh, non-frozen human plasma was generated from heparinized blood from two subjects (one male and one female) by centrifugation. FP1 was incubated in this matrix at 37° C. with gentle mixing, for 0, 4, 24 and 48 hours. The concentration of FP1 was determined using an immunoassay method. The average percent difference from the starting concentration (0 hours) ranged from −4.1 to −12.9 and did not increase over time, demonstrating that FP1 is stable in human plasma for up to 48 hours ex vivo (Table 32 and FIG. 15).









TABLE 32







FP1 concentration (μg/mL) after 0, 4, 24, and


48 hours (hr) of ex vivo incubation in plasma obtained from two


human subjects (Sub) as determined by immunoassay














Sub 1

Sub 2






Male
%
Female
%
Average
%



Conc.
Diff
Conc.
Diff
Conc.
Diff


Ex Vivo Sample
(μg/mL)
T0
(μg/mL)
T0
(μg/mL)
T0
















Plasma-T0 hr_FP1
11.503
N/A
12.649
N/A
12.076
N/A


Plasma-T4 hr_FP1
10.524
−8.5
10.521
−16.8
10.523
−12.9


Plasma-T24 hr_
9.934
−13.6
12.402
−2.0
11.168
−7.5


FP1








Plasma-T48 hr_
10.582
−8.0
12.575
−0.6
11.578
−4.1


FP1















Immuno-affinity capture-LCMS was used to quantitate the concentration of intact dimer present after incubation in human plasma. Concentrations determined by this method were stable over time (0, 4, 24, and 48 hours), demonstrating that FP1 remains an intact dimer in human plasma ex vivo up to 48 hours (Table 33 and FIG. 16).









TABLE 33







Average FP1 concentration (μg/mL) and % difference from starting


concentration as an intact dimer after 0, 4, 24, and 48 hours (hr) of


ex vivo incubation in plasma obtained from two human subjects


as determined by immuno-affinity capture-LCMS analysis












Dimer Conc. (ug/mL)
% Difference















 0 hr
15.8
100.0



 4 hr
15.8
100.1



24 hr
15.9
100.9



48 hr
15.2
96.0










Example 13: IR Strategy

Immune response (IR) assays will be developed for anti-drug antibody (ADA) detection in animals and clinical samples. The IR assay will identify ADA-positive samples for comparison of ADA status with pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic (PK/TK) results, enabling assessment of FP1 exposure and pharmacokinetics. The clinical IR assay will be used to screen serum samples, confirm specificity of ADA-positive samples, and determine the ADA titer for confirmed positive samples. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay development will follow for use in confirmed positive samples from ADA-positive subjects in Phase 1 of the program. Additionally, determination of ADA cross-reactivity to endogenous GDF15 will follow for use in Phase 2 of the program. An immunogenicity risk assessment will be conducted prior to the first in human (FIH) study, and additional immune response characterization assays can be implemented if they are warranted.


Example 14: Toxicology Plan

Since the endogenous target receptor for GDF15 has not been identified, there is a lack of in vitro binding and functional data for FP1. However, single and multiple dose pharmacology and efficacy studies in rats, mice and cynomolgus monkeys have demonstrated activity of FP1 in these species, showing its effect of reducing food intake, decreasing body weight and modulating oral glucose tolerance. The rat and monkey will be the rodent and non-rodent toxicology testing species, respectively, based on the efficacy results, with the understanding that the intrinsic potency of FP I on the receptor in these species (versus that of humans) has not been fully characterized.


The Examples 15-19 involve characterization of another exemplary fusion protein of the invention, described in Example 5, which has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92 (encoded by nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOs: 95 (codon optimization 1) or 110 (codon optimization 2)). This fusion protein is a fully recombinant protein that exists as a homodimer of a fusion of HSA (C34S) with the deletion variant of the mature human GDF15 (201-308; SEQ ID NO: 8) through a 42-amino acid linker consisting of glycine and serine residues, GS-(GGGGS)8 (SEQ ID NO: 12). The single native free cysteine at position 34 of HSA has been mutated to serine. This particular HSA-GDF15 fusion protein will be referred to as “FP2” in the following examples, for simplicity.


Example 15: Effects of FP2 on the Food Intake of C57B1/6 Mice

FP2 was evaluated for its ability to reduce food intake in male C57B1/6 mice after a single dose. Male C57B1/6N mice (age 10-12 weeks) obtained from Taconic Biosciences (Hudson, N.Y.) were used in the study. Mice were singly housed in a temperature-controlled room with 12-hour light/dark cycle (6 am/6 pm) and allowed ad libitum access to water and chow. Male C57B1/6 mice were acclimated for a minimum of 72 hours in the BioDAQ cages; mice were then grouped based on food intake in the last 24 hours into six groups of eight each. Between 4:00-5:00 pm, animals were weighed and dosed with vehicle or compounds via subcutaneous injection. Change in food weight for each cage was recorded continuously by the BioDAQ system, for a period of 48 hours after compound administration. 6xHis-FP1 was used as a comparator in this study.


FP2 had significant effects on reducing food intake at 12, 24 and 48 hours after administration at all dose levels tested (Table 34). There was a reduction in percent change in food intake relative to PBS at all time points and all dose levels (Table 35) in mice.









TABLE 34







Effect of a Single Dose of FP2 on Food Intake


over 48 hours in C57Bl/6 Mice


Cumulative Food Intake (g)










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
3.7 ± 0.2
4.4 ± 0.2
8.8 ± 0.4


FP2, 1 nmol/kg
2.8 ± 0.4*
3.0 ± 0.4**
6.9 ± 0.7*


FP2, 4 nmol/kg
2.4 ± 0.2***
3.1 ± 0.2**
7.0 ± 0.3*


FP2, 8 nmol/kg
1.9 ± 0.2****
2.4 ± 0.1****
6.2 ± 0.2***


FP2, 16 nmol/kg
1 8 ± 0.1****
2.7 ± 0.1***
6.3 ± 0.4**


6xHis-FP1, 8 nmol/kg
2.3 ± 0.3***
2.8 ± 0.4**
6.6 ± 0.7**





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS


**p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS


***p ≤ 0.001, versus PBS


****p ≤ 0.0001, versus PBS, respectively


Statistical analyses used: ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.


n = 8/group, except for 6xHis-FP1 8 nmol/kg (n = 6).













TABLE 35







Effect of a Single Dose of FP2 on Percent Reduction in Food


Intake (Relative to Vehicle) over 48 hours in C57Bl/6 Mice


Percentage of inhibition relative to PBS










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
 0.0 ± 7.9
 0.0 ± 7.7
 0.0 ± 5.9


FP2, 1 nmol/kg
22.4 ± 12.5*
31.8 ± 10.5**
21.8 ± 8.1*


FP2, 4 nmol/kg
36.6 ± 7.2***
30.4 ± 5.8**
20.2+4.7*


FP2, 8 nmol/kg
47.0 ± 6.2****
45.7 ± 3.8****
29 7-3 9***


FP2, 16 nmol/kg
49 2 ± 4.1****
38.1 ± 4.1***
27.8 ± 5.1**


6 × His-FP1, 8 nmol/kg
36.9 ± 9.9***
36.5 ± 8.8**
24.6 ± 8.2**





The anorectic effect of FP2 is expressed as the relative reduction in food intake compared with the respective PBS controls.


Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS


**p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS


***p ≤ 0.001, versus PBS


****p ≤ 0.0001, versus PBS, respectively


Statistical analyses used: ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.


n = 8/group, except for 6 × His-FP1 8nmol/kg (n = 6).






Example 16: Effects of FP2 on Food Intake in Sprague Dawley Rats

FP2 was evaluated for its ability to reduce food intake and body weight gain in male Sprague-Dawley rats after a single dose. The animals were obtained from Charles River (Wilmington, Mass.) at 200-225 g body weight and used within one week of delivery. They were housed one per cage on alpha dry bedding and a plastic tube for enrichment in a temperature-controlled room with 12-hour light/dark cycle. They were allowed ad libitum access to water and were fed laboratory rodent diet; Irradiated Certified PicoLab® Rodent Diet 20, 5K75* (supplied from Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. via ASAP Quakertown, Pa.). Animal weights were taken and recorded for each rat prior to dosing.


Animals were acclimated for a minimum of 72 hours in the BioDAQ cages; rats were then grouped based on food intake in the last 24 hours into six groups of eight each. Between 4:00-5:00 pm, animals were weighed and dosed with vehicle or compounds via subcutaneous injection. Change in food weight for each cage was recorded continuously by the BioDAQ system, for a period of 48 hours after compound administration. 6XHis-FP1 was used as a comparator in this study.


Dose-dependent reductions of food intake were tested after a single dose of FP2. No significant differences in food intake were observed at the dose of 0.3 nmol/kg. Significant effects in reduction of food intake were observed 12 hours but not 24 or 48 hours at 1 nmol/kg. Significant reductions in food intake were observed at all time points for the 3 and 10 nmol/kg dose levels (Table 36, FIG. 19). There was a reduction in percent change in food intake relative to PBS at all time points and all dose levels (Table 37).









TABLE 36







Effect of a single dose of FP2 on food intake over 48 hours


in Sprague Dawley rats


Cumulative Food Intake (g)










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
21.7 ± 0.6
25.0 ± 0.8
53.1 ± 1.6


FP2, 0.3 nmol/Kg
19.5 ± 0.9
22.9 ± 0.7
48.4 ± 1.5


FP2, 1 nmol/Kg
17.5 ± 0.9*
19.8 ± 0.8
47.0 ± 2.6


FP2, 3 nmol/Kg
16.1 ± 1.2**
17.0 ± 1.0**
39.2 ± 3.2**


FP2, 10 nmol/Kg
15.8 ± 0.9***
16.5 ± 0.9**
36.5 ± 3.2**


6 × His-FP1 8 nmol/Kg
15.0 ± 1.4***
15.7 ± 1.2**
37.2 ± 4.5**





Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS


**p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS


***p ≤ 0.001, versus PBS, respectively


Statistical analyses used: ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.


n = 8/group













TABLE 37







Effect of a single dose of FP2 on percent reduction in food intake


(relative to vehicle)over 48 hours in Sprague Dawley rats.


Percentage of inhibition relative to PBS










Treatment
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours





PBS
 0.0 ± 4.0
 0.0 ± 4.6
 0.0 ± 4.3


FP2 0.3 nmol/kg
10.0 ± 4.7
 8.5 ± 4.1
 8.8 ± 3.9


FP2 1 nmol/kg
19.3 ± 4.7*
20.8 ± 4.1
11.5 ± 5.5


FP2 3 nmol/kg
25.9 ± 6.1**
32.0 ± 4.7**
26.2 ± 6.5**


FP2 10 nmol/kg
27.4 ± 4.8***
33 8 ± 4.1**
31.2 ± 6.4**


6 × His-FP1 8 nmol/kg
30.8 ± 6.6***
37.0 ± 5.4**
29.9 ± 8.8**





The anorectic effect of FP2 is expressed as the relative reduction in food intake compared with the respective PBS controls.


Data are expressed as Mean ± SEM.


*p ≤ 0.05, versus PBS


**p ≤ 0.01, versus PBS


***p ≤ 0.001, versus PBS, versus PBS, respectively


Statistical analyses used: ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.


n = 8/group






Example 17: Effects of FP2 on Food Intake, Body Weight and Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-induced Obese (DIO) C57B1/6 Mice

FP2 was evaluated for its ability to reduce food intake and body weight and improve glucose homeostasis on repeat dosing in male DIO C57B1/6 mice over a period of 8 days. Male DIO C57B1/6 mice (age 21 weeks, high fat-fed for 15 weeks) obtained from Taconic Biosciences (Hudson, NY) were used in the study. Mice were singly housed in a temperature-controlled room with 12-hour light/dark cycle (6 am/6 pm) and allowed ad libitum access to water and fed with Research Diet D12492 (Research Diets, New Brunswick, N.J.). Mice were acclimated >1 week in the mouse housing room prior to the experiment. The endpoints of the study were measurements of food intake, body weight, body composition and glycemic endpoints (OGTT, blood glucose). One day prior to dosing, animals were weighed and grouped by body weight (BW). Mice were dosed by subcutaneous injection. Animals dosed with FP2 received this compound on Day 0, Day 3, and Day 6, Day 9 and Day 12. The vehicle group and rosiglitazone group received sterile PBS s.c. on these days as well. Rosliglitazone was provided in the diet at 0.015% w/w ad libitum. BW and food intake were recorded daily, over a period of fifteen days. Blood glucose was measured on Days 0, 7 and 13. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on Day 14. Insulin levels were measured at selected time points during the OGTT. Mice were euthanized with CO2 and terminal blood samples were collected for exposure via cardiac puncture on day 15. A separate PK arm was run with three mice per dose group with a total of 15 mice.


Exposure-response (E-R) Analysis for FP2 in DIO Mouse


Most animals in the pharmacodynamics (PD) (efficacy) arms had undetectable drug concentrations on the last study day when the pharmacokinetics (PK) samples were obtained, potentially due to immunogenicity. Therefore, the mean PK profiles from the PK arms, instead of individual PK from the PD arms, were used to conduct exposure-response (from day 3, 6 and 9, respectively) for the % weight change from baseline in the PD arms at the corresponding dose level. This method assumes that the PK arms behave similarly to the PD arms in terms of drug exposure.


The Emax model (GraphPad Prism 6, log(agonist) vs. response) was used to correlate exposure with response data (log transformed drug concentrations). Hill Slope was set to be 1. Note that the model fitted EC10 to EC50 values were within two fold amongst day 3, 6 and 9, despite that the Emax estimates were different (Emax=−4.26%, −8.18% and −9.85%, respectively). Some animals on day 9 also showed the loss of drug exposure, due to potential ADA formation and therefore, the E-R parameter estimates based on day 9 data should be interpreted with caution.


The effects of two weeks of exposure of FP2 on food intake, body weight, glucose homeostasis, and liver fat content was assessed in diet induced obese male C57B1/6 mice. Trough exposure between 1.7 and 3.3 nM FP2 for the 0.3 nmol/kg treatment group, between 7.1 and 14 nM for the 1.0 nmol/kg treatment group, between 20.8 and 41.6 nM for the 3.0 nmol/kg treatment group, and between 28.5 and 112.9 nM FP2 for the 10 nmol/kg treatment group was maintained until day 9 in the PK arm of the study (n=2 or 3, Table 49). After day 9, a decrease in circulating levels was observed in the majority of animals despite continued q3d dosing (Table 49). Consistent with this accelerated clearance, the majority of animals in the PD arm of the study had undetectable circulating levels of FP2 on day 15 (Table 50).


Treatment of DIO mice with FP2 q3d reduced food intake (Table 38), body weight (Table 39, 40 and FIG. 20) and fed blood glucose compared to vehicle treatment (Table 43 and FIG. 23). A significant reduction in food intake was seen on day 2, day 5, and day 8 for 0.3 nmol/kg, from day 1 through day 7 for 1.0 nmol/kg, on day 1, day 2, day 4 through day 6, and day 8 for 3.0 nmol/kg, and on day 1, day 3 through day 6, day 8 and day 9 for 10.0 nmol/kg. Percent body weight changes were significant from day 5 through day 13 for 0.3 nmol/kg, from day 3 through day 13 for 1.0 nmol/kg and 10.0 nmol/kg, and from day 4 through day 13 for 3.0 nmol/kg. Changes in grams of body weight were significant from day 8 for 0.3 nmol/kg, from day 6 for 1.0 nmol/kg, from day 7 for 3.0 nmol/kg and from day 5 for 10.0 nmol/kg. Decreases in fed blood glucose levels were significant on day 7 for the animals in the 3.0 nmol/kg dose level and were significant on day 13 for the animals in the 3.0 and 10.0 nmol/kg dose levels.


DIO mice treated with FP2 q3d had improved glucose tolerance on day 14 compared to vehicle treatment during an oral glucose challenge (Table 41; FIG. 21A and 21B). Glucose was significantly lower at 30 minutes for the 0.3 nmol/kg group, at 60 minutes and 120 minutes for the 1.0 nmol/kg group, at 120 minutes for the 3.0 nmol/kg group, and at 30, 90, and 120 minutes for the 10.0 nmol/kg group. Total area under the curve was significant for all dose groups. Insulin levels during the glucose challenge were significantly lower for 0.3 and 10.0 nmol/kg groups at 30 minutes (Table 42; FIGS. 22A and 22B). In addition, compared to vehicle treated animals, there was a significant reduction in the calculated fasted HOMA-IR in DIO mice after 14 days of treatment with FP2 q3d at 10.0 nmol/kg indicative of improved insulin sensitivity (Table 44 and FIG. 24).


Body composition was measured by MM on day -1 before the start of the study and on day 13 (Table 47 and Table 48). DIO mice treated with FP2 at 1.0 nmol/kg and 10.0 nmol/kg had significant reductions in fat mass on day 13; whereas there were no changes in lean mass for any treatment groups. On day 13, the 10.0 nmol/kg treatment group had a significant increase in percent lean mass and a significant reduction in percent fat mass compared to the vehicle treated group. Changes from day -1 to day 13 were significant for lean mass in the 0.3 nmol/kg, 1.0 nmol/kg, and 10.0 nmol/kg treatment groups and were significant for percent lean mass in the 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 nmol/kg treatment groups. Changes from day -1 to day 13 were significant for fat mass and percent lean mass in all treatment groups compared to vehicle.


There was no significant difference in endogenous mouse GDF15 serum levels between vehicle treated animals and mice treated with FP2 q3d for 15 days (Table 46).


Conclusion: the results suggest that the higher drug exposure is generally associated with greater % weight change from baseline on a population level across the studied dose groups on day 3, 6 and 9.


Exposure to FP2 over two weeks led to reduced food intake, decreased body weight, decreased blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in DIO mice. Significant decreases in food intake over multiple days were achieved at 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 nmol/kg q3d. Body weight was decreased significantly starting three to five days after the initiation of the study. Fed blood glucose on day 13 was significantly decreased after q3d administration of FP2 at 3.0 and 10.0 nmol/kg. Insulin sensitivity represented by significantly decreased fasting HOMA-IR was achieved 14 days after 10.0 nmol/kg FP2 administered q3d. On day 13, a significant increase in percent lean mass and a significant reduction in percent fat mass was observed in DIO mice treated q3d with 10.0 nmol/kg FP2.









TABLE 38







Effect of FP2 on daily food intake (g) over 13 days of treatment.










Treatment
Vehicle
FP2 (nmol/kg)
Rosiglitazone













Day
N/A
0.3
1.0
3.0
10.0
10 mpk/day
















0
2.0 ± 0.1
1.9 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.2
1.9 ± 0.2
1.9 ± 0.2
2.2 ± 0.1


1
2.4 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.1
1.6 ± 0.1*
1.5 ± 0.1*
1.3 ± 0.1*
2.7 ± 0.1


2
2.5 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1*
1.7 ± 0.2*
1.9 ± 0.1*
2.0 ± 0.1
3.0 ± 0.2


3
2.5 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.1
1.7 ± 0.1*
1.9 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1*
2.8 ± 0.2


4
2.6 ± 0.1
2.0 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1*
1.9 ± 0.1*
1.9 ± 0.1*
2.9 ± 0.2


5
2.8 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.2*
2.2 ± 0.1*
2.2 ± 0.0*
1.9 ± 0.1*
2.7 ± 0.2


6
2.8 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.1*
2.2 ± 0.1*
2.0 ± 0.1*
2.8 ± 0.2


7
2.6 ± 0.2
2.3 ± 0.1
2.0 ± 0.1*
2.0 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.1
2.9 ± 0.2


8
2.7 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.1*
2.2 ± 0.1
2.0 ± 0.1*
2.0 ± 0.1*
3.1 ± 0.2


9
2.8 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.2
2.3 ± 0.2{circumflex over ( )}
2.1 ± 0.2*
3.2 ± 0.1


10
2.6 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.2
2.3 ± 0.2{circumflex over ( )}
2.1 ± 0.2
3.0 ± 0.2


11
2.9 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 0.4
2.6 ± 0.1
3.3 ± 0.1


12
2.8 ± 0.1
2.7 ± 0.2
2.8 ± 0.1
2.8 ± 0.2
2.9 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.2


13
2.7 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
3.1 ± 0.2





Values represent mean ± SEM or data from 8 animals per time per group, except n = 7 when noted by {circumflex over ( )}


*p < 0.05, versus vehicle


Statistical analyses used: Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 39







Effect of FP2 on Percent Body Weight Change Over 13 days of Treatment










Treatment
Vehicle
FP2 (nmol/kg)
Rosiglitazone













Day
N/A
0.3
1.0
3.0
10.0
10 mpk/day
















−1
−0.1 ± 0.4
  0.5 ± 0.2
−0.1 ± 0.1
−0.4 ± 0.2
   0.0 ± 0.6
0.1 ± 0.2


0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0
  0.0 ± 0.0
   0.0 ± 0.0
0.0 ± 0.0


1
−0.4 ± 0.5
−1.0 ± 0.3
−2.2 ± 0.4
−1.8 ± 0.6
 −2.4 ± 0.5
1.3 ± 0.4


2
−0.4 ± 0.3
−2.2 ± 0.4
−3.4 ± 0.6
−3.0 ± 0.6
 −3.1 ± 0.4
1.3 ± 0.5


3
−0.3 ± 0.4
−2.3 ± 0.4
−4.2 ± 0.6*
−3.5 ± 0.6
 −4.3 ± 0.5*
1.9 ± 0.5


4
−0.3 ± 0.5
−2.9 ± 0.5
−5.3 ± 0.6*
−4.9 ± 0.7*
 −5.8 ± 0.7*
1.8 ± 0.7


5
−0.2 ± 0.4
−4.2 ± 0.7*
−6.2 ± 0.6*
−5.6 ± 0.7*
 −6.8 ± 0.7*
1.7 ± 0.8


6
−0.4 ± 0.6
−5.1 ± 0.7*
−7.4 ± 0.8*
−6.9 ± 0.7*
 −8.5 ± 0.9*
1.1 ± 0.9


7
  0.2 ± 0.8
−5.1 ± 0.7*
−7.7 ± 0.9*
−7.4 ± 0.7*
 −8.7 ± 0.9*
2.0 ± 1.0


8
  0.2 ± 1.0
−6.1 ± 0.8*
−7.9 ± 0.9*
−8.0 ± 0.8*
 −9.7 ± 0.8*
2.4 ± 1.1


9
  0.5 ± 1.1
−6.0 ± 0.9*
−8.4 ± 0.9*
−8.8 ± 0.9*
−10.1 ± 1.0*
3.1 ± 1.0


10
  1.1 ± 1.2
−5.7 ± 0.8*
−8.1 ± 0.9*
−8.9 ± 0.9*
−10.7 ± 1.2*
3.5 ± 1.2


11
  1.2 ± 1.3
−6.1 ± 0.9*
−8.2 ± 0.8*
−8.6 ± 1.3*
−11.1 ± 1.4*
3.7 ± 1.2


12
  1.4 ± 1.3
−6.3 ± 1.2*
−7.7 ± 0.8*
−8.2 ± 1.4*
−10.9 ± 1.4*
4.1 ± 1.3


13
  1.7 ± 0.9
−5.8 ± 1.4*
−7.1 ± 1.0*
−7.2 ± 1.4*
−10.9 ± 1.4*
4.7 ± 1.3





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses used: Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 40







Effect of FP2 on body weight change (g) over 13 days of treatment










Treatment
Vehicle
FP2 (nmol/kg)
Rosiglitazone













Day
N/A
0.3
1.0
3.0
10.0
10 mpk/day
















−1
44.6 ± 0.6
44.5 ± 0.6
44.5 ± 0.6
44.5 ± 0.6
44.5 ± 0.6
44.5 ± 0.6


0
44.6 ± 0.6
44.3 ± 0.6
44.6 ± 0.6
44.7 ± 0.6
44.6 ± 0.7
44.4 ± 0.6


1
44.5 ± 0.7
43.8 ± 0.6
43.6 ± 0.6
43.9 ± 0.7
43.5 ± 0.7
45.0 ± 0.7


2
44.5 ± 0.7
43.3 ± 0.7
43.1 ± 0.6
43.3 ± 0.7
43.2 ± 0.7
45.0 ± 0.7


3
44.5 ± 0.7
43.2 ± 0.7
42.7 ± 0.6
43.1 ± 0.7
42.6 ± 0.6
45.3 ± 0.7


4
44.5 ± 0.7
43.0 ± 0.7
42.2 ± 0.6
42.5 ± 0.7
42.0 ± 0.7
45.2 ± 0.7


5
44.5 ± 0.7
42.4 ± 0.7
41.8 ± 0.5
42.2 ± 0.7
41.5 ± 0.6*
45.2 ± 0.7


6
44.5 ± 0.7
42.0 ± 0.7
41.3 ± 0.6*
41.6 ± 0.7
40.7 ± 0.5*
44.9 ± 0.8


7
44.7 ± 0.7
42.0 ± 0.7
41.1 ± 0.6*
41.4 ± 0.7*
40.6 ± 0.5*
45.3 ± 0.8


8
44.7 ± 0.7
41.6 ± 0.7*
41.1 ± 0.7*
41.1 ± 0.7*
40.2 ± 0.6*
45.5 ± 0.8


9
44.8 ± 0.7
41.6 ± 0.8*
40.8 ± 0.7*
40.8 ± 0.8*
40.0 ± 0.8*
45.8 ± 0.7


10
45.1 ± 0.7
41.8 ± 0.8*
41.0 ± 0.8*
40.8 ± 0.8*
39.8 ± 0.8*
46.0 ± 0.8


11
45.2 ± 0.8
41.6 ± 0.8*
40.9 ± 0.7*
40.8 ± 0.9*
39.6 ± 0.9*
46.1 ± 0.8


12
45.3 ± 0.7
41.5 ± 0.9*
41.2 ± 0.7*
41.0 ± 0.9*
39.7 ± 0.9*
46.3 ± 0.9


13
45.4 ± 0.7
41.7 ± 0.9*
41.4 ± 0.8*
41.5 ± 0.9*
39.7 ± 0.9*
46.5 ± 0.9





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 41







Effect of FP2 on blood glucose (mg/dL) levels during an OGTT after 14 days of


treatment












Dose

Total AUC
Δ AUC



(nmol/
Time after Glucose Challenge (min)
120 min)
120 min)















Treatment
kg)
0
30
60
90
120
(mg/dL/
(mg/dL/





Vehicle
NA
161 ± 10
225 ± 17
228 ± 14
208 ± 18
213 ± 19
25429 ± 1228
6094 ± 1430


FP2
0.3
144 ± 4
163 ± 14*
209 ± 11
180 ± 12
171 ± 7
21270 ± 399*
3985 ± 521 



1.0
151 ± 9
179 ± 18
188 ± 7
179 ± 13
163 ± 8*
21096 ± 754*
2972 ± 907 



3.0
149 ± 8
180 ± 18
179 ± 11*
164 ± 6
163 ± 9*
20338 ± 876*
2426 ± 1058



10.0
134 ± 6
163 ± 7*
190 ± 13
152 ± 7*
163 ± 8*
19599 ± 614*
3539 ± 1198


Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/
132 ± 9
152 ± 10*
162 ± 13*
138 ± 9*
159 ± 9*
17904 ± 632*
2139 ± 1179



day












Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses:


Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test for Glucose Values;


One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test for AUC













TABLE 42







Effect of FP2 on insulin (ng/mL) levels during an OGTT after


14 days of treatment











Dose
Time after Glucose
Total AUC



(nmol/
Challenge (min)
(ng/mL/












Treatment
kg)
0
30
90
90 min)





Vehicle
NA
4.2 ± 0.7
12.2 ± 2.3
3.6 ± 0.5
716.1 ± 122.0


FP2
 0.3
2.9 ± 0.6
 5.8 ± 1.8*
2.4 ± 0.4
377.1 ± 97.3



 1.0
2.9 ± 0.4
 8.2 ± 2.6
2.6 ± 0.4
491.8 ± 118.2



 3.0
3.0 ± 0.3
 8.4 ± 1.5
2.5 ± 0.3
498.6 ± 77.0



10.0
2.4 ± 0.4
 4.3 ± 0.5*
2.1 ± 0.4
295.5 ± 32.0*


Rosiglita-
10 mpk/
0.9 ± 0.1
 1.8 ± 0.2*
0.8 ± 0.1
118.5 ± 9.6*


zone
day





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*—p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test for insulin Values; One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test for AUC













TABLE 43







Effect of FP2 on fed blood glucose (mg/dL) levels













Time after start of treatment




Dose
(days)













Treatment
(nmol/kg)
0
7
13






Vehicle
NA
162 ± 5
159 ± 6
180 ± 9



FP2
 0.3
143 ± 5
150 ± 9
168 ± 9




 1.0
153 ± 12
135 ± 7
159 ± 7




 3.0
148 ± 3
127 ± 6*
151 ± 8*




10.0
146 ± 6
136 ± 4
148 ± 3*



Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
137 ± 7
117 ± 4*
134 ± 6*





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*—p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: Two-Way ANOVA RM, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 44







Fasted HOMA-IR in DIO mice after 14 days of


q3d treatement with FP2












Dose
HOMA-



Treatment
(nmol/kg)
IR






Vehicle
NA
48.7 ± 9.2



FP2
 0.1
30.1 ± 6.6




 1.0
30.5 ± 3.8




 3.0
31.3 ± 3.2




10.0
22.7 ± 3.1*



Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
 8.7 ± 1.0*





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*—p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 45







Liver weight after 15 days of treatment with FP2 q3d in DIO mice













Liver



Dose
Liver
Weight (%


Treatment
(nmol/kg)
Weight, (g)
of body)





Vehicle
NA
1.9 ± 0.1
4.3 ± 0.3


FP2
 0.1
1.7 ± 0.1
4.0 ± 0.1



 1.0
1.7 ± 0.0
4.2 ± 0.1



 3.0
1.8 ± 0.1
4.2 ± 0.1



10.0
1.7 ± 0.1
4.2 ± 0.1


Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
1.9 ± 0.1
4.1 ± 0.2





Values represent mean ± SEM or data from 8 animals per time per group


*—p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 46







Serum mouse GDF15 (pg/mL) levels after 15 days of treatement


with FP2 q3d in DIO mice












Dose




Treatment
(nmol/kg)
mGDF15






Vehicle
NA
258.3 ± 21.4



FP2
 0.1
214.1 ± 10.3




 1.0
191.6 ± 12.7




 3.0
254.5 ± 28.6




10.0
202.0 ± 10.0



Rosiglitazone
10 mpk/day
509.6 ± 26.2*





Values represent mean ± SEM or data from 8 animals per time per group


*—p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 47







Effect of JNJ-64739090 q3d in DIO mice on body composition (g) measured by MRI















Dose








Treat-
(nmol/
Fat (g)
Fat (g)

Lean (g)
Lean (g)
Δ Lean


ment
kg)
Day −1
Day 13
Δ Fat (g)
Day −1
Day 13
(g)

















Vehicle
NA
17.4 ± 0.6
18.2 ± 0.6
  0.9 ± 0.3
25.4 ± 0.3
25.1 ± 0.3
−0.4 ± 0.2


FP2
0.3
17.0 ± 0.6
15.2 ± 0.8
−1.9 ± 0.6*
25.8 ± 0.7
24.5 ± 0.5
−1.2 ± 0.2*



1.0
17.0 ± 0.6
14.9 ± 0.6*
−2.1 ± 0.4*
25.8 ± 0.5
24.6 ± 0.4
−1.2 ± 0.2*



3.0
17.4 ± 0.7
15.1 ± 1.1
−2.3 ± 0.5*
25.3 ± 0.4
24.2 ± 0.4
−1.1 ± 0.1



10.0
16.7 ± 0.6
13.2 ± 0.8*
−3.6 ± 0.5*
26.1 ± 0.6
24.5 ± 0.6
−1.7 ± 0.2*


Rosi-
10 mpk/
17.2 ± 0.6
19.1 ± 0.5
  1.9 ± 0.6
25.5 ± 0.7
25.1 ± 0.6
−0.4 ± 0.2


glitazone
day





Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 48







Effect of FP2 q3d in DIO mice on body composition (%) measured by MRI















Dose








Treat-
(nmol/
Fat (%)
Fat (%)

Lean (%)
Lean (%)
Δ Lean


ment
kg)
Day −1
Day 13
Δ Fat (%)
Day −1
Day 13
(%)





Vehicle
NA
38.1 ± 1.0
40.1 ± 1.0
  2.1 ± 0.3
55.9 ± 0.9
55.3 ± 0.9
−0.6 ± 0.3


FP2
0.3
37.6 ± 1.2
36.3 ± 1.3
−1.3 ± 0.9*
56.8 ± 1.3
59.0 ± 1.4
  2.2 ± 0.8



1.0
37.2 ± 1.1
35.8 ± 0.9
−1.4 ± 0.5*
56.7 ± 1.1
59.5 ± 1.0
  2.8 ± 0.6*



3.0
38.3 ± 1.4
36.1 ± 2.0
−2.3 ± 0.7*
55.9 ± 1.2
58.7 ± 2.0
  2.8 ± 0.8*



10.0
36.9 ± 1.1
33.1 ± 1.5*
−3.8 ± 0.8*
57.5 ± 1.0
61.7 ± 1.4*
  4.2 ± 0.7*


Rosi-
10 mpk/
38.0 ± 1.2
41.1 ± 0.9
  3.1 ± 0.9
56.2 ± 1.2
53.9 ± 0.8
−2.3 ± 0.8


glitazone
day











Values represent mean ± SEM for data from 8 animals per time per group


*p < 0.05, versus Vehicle


Statistical analyses: One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test













TABLE 49







FP2 serum exposures (nM) of the PK arm


during q3d treatment in DIO mice











Time Post Initial Dose




(Time post last dose)















Treatment
Subject




Day 14
Day 15
Day 17


Group
ID
Day 3
Day 6
Day 9
Day 12
(48 hr)
(72 hr)
(120 hr)


















 0.1
9
1.930
2.993
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


nmol/
10
1.853
3.369
2.817
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


kg
11
1.715
2.637
2.568
2.709
3.441
1.313
<LOQ


 1.0
9
8.198
9.660
9.645
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


nmol/
10
7.073
10.595
8.966
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


kg
11
6.689
13.967
10.802
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


 3.0
9
20.802
26.329
27.863
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


nmol/
10
23.563
32.020
41.576
1.168
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


kg
11
21.704
30.101
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


10.0
9
28.495
33.050
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


nmol/
10
70.779
112.898
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


kg
11
70.404
111.767
55.117
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ





Data are expressed as concentration for each animal.


<LOQ = below limit of quantitation; LOQ is 0.494 nM


** Values at Day 3, 6, 9 and 12 are immediately prior to next dose













TABLE 50







Terminal serum exposures (nM) of FP2 after 15 days of q3d


treatment in DIO mice


Treatment Group (nmol/kg)











Animal






ID
0.1
1.0
3.0
10.0





1
2.567
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


2
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
44.149


3
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


4
1.144
0.678
<LOQ
<LOQ


5
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


6
3.440
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


7
2.727
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ


8
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ
<LOQ





Data are expressed as concentration for each animal.


<LOQ = below limit of quantitation; LOQ is 0.494 nM






Example 18: FP2 Multispecies Pharmacokinetics and Immune Response

Mouse pharmacokinetics


The pharmacokinetic properties of FP2 were evaluated when administered subcutaneously to female C57B1/6 mice. FP2 was administered subcutaneously (n=5 samples per time point) and intravenously (n=5 samples per time point) to female C57B1/6 mice (Sage Laboratories, St Louis, Mo.) at a dose level of 2.0 mg/kg in PBS, (pH 7.3-7.5). The collection of sample at the last time point was via a terminal bleed. Blood samples were collected, serum processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 168 hours. The levels of FP2 were measured using an immunoassay method. The drug concentration profiles in plasma are summarized in Table 51 and 52 and illustrated in FIG. 25.


Pharmacokinetic analysis of FP2 in C57B1/6 mice demonstrated a terminal half-life of ˜1.51 and ˜1.76 days following IV and SC dosing respectively, with a mean bioavailability of ˜61% following SC administration.









TABLE 51







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 following a single subcutaneous


(SC) dose in C57Bl/6 mice









FP2-SC Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal





31
32
33
35
36
Average




Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Std Dev


Timepoint
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)

















  4 hr
11310.11
6323.44
23489.21
4357.74
4835.54
10063.21
7995.0


 24 hr
12378.58
10896.80
17769.03
15928.14
15404.08
14475.33
2785.0


 72 hr
5127.95
5569.27
6727.37
7909.66
7550.32
6576.91
1210.5


 96 hr
3059.83
3350.25
4042.04
4095.15
4431.94
3795.84
569.0


168 hr
784.61
1202.66
1364.68
1557.60
1678.02
1317.51
348.9
















TABLE 52







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 following a single intravenous (IV)


dose in C57Bl/6 mice









FP2-IV Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal





37
40
41
45
48
Average




Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Std Dev


Timepoint
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)
(ng/mL)

















  1 hr
49573.59
42382.59
40001.18
43085.75
46443.59
44297.34
3742.9


 24 hr
22173.85
19120.39
19393.78
19798.29
17459.96
19589.25
1696.7


 72 hr
8334.33
7989.10
8573.44
9086.37
8186.68
8433.98
422.5


 96 hr
4478.83
4699.80
4749.93
5331.39
4579.08
4767.81
332.3


168 hr
1044.24
1419.64
1393.44
1835.63
979.49
1334.49
343.6
















TABLE 53







Pharmacokinetic parameters of FP2 following 2 mg/kg IV and


2 mg/kg SC administration in C57B1/6 mice.


















CL or
Vz or


AUC0-last
AUC0-inf




t1/2
CL/F
Vz/F
Cmax
Tmax*
(day*
(day*


Route

(day)
(ml/day/kg)
(ml/kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
ng/ml)
ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
1.76
43
108
15619
1
44972
48379



SD
0.16
8
20
4870

8563
9147


IV
Mean
1.51
25
55
44297
0.042
76269
79253



SD
0.18
1
6
3743

3788
4051









Rat Pharmacokinetics


FP2 was administered subcutaneously (n=5 samples per time point) and intravenously (n=5 samples per time point) to female Sprague-Dawley rats (Sage Laboratories, St. Louis, MO) at a dose level of 2.0 mg/kg in PBS, (pH 7.3-7.5). The collection of sample at the last time point was via a terminal bleed. Blood samples were collected, serum processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 168 hours. The levels of FP2 were measured using an immunoassay method. The drug concentration profiles in plasma are summarized in Table 54 and 55, and illustrated in FIG. 26. Pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from these data are summarized in Table 56.


Pharmacokinetic analysis of FP2 in Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated a terminal half-life of ˜1.46 and ˜1.37 days following IV and SC dosing respectively, with a mean bioavailability of ˜28% following SC administration.









TABLE 54







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 following a single subcutaneous


(SC) dose in Sprague-Dawley rats.









FP2-SC Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal





01
02
03
04
05
Average
Std



Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Dev


Timepoint
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)

















  4 hr
730.95
257.94
469.95
496.34
400.65
471.16
172.2


 24 hr
9236.27
6658.79
7728.92
7449.56
6502.60
7515.23
1092.1


 72 hr
4559.04
4464.72
5619.82
4287.25
3844.15
4555.00
655.6


 96 hr
2791.97
2452.35
3387.55
2316.06
2176.00
2624.79
483.8


168 hr
622.32
606.36
<80.00
514.19
476.49
554.84
70.7
















TABLE 55







Serum concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 following a single intravenous (IV) dose in


Sprague-Dawley rats.









FP2-IV Dose















Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal





06
07
08
09
10
Average
Std



Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Result
Dev


Timepoint
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)

















  1 hr
60785.80
47392.80
43046.54
46014.25
44547.65
48357.41
7134.5


 24 hr
25470.36
24729.88
21157.29
20497.32
21459.71
22662.91
2267.1


 72 hr
8208.46
9262.13
8866.76
8635.93
8843.83
8763.42
384.1


 96 hr
4433.18
4833.22
4995.63
4630.60
4604.13
4699.35
218.1


168 hr
1083.14
1469.35
1614.61
1394.17
1053.89
1323.03
245.7
















TABLE 56







Pharmacokinetic parameters of FP2 following 2 mg/kg IV and


2 mg/kg SC administration in Sprague-Dawley Rats.


















CL or
Vz or


AUC0-last
AUC0-inf




t1/2
CL/F
Vz/F
Cmax
Tmax*
(day*
(day*


Route

(day)
(ml/day/kg)
(ml/kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
ng/ml)
ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
1.37
84
165
7515
1
22614
24036



SD
0.04
10
17
1092

2509
2893


IV
Mean
1.46
23
49
48357
0.042
83271
86089



SD
0.12
2
6
7135

6081
5820









Monkey Pharmacokinetics


FP2 was administered subcutaneously at 1 mg/kg and intravenously at 1 mg/kg to three male cynomolgus monkeys each in PBS, (pH 7.0-7.6). Blood samples were collected, plasma processed and drug concentrations were measured up to 21 days.


The pharmacokinetics (PK) of FP2 was characterized following administration of a single dose IV (1.0 mg/kg) and SC (1.0 mg/kg) in cynomolgus monkeys. The plasma drug concentration-time profile after SC administration is summarized in Tables 57 and 58 for immunoassay and LCMS analyses respectively and after IV administration in Tables 59 and 60 for immunoassay and LCMS analyses respectively. The immunoassay data is graphed in FIG. 27, and the LCMS data is represented in FIG. 28.


Using results from the immunoassay analysis, the mean NCA-based terminal half-life (t1/2) for FP2 was ˜7.05 and ˜8.51 days following IV and SC dosing, respectively. The mean PK parameters following IV and SC administration are summarized in Table 61. Using results from the immunoassay bioanalysis, the mean non-compartment model estimated terminal half-life (t1/2) for FP2 was 7.05 and 8.51 days following IV and SC dosing, respectively. The mean bioavailability (F%) of FP2 was estimated to be ˜98.5% based on AUC0-last and estimated to be ˜109.2% based on AUC0-Inf in cynomolgus monkeys following SC administration.









TABLE 57







Plasma concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 measured by immunoassay


following a single SC dose in cynomolgus monkeys.









Immunoassay













Animal
Animal
Animal




Time (hr)
704
705
706
SC Ave
Std Dev















 0
<80.0
<80.0
<80.0
<80.0
N/A


 6
7365.3
6128.5
6056.9
6516.9
735.6


 24
19716.8
10903.8
10554.7
13725.1
5191.9


 48
18191.7
14353.7
14464.7
15670.0
2184.5


 72
17813.9
14207.5
12684.0
14901.8
2634.5


120
13823.9
11445.8
10590.8
11953.5
1675.3


168
12359.6
10103.8
9467.8
10643.8
1519.7


240
9457.9
7642.6
8109.1
8403.2
942.7


336
6796.8
5679.8
5235.7
5904.1
804.3


432
5581.3
3830.6
3746.5
4386.1
1035.9


528
4126.2
2613.4
2879.3
3206.3
807.7





N/A = not applicable













TABLE 58







Plasma concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 measured by LCMS


following a single SC dose in cynomolgus monkeys.









LC/MS













Animal
Animal
Animal




Time (hr)
704
705
706
SC Ave
SEM















 0
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
N/A


 6
6110.0
5910
6200.0
6073.3
85.7


 24
#
10420.0
11300.0
10860.0
359.3


 48
16560.0
13510.0
14960.0
15010.0
880.8


 72
13690.0
13450.0
13380.0
13506.7
93.9


120
11040.0
#
#
11040.0
N/A


168
#
8680.0
9400.0
9040.0
293.9


240
6940.0
7070.0
7140.0
7050.0
58.6


336
4400.0
4580.0
4430.0
4470.0
55.7


432

2910.0

2910.0
N/A


528
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
N/A





— = initial run failed, not enough sample for repeat analysis


# = mislabeled tube, sample excluded from the analysis


N/A = not applicable













TABLE 59







Plasma concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 measured by immunoassay


following a single IV dose in cynomolgus monkeys.









Immunoassay












Time (hr)
Animal 701
Animal 702
Animal 703
IV Ave
Std Dev















0
<80.0
<80.0
<80.0
<80.0
N/A


1
29938.3
31139.0
23545.3
28207.6
4082.0


6
24711.9
21173.0
20434.4
22106.4
2286.5


24
19648.4
21420.9
8662.7
16577.3
6911.3


48
17790.1
17107.0
12983.1
15960.0
2600.7


72
17889.4
13871.1
13692.4
15151.0
2373.3


120
15298.6
11982.5
11361.5
12880.9
2116.7


168
11752.0
10982.8
9933.8
10889.5
912.7


240
8921.1
7465.0
6733.4
7706.5
1113.6


336
6572.8
5750.5
4687.6
5670.3
945.1


432
1099.6
3425.0
3458.0
2660.9
1352.2


528
<80.0
2069.0
2416.2
2242.6
N/A





N/A = not applicable













TABLE 60







Plasma concentration (ng/mL) of FP2 measured by LCMS following


a single IV dose in cynomolgus monkeys









LC/MS













Animal
Animal
Animal




Time (hr)
701
702
703
IV Ave
SEM















 0
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
N/A


 1
25340.0
28820
26220.0
26793.3
1044.7


 6
24610.0
26340.0
23810.0
24920.0
746.6


 24
18410.0
18680.0
9810.0
15633.3
2912.7


 48
16290.0
17370.0
13840.0
15833.3
1044.3


 72
15430.0
14920.0
14280.0
14876.7
332.7


120
11180.0
11480.0
11440.0
11366.7
94.0


168
9170.0
#
#
9170.0
N/A


240
6800.0
7380.0
7600.0
7260.0
238.6


336
2870.0
3860.0
3480.0
3403.3
288.3


432


3030.0
3030.0
N/A


528
1150.0
1680.0
1400.0
1410.0
153.1





— = initial run failed, not enough sample for repeat analysis


N/A = not applicable


# = mislabeled tube, sample excluded from the analysis













TABLE 61







Mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of FP2 following 1 mg/kg


IV and SC administration in cynomolgus monkey.


















CL or
Vz or









CL/F
Vz/F


AUC0-last
AUC0-inf




t1/2
(ml/day/
(ml/
Cmax
Tmax*
(day*
(day*


Route

(day)
kg)
kg)
(ng/ml)
(day)
ng/ml)
ng/ml)


















SC
Mean
8.51
4.6
56
16178
1.67
180792
221032



SD
1.28
0.8
7
3065

29990
44931


IV
Mean
7.05
4.9
51
28208
0.042
183468
202380



SD
1.45
0.2
12
4082

18268
9617





PK parameters are mean values baser on NCA of immunoassay PK data.


*Tmax (median)






Human Plasma Stability Assay


The ex vivo stability of FP2 was examined in fresh heparinized plasma at 37° C. for up to 48 hours. Fresh, non-frozen human plasma was generated from heparinized blood from two subjects (one male and one female) by centrifugation. FP2 was incubated in this matrix at 37° C. wih gentle mixing or 0. 4. 24 and 48 hours. The concentration of FP2 was determine using an immunoassay method. An independent immunoaffinity capture followed by LCMS method was used to quantitate the concentration of the intact dimer present in this matrix under the assay conditions.


In the immunoassay method, the percent recovery from the starting concentration ranged from 104.8 to 94.1 and did not decrease over time, demonstrating that FP2 is stable in human plasma up to 48 hours ex vivo (FIG. 29 and Table 62). The LCMS method showed that concentrations were stable over time demonstrating that JNJ-64739090 remains an intact dimer in human plasma up to 48 hours ex vivo (FIG. 30 and Table 63).









TABLE 62







Ex vivo stability of FP2 (Normalized Percent Recovery) over 48


hours in human plasma (ng/ml) measured by immunoassay.














Concentration
Normalized %


Compound
Gender
Time (hr)
(ng/mL)
Recovery














FP2
female
0
9104
100.0




4
9056
99.5




24
9332
102.5




48
9374
103.0



male
0
9473
100.0




4
9929
104.8




24
9081
95.9




48
8912
94.1
















TABLE 63







Ex vivo stability of FP2 (Normalized Percent Recovery) over 48


hours in human plasma (ng/ml) measured by intact LC/MS.














Concentration
Normalized %


Compound
Gender
Time (hr)
(ng/mL)
Recovery














FP2
female
0
11090
100.0




4
10830
97.7




24
10500
94.7




48
10030
90.4



male
0
10760
100.0




4
9640
89.6




24
10190
94.7




48
8500
79.0









Example 19: Efficacy of FP1 and FP2 in Cynomolgus Monkeys

The effects of FP1 and FP2 on food intake and body weight after a single dose in naive cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated.


FP1 was administered subcutaneously to a cohort of naive cynomolgus monkeys at three dose levels; 1, 3 and 10 nmol/kg. A vehicle treated group was also included. The animals were treated in a blinded manner. The study lasted a total of 6 weeks: 2 weeks of baseline food intake measurement and data collection, 4 weeks of data collection after single administration of compound. Plasma drug exposures were measured on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 following dosing.


Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with a single dose of FP1 reduced food intake and body weight compared to vehicle treatment (FIGS. 32-33). A significant reduction in daily food intake was seen on days 4, 5, 6, and 8 through 12 for the 10 nmol/kg dose level (FIG. 32). The weekly average of daily food intake was significantly reduced for during week 2 post administration for the 10 nmol/kg dose level. The 3 nmol/kg dose level had a significant percent reduction from the average weekly food intake prior to dosing on week 2 post administration and the 10 nmol/kg dose level had a significant percent reduction from the average weekly food intake prior to dosing in weeks 1 and 2 post administration. A significant reduction in percent body weight change from day 0 was seen at day 28 for the 3 nmol/kg dose level, and on day 14, 21, and 28 for the 10 nmol/kg dose level (FIG. 33).


FP2 was administered subcutaneously to a cohort of naïve cynomolgus monkeys at three dose levels; 1, 3 and 10 nmol/kg. A vehicle treated group was also included. The animals were treated in a blinded manner. The study lasted a total of 11 weeks: 5 weeks of baseline food intake measurement and data collection, 1 week of treatment and 5 weeks of wash-out phase data collection. Plasma drug exposures were measured on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 following dosing.


Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with a single dose of FP2 reduced food intake and body weight compared to vehicle treatment (FIGS. 34-35). A significant reduction in daily food intake was seen on days 3, 5 through 8, 10 and 12 for the 3 nmol/kg dose level and from days 3 through 38 and day 40 for the 10 nmol/kg dose level (FIG. 34). The weekly average of daily food intake was significantly reduced for week 1 post administration for the 3 nmol/kg dose level and significantly reduced for weeks 1 through 6 for the 10 nmol/kg dose level. The 3 nmol/kg dose level had a significant percent reduction from the week prior to dosing in weekly average daily food intake on week 2 post administration and the 10 nmol/kg dose level had a significant percent reduction from the week prior to dosing in weekly average daily food intake on weeks 1 through 6 post administration. A significant reduction in percent body weight change from day 0 was seen from days 21 through 42 for the 1 nmol/kg dose level, from days 14 through 42 for the 3 nmol/kg dose level and from days 7 through 42 for the 10 nmol/kg dose level (FIG. 34).


Example 20: HSA-GDF15:GDF15 Heterodimer

Bioactivity of HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer was investigated.


To generate an HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer two constructs were designed. The first construct contained HSA fused to the N-terminus of mature GDF15 (AA 203-308) via a glycine-serine linker (SEQ ID NO: 93). The second construct contained a 6x histidine tagged HSA fused to the N-terminus of mature GDF15 (AA 197-308) via a glycine-serine linker and an HRV3C protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO: 94). The plasmids were co-transfected at a 1:1 ratio using the Expi293™ Expression System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Peptides were secreted as HSA-GDF15 proteins, including both heterodimer and homodimer forms, wherein monomers were linked by disulfide bonds.


Cell supernatants from transiently transfected Expi293™ cells were harvested 5 days after transfection, clarified by centrifugation and sterile filtered (0.2 μPES membrane, Corning). Clarified supernatants were loaded onto a Histrap HP column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM sodium phosphate, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. After loading, unbound protein was removed by washing the column with equilibration buffer. HSA-GDF15 proteins, including both heterodimer and homodimer forms, bound to the column and were eluted with 20 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM imidazole, pH 7.4. Eluate fractions were pooled and incubated overnight at 4° C. in the presence of 6x histidine tagged HRV3C enzyme (Janssen) to generate the HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer. Following incubation, the protein solution was dialyzed into equilibration buffer to remove imidazole before being applied to a HisTrap HP column one more time. The HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer eluted in the 20 mM sodium phosphate, 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.4 wash step, while histidine tagged proteins were retained. The heterodimer was further polished by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 pg column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated in lx DPBS, pH 7.2. Eluate fractions from the SEC with high purity (determined by SDS-PAGE) of the HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer were pooled and filtered. The protein concentration was determined by absorbance at 280 nm on a BioTek SynergyHTTM spectrophotometer. The quality of the purified protein was assessed by SDS-PAGE and analytical size exclusion HPLC (Ultimate3000 HPLC system). Endotoxin levels were measured using an LAL assay (Pyrotell®-T, Associates of Cape Cod). The purified protein was stored at 4° C.


SK-N-AS cells (ATCC) stably expressing GDF15 receptor (GFRAL) were seeded in growth medium (10% FBS) in a 96-well plate 24 hours prior to the assay. After 24 hrs the cells were starved by replacing the culture medium with 200 μl of DMEM medium supplemented with 1% HI horse serum for 3 hours in a 37° C. incubator. The 1% HI horse serum supplemented medium was then replaced with 200 μl of AB1 and incubated for an additional 2 hours in a 37° C. incubator. To perform the assay, the AB1 was aspirated from all wells and 100 μl of variable concentrations of the testing compound in AB2 was added and the plate was incubated for 15 min in a 37° C. incubator. After 15 minutes, the testing solution was removed and 30 μl of lysis buffer (provided in the detection kit) was added and the plate was shaken on a plate shaker at room temperature for 30 min. For detection, 16 μl of the lysed sample was transferred to a 384-well assay plate and 4 μl of HTRF pAKT detection antibodies were added. The plate was incubated overnight at room temperature and then the HTRF signal read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer).


EC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism® Nonlinear Regression (Curve fit). Data are expressed as the Mean± Standard Error (SE) from three separate experiments with three replicates per data point. Molecular identity of the HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The left-shift of the heterodimer curve suggested that the HSA-GDF15:GDF15 heterodimer is more potent in inducing pAKT than the relevant homodimer molecule with an additional albumin.


Example 21: Linker Thermal Stability

Thermal stability was investigated for various linkers that connect HSA and GDF15. To evaluate the potential to fragment and aggregate, HSA-GDF15 fusion proteins with various linkers were diluted to I Omg/ml. After addition of EDTA and Methionine, the samples were incubated under 40° C. for 14 days. Then samples were diluted to the concentration of 1 mg/ml and evaluated under size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Percent of intact protein as well as aggregate and fragment were quantified for these proteins. Table 64 shows that the HSA-GDF15 proteins with linkers that consist of AP repeats are most stable against fragment under thermal stress.


To evaluate the whether these linker affects GDF15 interaction with its receptor, an immunoassay with GFRAL-Fc fusion protein coated on plate and anti-GDF15 or anti-HSA detection was performed, using monoclonal antibodies for GDF15 (Janssen) and HSA (Kerafast, Inc., Boston, Mass.). The assay showed all these linker variants in Table 66 has similar binding to receptor.









TABLE 64







SE-HPLC results after thermal stress for 14 days.











SEQ

aggre-

frag-


ID

gate
intact
ment


NO
Linker
(%)
(%)
(%)














113
GS(GGGGS)8
3.33
84.44
12.22





115
GA(GGGGA)8
3.51
87.98
8.5





117
(AP)10
1.64
98.36
0





119
(AP)12
2.36
97.64
0





121
GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)3-GGS
1.67
85.24
13.09





123
GS(PGGGS)8
2.96
88.12
8.91





125
GS(AGGGS)8
3.44
86.22
10.34





127
GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)2-GGS
1.71
91.17
7.12









While the invention has been described in detail, and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.


The sequences referenced in this application are provided in the table below: WT—wild type












WT-wild type









SEQ




ID




NO
Description
Sequence












1
Human Serum
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNE



Albumin, WT
VTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADC



(HSA)
CAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFL




KKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK




LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKA




EFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSIS




SKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKN




YAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAA




ADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLV




RYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLS




VVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPK




EFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA




VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL





2
HSA variant,
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



C34S
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC




AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL





3
HSA variant,
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQAPFEDHVKLVNE



C34A
VTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADC




CAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFL




KKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK




LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKA




EFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSIS




SKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKN




YAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAA




ADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLV




RYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLS




VVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPK




EFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA




VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL





5
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (WT)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



Fusion
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





6
Mature GDF15
ARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCI



(197-308)
GACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQK




TDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





7
Truncated
GDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGAC



mature GDF15
PSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDT



(200-308)
GVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





8
Truncated
DHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACP



mature GDF15
SQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTG



(201-308)
VSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





9
Truncated
HCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPS



mature GDF15
QFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGV



(202-308)
SLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





10
Truncated
CPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQ



mature GDF15
FRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVS



(203-308)
LQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





11
Truncated
CRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMH



mature GDF15
AQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDL



(211-308)
LAKDCHCI





25
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(GGGGS)2GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



-GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASGGGG




SGGGGSGTARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPR




EVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASY




NPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





26
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(GGGGS)8GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (WT)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGTARNGDH




CPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQ




FRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVS




LQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





27
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(AP)5GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASAPAPA




PAPAPGTARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPRE




VQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYN




PMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





28
HSA (C34S)
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(AP)10GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASAPAPA




PAPAPAPAPAPAPAPGTARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





29
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(AP)20GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASAPAPA




PAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPGTARNGDHCPLG




PGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAA




NMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTY




DDLLAKDCHCI





30
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(EAAAK)4GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASEAAA




KEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKGTARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDL




GWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDT




VPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





31
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



AS(EAAAK)8GT-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLASEAAA




KEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKGTARNGD




HCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPS




QFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGV




SLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





36
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



(deletion 13
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL



mutant)
DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSCSRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVT




MCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVL




IQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





37
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



(deletion 14
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL



mutant)
DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVT




MCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVL




IQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





40
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 Fusion
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





48
HSA (C34A)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQAPFEDHVKLVNE



GS(GGGGS)4-
VTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADC



GDF15 Fusion
CAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFL




KKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK




LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKA




EFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSIS




SKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKN




YAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAA




ADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLV




RYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLS




VVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPK




EFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA




VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGG




GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLG




WADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTV




PAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





55
HSA(C34A)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQAPFEDHVKLVNE



GS(GGGGS)8-
VTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADC



GDF15
CAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFL




KKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK




LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKA




EFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSIS




SKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKN




YAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAA




ADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLV




RYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLS




VVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPK




EFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA




VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGG




GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHC




PLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQF




RAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSL




QTYDDLLAKDCHCI





56
HSA (C34A)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQAPFEDHVKLVNE



(AP)10-
VTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADC



GDF15
CAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFL




KKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK




LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKA




EFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSIS




SKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKN




YAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAA




ADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLV




RYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLS




VVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPK




EFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKA




VMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLAPAPAP




APAPAPAPAPAPAPARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWAD




WVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPC




CVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





59
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(AP)10-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLAPAPAPA




PAPAPAPAPAPAPARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADW




VLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCC




VPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





60
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS-(GGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15(WT)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCP




LGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFR




AANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQ




TYDDLLAKDCHCI





64
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (I89R)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLRQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





65
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (I89W)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLWQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





66
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (L34A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



S35A, R37A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVAAPAEVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





67
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (V87A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



I89A, L98A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMALAQKTDTGVSAQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





68
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (L34A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



S35A, I89A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVAAPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLAQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





69
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (V87A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



I89A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMALAQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





70
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (Q60W)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAWIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





71
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (W32A)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADAVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPA




PCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





72
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (W29A)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK




KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGA




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





73
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (Q60A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



S64A, R67A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGW




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAAIKTALHALKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





74
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (W29A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



Q60A, I61A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGA




ADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAAAKTSLHRLKPDTVP




APCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





75
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS(GGGGS)4-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15 (W29A,
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



W32A)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGA




ADAVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPA




PCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





76
nucleic acid
gacgcccacaagagcgaggtggcccaccggttcaaggacctgggcgaggagaacttcaaggc



encoding
cctggtgctgatcgccttcgcccagtacctgcagcagtccccatcgaggaccacgtgaagctgg



SEQ ID NO: 5
tgaacgaggtgaccgagttcgccaagacctgcgtggccgacgagagcgccgagaactgcgac




aagagcctgcacaccctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtggccaccctgcgggagacctac




ggcgagatggccgactgctgcgccaagcaggagcccgagcggaacgagtgatcctgcagca




caaggacgacaaccccaacctgccccggctggtgcggcccgaggtggacgtgatgtgcaccg




ccttccacgacaacgaggagaccttcctgaagaagtacctgtacgagatcgcccggcggcaccc




ctacttctacgcccccgagctgctgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggccgccttcaccgagtgctg




ccaggccgccgacaaggccgcctgcctgctgcccaagctggacgagctgcgggacgagggc




aaggccagcagcgccaagcagcggctgaagtgcgccagcctgcagaagttcggcgagcggg




ccttcaaggcctgggccgtggcccggctgagccagcggttccccaaggccgagttcgccgagg




tgagcaagctggtgaccgacctgaccaaggtgcacaccgagtgctgccacggcgacctgctgg




agtgcgccgacgaccgggccgacctggccaagtacatctgcgagaaccaggacagcatcagc




agcaagctgaaggagtgctgcgagaagcccctgctggagaagagccactgcatcgccgaggtg




gagaacgacgagatgcccgccgacctgcccagcctggccgccgacttcgtggagagcaagga




cgtgtgcaagaactacgccgaggccaaggacgtgttcctgggcatgttcctgtacgagtacgccc




ggcggcaccccgactacagcgtggtgctgctgctgcggctggccaagacctacgagaccaccc




tggagaagtgctgcgccgccgccgacccccacgagtgctacgccaaggtgttcgacgagttcaa




gcccctggtggaggagccccagaacctgatcaagcagaactgcgagctgttcgagcagctggg




cgagtacaagttccagaacgccctgctggtgcggtacaccaagaaggtgccccaggtgagcac




ccccaccctggtggaggtgagccggaacctgggcaaggtgggcagcaagtgctgcaagcacc




ccgaggccaagcggatgccctgcgccgaggactacctgagcgtggtgctgaaccagctgtgcg




tgctgcacgagaagacccccgtgagcgaccgggtgaccaagtgctgcaccgagagcctggtga




accggcggccctgatcagcgccctggaggtggacgagacctacgtgcccaaggagttcaacg




ccgagaccttcaccttccacgccgacatctgcaccctgagcgagaaggagcggcagatcaaga




agcagaccgccctggtggagctggtgaagcacaagcccaaggccaccaaggagcagctgaag




gccgtgatggacgacttcgccgccttcgtggagaagtgctgcaaggccgacgacaaggagacc




tgcttcgccgaggagggcaagaagctggtggccgccagccaggccgccctgggcctgggcag




cggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggcagtggaggagggggatc




cgctcgcaacggtgaccactgccctctgggtcctggtcgctgctgccgcctgcacaccgttcgcg




cttctctggaagacctgggttgggctgactgggttctgtctcctcgcgaagttcaggttaccatgtgc




atcggtgatgcccttctcagttccgcgctgctaacatgcacgctcagatcaaaacctctctgcacc




gcctgaaacctgacaccgttcctgctccttgctgcgttcctgcttcttacaaccctatggttctgatcc




agaaaaccgacaccggtgtttctctgcagacctacgacgacctgctggctaaagactgccactgc




atc





77
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 25
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgcttcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcggtggagggggcagcggtggtggaggatccggtaccgcgcgca




acggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgct




ggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatc




ggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgcacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgca




ccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtg




ctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgc




cactgcata





78
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 26
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgatcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcggaggtggcggatcaggtggcggaggtagcggtggaggcggct




ctggcggaggtggatcaggcggaggaggttccggtggaggaggctcaggaggaggaggaag




tggaggagggggatccggtaccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgtt




gctgccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtc




gccacgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaa




acatgcacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccct




gctgcgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctc




cagacctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





79
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 27
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgatcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcgcacctgcccccgctccagctcctgcaccaggtaccgcgcgcaac




ggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctg




gaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcg




gcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgcacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcac




cgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgc




tcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgcc




actgcata





80
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 28
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgatcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcgcacctgcccccgctccagcacccgccccagcccctgctcccgca




ccagctcctgcaccaggtaccgctcgcaacggtgaccactgccctctgggtcctggtcgctgctg




ccgcctgcacaccgttcgcgcttctctggaagacctgggttgggctgactgggttctgtctcctcgc




gaagttcaggttaccatgtgcatcggtgcttgcccttctcagttccgcgctgctaacatgcacgctca




gatcaaaacctctctgcaccgcctgaaacctgacaccgttcctgctccttgctgcgttcctgcttctta




caaccctatggttctgatccagaaaaccgacaccggtgtttctctgcagacctacgacgacctgct




ggctaaagactgccactgcatc





81
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 29
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgatcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcgcacctgcccccgctccagccccagctcctgcacctgctccagca




ccagctcctgcaccagctccagcccctgcacctgcacccgctccagccccagctcctgcacctg




ctccagcaccaggtaccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgcc




gtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacg




ggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgca




cgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgt




gcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacct




atgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





82
nucleic acid
gatgctcataagtccgaagtcgcccacagattcaaggacctcggagaagaaaattttaaggccct



encoding
cgtgcttatcgccttcgcccaatacctccagcagtccccgttcgaggaccacgtgaagctcgtgaa



SEQ ID NO: 30
cgaagtgaccgagtttgccaagacttgtgtggcggatgaatccgccgagaactgcgacaagagc




ctccacacgctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtcgccacgctgagagaaacttacggagaga




tggccgactgctgcgcaaagcaggagccggaacggaacgaatgcttcctgcaacataaggacg




ataaccctaacttgcctcgcctggtccgccctgaggtcgacgtgatgtgcaccgcgttccacgaca




acgaggaaacctttcttaagaagtacctgtacgagattgcgcggaggcacccttatttctacgcccc




cgaactgttgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggctgcctttaccgaatgctgccaggccgccgataa




ggcggcttgcctgctgccgaagctcgacgagttgcgcgatgaggggaaggcgtcctccgctaa




gcagcggctgaaatgtgcgagcctccagaagttcggggagcgcgccttcaaggcctgggccgt




ggcgcgcctgtctcaacggttcccgaaggccgagttcgccgaagtgtcgaagctggtcaccgac




ctgacgaaagtgcacaccgaatgttgtcacggcgatctgctggaatgcgccgatgacagagccg




atttggccaagtacatctgcgaaaaccaggacagcatttcgtcaaagctgaaggaatgctgcgaa




aagcccttgctggaaaagtcccactgcatcgcggaagtggagaacgacgagatgcccgccgac




ctcccgtccctggccgccgatttcgtggagtcgaaggatgtgtgcaagaactacgcagaagccaa




ggacgtgttcctgggaatgtttctgtatgagtacgcccgccgccacccggactactcggtcgtgct




cctgctgcgactggcaaagacctacgaaaccactctggagaagtgctgcgccgccgcggaccc




gcacgagtgctacgcaaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagccacttgtcgaggagcctcagaacctga




tcaagcagaactgcgaactgttcgagcagctgggagagtacaaattccagaacgcgcttctcgtg




cgctacaccaagaaggtcccccaggtgtccactccgaccctggtggaagtgtccaggaacctgg




gaaaggtcggctccaagtgttgcaagcatcccgaggctaagcgcatgccctgcgccgaggacta




cttgtccgtggtgctgaatcagctgtgcgtgctccatgaaaagaccccagtgtccgacagagtgac




caagtgctgtaccgaatcgctcgtgaaccggcggccgtgcttttccgcactggaggtggacgaaa




cctacgtgccgaaggagttcaacgcagaaaccttcactttccacgccgacatctgcactctgtccg




agaaggagcggcagattaagaagcagactgccctggtggagcttgtgaaacacaagcctaagg




ccaccaaagagcagctgaaggccgtcatggatgatttcgcggccttcgtggaaaagtgttgtaaa




gcggacgacaaggagacttgatcgccgaagaaggaaagaagctcgtggcagcgtcacaggc




cgctctgggcctcgctagcgaagcagcagccaaagaagcagccgcaaaagaagcagccgcta




aggaggccgcagcaaagggtaccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcg




ttgctgccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgt




cgccacgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggca




aacatgcacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgcc




ctgctgcgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgc




tccagacctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





83
nucleic acid
gacgcccacaagagcgaggtggcccaccggttcaaggacctgggcgaggagaacttcaaggc



encoding
cctggtgctgatcgccttcgcccagtacctgcagcagtccccatcgaggaccacgtgaagctgg



SEQ ID NO: 40
tgaacgaggtgaccgagttcgccaagacctgcgtggccgacgagagcgccgagaactgcgac




aagagcctgcacaccctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtggccaccctgcgggagacctac




ggcgagatggccgactgctgcgccaagcaggagcccgagcggaacgagtgatcctgcagca




caaggacgacaaccccaacctgccccggctggtgcggcccgaggtggacgtgatgtgcaccg




ccttccacgacaacgaggagaccttcctgaagaagtacctgtacgagatcgcccggcggcaccc




ctacttctacgcccccgagctgctgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggccgccttcaccgagtgctg




ccaggccgccgacaaggccgcctgcctgctgcccaagctggacgagctgcgggacgagggc




aaggccagcagcgccaagcagcggctgaagtgcgccagcctgcagaagttcggcgagcggg




ccttcaaggcctgggccgtggcccggctgagccagcggttccccaaggccgagttcgccgagg




tgagcaagctggtgaccgacctgaccaaggtgcacaccgagtgctgccacggcgacctgctgg




agtgcgccgacgaccgggccgacctggccaagtacatctgcgagaaccaggacagcatcagc




agcaagctgaaggagtgctgcgagaagcccctgctggagaagagccactgcatcgccgaggtg




gagaacgacgagatgcccgccgacctgcccagcctggccgccgacttcgtggagagcaagga




cgtgtgcaagaactacgccgaggccaaggacgtgttcctgggcatgttcctgtacgagtacgccc




ggcggcaccccgactacagcgtggtgctgctgctgcggctggccaagacctacgagaccaccc




tggagaagtgctgcgccgccgccgacccccacgagtgctacgccaaggtgttcgacgagttcaa




gcccctggtggaggagccccagaacctgatcaagcagaactgcgagctgttcgagcagctggg




cgagtacaagttccagaacgccctgctggtgcggtacaccaagaaggtgccccaggtgagcac




ccccaccctggtggaggtgagccggaacctgggcaaggtgggcagcaagtgctgcaagcacc




ccgaggccaagcggatgccctgcgccgaggactacctgagcgtggtgctgaaccagctgtgcg




tgctgcacgagaagacccccgtgagcgaccgggtgaccaagtgctgcaccgagagcctggtga




accggcggccctgatcagcgccctggaggtggacgagacctacgtgcccaaggagttcaacg




ccgagaccttcaccttccacgccgacatctgcaccctgagcgagaaggagcggcagatcaaga




agcagaccgccctggtggagctggtgaagcacaagcccaaggccaccaaggagcagctgaag




gccgtgatggacgacttcgccgccttcgtggagaagtgctgcaaggccgacgacaaggagacc




tgcttcgccgaggagggcaagaagctggtggccgccagccaggccgccctgggcctgggcag




cggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggcagtggaggagggggatc




cgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgccgtctgcacacggtccg




cgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacgggaggtgcaagtgac




catgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgcacgcgcagatcaagac




gagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgtgcccgccagctacaa




tcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacctatgatgacttgttagc




caaagactgccactgcata





84
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcaggccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaa



SEQ ID NO: 55
gtaactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatac




cctttttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactcttcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgct




gtgcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctc




ccccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacattttt




gaaaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgct




aaaaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaa




agctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagt




ctccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccc




aaagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcc




atggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaag




attcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgc




cgaagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaagg




atgtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaa




ggcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaa




gtgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctatgtgg




aagagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagctttttgagcagcttggagagtacaaattcca




gaatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactcttgtagaggtct




caagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgt




gcagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtg




acagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaag




tcgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcaca




ctttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagcc




caaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagatttgtagagaagtgctg




caaggctgacgataaggagacctgattgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaag




ctgccttaggcttaggcagcggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggc




agtggaggagggggatccggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggc




agtggaggagggggatccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctg




ccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgcca




cgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatg




cacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctg




cgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccaga




cctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





85
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcaggccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaa



SEQ ID NO: 56
gtaactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatac




cctttttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactcttcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgct




gtgcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctc




ccccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacattttt




gaaaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgct




aaaaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaa




agctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagt




ctccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccc




aaagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcc




atggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaag




attcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgc




cgaagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaagg




atgtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaa




ggcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaa




gtgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctcttgtgg




aagagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagctttttgagcagcttggagagtacaaattcca




gaatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactcttgtagaggtct




caagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgt




gcagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtg




acagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaag




tcgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcaca




ctttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagcc




caaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagcttttgtagagaagtgctg




caaggctgacgataaggagacctgattgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaag




ctgccttaggcttagcacctgcccccgctccagcacccgccccagcccctgctcccgcaccagct




cctgcaccagcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgccgtctgcac




acggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacgggaggtg




caagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgcacgcgcag




atcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgtgcccgcc




agctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacctatgatga




cttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





86
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcagtccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaag



SEQ ID NO: 40
taactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatacc



(Codon
ctttttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactcttcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgctgt



optimization 1)
gcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctccc




ccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacatttttga




aaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgctaa




aaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaaag




ctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagtct




ccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccca




aagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcca




tggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaagat




tcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgccg




aagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaaggat




gtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaag




gcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaag




tgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctcttgtgga




agagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagattttgagcagatggagagtacaaattccag




aatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactatgtagaggtctc




aagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgtg




cagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtga




cagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaagt




cgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcacac




tttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagccc




aaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagcttttgtagagaagtgctgc




aaggctgacgataaggagacctgctttgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaagc




tgccttaggcttaggcagcggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggca




gtggaggagggggatccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgc




cgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccac




gggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgc




acgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgc




gtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagac




ctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





87
nucleic acid
gacgcccacaagagcgaggtggcccacagattcaaggacctgggcgaggaaaacttcaaggc



encoding
cctggtgctgatcgccttcgcccagtacctgcagcagagcccatcgaggaccacgtgaagctgg



SEQ ID NO: 40
tcaacgaagtgaccgagttcgccaagacctgcgtggccgacgagagcgccgagaactgcgaca



(Codon
agagcctgcacaccctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtggccaccctgcgggaaacctacg



optimization 2)
gcgagatggccgactgctgcgccaagcaggaacccgagcggaacgagtgcttcctgcagcac




aaggacgacaaccccaacctgcccagactcgtgcggcccgaggtggacgtgatgtgcaccgcc




ttccacgacaacgaggaaaccttcctgaagaagtacctgtacgagatcgccagacggcacccct




acttctacgcccccgagctgctgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggccgccttcaccgagtgctgcc




aggccgccgataaggccgcctgcctgctgcccaagctggacgagctgagagatgagggcaag




gccagctccgccaagcagcggctgaagtgcgccagcctgcagaagttcggcgagcgggccttt




aaggcttgggctgtggcccggctgagccagagattccccaaggccgagtttgccgaggtgtcca




agctggtcaccgacctgaccaaggtgcacaccgagtgttgtcacggcgacctgctggaatgcgc




cgacgacagagccgacctggccaagtacatctgcgagaaccaggacagcatcagcagcaagct




gaaagagtgctgcgagaagcccctgctggaaaagagccactgtatcgccgaggtggaaaacga




cgagatgcccgctgacctgcccagcctggccgccgacttcgtggaaagcaaggacgtgtgcaa




gaactacgccgaggccaaggatgtgttcctgggcatgttcctgtatgagtacgcccgcagacacc




ccgactacagcgtggtgctgctgctgcggctggccaagacctacgagacaaccctggaaaagtg




ctgcgccgctgccgacccccacgagtgctacgccaaggtgttcgacgagttcaagcctctggtg




gaagaaccccagaacctgatcaagcagaactgcgagctgttcgagcagctgggcgagtacaag




ttccagaacgccctgctcgtgcggtacaccaagaaagtgccccaggtgtccacccccaccctggt




cgaagtgtcccggaacctgggcaaagtgggcagcaagtgctgcaagcaccctgaggccaagc




ggatgccctgcgccgaggactacctgtccgtggtgctgaaccagctgtgcgtgctgcacgagaa




aacccccgtgtccgacagagtgaccaagtgctgtaccgagagcctggtcaacagacggccctgc




ttcagcgccctggaagtggacgagacatacgtgcccaaagagttcaacgccgagacattcacctt




ccacgccgacatctgcaccctgagcgagaaagagcggcagatcaagaagcagaccgccctgg




tcgagctggtcaagcacaagcccaaggccaccaaagaacagctgaaggccgtgatggacgact




tcgccgccttcgtcgagaagtgttgcaaggccgacgacaaagagacatgcttcgccgaagaggg




caagaaactggtggccgcctctcaggccgccctgggactgggatctggcggcggaggaagcg




gaggcggaggatctgggggaggcggctctggcggagggggatccgccagaaatggcgacca




ctgtcccctgggccctggccggtgttgcagactgcacacagtgcgggccagcctggaagatctg




ggctgggccgattgggtgctgagccccagagaagtgcaggtcacaatgtgcatcggcgcctgcc




ccagccagttcagagccgccaacatgcacgcccagatcaagaccagcctgcaccggctgaagc




ccgacaccgtgcctgccccttgttgcgtgcccgccagctacaaccccatggtgctgattcagaaa




accgacaccggcgtgtccctgcagacctacgacgatctgctggccaaggactgccactgcatc





88
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcaggccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaa



SEQ ID NO: 48
gtaactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatac




cctttttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactcttcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgct




gtgcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctc




ccccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacattttt




gaaaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgct




aaaaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaa




agctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagt




ctccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccc




aaagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcc




atggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaag




attcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgc




cgaagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaagg




atgtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaa




ggcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaa




gtgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctcttgtgg




aagagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagctttttgagcagcttggagagtacaaattcca




gaatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactcttgtagaggtct




caagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgt




gcagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtg




acagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaag




tcgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcaca




ctttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagcc




caaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagcttttgtagagaagtgctg




caaggctgacgataaggagacctgctttgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaag




ctgccttaggcttaggcagcggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggc




agtggaggagggggatccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctg




ccgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgcca




cgggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatg




cacgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctg




cgtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccaga




cctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





89
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcagtccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaag



SEQ ID NO: 59
taactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatacc




attttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactatcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgctgt




gcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctccc




ccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacatttttga




aaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgctaa




aaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaaag




ctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagtct




ccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccca




aagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcca




tggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaagat




tcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgccg




aagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaaggat




gtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaag




gcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaag




tgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctcttgtgga




agagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagattttgagcagcttggagagtacaaattccag




aatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactcttgtagaggtctc




aagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgtg




cagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtga




cagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaagt




cgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcacac




tttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagccc




aaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagcttttgtagagaagtgctgc




aaggctgacgataaggagacctgctttgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaagc




tgccttaggcttagcacctgcccccgctccagcacccgccccagcccctgctcccgcaccagctc




ctgcaccagcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgccgtctgcaca




cggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccacgggaggtgc




aagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgcacgcgcaga




tcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgcgtgcccgcca




gctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagacctatgatgact




tgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





90
nucleic acid
gatgcacacaagagtgaggttgctcatcggtttaaagatttgggagaagaaaatttcaaagccttg



encoding
gtgttgattgcctttgctcagtatcttcagcagtccccatttgaagatcatgtaaaattagtgaatgaag



SEQ ID NO: 60
taactgaatttgcaaaaacatgtgttgctgatgagtcagctgaaaattgtgacaaatcacttcatacc



(Codon
ctttttggagacaaattatgcacagttgcaactatcgtgaaacctatggtgaaatggctgactgctgt



optimization 1)
gcaaaacaagaacctgagagaaatgaatgcttcttgcaacacaaagatgacaacccaaacctccc




ccgattggtgagaccagaggttgatgtgatgtgcactgcttttcatgacaatgaagagacatttttga




aaaaatacttatatgaaattgccagaagacatccttacttttatgccccggaactccttttctttgctaa




aaggtataaagctgcttttacagaatgttgccaagctgctgataaagctgcctgcctgttgccaaag




ctcgatgaacttcgggatgaagggaaggcttcgtctgccaaacagagactcaagtgtgccagtct




ccaaaaatttggagaaagagctttcaaagcatgggcagtagctcgcctgagccagagatttccca




aagctgagtttgcagaagtttccaagttagtgacagatcttaccaaagtccacacggaatgctgcca




tggagatctgcttgaatgtgctgatgacagggcggaccttgccaagtatatctgtgaaaatcaagat




tcgatctccagtaaactgaaggaatgctgtgaaaaacctctgttggaaaaatcccactgcattgccg




aagtggaaaatgatgagatgcctgctgacttgccttcattagctgctgattttgttgaaagtaaggat




gtttgcaaaaactatgctgaggcaaaggatgtcttcctgggcatgtttttgtatgaatatgcaagaag




gcatcctgattactctgtcgtgctgctgctgagacttgccaagacatatgaaaccactctagagaag




tgctgtgccgctgcagatcctcatgaatgctatgccaaagtgttcgatgaatttaaacctcttgtgga




agagcctcagaatttaatcaaacaaaattgtgagattttgagcagatggagagtacaaattccag




aatgcgctattagttcgttacaccaagaaagtaccccaagtgtcaactccaactcttgtagaggtctc




aagaaacctaggaaaagtgggcagcaaatgttgtaaacatcctgaagcaaaaagaatgccctgtg




cagaagactatctatccgtggtcctgaaccagttatgtgtgttgcatgagaaaacgccagtaagtga




cagagtcaccaaatgctgcacagaatccttggtgaacaggcgaccatgcttttcagctctggaagt




cgatgaaacatacgttcccaaagagtttaatgctgaaacattcaccttccatgcagatatatgcacac




tttctgagaaggagagacaaatcaagaaacaaactgcacttgttgagctcgtgaaacacaagccc




aaggcaacaaaagagcaactgaaagctgttatggatgatttcgcagcttttgtagagaagtgctgc




aaggctgacgataaggagacctgctttgccgaggagggtaaaaaacttgttgctgcaagtcaagc




tgccttaggcttaggcagcggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggca




gtggaggagggggatccggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggca




gtggaggagggggatccgcgcgcaacggggaccactgtccgctcgggcccgggcgttgctgc




cgtctgcacacggtccgcgcgtcgctggaagacctgggctgggccgattgggtgctgtcgccac




gggaggtgcaagtgaccatgtgcatcggcgcgtgcccgagccagttccgggcggcaaacatgc




acgcgcagatcaagacgagcctgcaccgcctgaagcccgacacggtgccagcgccctgctgc




gtgcccgccagctacaatcccatggtgctcattcaaaagaccgacaccggggtgtcgctccagac




ctatgatgacttgttagccaaagactgccactgcata





91
nucleic acid
gacgcccacaagagcgaggtggcccaccggttcaaggacctgggcgaggagaacttcaaggc



encoding
cctggtgctgatcgccttcgcccagtacctgcagcagtccccatcgaggaccacgtgaagctgg



SEQ ID NO: 70
tgaacgaggtgaccgagttcgccaagacctgcgtggccgacgagagcgccgagaactgcgac




aagagcctgcacaccctgttcggcgacaagctgtgcaccgtggccaccctgcgggagacctac




ggcgagatggccgactgctgcgccaagcaggagcccgagcggaacgagtgatcctgcagca




caaggacgacaaccccaacctgccccggctggtgcggcccgaggtggacgtgatgtgcaccg




ccttccacgacaacgaggagaccttcctgaagaagtacctgtacgagatcgcccggcggcaccc




ctacttctacgcccccgagctgctgttcttcgccaagcggtacaaggccgccttcaccgagtgctg




ccaggccgccgacaaggccgcctgcctgctgcccaagctggacgagctgcgggacgagggc




aaggccagcagcgccaagcagcggctgaagtgcgccagcctgcagaagttcggcgagcggg




ccttcaaggcctgggccgtggcccggctgagccagcggttccccaaggccgagttcgccgagg




tgagcaagctggtgaccgacctgaccaaggtgcacaccgagtgctgccacggcgacctgctgg




agtgcgccgacgaccgggccgacctggccaagtacatctgcgagaaccaggacagcatcagc




agcaagctgaaggagtgctgcgagaagcccctgctggagaagagccactgcatcgccgaggtg




gagaacgacgagatgcccgccgacctgcccagcctggccgccgacttcgtggagagcaagga




cgtgtgcaagaactacgccgaggccaaggacgtgttcctgggcatgttcctgtacgagtacgccc




ggcggcaccccgactacagcgtggtgctgctgctgcggctggccaagacctacgagaccaccc




tggagaagtgctgcgccgccgccgacccccacgagtgctacgccaaggtgttcgacgagttcaa




gcccctggtggaggagccccagaacctgatcaagcagaactgcgagctgttcgagcagctggg




cgagtacaagttccagaacgccctgctggtgcggtacaccaagaaggtgccccaggtgagcac




ccccaccctggtggaggtgagccggaacctgggcaaggtgggcagcaagtgctgcaagcacc




ccgaggccaagcggatgccctgcgccgaggactacctgagcgtggtgctgaaccagctgtgcg




tgctgcacgagaagacccccgtgagcgaccgggtgaccaagtgctgcaccgagagcctggtga




accggcggccctgatcagcgccctggaggtggacgagacctacgtgcccaaggagttcaacg




ccgagaccttcaccttccacgccgacatctgcaccctgagcgagaaggagcggcagatcaaga




agcagaccgccctggtggagctggtgaagcacaagcccaaggccaccaaggagcagctgaag




gccgtgatggacgacttcgccgccttcgtggagaagtgctgcaaggccgacgacaaggagacc




tgcttcgccgaggagggcaagaagctggtggccgccagccaggccgccctgggcctgggcag




cggcggcggcggcagcggcggcggcggatctggtggaggtggcagtggaggagggggatc




cgctcgcaacggtgaccactgccctctgggtcctggtcgctgctgccgcctgcacaccgttcgcg




cttctctggaagacctgggttgggctgactgggttctgtctcctcgcgaagttcaggttaccatgtgc




atcggtgcttgcccttctcagttccgcgctgctaacatgcacgcttggatcaaaacctctctgcacc




gcctgaaacctgacaccgttcctgctccttgctgcgttcctgcttcttacaaccctatggttctgatcc




agaaaaccgacaccggtgtttctctgcagacctacgacgacctgctggctaaagactgccactgc




atc





92
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS-(GGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



(deletion 4)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDHCPLGPG




RCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANM




HAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDD




LLAKDCHCI





93
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GS-(GGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



GDF15
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



(deletion 5)
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSHCPLGPGR




CCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANM




HAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDD




LLAKDCHCI





94
6x histidine tag-
EFHHHHHHDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFED



HSA (C34S)-
HVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRET



GS-(GGGGS)8-
YGEMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFH



HRV3C site
DNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADK



GDF15
AACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARL




SQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYIC




ENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVES




KDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTL




EKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKF




QNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPC




AEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVD




ETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATK




EQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL




GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSLEVLFQGPARNGDHCPLGPGRCC




RLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHA




QIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLL




AKDCHCI





95
nucleic acid
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



encoding
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



SEQ ID NO: 92
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



(Codon
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



optimization 1)
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT




GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACCAAATGCTGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGC




TTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTT




AATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCT




GAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGC




TCGTGAAACACAAGCCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGC




TGTTATGGATGATTTCGCAGCTTTTGTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGC




TGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTG




TTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGGCTTGGAAGCGGCGGAGGG




GGGAGTGGCGGCGGTGGCTCCGGGGGGGGCGGATCCGGCGGAG




GGGGCAGCGGGGGTGGAGGGAGTGGCGGGGGAGGATCAGGGGG




AGGAGGATCAGGAGGGGGCGGAAGTGATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGC




CCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACTGTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAA




GACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACA




AGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGC




TAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACCAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGC




CCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAAT




CCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCA




GACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





96
nucleic acid
GGGGACCACTGTCCGCTCGGGCCCGGGCGTTGCTGCCGTCTGCA



encoding
CACGGTCCGCGCGTCGCTGGAAGACCTGGGCTGGGCCGATTGGG



SEQ ID NO: 7
TGCTGTCGCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCG




TGCCCGAGCCAGTTCCGGGCGGCAAACATGCACGCGCAGATCAA




GACGAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCT




GCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAG




ACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGC




CAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





97
nucleic acid
GACCACTGTCCGCTCGGGCCCGGGCGTTGCTGCCGTCTGCACAC



encoding
GGTCCGCGCGTCGCTGGAAGACCTGGGCTGGGCCGATTGGGTGC



SEQ ID NO: 8
TGTCGCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCGTGC



(Codon
CCGAGCCAGTTCCGGGCGGCAAACATGCACGCGCAGATCAAGAC



optimization 1)
GAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCT




GCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACC




GACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAA




AGACTGCCACTGCATA





98
nucleic acid
GATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGCCCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACT



encoding
GTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCT



SEQ ID NO: 8
GTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCC



(Codon
CCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACC



optimization 2)
AGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTG




CGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCG




ACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAA




GACTGCCACTGCATA





99
nucleic acid
GATCATTGTCCCCTTGGACCGGGTAGATGCTGTCGCCTGCACACT



encoding
GTGCGGGCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTGGGCTGACTGGGTGCT



SEQ ID NO: 8
GTCCCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCCTGTC



(Codon
CTTCGCAATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCACGCCCAGATCAAGACC



optimization 3)
TCCCTGCATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGTGCCTGCTCCATGCTGT




GTGCCGGCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCTGATCCAGAAAACCGA




TACCGGCGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATGATCTGCTGGCCAAGG




ACTGCCATTGCATC





100
nucleic acid
CACTGTCCGCTCGGGCCCGGGCGTTGCTGCCGTCTGCACACGGTC



encoding
CGCGCGTCGCTGGAAGACCTGGGCTGGGCCGATTGGGTGCTGTC



SEQ ID NO: 9
GCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCGTGCCCGA



(Codon
GCCAGTTCCGGGCGGCAAACATGCACGCGCAGATCAAGACGAG



optimization 1)
CCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCG




TGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGAC




ACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGA




CTGCCACTGCATA





101
nucleic acid
CATTGCCCTCTCGGGCCCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACTGTG



encoding
AGGGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTC



SEQ ID NO: 9
CCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCA



(Codon
GCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACCAGC



optimization 2)
CTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGT




GCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACA




CCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGAC




TGCCACTGCATA





102
nucleic acid
CATTGTCCCCTTGGACCGGGTAGATGCTGTCGCCTGCACACTGTG



encoding
CGGGCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTGGGCTGACTGGGTGCTGTC



SEQ ID NO: 9
CCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCCTGTCCTT



(Codon
CGCAATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCACGCCCAGATCAAGACCTCC



optimization 3)
CTGCATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGTGCCTGCTCCATGCTGTGTG




CCGGCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCTGATCCAGAAAACCGATAC




CGGCGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATGATCTGCTGGCCAAGGACT




GCCATTGCATC





103
nucleic acid
TGTCCGCTCGGGCCCGGGCGTTGCTGCCGTCTGCACACGGTCCGC



encoding
GCGTCGCTGGAAGACCTGGGCTGGGCCGATTGGGTGCTGTCGCC



SEQ ID NO: 10
ACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCGTGCCCGAGCC



(Codon
AGTTCCGGGCGGCAAACATGCACGCGCAGATCAAGACGAGCCTG



optimization 1)
CACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCC




CGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCG




GGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGC




CACTGCATA





104
nucleic acid
TGCCCTCTCGGGCCCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACTGTGAG



encoding
GGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTCCC



SEQ ID NO: 10
CAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGC



(Codon
CAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACCAGCCT



optimization 2)
GCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGC




CCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACACC




GGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTG




CCACTGCATA





105
nucleic acid
TGTCCCCTTGGACCGGGTAGATGCTGTCGCCTGCACACTGTGCGG



encoding
GCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTGGGCTGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCC



SEQ ID NO: 10
ACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCCTGTCCTTCGC



(Codon
AATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCACGCCCAGATCAAGACCTCCCTG



optimization 3)
CATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGTGCCTGCTCCATGCTGTGTGCCG




GCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCTGATCCAGAAAACCGATACCGG




CGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATGATCTGCTGGCCAAGGACTGCC




ATTGCATC





106
nucleic acid
TGCCGTCTGCACACGGTCCGCGCGTCGCTGGAAGACCTGGGCTG



encoding
GGCCGATTGGGTGCTGTCGCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGT



SEQ ID NO: 11
GCATCGGCGCGTGCCCGAGCCAGTTCCGGGCGGCAAACATGCAC



(Codon
GCGCAGATCAAGACGAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGT



optimization 1)
GCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGC




TCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGAT




GACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





107
nucleic acid
TGCCGCCTCCACACTGTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATG



encoding
GGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGT



SEQ ID NO: 11
GTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCAC



(Codon
GCCCAGATAAAAACCAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGT



optimization 2)
GCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGC




TCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGAT




GACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





108
nucleic acid
TGTCGCCTGCACACTGTGCGGGCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTG



encoding
GGCTGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGT



SEQ ID NO: 11
GCATCGGCGCCTGTCCTTCGCAATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCAC



(Codon
GCCCAGATCAAGACCTCCCTGCATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGT



optimization 3)
GCCTGCTCCATGCTGTGTGCCGGCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCT




GATCCAGAAAACCGATACCGGCGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATG




ATCTGCTGGCCAAGGACTGCCATTGCATC





109 
nucleic acid
GATGCGCACAAGTCGGAAGTGGCCCATCGCTTTAAGGACCTGGG



encoding
AGAAGAGAACTTCAAGGCCCTGGTCCTGATCGCGTTCGCCCAGT



SEQ ID NO: 60
ACCTCCAGCAGTCCCCGTTTGAGGACCACGTCAAGCTTGTGAAC



(Codon
GAAGTGACCGAGTTCGCAAAGACTTGTGTGGCCGATGAGTCCGC



optimization 2)
CGAAAACTGCGACAAGTCCCTGCACACCTTGTTCGGAGACAAGC




TGTGCACCGTCGCGACTTTGCGGGAGACTTACGGCGAAATGGCG




GACTGCTGCGCAAAGCAGGAGCCCGAAAGGAACGAGTGCTTCCT




GCAACACAAGGACGACAACCCGAACCTTCCGAGACTCGTGCGGC




CTGAGGTCGACGTGATGTGCACTGCATTCCATGATAACGAAGAA




ACATTCCTGAAGAAGTACCTGTATGAAATTGCCAGACGCCACCC




GTACTTCTACGCCCCCGAACTGCTGTTCTTCGCCAAGAGATACAA




GGCCGCCTTTACCGAATGTTGTCAAGCCGCCGATAAGGCAGCGT




GCCTGCTGCCGAAGTTGGACGAGCTCAGGGACGAAGGAAAGGC




CTCGTCCGCCAAGCAGAGGCTGAAGTGCGCGTCGCTCCAGAAGT




TTGGAGAGCGGGCTTTTAAGGCCTGGGCAGTGGCTAGGTTGAGC




CAGAGGTTCCCCAAGGCGGAGTTTGCCGAAGTGTCCAAGCTCGT




GACTGACCTGACTAAAGTCCATACCGAATGCTGCCACGGCGATC




TGCTCGAATGCGCAGATGACCGGGCGGATTTGGCCAAGTACATT




TGCGAAAACCAAGACTCCATAAGCTCCAAGCTGAAGGAGTGCTG




TGAAAAGCCTCTGCTCGAGAAGTCCCACTGTATCGCCGAGGTGG




AGAACGACGAAATGCCGGCAGACCTCCCTAGCCTGGCAGCCGAC




TTCGTCGAATCCAAGGACGTGTGCAAGAACTACGCCGAAGCGAA




GGACGTGTTCCTGGGAATGTTCCTGTACGAGTACGCCAGACGGC




ATCCAGACTACTCCGTGGTGCTTCTCTTGCGGCTGGCCAAGACTT




ATGAAACGACCCTGGAGAAATGTTGCGCTGCTGCTGACCCACAC




GAGTGCTACGCCAAAGTGTTCGACGAGTTTAAGCCTCTCGTGGA




GGAACCCCAGAACCTCATCAAGCAGAACTGCGAACTTTTCGAGC




AGCTCGGGGAGTACAAGTTCCAAAACGCGCTGCTTGTCCGCTAC




ACCAAGAAAGTGCCGCAAGTGTCCACACCGACCCTCGTGGAAGT




GTCCAGGAACCTGGGCAAAGTCGGAAGCAAATGTTGCAAGCACC




CCGAAGCCAAGCGCATGCCGTGCGCAGAGGACTACCTTTCGGTG




GTGTTGAACCAGCTCTGCGTCCTGCACGAAAAGACCCCGGTGTC




AGACCGCGTGACCAAGTGCTGTACCGAAAGCCTCGTGAATCGGC




GCCCCTGCTTCTCGGCCCTGGAGGTGGACGAAACTTACGTGCCG




AAAGAGTTCAACGCGGAAACCTTCACCTTTCATGCCGATATCTG




CACCCTGTCCGAGAAGGAGCGGCAGATCAAGAAGCAGACCGCC




CTGGTGGAGCTTGTGAAACACAAGCCGAAGGCCACTAAGGAAC




AGCTGAAGGCCGTCATGGACGATTTCGCTGCCTTCGTCGAGAAG




TGCTGCAAGGCCGACGACAAGGAGACTTGCTTCGCTGAAGAAGG




GAAGAAGCTTGTGGCCGCTAGCCAGGCTGCACTGGGACTGGGTA




GCGGTGGAGGGGGATCAGGGGGTGGTGGATCGGGAGGAGGAGG




ATCAGGAGGTGGCGGCTCAGGAGGAGGCGGATCAGGCGGTGGA




GGATCCGGAGGCGGAGGATCGGGTGGAGGAGGCTCAGCGAGGA




ACGGGGATCATTGTCCCCTTGGACCGGGTAGATGCTGTCGCCTG




CACACTGTGCGGGCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTGGGCTGACTG




GGTGCTGTCCCCACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCG




CCTGTCCTTCGCAATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCACGCCCAGATC




AAGACCTCCCTGCATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGTGCCTGCTCCA




TGCTGTGTGCCGGCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCTGATCCAGAAA




ACCGATACCGGCGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATGATCTGCTGGC




CAAGGACTGCCATTGCATC





110
nucleic acid
GATGCGCACAAGTCGGAAGTGGCCCATCGCTTTAAGGACCTGGG



encoding
AGAAGAGAACTTCAAGGCCCTGGTCCTGATCGCGTTCGCCCAGT



SEQ ID NO: 92
ACCTCCAGCAGTCCCCGTTTGAGGACCACGTCAAGCTTGTGAAC



(Codon
GAAGTGACCGAGTTCGCAAAGACTTGTGTGGCCGATGAGTCCGC



optimization 2)
CGAAAACTGCGACAAGTCCCTGCACACCTTGTTCGGAGACAAGC




TGTGCACCGTCGCGACTTTGCGGGAGACTTACGGCGAAATGGCG




GACTGCTGCGCAAAGCAGGAGCCCGAAAGGAACGAGTGCTTCCT




GCAACACAAGGACGACAACCCGAACCTTCCGAGACTCGTGCGGC




CTGAGGTCGACGTGATGTGCACTGCATTCCATGATAACGAAGAA




ACATTCCTGAAGAAGTACCTGTATGAAATTGCCAGACGCCACCC




GTACTTCTACGCCCCCGAACTGCTGTTCTTCGCCAAGAGATACAA




GGCCGCCTTTACCGAATGTTGTCAAGCCGCCGATAAGGCAGCGT




GCCTGCTGCCGAAGTTGGACGAGCTCAGGGACGAAGGAAAGGC




CTCGTCCGCCAAGCAGAGGCTGAAGTGCGCGTCGCTCCAGAAGT




TTGGAGAGCGGGCTTTTAAGGCCTGGGCAGTGGCTAGGTTGAGC




CAGAGGTTCCCCAAGGCGGAGTTTGCCGAAGTGTCCAAGCTCGT




GACTGACCTGACTAAAGTCCATACCGAATGCTGCCACGGCGATC




TGCTCGAATGCGCAGATGACCGGGCGGATTTGGCCAAGTACATT




TGCGAAAACCAAGACTCCATAAGCTCCAAGCTGAAGGAGTGCTG




TGAAAAGCCTCTGCTCGAGAAGTCCCACTGTATCGCCGAGGTGG




AGAACGACGAAATGCCGGCAGACCTCCCTAGCCTGGCAGCCGAC




TTCGTCGAATCCAAGGACGTGTGCAAGAACTACGCCGAAGCGAA




GGACGTGTTCCTGGGAATGTTCCTGTACGAGTACGCCAGACGGC




ATCCAGACTACTCCGTGGTGCTTCTCTTGCGGCTGGCCAAGACTT




ATGAAACGACCCTGGAGAAATGTTGCGCTGCTGCTGACCCACAC




GAGTGCTACGCCAAAGTGTTCGACGAGTTTAAGCCTCTCGTGGA




GGAACCCCAGAACCTCATCAAGCAGAACTGCGAACTTTTCGAGC




AGCTCGGGGAGTACAAGTTCCAAAACGCGCTGCTTGTCCGCTAC




ACCAAGAAAGTGCCGCAAGTGTCCACACCGACCCTCGTGGAAGT




GTCCAGGAACCTGGGCAAAGTCGGAAGCAAATGTTGCAAGCACC




CCGAAGCCAAGCGCATGCCGTGCGCAGAGGACTACCTTTCGGTG




GTGTTGAACCAGCTCTGCGTCCTGCACGAAAAGACCCCGGTGTC




AGACCGCGTGACCAAGTGCTGTACCGAAAGCCTCGTGAATCGGC




GCCCCTGCTTCTCGGCCCTGGAGGTGGACGAAACTTACGTGCCG




AAAGAGTTCAACGCGGAAACCTTCACCTTTCATGCCGATATCTG




CACCCTGTCCGAGAAGGAGCGGCAGATCAAGAAGCAGACCGCC




CTGGTGGAGCTTGTGAAACACAAGCCGAAGGCCACTAAGGAAC




AGCTGAAGGCCGTCATGGACGATTTCGCTGCCTTCGTCGAGAAG




TGCTGCAAGGCCGACGACAAGGAGACTTGCTTCGCTGAAGAAGG




GAAGAAGCTTGTGGCCGCTAGCCAGGCTGCACTGGGACTGGGTA




GCGGTGGAGGGGGATCAGGGGGTGGTGGATCGGGAGGAGGAGG




ATCAGGAGGTGGCGGCTCAGGAGGAGGCGGATCAGGCGGTGGA




GGATCCGGAGGCGGAGGATCGGGTGGAGGAGGCTCAGATCATT




GTCCCCTTGGACCGGGTAGATGCTGTCGCCTGCACACTGTGCGG




GCTTCACTGGAGGACCTCGGCTGGGCTGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCC




ACGGGAGGTGCAAGTGACCATGTGCATCGGCGCCTGTCCTTCGC




AATTCCGGGCCGCGAATATGCACGCCCAGATCAAGACCTCCCTG




CATCGCCTCAAGCCCGACACTGTGCCTGCTCCATGCTGTGTGCCG




GCCTCCTATAACCCCATGGTGCTGATCCAGAAAACCGATACCGG




CGTCAGCCTGCAGACGTATGATGATCTGCTGGCCAAGGACTGCC




ATTGCATC





111
HSA (C34S)-GS-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(GGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(Deletion 5)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSHCPLGPGR




CCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANM




HAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDD




LLAKDCHCI





112
HSA (C34S)-GS-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(GGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion 14)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGG




SGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSCRLHTVRA




SLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHR




LKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





113
(Deletion 2)
HKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEVTE



HSA (C34S)-GS-
FAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAK



(GGGGS)8-
QEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYL



(deletion 4)
YEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDEL



GDF15
RDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAE




VSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLK




ECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEA




KDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPH




ECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTK




KVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLN




QLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNA




ETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDD




FAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSGGGGSGGG




GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDHCPLGPGRCCR




LHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQI




KTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAK




DCHCI





114
DNA for SEQ
CACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAAGA



ID NO: 113
AAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCA



(Deletion 2)
GCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGAAGTAA



HSA (C34S)-GS-
CTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTGAAAAT



(GGGGS)8-
TGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACA



(deletion 4)
GTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGT



GDF15
GCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAA




AGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAGAGGTTG




ATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTGA




AAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATG




CCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTA




CAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTGTTGCCA




AAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTCTGCCAA




ACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAAAGAG




CTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCC




AAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGATCTTAC




CAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTG




CTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAAATCAA




GATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAACCTCT




GTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGATGAGA




TGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTA




AGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCCTG




GGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATTACTCT




GTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACCACTCT




AGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCA




AAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAAT




TTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGAGAGTA




CAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAAAGTAC




CCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAAACCTA




GGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAA




GAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAACCAG




TTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCAC




CAAATGCTGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTT




CAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTTAAT




GCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCTGAG




AAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTCGT




GAAACACAAGCCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGCTGTT




ATGGATGATTTCGCAGCTTTTGTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGA




CGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTGTTG




CTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGGCTTGGAAGCGGCGGAGGGGGG




AGTGGCGGCGGTGGCTCCGGGGGGGGCGGATCCGGCGGAGGGG




GCAGCGGGGGTGGAGGGAGTGGCGGGGGAGGATCAGGGGGAGG




AGGATCAGGAGGGGGCGGAAGTGATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGCCCG




GACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACTGTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAAGAC




CTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGT




CACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAA




CATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACCAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCG




ACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCC




ATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGAC




CTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





115
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GA-(GGGGA)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion 4)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGAGGGG




AGGGGAGGGGAGGGGAGGGGAGGGGAGGGGAGGGGADHCPLG




PGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAA




NMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTY




DDLLAKDCHCI





116
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 115
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



HSA (C34S)-
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



GA-(GGGGA)8-
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



(deletion 4)
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT



GDF15
GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACCAAATGCTGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGC




TTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTT




AATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCT




GAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGC




TCGTGAAACACAAGCCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGC




TGTTATGGATGATTTCGCAGCTTTTGTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGC




TGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTG




TTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGGCTTGGTGCTGGAGGAGGC




GGGGCGGGCGGCGGGGGTGCCGGTGGGGGTGGCGCAGGGGGAG




GTGGTGCGGGTGGTGGTGGGGCTGGTGGGGGAGGTGCAGGCGG




TGGCGGTGCCGGGGGGGGTGGCGCGGATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGC




CCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACTGTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAA




GACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACA




AGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGC




TAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACCAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGC




CCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAAT




CCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCA




GACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





117
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(AP)10-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion 4)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLAPAPAPA




PAPAPAPAPAPAPDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSP




REVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPAS




YNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





118
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 117
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



HSA (C34S)-
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



(AP)10-
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



(deletion 4)
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT



GDF15
GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACCAAATGCTGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGC




TTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTT




AATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCT




GAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGC




TCGTGAAACACAAGCCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGC




TGTTATGGATGATTTCGCAGCTTTTGTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGC




TGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTG




TTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGGCTTGCACCAGCCCCTGCCC




CTGCACCTGCACCTGCTCCCGCACCGGCTCCAGCCCCAGCTCCG




GATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGCCCGGACGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCACACT




GTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATGGGCCGACTGGGTGCT




GTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGTGTATTGGCGCCTGCC




CCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCACGCCCAGATAAAAACC




AGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCAGCGCCCTGCTG




CGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATTCAAAAGACCG




ACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTTGTTAGCCAAA




GACTGCCACTGCATA





119
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(AP)12-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion 4)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLAPAPAPA




PAPAPAPAPAPAPAPAPDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADW




VLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCC




VPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





120
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 119
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



HSA (C34S)-
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



(AP)12-
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



(deletion 4)
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT



GDF15
GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACCAAATGCTGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGC




TTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTT




AATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCT




GAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGC




TCGTGAAACACAAGCCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGC




TGTTATGGATGATTTCGCAGCTTTTGTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGC




TGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTG




TTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGGCTTGCACCAGCCCCTGCCC




CTGCACCTGCACCTGCTCCCGCACCGGCTCCAGCCCCAGCTCCG




GCTCCAGCTCCTGATCATTGCCCTCTCGGGCCCGGACGGTGTTGC




CGCCTCCACACTGTGAGGGCTTCACTTGAAGACCTTGGATGGGC




CGACTGGGTGCTGTCCCCAAGAGAGGTACAAGTCACAATGTGTA




TTGGCGCCTGCCCCAGCCAGTTTCGCGCCGCTAACATGCACGCCC




AGATAAAAACCAGCCTGCACCGCCTGAAGCCCGACACGGTGCCA




GCGCCCTGCTGCGTGCCCGCCAGCTACAATCCCATGGTGCTCATT




CAAAAGACCGACACCGGGGTGTCGCTCCAGACCTATGATGACTT




GTTAGCCAAAGACTGCCACTGCATA





121
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GGS-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(EGKSSGSGSESKST)3-
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GGS-
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL



(deletion4)
DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE



GDF15
FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGGSEGKS




SGSGSESKSTEGKSSGSGSESKSTEGKSSGSGSESKSTGGSDHCPLGP




GRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAAN




MHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYD




DLLAKDCHCI





122
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 121
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



HSA (C34S)-
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



GGS-
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



(EGKSSGSGSESKST)3-
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT



GGS-
GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC



(deletion4)
TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA



GDF15
ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACAAAATGCTGTACTGAGAGCTTGGTCAACAGGCGGCCGTGC




TTCAGCGCCCTCGAGGTGGATGAGACTTATGTCCCAAAGGAGTT




TAATGCGGAAACTTTTACTTTCCACGCAGACATTTGCACCTTGTC




TGAAAAGGAAAGACAGATTAAGAAACAGACTGCTCTTGTGGAA




CTGGTAAAACATAAACCAAAAGCTACGAAGGAGCAGCTTAAGG




CTGTTATGGATGATTTCGCCGCGTTTGTCGAGAAGTGCTGCAAAG




CGGACGATAAGGAAACTTGCTTTGCAGAGGAAGGTAAGAAACTC




GTAGCGGCAAGTCAGGCTGCGCTTGGCCTTGGAGGCAGTGAAGG




CAAATCCTCTGGGAGTGGCTCTGAAAGTAAATCCACCGAGGGCA




AATCCAGTGGATCTGGGTCTGAATCTAAGTCTACCGAGGGGAAG




TCTTCTGGCAGTGGGTCAGAATCTAAATCTACAGGCGGCTCTGA




CCATTGCCCGTTGGGACCAGGACGCTGCTGTCGCCTTCATACAGT




GCGAGCGAGTTTGGAAGACCTGGGCTGGGCTGACTGGGTGCTTA




GCCCTCGGGAGGTCCAGGTCACAATGTGCATTGGCGCGTGTCCC




AGTCAATTTAGAGCAGCAAATATGCACGCCCAAATAAAAACCTC




CCTGCATAGGCTTAAGCCAGATACTGTCCCCGCACCATGCTGTGT




GCCTGCTTCTTACAATCCTATGGTACTCATCCAGAAGACCGACAC




GGGAGTTAGCCTCCAGACTTATGACGACCTCTTGGCTAAAGATT




GCCATTGTATT





123
HSA (C34S)-GS-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(PGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion4)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSPGGGS




PGGGSPGGGSPGGGSPGGGSPGGGSPGGGSPGGGSDHCPLGPGRCC




RLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHA




QIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLL




AKDCHCI





124
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 123
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA



HSA (C34S)-GS-
TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA



(PGGGS)8-
AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG



(deletion4)
AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT



GDF15
GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACGAAATGTTGCACAGAGTCACTGGTCAACAGGAGACCTTGC




TTCTCCGCTCTTGAGGTTGACGAAACGTATGTCCCAAAAGAGTTC




AACGCCGAAACGTTTACGTTTCATGCGGACATATGCACTCTCAGT




GAGAAGGAGCGACAAATCAAAAAACAGACTGCTCTTGTAGAGTT




GGTAAAACACAAACCTAAAGCAACAAAAGAGCAATTGAAAGCT




GTGATGGACGATTTTGCAGCTTTCGTAGAAAAGTGCTGCAAGGC




CGACGATAAAGAAACCTGTTTCGCTGAAGAAGGCAAAAAACTTG




TTGCGGCATCTCAGGCCGCTCTTGGACTTGGGAGCCCGGGTGGC




GGGTCTCCAGGCGGAGGCTCTCCGGGCGGAGGTAGTCCCGGAGG




GGGTAGTCCGGGCGGCGGTTCTCCAGGTGGAGGTTCTCCTGGTG




GTGGCAGTCCTGGCGGAGGATCTGATCACTGTCCCCTTGGGCCC




GGGAGGTGCTGCCGACTTCATACAGTTCGCGCCAGCCTTGAAGA




TTTGGGGTGGGCCGACTGGGTGTTGAGCCCGAGAGAGGTCCAAG




TCACGATGTGTATTGGAGCCTGTCCCTCTCAATTCCGAGCCGCAA




ATATGCATGCGCAAATAAAGACGAGTCTCCATCGGTTGAAGCCT




GATACTGTCCCAGCTCCGTGCTGCGTCCCCGCGAGTTATAATCCC




ATGGTCCTTATACAGAAAACAGACACTGGTGTCAGCCTTCAGAC




GTATGACGATTTGCTTGCTAAAGACTGTCATTGTATT





125
HSA (C34S)-GS-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



(AGGGS)8-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(deletion 4)
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GDF15
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL




DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE




FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGSAGGG




SAGGGSAGGGSAGGGSAGGGSAGGGSAGGGSAGGGSDHCPLGPG




RCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANM




HAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDD




LLAKDCHCI





126
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 125
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA




TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA




AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG




AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT




GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACTAAATGTTGTACCGAGTCTCTTGTTAATAGGCGGCCATGCT




TCAGTGCATTGGAAGTCGACGAAACCTATGTACCAAAGGAGTTC




AACGCAGAAACATTTACATTCCATGCTGATATCTGCACATTGAG




CGAGAAAGAGAGACAGATTAAGAAACAGACAGCGCTTGTTGAA




CTGGTTAAACACAAACCAAAAGCTACCAAGGAGCAGCTTAAGGC




AGTAATGGATGACTTCGCGGCCTTTGTCGAGAAATGTTGTAAAG




CGGATGATAAAGAGACATGCTTCGCCGAAGAGGGCAAAAAACT




TGTAGCGGCAAGCCAGGCCGCACTGGGTCTCGGTAGTGCGGGCG




GTGGTTCAGCGGGGGGAGGATCTGCAGGTGGTGGCTCAGCGGGT




GGCGGTAGCGCTGGGGGGGGCTCCGCAGGTGGGGGATCAGCAG




GCGGCGGATCAGCCGGCGGTGGATCCGACCACTGTCCTCTCGGG




CCTGGTCGGTGTTGCCGCCTCCATACTGTGCGCGCGTCTCTTGAG




GATCTGGGGTGGGCTGATTGGGTTCTCTCTCCCCGCGAAGTGCA




GGTGACCATGTGTATTGGTGCTTGCCCAAGTCAATTCCGAGCAG




CTAACATGCACGCCCAGATCAAGACTAGCCTGCATCGGCTTAAG




CCCGACACTGTTCCTGCCCCTTGCTGTGTTCCTGCATCTTATAATC




CAATGGTCCTGATCCAGAAAACCGATACGGGTGTATCATTGCAA




ACATACGACGACTTGCTTGCCAAAGATTGCCATTGCATT





127
HSA (C34S)-
DAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQSPFEDHVKLVNEV



GGS-
TEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCC



(EGKSSGSGSESKST)2-
AKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLK



GGS-
KYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKL



(deletion4)
DELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAE



GDF15
FAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISS




KLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNY




AEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAA




DPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR




YTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSV




VLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKE




FNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAV




MDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGLGGSEGKS




SGSGSESKSTEGKSSGSGSESKSTGGSDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASL




EDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLK




PDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI





128
DNA for SEQ
GATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGG



ID NO: 127
AGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTA




TCTTCAGCAGTCCCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGA




AGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGATGAGTCAGCTG




AAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTAT




GCACAGTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGAC




TGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCA




ACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAGACCAG




AGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACA




TTTTTGAAAAAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTAC




TTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCT




GCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTG




TTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTC




TGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAG




AAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTAGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGA




TTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGAT




CTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGA




ATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAA




ATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAAA




CCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGA




TGAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGA




AAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCT




TCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGAAGGCATCCTGATT




ACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACC




ACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTA




TGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTC




AGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAGCAGCTTGGA




GAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAA




AGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAA




ACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCA




AAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAA




CCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAG




TCACGAAATGCTGTACAGAATCCCTCGTGAATAGAAGGCCCTGC




TTCTCTGCCCTTGAGGTGGACGAGACTTACGTCCCTAAGGAGTTT




AACGCCGAGACCTTTACTTTTCATGCTGATATTTGCACCCTTTCC




GAAAAGGAGCGGCAGATCAAGAAACAAACAGCCTTGGTGGAAC




TCGTAAAACATAAACCCAAAGCCACCAAGGAACAACTTAAAGCT




GTTATGGATGACTTCGCAGCCTTCGTCGAGAAATGTTGCAAGGC




GGATGATAAGGAAACGTGTTTTGCTGAGGAAGGGAAGAAGTTG




GTTGCTGCCTCTCAAGCGGCTCTGGGGCTTGGCGGATCAGAGGG




GAAGTCCTCCGGGTCCGGTAGCGAGTCCAAATCTACGGAAGGGA




AGTCATCCGGTTCTGGGTCAGAGTCCAAATCCACAGGAGGATCA




GACCATTGCCCATTGGGACCAGGACGATGTTGTCGCCTGCATAC




GGTAAGAGCGTCTCTGGAGGATCTCGGCTGGGCCGATTGGGTTC




TCTCACCACGAGAAGTACAGGTCACAATGTGCATAGGAGCTTGT




CCGAGCCAATTCCGGGCGGCTAATATGCACGCACAGATCAAGAC




CTCTTTGCACCGCTTGAAGCCCGATACCGTGCCAGCACCGTGTTG




CGTCCCAGCATCTTACAACCCTATGGTTTTGATACAGAAAACTGA




CACAGGTGTGAGCCTCCAGACATATGATGATTTGCTGGCTAAGG




ATTGCCACTGTATA








Claims
  • 1. A fusion protein comprising: a. a half-life extension protein,b. a linker, andc. a GDF15 protein;wherein the fusion protein is arranged from N-terminus to C-terminus in the order (a)-(b)-(c).
  • 2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the GDF15 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
  • 3. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the half-life extension protein is human serum albumin (HSA) or a functional variant thereof.
  • 4. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the half-life extension protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • 5. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the linker comprises the sequence (GGGGS)n, wherein n is 2 to 20.
  • 6. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the linker comprises the sequence (AP)n or (EAAAK)n, wherein n is 2 to 20.
  • 7. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the linker comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (GGGGA)n, (PGGGS)n, (AGGGS)n or GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)n-GGS wherein n is 2 to 20.
  • 8. A fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 5, 25-30, 36-37, 40, 48, 55-56, 59-60, 64-75, 92, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, or 127.
  • 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the fusion protein of claim 1.
  • 10. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of claim 1.
  • 11. A method of producing the fusion protein of claim 1, comprising: (1) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein under a condition that the fusion protein is produced; and(2) recovering the fusion protein produced by the host cell.
  • 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • 13. A method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 12.
  • 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of a metabolic disorder selected from the group consisting of type 2 diabetes, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy; myocardial ischemic injury, congestive heart failure, and rheumatoid arthritis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 or NO: 92, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • 15. A dimer comprising two polypeptide chains, wherein each chain comprises from N-terminus to C-terminus an HSA region, a linker, and a GDF15 region; wherein the HSA region comprises an ammo acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, or 3, and wherein the GDF15 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11.
  • 16. The dimer of claim 15, wherein the two polypeptide chains are linked by disulfide bonds.
  • 17. The dimer of claim 15, wherein the HSA region and the GDF15 region are joined by a polypeptide linker.
  • 18. The dimer of claim 15, wherein the polypeptide linker comprises the sequence (GGGGS)n, wherein n is 2 to 20.
  • 19. The dimer of claim 15, wherein the polypeptide linker comprises the sequence (AP)n or (EAAAK)n, wherein n is 2 to 20.
  • 20. The dimer of claims 17, wherein the linker comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (GGGGA)n, (PGGGS)n, (AGGGS)n or GGS-(EGKSSGSGSESKST)n-GGS wherein n is 2 to 20.
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/412,819, filed May 15, 2019, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/586,463, filed on May 4, 2017, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 10,336,812, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/333,886, filed on May 10, 2016. Each disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
62333886 May 2016 US
Divisions (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 15586463 May 2017 US
Child 16412819 US
Continuations (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 16412819 May 2019 US
Child 17455649 US