Genes of Helicobacter pylori necessary for the regulation and maturation of urease and their use

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to oligonucleotide sequences specific to Helicobacter pylori urease and useful as DNA probes and primers in the detection of H. pylori infections in humans.
2. Discussion of the Background
Helicobacter pylori (also described by the expression H. pylori) is a Gram negative bacterium found exclusively nowadays at the surface of the stomach mucosa in man, and more particularly around the lesions of the craters due to gastric and duodenal ulcers. This bacterium was initially called Campylobacter pyloridis (Warren et al. (1983) Lancet 1. 1273-1275).
Like most bacteria, H. pylori is sensitive to a medium of acidic pH but can however tolerate acidity in the presence of physiological levels of urea (Marshall et al. (1990) Gastroenterol. 99:697-702). By hydrolysing urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia which are released into the microenvironment of the bacterium, the urease of H. pylori is assumed to permit the survival of the bacterium in the acidic environment of the stomach. Recently, studies conducted on animal models have provided elements suggesting that urease is an important factor in the colonization of the gastric mucosa (Eaton et al. (1991) Infect. Immun 59:2470-2475). Urease is also suspected of causing injury either directly or indirectly to the gastric mucosa.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is presently recognized as the etiological agent of antral gastritis, and appears to be once of the cofactors required for the development of ulcers. Furthermore it seems that the development of gastric carcinomas may be linked to the presence of H. pylori.
All of the strains isolated in the clinic from biopsies or gastric juice synthesize a very active urease, which is exposed at the surface of the bacterium and is one of the most immunogenic proteins of H. pylori. The urease is suspected of playing a role in the pathogenic process, a fact which has been confirmed by experiments performed on the pig which show that weakly producing urease strains obtained by chemical mutagenesis were incapable of colonizing the stomach of the pig. These results obtained after chemical mutagenesis do not make is possible to attribute with certainty the diminution of urease production to an inability to colonize the stomach, since other genes may be inactivated during generalized mutagenesis. Hence these are not controllable mutations and, consequently, this procedure has no real value in the creation of agents designed to diminish, and even prevent, the harmful effects of urease in the case of an infection by H. pylori.
In addition to this role in the colonization of the stomach, it has been shown that urease as well as the ammonia released might have a direct cytotoxic effect on epithelial cells and an indirect effect by inducing an inflammatory response which might be responsible for the gastric lesions.
The urease is hence one of the most important determinants of pathogenicity and the construction of isogenic strains of H. pylori specifically inactivated in the genes responsible for the expression of urease, whether they be structural genes or accessory genes, are of primary importance for defining the role of urease in the colonization step, and for use in the construction of strains which can be used to protect individuals in a vaccination process, for example by the construction of attenuated strains.
Hitherto the urease genes had been localized on a 34 kb fragment of the H. pylori chromosome and had been associated with a 4.2 kb region present in this fragment. Four genes designated by the terms ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD had been associated with this region of 4.2 kb. This region led to the production of a urease-positive phenotype when the DNA of 4.2 kb was transferred by the intermediary of a shuttle vector of Campylobacter jejuni.
However, the transformation of E. coli cells with the DNA of 4.2 kb previously described did not lead to the expression of urease activity in E. coli.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have succeeded in defining the element which, both genetically and from the point of view of growth conditions, are necessary for the expression in E. coli of a urease activity such as that obtained in H. pylori. In this regard, they have established that the expression of urease in E. coli was dependent on both the activation of the nitrogen regulatory system of E. coli and the presence of accessory genes to the urease structural genes. They have identified and isolated several genes which will sometimes be designated subsequently by the expression urease "accessory genes" which permit the functional expression of urease in E. coli and specify the maturation and regulation of urease in H. pylori.
Hence the invention relates to a set of five novel determinant genes or which are at least likely to be implicated in the functional expression of urease in H. pylori and in E. coli, as well as each of these genes considered in isolation and independently of the other genes. It also relates to this set of genes, optionally modified, in combination with the urease structural genes designated by ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD and described in the publication (Labigne et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931).
Furthermore, the invention relates to novel agents for the in vitro detection of an infection due to H. pylori, as well as to compositions which can be used for protection against infection by H. pylori.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hence the object of the invention is a nucleotide sequence (SEQ. ID NO:1) characterized in that it is constituted by or in that it comprises at least one of the nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the genes called ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI and represented by the nucleotide sequences presented in FIG. 4 or any part of at least one of these nucleic acid sequences (SEQ. ID NO:1).
A nucleotide sequence according to the invention is constituted wither by DNA or by RNA.
The invention also relates to a nucleotide sequence modified with respect to the nucleotide sequence described above by deletion, addition, substitution or inversion of one or more nucleotides such that the functional properties of the polypeptides encoded in these genes are either conserved or attenuated, or even deleted, in comparison with the properties of the polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI such as expressed by H. pylori (SEQ. ID NOS:4-7 and 3, respectively), or such that this sequence does not express a polypeptide in H. pylori.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention and in the context of the preceding definition, a nucleotide sequence is characterized in that it is constituted by or in that it comprises:
a) the set of nucleotide sequences corresponding to the genes called ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI and represented by the nucleotide sequences shown in FIG. 4 or,
b) the set formed by the (variant) nucleotide sequences corresponding to these genes modified independently of each other such that the set of these variants codes for polypeptides having a functional homology with the polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI such as expressed by H. pylori or, on the other hand, codes for modified peptides which attenuate or even suppress the functional properties of the polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI such as expressed by H. pylori.
Fragments (nucleotide sequences) of the above nucleotide sequences are of interest for different reasons and as examples it is possible to define:
fragments of the above-mentioned sequences which have conserved the capacity to code for polypeptides having a functional homology with the polypeptides such as obtained by expression of a gene selected from ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI in H. pylori;
fragments coding for any part of the above polypeptides such as produced in H. pylori, and in particular coding for peptides or parts of polypeptides recognized by antibodies directed against H. pylori or capable of behaving as haptens or immunogens;
fragments of the above-mentioned sequences lacking the capacity to code for the polypeptides of H. pylori such as expressed by the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI;
fragments coding for polypeptides or peptides having properties attenuated or even deleted in comparison with the properties of the polypeptides encoded in the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI of H. pylori.
Such fragments have advantageously at least 15 nucleotides, and preferably at least 20 nucleotides.
The genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI are present on a H. pylori chromosome, these genes are so-called accessory genes with respect to the urease structural genes (ureA, ureB). In contrast to the structural genes, the accessory genes are not necessary for the formation of the enzyme urease. On the other hand, they are implicated in the functional expression of urease as expressed in H. pylori by means of regulatory and/or maturation agents affecting inactive apoenzyme before undergoing a maturation step within H. pylori, a step which confers on it its functional enzymatic form.
Furthermore, the inventors have observed that the presence of these five accessory genes is essential to the expression of functional urease in E. coli cells previously transformed by the structural genes ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD.
Consequently, the identification of these genes and their nucleotide sequences makes it possible to contemplate agents for modulating the urease activity in H. pylori strains, in particular for preparing attenuated strains.
According to a first embodiment of the invention, interesting nucleotide sequences code for polypeptides which have a functional homology with the natural polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH and UreI. This homology between polypeptides is estimated in terms of the capacity of these polypeptides to function within H. pylori like the natural polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH and UreI and, consequently, to contribute to the formation of the functional urease from the apoenzyme.
This functional homology can be detected by implementing the following test: 10.sup.9 bacteria are resuspended in 1 ml of urea-indole medium and incubated at 37.degree. C. The hydrolysis of the urea leads to the release of ammonia which, by raising the pH, leads to a colour change from orange to fuchsia.
On the other hand, in context of the invention it is possible to make use of nucleotide sequences corresponding to the set of the nucleotide sequences corresponding to the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI, these sequences being modified so that the polypeptides for which they code no longer possess the capacity of the natural polypeptides to give rise to the production of a functional urease in H. pylori or, optionally, in another species. In this case an attempt is made to attenuate or suppress the functional properties of the natural polypeptides as expressed by H. pylori. It is considered that the functional properties are attenuated when the strain in which the nucleotide sequences according to the invention are inserted produce a non-pathogenic urease for example in the form of an apoenzyme. This pathogenicity can be evaluated by making use of the following test:
The implantation of the recombinant strain is assayed in the stomach of an animal, preferably the germ-free piglet, by using the procedure described by Eaton et al. (1991 Infect. Immun. 59:2470-2475).
According to a first embodiment of the invention, a nucleotide sequence such as previously defined may be combined with the nucleotides sequences corresponding to the structural genes ureA and ureB which code for the urease subunits in H. pylori.
According to another embodiment of the invention, this nucleotide sequence is combined with the genes ureA, ureB, ureC and/or ureD which code for urease in H. pylori.
In this case the different genes may be localized on distinct replicons.
The invention also relates to the nucleotide sequences included on the context of the preceding definition and represented by one of the coding nucleotide sequences corresponding to the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI. In this connection the invention relates in particular to the following sequences:
the ureE sequence corresponding to the nucleotides 800 to 1309 of the sequence shown in FIG. 4, or any fragment of this sequence provided that it hybridizes under stringent conditions, i.e. at 68.degree. C. in 6.times. SSC Denhardt medium or at 37.degree. C. in 5.times. SSC 50% formamide with the ureE sequence or with the sequence complementary to this sequence,
the ureF sequence corresponding to the nucleotides 1324 to 2091 of the sequence shown in FIG. 4, or any fragment of this sequence provided that it hybridizes under stringent conditions, i.e. at 68.degree. C. in 6.times. SSC Denhardt medium or at 37.degree. C. in 5.times. SSC 50% formamide with the ureF sequence or with the sequence complementary to this sequence,
the ureG sequence corresponding to the nucleotides 2123 to 2719 of the sequence shown in FIG. 4, or any fragment of this sequence provided that it hybridizes under stringent conditions, i.e. at 68.degree. C. in 6.times. SSC Denhardt medium or at 37.degree. C. in 5.times. SSC 50% formamide with the ureG sequence or with the sequence complementary to this sequence,
the ureH sequence corresponding to the nucleotides 2722 to 3516 of the sequence shown in FIG. 4, or any fragment of this sequence provided that it hybridizes under stringent conditions, i.e. at 68.degree. C. in 6.times. SSC Denhardt medium or at 37.degree. C. in 5.times. SSC 50% formamide with the ureH sequence or with the sequence complementary to this sequence,
the ureI sequence corresponding to the nucleotides 211 to 795 of the sequence shown in FIG. 4, or any fragment of this sequence provided that it hybridizes under stringent conditions, i.e. at 68.degree. C. in 6.times. SSC Denhardt medium or at 37.degree. C. in 5.times. SSC 50% formamide with the ureH sequence or with the sequence complementary to this sequence.
Reverse and complementary DNA sequences are called here "complementary sequences". The term "reverse" takes into account the restoration of the 5'-3' orientation of the nucleic acid, complementary by the nature of the nucleotides and with respect to a given sequence.
The invention also relates to a particular nucleotide sequence corresponding to the following sequence (SEQ. ID NO:8):
GCG AAA ATA TGC TAT GAA ATA GGA AAC CGC CAT
The invention also relates to any DNA sequence which comprises this nucleotide sequence.
The nucleotide sequences according to the invention which satisfy the preceding specifications may be included in the constitution of probes when they are labelled for example at their 5' and/or 3' end by a substance which can be detected. As markers, mention may be made of radioactive isotopes, enzymes, chemical or chemoluminescent labels, fluorochromes, haptens or antibodies, base analogues or even physical markers. These markers may optionally be bound to a solid support for example a particulate or membrane support, such as magnetic beads.
As a preferred marker mention may be made of radioactive phosphorus (.sup.32 P) incorporated at the 5' end of the sequence used as probe.
Advantageously a nucleotide probe according to the invention comprises any fragment of the genes described, for example fragments of about 45 nucleotides.
Preferred probes according to the invention are constituted by fragments derived form the ureH gene or preferably from the ureI gene.
Starting from the nucleotide sequences according to the invention, it is also possible to define primers which can be used for the in vitro detection of an infection due to H. pylori. A primer is characterized in that it comprises a nucleotide fragment such as that derived form a sequence previously described, comprising from about 18 to about 30 and preferably from about 25 to about 30 nucleotides. Such a primer can be used in gene amplification reactions, for example according to the polymerase chain reaction.
For use in an amplification procedure primers of the invention are taken in pairwise combinations so as to hybridize under specific conditions with the respective 5' and 3' ends of the nucleotide fragment to be amplified.
If the PCR procedure is used, the required conditions for the specific hybridization of the primers with the DNA to be detected are the conditions described in the applications EP 200363, 201184, 229701 and the temperature is calculated according to the formula:
T(.degree.C.)=[4(C+G)+2(A+T)-10]
in which A, T, C, G represent respectively the number of A, T, C, G nucleotides in the primers used.
The amplification procedures which can be used in the framework of the invention include the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) procedure described in the European patent applications of Cetus (No. 200363, 201184 and 229701) or also the "Qbeta replicase" procedure describe din Biotechnology (Vol. 6, October 1988).
Other nucleotide sequences according to the invention are sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions such as those defined above with a sequence defined in the preceding pages or a sequence complementary to these sequences.
The nucleotide sequences and the vectors of the invention may also be used for the expression of other genes or sequences of H. pylori or of other strains in H. pylori or in other hosts such as E. coli, the adenovirus.
In addition, the invention relates to a polypeptide characterized in that it corresponds to one of the polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI shown in FIG. 4, to any part of at least one of these polypeptides. The invention relates in particular to any modified polypeptide provided that it exhibits a functional homology with the original polypeptide UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI such as expressed by H. pylori or, in the contrary, modified by deletion, addition, substitution or inversion of one or more amino acids in order to attenuate or even abolish its functional properties as regards the urease activity as expressed by H. pylori.
The polypeptides UreE, UreF, UreG, UreH or UreI are implicated particularly in the regulation and the maturation of the urease in H. pylori.
Another polypeptide according to the invention is that which is represented by the following sequence of 11 amino acids (SEQ. ID NO:9):
Ala Lys Ile Cys Tyr Glu Ile Gly Asn Arg His
The polypeptides of the invention and in particular the polypeptide whose sequence is given above can be used for the production of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, or for the detection of antibodies in a biological sample infected by H. pylori.
Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by the hybridoma procedure or by known procedures for the preparation of human antibodies.
These antibodies can also be prepared according to the procedure described by Marks et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 1991 222, 581-597).
The invention also relates to anti-idiotypic antibodies.
Antibodies against the sequence of the above 11 amino acids might be used in the context of a reaction blocking the maturation of urease.
In addition, the invention relates to the use of the monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies in compositions to treat a H. pylori infection.
The object of the invention is also recombinant vectors characterized in that they contain a DNA sequence of the invention. Such recombinant vectors may be for example cosmids or plasmids.
A particularly advantageous vector for carrying out the invention is characterized in that it is the plasmid pILL753 contained in E. coli HB101 deposited with the CNCM (Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes, Paris France) on Oct. 3, 1991 under the number I-1148.
Another particularly advantageous recombinant vector is characterized in that it is the plasmid pILL763 contained in E. coli HB101 deposited with the CNCM on Oct. 3, 1991 under the number I-1149.
The object of the invention is also a recombinant cell host (or recombinant cell strain), characterized in that it is transformed by a nucleotide sequence satisfying the specifications previously given. This cell host thus transformed must allow the expression of the nucleotide sequence of the accessory genes of urease, optionally modified in conformity with the preceding specifications.
A recombinant cell host is preferably a strain of H. pylori modified by one of the nucleotide sequences previously specified, and advantageously modified such that the products of the modified accessory genes which it expresses contribute to the attenuation of the effects of urease, in particular its pathogenic effects.
For example, such a recombinant strain may be obtained by mutation of the N6 strain of H. pylori deposited with the NCIMB (National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd) in Great Britain, on Jun. 26, 1992 under the number NCIMB 40512, the mutation being made in at least one of the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, ureI, and/or in one or more of the structural genes, for example ureA or ureB.
It will be preferable to create in the framework of the invention recombinant strains and in particular recombinant H. pylori strains whose urease activity is attenuated in conformity with the criteria previously specified.
Thus, particularly useful recombinant N6 strains are those which give rise to a urease-negative phenotype and comprise a mutant form of at least of one of the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, or ureI.
An inactivation of the ureI gene for example makes it possible to prepare urease-negative H. pylori strains. Similarly, certain mutations within ureI give rise to a urease-negative phenotype in H. pylori, whereas the ureA and ureB gene products are expressed. For example it is mutation No. 8 described in the examples.
Another particularly useful mutation, especially for the preparation of vaccinating strains and in particular vaccinating H. pylori strains is a mutation in the ureG gene. A recombinant H. pylori strain in which the ureG gene is mutated exhibits the following properties:
the strain thus mutated conserves its capacity to trigger an immune response;
the strain thus mutated lacks urease activity.
However, it is possible to transform other strains with the sequences of the invention. In particular, recourse will be had to E. coli in order to create mutations in the genes ureE, ureF, ureG, ureH, or ureI, after their prior insertion in this strain, for example through the intermediary of a plasmid. The genes thus mutated can then be introduced into another host cell, for example in H. pylori in order to make possible an allelic replacement and create a mutation.
It is to be noted that the deletion in the ureI gene in a recombinant E. coli cell according to the invention does not alter the
reagents necessary for the extraction of the nucleic acids from the treated sample,
reagents for carrying out the polymerization of the said nucleotide fragment starting from the nucleotide primers, in particular polymerases, in sufficient quantity to carry out the amplification of the fragment which it is desired to amplify,
at least one nucleotide sequence which can be used as probe and which is capable of hybridizing with the amplified DNA fragment under defined conditions,
optionally, agents to reveal the hybridization.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, it is also possible to include in the kit:
an internal control of the amplification reaction for example constituted by a nucleic acid, optionally plasmid-borne, the said nucleic acid being easily capable of detection by hybridization, for example by the fact that it contains a gene for resistance to an antibiotic or owing to the fact that it is constituted by the N6 chromosomal DNA, the said fragment being additional provided at these two ends with at least one amplification primer, these primers being selected or not from the primers of the invention, and
a probe capable of hybridizing with the nucleic acid contained in the internal control,
optionally, a reverse transcriptase to produce the cDNA from the RNA possibly present in the sample tested.
The presence of an internal control added to the sample makes it possible to detect the presence of "false negatives" among the samples. In fact, when the specific probe for the internal control does not detect an amplification product, the sample concerned probably contains an inhibitor of the Taq polymerase, which hinders the amplification of the DNA or cDNA of H. pylori. In this case different dilutions of the tested sample can make possible the detection of the presence of H. pylori nucleic acid.
When the internal control shows a positive reaction, a negative reaction by the test sample leads to the deduction that H. pylori is indeed absent.
It is noted that the primers incorporated into the internal control are not necessarily those of the invention. However, the choice of another primers may lead to reduced sensitivity.
As an example of a biological sample for the detection of a H. pylori infection in man, samples should be used such as biopsies, gastric juice or possibly saliva or stools.
This kit may also be used for the control of water pollution or foodstuffs control.
The invention also relates to a procedure for the in vitro diagnosis of an infection due to H. pylori in a defined biological sample, characterized in that it comprises the steps of:
a) placing the nucleic acid of the sample likely to contain H. pylori, under conditions rendering it accessible in the form of single stranded DNA or RNA, in contact with at least one pair of nucleotide primers according to the invention, the said primers being capable of hybridizing with the nucleic acid of H. pylori if it is present, and of initiating the synthesis of the elongation products of the said primers, each strand of the nucleotide sequence of H. pylori serving as matrix when it is matched with the primers;
b) separation of the strands of nucleic acids synthesized from their matrix;
c) repetition of the synthesis of the elongation product starting from each strand of nucleic acid present at the end of step b) and capable of hybridizing with the primers until amplification of the desired nucleic acid in sufficient quantity to be detected is obtained,
d) placing of the product of step c) in contact with a nucleotide probe under conditions allowing the detection of the presence of the desired amplified nucleic acid;
e) detection of the hybridization products possible formed.
According to a preferred embodiment of the procedure for in vitro diagnosis defined above, the placing in contact of the test sample is preceded by treatment of the sample so as to extract nucleic acid from it.
According to another preferred embodiment the procedure comprises a step prior to the placing in contact with the primers consisting of the treatment of the nucleic acid of the sample with a reverse transcriptase to lead to the synthesis of cDNA from the RNA possibly present in the test sample.
The invention also relates to a kit for the in vitro diagnosis of a H. pylori infection characterized in that it comprises:
a defined quantity of probes according to the preceding specification,
a suitable medium for carrying out a hybridization reaction between the H. pylori nucleic acid and the probe,
reagents for the detection of the hybrids possibly formed.
A procedure for the use of this kit and for the in vitro diagnosis of a H. pylori infection starting from a biological sample is characterized in that it comprises:
the placing in contact of the sample to be tested whose DNA and/or RNA has been previously made accessible, with a previously specified probe under conditions allowing the hybridization of the nucleic acid with the probe,
the detection of a possible hybridization reaction between the nucleic acid and the probe.
The nucleotide sequences of the invention can be obtained either by extraction of the nucleic acid from H. pylori and digestion with selected endonucleases and purification, or also by chemical synthesis.
As an example the phosphotriester method such as described by Narang, S. A. et al. in Meth. of Enzymol., 68, 90 (1979) may be mentioned for the synthesis of such fragments of nucleic acids.
Another method which can be used for the preparation of nucleotide fragments is the phosphotriester method as described by Brown E. L. et al in Meth. of Znzymol., 68, 109 (1979).
This preparation can also be carried out by an automated process for example by making use of diethylphosphoramidites as starting components and in this case the synthesis can be carried out according to the description of Beaucage et al., Tetrahedron Letters (1981), 22, 1859-1862.
Other advantages and properties of the invention will become apparent in the Examples which follow and in the Figures.

FIGURES
FIG. 1: Subcloning and transposon mutagenesis of pILL753.
A: Linear restriction map of the pILL585 hybrid cosmid and the pILL590 plasmid (Labigne et al.--1991). The grey boxes represent the DNA fragment required for the expression of the urease in C. jejuni.
B: Random insertion of the transposon MiniTn3-Km. The numbers (1 to 24) and the circles correspond to the insertion site of the transposon in pILL753; the (+) signs indicate that the transposon has not inactivated the expression of the urease whereas the (-) signs indicate that the expression of urease has been abolished.
C: Linear restriction map of the hybrid plasmids pILL763 and pILL768 generated by deletion (.DELTA.) within pILL753. The localization of the genes (ureA to ureH) is indicated by rectangles. The length of the rectangles corresponds to the length of the DNA required to express the polypeptides. The arrows refer to the orientation of transcription. The number of boxes at the bottom of the figure indicates the size in kilobases of the restriction fragments. The numbers in brackets correspond to the size of the H. pylori DNA fragments inserted in one of the cloning vectors (pILL575, pILL550 or pILL570). B, BamHI; E, EcoRI; P, PstI; H, HindIII; C, ClaI; Sm, SmaI. The letters between parentheses indicate that the restriction sites belong to the vector.
FIG. 2: Urease activity expressed by E. coli HB101 harbouring pILL753, as a function of time.
Plates prepared with either an L-agar medium (ML) or a minimal M9 medium supplemented with 10 mM L-arginine (MM) were each inoculated with a 100 .mu.l aliquot of culture suspended (10.sup.8 bacteria/ml) in 0.85% sterile NaCl. The plates were incubated aerobically or microaerobically at (A) 30.degree. C. or (B) 37.degree. C. and the activity measurements were made at the appropriate times. The asterisks indicate that no urease activity was detected.
FIG. 3: DNA sequence of the accessory genes of H. pylori urease
A: Strategy for the sequencing of the accessory genes of the urease region of the hybrid plasmid pILL753. The arrows correspond to the sizes of the sequenced DNA fragments. The arrowheads represent the oligonucleotides used to carry out and confirm the oligonucleotide determination.
B: Schematic representation of the five open reading frames (ORFs) deduced from the nucleotide sequence analysis and the number of nucleotides. ATG corresponds to the initiation codon relative to each gene.
C: The sizes and calculated molecular masses of the five additional polypeptides of H. pylori urease are indicated.
FIG. 4: Nucleotide sequence (SEQ. ID NO:1) of the accessory genes of H. pylori urease.
The numbers above the sequence indicate the position of the nucleotides. The predicted amino acid sequences, ordered sequentially are: UreI (bp 211 to 795), UreE (bp 800 to 1309), UreF (bp 1324 to 2091), UreG (bp 2123 to 2719) and UreH (bp 2722 to 3516) (SEQ. ID NOS:4-7 and 3, respectively). The potential ribosome-binding sequences (shine-Dalgarno, SD sites) are underlined. The boxed-in sequences correspond to the sequences of the promoter-like type (.sigma.54) and the arrows above the sequence indicate the loop structures with the elements of a rho-independent end-of-transcription signal (Rosenberg et al. (1979) Annu. Rev. Genet. 13:319-359). The dotted lines under the amino acid sequence correspond to the DNA (ureD- or ATP (ureG)-binding domain of the protein (Higgins et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4:1033-1040 and Pabo et al. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53:293-321).
FIG. 5: Genetic organization of the urease operon
The relative positions of the genes coding for polypeptides associated with the urease operon of P. mirabilis (Jones et al. (1989) J. Bacteriol. 171:6414-6422), K. aerogenes (Mulrooney et al. 1990) and H. pylori are shown. The percentages refer to the proportion of identical amino acids between two related genes. The white boxes represent the genes which are unique to the operon.
FIGS. 6 and 7: Analysis of the parental and mutant strains
FIG. 8: Restriction profiles after enzymatic digestion of the total DNAs of the 85P, N6 and mutant N6 (urease.sup.-) strains.
FIGS. 9 and 10: Genomic organization of the 4 ure genes in the genomes of the 85P and N6 strains. The specific DNA fragments were amplified starting from the chromosomal DNA extracted from the 85P and N6 isolates of H. pylori by using 8 pairs of primers in conformity with FIG. 10. The amplification products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.4% agarose gel. The values on each side of the gel correspond to the dimensions (in kilobases) on the 1 kb ladder used as standard.
FIG. 11: Immunoblotting using antibodies
FIG. 12: Mutagenesis by transposon: schematic representation of four necessary consecutive steps for the construction of mutants in a H. pylori bacterium.
Conjugation 1: the transferable plasmid pOX38 of the IncF group harbouring the transposon MiniTn3-Km is introduced into E. coli HB101 containing 1) the plasmid pTCA which expresses constitutively the transposase Tn3 (TnpA) and is immune to Tn3 owing to the presence of the sequence Tn3-38 bp and 2) the suicide conjugation vector containing the cloned fragment of H. pylori to be mutagenized. The kanamycin HB101 transconjugants are grown for 48 hours at 30.degree. C. and the bacteria are conjugated with E. coli DH1 (Na1).
Conjugation 2: the cointegrates resulting form the transposition of MiniTn3-Km in the plasmid derived from pILL570 in the absence of resolvase are selected as conjugative kanamycin cointegrates in the DH1 cells.
Conjugation 3: the cointegrates are introduced into the strain NS2114 (Rif) harbouring the cre gene capable of producing a resolution by specific recombination of the cointegrate into two replicons, one consisting of the original donor of the transposon (pOX38-MiniTn3-Km) and the other consisting of the hybrid plasmid derived from pILL570 in which MiniTn3-Km has been inserted. The positive selection of the resolved forms of the cointegrates was obtained by selection of the N2114 transconjugants with kanamycin on a medium containing 300 .mu.g/ml of kanamycin as well as 300 .mu.g/ml of spectinomycin. The last step consisting of the introduction of the mutant DNA in H. pylori may be carried out by electroporating H. pylori with the plasmid DNA extracted from E. coli NS2114 (reference strain) obtained in step 3.
FIG. 13: Restriction map of MiniTn3 according to Seifert et al. (1986 PNAS, USA, 83:735-739).
The asterisk indicates in the plasmid pILL570 the restriction sites which were modified during the construction of the vector.

I--IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENES
Materials and Methods
Bacterial strains, plasmids and culture conditions
H. pylori 85P was isolated from a patient suffering from gastritis, and corresponds to the strain described in Labigne et al. (J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931 (1991)). E. coli MC1061 (Maniatis et al. (1983), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) was used as host in the cloning experiments and E. coli HB101 (HsdR hsdM reA supE44 lacZ4 LeuB6 proA2 thi-1 Sm) (Boyer et al. (1969) J. Mol. Biol. 41:459-472) was used as host for the quantitative analysis of the expression of urease. The vectors and hybrids used in this study are shown in Table 1. The E. coli strains were grown in L broth without glucose (10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract and 5 g of NaCl per liter, pH=7.0) or on L gelose plates (containing 1.5% gelose) at 37.degree. C. The antibiotic concentrations for the selection of the transformants were the following (in milligrams per liter):kanamycin:20, tetracycline:2, ampicillin:100, spectinomycin:100, carbenicillin:100. For the expression of urease activity, the E. coli bacteria were grown on a medium limiting the concentration of the nitrogen source constituted of a gelose-containing minimal M9 medium without ammonium ions (pH=7.4) containing 0.4% D-glucose as carbon source and, unless otherwise indicated, 0.2% (wt/v) of L-glutamine sterilized by filtration and freshly prepared (Pahel et al. (1982) J. Bacteriol. 150:202-213) as nitrogen source.
Molecular cloning and DNA analyses
The digestions with a restriction endonuclease, the filling of the ends and the other standard operations concerning DNA were performed according to the standard procedures of Maniatis et al. (Maniatis et al. (1983), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor N.Y.). The partial digestions with Sau3A were performed at 20.degree. C. so as to retard enzymatic activity. The restriction endonucleases, the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase (used to create blunt fragment ends) and T4 DNA ligase were supplied by Amersham Corp. Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase was supplied by Pharmacia. The DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis on horizontal gel slabs containing 1 or 1.4% agarose and treated with Tris-acetate or Tris-phosphate buffers (Maniatis et al. (1983), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor N.Y.). A scale of 1 kb (Bethesda Research Laboratories) was used as molecular weight standard. Electroelution of the DNA fragments from the agarose gels containing ethidium bromide (0.4 .mu.g/ml) was performed as previously described (J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931 (1991), Labigne et al.).
Urease activity
Urease activity was detected by resuspension of 10.sup.9 bacteria in 1 ml of urea-indole medium (Diagnostic Pasteur) and incubation at 37.degree. C. for variable times. The release of ammonia due to urease activity raised the pH causing a colour change from orange to red.
The urease activity was measured according to the Berthelot reaction according to a modification of the procedure previously described (Ferrero et al. (1991) Microb. Ecol. Hlth. Dis. 4:121-134). Briefly, the bacteria were harvested from the gelose plates in 2.0 ml of sterile 0.85% NaCl and centrifuged at 12000 revs/min for 10 minutes at 4.degree. C. The pellets were washed twice with 0.85% NaCl and resuspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 10 mM EDTA (PEB). In order to prepare sonicated extracts, the cells were lysed by four 30 s impulses from a Branson Sonifier Model 450 set at 30 W, 50% duty cycle. The cell debris were removed before the urease determinations were made. The freshly prepared samples (10-50 .mu.l) were added to 200 .mu.l of urea solution substrate (50 mM urea prepared in PEB) and allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reactions were stopped by the addition of 400 .mu.l of phenol-nitroprusside reagent and 400 .mu.l of alkaline hypochlorite reagent. The reaction mixture was incubated at 50.degree. C. Blanks in which urease activity was inactivated by boiling for 5 minutes before the addition of the substrate were treated similarly. The quantity of ammonia released was determined using a calibration curve establishing the relationship between A.sub.625 and the ammonium ion concentration (from NH.sub.4 Cl). It was assumed that the release of 2 .mu.mol of ammonia is equivalent to the hydrolysis of 1 .mu.mol of urea. Urease activity was expressed in .mu.mol of urea hydrolysed/min/mg of bacterial protein.
Protein determinations
The protein concentrations were determined according to the Bradford assay (Sigma Chemicals). In order to solubilize the proteins in the whole cell extracts, the cell suspensions prepared in TPE were centrifuged and the pellets were resuspended in a solution of octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside in order to establish a final detergent concentration (in the staining reagent) of 0.1-0.2% (wt/V).
Transposon mutagenesis and construction of mutants
The MiniTn3-Km delivery system was used to produce mutations by random insertion in the DNA fragment cloned in pILL570.
The MiniTn3 system described by Seifert et al. (1986 PNAS USA 83:735-739) making use of the plasmid pOX38 as donor of the transposable element and the trans-acting plasmid pTCA and supplying the enzyme transposase Tn3 (Seifert et al. 1985 Genetic Engineering Principles and Methods Vol. 8: p. 123-134 Setlow, J. and Hollaeinder, A, Editors, Plenum Press New-York) and the strain NS2114 harbouring the cre gene coding for the recombinase P1 specific for the lox site were used for the mutagenesis of DNA fragments with the following modifications:
i) the MiniTn3 was modified by removing the BglI-EcoRI fragment of the gene coding for the beta-lactamase in the plasmid pTn (Seifert et al. 9186, already cited) and by replacing it with the ClaI--C, jejuni kanamycin cassette (1.4 kb long described by Labigne-Roussel et al (1988 J. Bacteriol. 170:1704-1708). This novel insertion agent MiniTn3-Km was transposed into the transferable plasmid pOX38 as described by Seifert et al. (1986 already mentioned) which leads to the production of the plasmid pILL553;
ii) the conjugative spectinomycin suicide vector pILL570 already described by Labigne et al. (1991 J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931) was used for the cloning of the fragment used for mutagenesis. This suicide vector was derived from pILL560 (Labigne-Roussel et al. 1988 J. Bacteriol. 170:1704-1708) whose DNA sequences responsible for immunity to Tn3 have been deleted;
iii) the plasmid IncP, pRK212.1 of the "complementing plasmid" (Figurski et al. 1979 PNAS USA 76:1648-1652) was introduced by conjugation into the E. coli strain NS2114 and a spontaneous rifampicin mutant of NS2114 harbouring the cre gene was obtained and used for the selection of the transconjugants harbouring the cointegrate;
iv) the effective resolution of the cointegrates (products of cointegration) was positively selected owing to the large number of copies of the plasmid derived from pILL570 by depositing on plates the third mixture obtained on a medium containing 500 .mu.g of kanamycin and 300 .mu..mu.g of spectinomycin.
DNA sequencing
Suitable DNA fragments were cloned in M13mp19 and M13mp18 (Messing et al. (1982) Gene 19:269-276) in order to read the two complementary strands independently. The clones containing the insertion fragments were identified with the aid of X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The single strands of the recombined plasmids M13mp18 and M13mp19 were obtained by the polyethylene glycol method (Sanger et al. (1980) J. Mol. Biol. 143:161-178). The sequencing was performed according to the chain termination method using dideoxynucleotides (Sanger et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467) with the aid of the necessary Sequenase (United States Biochemical Corp.). The sequencing of the double-stranded DNA was also carried out by the chain termination method using dideoxynucleotides with the necessary Sequenase by use of plasmid DNA purified on a cesium chloride gradient (Zhang et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16:1220). Three microgram samples of DNA were first denatured with a 1M NaOH solution (total volume 20 .mu.l), then neutralized with 2 .mu.l of 2M ammonium acetate (pH 4.6). The DNA was precipitated after addition of 60 .mu.l of cold 100% ethanol, incubation at -70.degree. C. for 10 minutes and centrifugation at 4.degree. C. for 20 minutes. After washing with 60 .mu.l cold 80% ethanol, the pellet was resuspended in 10 .mu.l of sequencing buffer containing 0.5 pmol of primer and incubated for 3 minutes at 65.degree. C. After incubation for 30 minutes at room temperature the sequencing was carried out.
RESULTS
Detection of urease activity in a E. coli host strain harbouring the recombinant cosmid pILL585
E. coli transformants harbouring the cosmid pILL585 were spread on glucose-containing minimal M9 medium supplemented with 0.2% of L-glutamine (as sole nitrogen source) or L medium and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 48 hours. The transformants were then screened for urease activity by means of a quantitative colorimetric assay carried out in a urea-indole medium. The activity was only observed in the transformants of E. coli HB101 which had undergone several passages (more than 5 passages) on the minimal medium at 37.degree. C. under aerobic conditions. These are thus the conditions which were used for the qualitative determination of the expression of urease in the E. coli clones. No urease activity was detected in the transformants grown on a medium rich in nitrogen.
The transformation of the E. coli strain HB101 with the plasmid pILL590 containing a fragment of 4.2 kb identified as the minimal region necessary for the expression of urease in C. jejuni (Labigne et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931) in E. coli cells even after culture and passage in a medium in which the concentration of nitrogen source is limiting. This implies that the genes present on the cosmid but absent form the plasmid pILL590 are necessary for the expression of urease in E. coli.
Subcloning of the genes necessary for the urease activity in an E. coli strain
In the absence of detectable urease activity in the E. coli strain harbouring the recombinant plasmid pILL590, the 34 kb insertion fragment of the cosmid pILL585 was subjected to partial digestion with the endonuclease Sau3A in order to produce fragments included between 7 and 12 kb. They were treated with alkaline phosphatase to prevent any rearrangement of the initial genome and ligated to the linearized plasmid pILL570 with BamHI. After transformation in E. coli HB101, each transformant resistant to spectinomycin was subjected to a subsequent assay of its capacity to hydrolyse urea under induction conditions. One clone exhibited to urease-positive phenotype. It harboured a recombinant plasmid called pILL753. This plasmid contained an insertion fragment of 11.2 kb. The recognition sites BamHI and HindIII were mapped relative to the unique EcoRI and PstI restriction sites of the vector pILL570 (FIG. 1). The comparison of the restriction map of the plasmid pILL753 with that of the recombinant plasmid previously described showed that the insertion fragment of pILL753 had an additional DNA fragment of 4.6 kb situated downstream from the four genes for urease previously identified in the plasmid pILL590 (i.e. ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD).
Optimization of urease activity in E. coli HB101
In order to define the growth conditions which ensure the optimal expression of the urease genes of H. pylori in E. coli, the activity of the clones harbouring pILL753 was assessed quantitatively after culture on minimal medium supplemented with various nitrogen sources. In all cases, a solid minimal basic medium was used since studies have shown that the urease activity was very low in cultures grown in a liquid medium.
The relative activities of the cultures on media supplemented with L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-glutamate, NH.sub.4 Cl and urea (each at a final concentration of 10 mM) were, respectively: 100%, 36%, 27%, 46% and 20%.
The urease activity was optimal in the cultures grown on a medium supplemented with L-arginine. Urease activity was not detected in cultures grown on a medium rich in nitrogen.
Although the presence of free Ni.sup.2+ ions may have a stimulatory effect on the urease activity (Mulrooney et al. (1989) J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:1769-1776 and Mobley et al. (1989) Microbiol. Rev. 53:85-108) this was not shown on the urease activity of the cells harbouring pILL753.
The analysis during the expression of urease in the E. coli clone carrying pILL753, grown under various conditions has shown that maximal urease activity was obtained after 3 days of aerobic culture at 37.degree. C. on minimal medium supplemented with L-arginine (FIG. 2). The urease activity in the cultures gown on a medium rich in nitrogen was higher after culture in microaerobiosis. On the other hand, microaerobic conditions had a repressive effect on the activities of the nitrogen-limiting cultures.
The urease activity of the E. coli cells harbouring pILL753 in culture under aerobic conditions for 3 days at 37.degree. C. in a minimal medium supplemented with arginine was 0.9.+-.0.4 .mu.mol of urea hydrolysed per minute per mg of protein. In comparison, the H. pylori isolate used for cloning the urease genes hydrolysed urea at a rate of 23.2.+-.2.3 .mu.mol/mn/mg protein.
Identification and localisation of the genes necessary for urease activity in a E. coli host strain
In order to define the DNA necessary for the urease-positive phenotype, derivatives of pILL753 carrying the transposable element MiniTn3-Km were first isolated according to a procedure previously described (see Materials and Methods). E. coli HB101 transformants carrying the transposons were all screened with regard to urease activity. They were called pILL753::x where x designates the insertion site of MiniTn3-Km as shown on the map in FIG. 1. Out of the 24 insertions selected for the analysis, 10 derivatives had totally lost the capacity to hydrolyse urea (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14), whereas 14 conserved the urease-positive phenotype. These results confirm that every insertional mutation which maps in the ureA and ureB genes (mutants 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) abolishes urase activity but show also that a DNA fragment of 2.6 kb situated further downstream from ureB is necessary for the expression of a urease-positive phenotype in E. coli grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. On the other hand, from the results relating to transposon mutagenesis, a DNA fragment of 600 bp situated immediately downstream from the ureB gene has not been shown to be essential for the expression of urease activity in E. coli.
Additional analyses including the establishment of deletions in the insertion fragment pILL753 have been carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the conditions necessary for the expression of an active urease in E. coli cells. E. coli subclones carrying the plasmid derivatives have been subjected to the quantitative determination of urease activity under the nitrogen-limiting conditions defined above. The results are summarized in Table 2. All of the subclones were derivatives of the same vector pILL570 so that the results can be compared. One of them, plasmid pILL768, was obtained by autoligation of the large EcoRI fragment produced from the digestion product using a restriction enzyme of the plasmid pILL753::16 (FIG. 1). This construction led to a deletion of 2.95 kb at the 3' end of the insertion segment pILL753. The cells carrying this plasmid express a comparatively low urease activity (Table 2). The plasmid pILL763 was obtained by cloning of the ClaI-PstI restriction fragment of the plasmid pILL753::1 in the linearised vector pILL570. This construction in which a DNA fragment of 1.75 kb containing the previously described genes ureC and ureD was deleted, expressed a urease activity approximately twice as high as those of the cells harbouring pILL753. In no case did deletions or insertions lead to constitutive urease activity.
Analysis of the sequence of the region necessary for the expression of urease in E. coli
In the 11.2 kb fragment necessary for the expression of urease in E. coli, a DNA fragment of 3.2 kb localized immediately downstream from the ureB gene was identified following the strategy of FIG. 3.
i) the 1.2 kb HindIII fragment and the 1.3 kb BamHI-HindIII fragment were sequenced independently after: a) cloning of the previously mentioned restriction fragments, b) SpHI-BamHI, SpHI-HindIII fragments, c) BamHI-HindIII fragments of the plasmids pILL753::12, pILL753::11, pILL753::10 in the DNA of the phages M13mp18 and M13mp19;
ii) the 1.2 kb HindIII, 3.8 kb BamHI-PstI and 1.3 kb BamHI-PvuII restriction fragments derived from the plasmids pILL753 and pILL589 (previously described) were cloned in the DNA of the phages M13 mp18 and M13mp19;
iii) twelve oligonucleotide primers were synthesized to confirm the reading and to produce sequences overlapping the three sequenced fragments independently. These primers were used for sequence analyses of double stranded DNA.
The sequence analysis revealed five open reading frames (ORFs) called ureI, ureE, ureF, ureG and ureH. These genes are all transcribed in the same direction and it is anticipated that they code for peptides of 195, 170, 256, 199 and 256 amino acids. An ORF of appreciable length was not observed on the reverse complement of the sequence illustrated in FIG. 4. The five ORFs commence with the characteristic starting codon ATG. Four of the five ORFs were preceded by sites similar to the E. coli consensus sequence for ribosome binding (Shine-Dalgarno) (Shine et al. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1342-1346).
The regions upstream from each ORF have been the subject of research for the presence of nitrogen regulation sites with the sequence TGGYAYRN.sub.4 YYGCZ (SEQ. ID NO:10) in which Y=T or C, R=G or A and Z=A or T (Morett et al. (1989) J. Mol. Biol. 210:65-77). Only one site was found at 210 bp upstream from the ureG locus. Its precise position is shown in FIG. 4. Consensus sequences of the E. coli promoter type (.sigma.70) were observed upstream from the genes ureI, ureF and ureH (TTGACA, -35 and TATAAT, -10 (SEQ. ID NOS:10 and 11, respectively)).
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Hybrid vectors and plasmids used in the context of this study SizePlasmid Vector Phenotypic characteristics* (kb) Origin of the insertion References__________________________________________________________________________ pILL550 RepEcRepCj mob Km 8,3 Labigne-Roussel et al pILL570 RepEcmob Sp 5,3 Labigne A. et al pILL575 RepEcRepCj mob Km Cos 10 Labigne A. et alpILL585 pILL575 RepEcRepCj mob Km Cos 44 Sau3A partial digest Labigne A. et al of 85PpILL590 pILL550 RepEcRepCj mob Km 16,4 Sau3A partial digest Labigne A. et al of pILL585pILL753 pILL570 RepEcmob sp 16,5 Sau3A partial digest described here of pILL585pILL763 pILL570 RepEcmob Sp 14,75 Fragment Cla1-Pst1 described here of pILL753::1pILL768 pILL570 RepEcmob Sp 15,35 Fragment EcoR1 of described here pILL753::16__________________________________________________________________________ *RepEc and RepCj: plasmids capable of replicating in E. coli and C. jejun respectively mob: transposable plasmid due to presence of OriT KM and Sp: resistance to kanamycin and spectinomycin Cos: presence of a cos site
TABLE 2______________________________________Mutagenesis of the cloned DNA of H. pylori and effect on theurease activity in the E. coli HB101 clones grown undernitrogen-limiting conditions Mean values (1) Urease activity Different genotype of (.mu.mol urea/min.Plasmid E. coliHB101 pILL753 mg)______________________________________pILL753 (2) -- 0,86 .+-. 0,39pILL753::3 ureA degraded neg (3)pILL753::6 ureB degraded negpILL753::8 ureI degraded 1,1 .+-. 0,23pILL753::10 ureF degraded negpILL753::11 ureG degraded negpILL753::13 ureH degraded negpILL753::16 insertion downstream 0,66 .+-. 0,11 (4) from ureHpILL763 ureC et ureD deleted 2,14 .+-. 0,16pILL768 deletion at 3' downstream 0,57 .+-. 0,28 (5) from ureH______________________________________ (1) Bacteria grown in aerobic medium for 3 days on M9 minimal medium supplemented with 0.01 M Larginine at 37.degree. C. (2) For comparison, the urease activity of H. pylori 85P, the isolate fro which the DNA was cloned, was 23 .+-. 2.3 .mu.mol urea/min./mg protein. (3) No urease activity was detected. (4) Result of one particular measurement: 0.73 (5) Result of one particular measurement: 0.10
DISCUSSION
The first case of the functional expression in E. coli strains of genes derived from H. pylori is presented here.
This has ben possible by growing E. coli cells harbouring the urease recombinant cosmid pILL585 (Labigne et al., mentioned above--1991) on a minimal medium containing a nitrogen-limiting source. The results obtained have made it possible to show that the urease genes of H. pylori are probably under the control of the nitrogen regulatory system (NTR); and that the urease activity in the E. coli cells is dependent on the presence of a set of genes which have been described in the preceding pages. This set of genes has been localised immediately downstream from the four genes ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD described in the publication by Labigne et al., 1991, mentioned above. These novel genes are situated in a 3.2 kb fragment comprising five open reading frames which are designated ureI, ureE, ureF, ureG, and ureH.
The use of insertional mutations and deletions in the 11.2 kb DNA fragment (pILL753) subcloned from the original cosmid has made it possible to show that the genes ureA, ureB, ureF, ureG, and ureH are necessary for the expression of urease activity in E. coli. On the other hand, insertional mutations within the ureI gene do not appreciably affect urease activity in the E. coli cells. The deletion of the ureC gene and the ureD gene (as in the plasmid pILL763) results in activities which were significantly higher than those obtained in the cells carrying the plasmids with the loci intact, suggesting a regulatory role of this region of the urease gene cluster in H. pylori.
It seems clear that pILL753 probably does not carry the set of elements necessary for the complete expression of urease. The principal proof for that is that: on the one hand, the E. coli cells harbouring pILL753 had a urease activity approximately 25 times lower than that of the H. pylori isolate used initially for cloning; on the other hand, the deletion of the region downstream from ureH (pILL768) led to a considerable diminution of urease activity. It is interesting to note that C. jejuni requires the presence of a smaller number of genes for enzymatic expression compared with the results obtained in E. coli. Consequently, C. jejuni must be capable of complementing the functions of the cloned genes of H. pylori.
The requirement for accessory genes has also been demonstrated for Providencia stuartii (Mulrooney et al. (188) J. Bacteriol. 170:2202-2207), a urease-positive E. coli (Collins et al.--1988), Klebsiella pneumonia (Gerlach et al (1988) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 50:131-135), Proteus vulgaris (Morsdorf et al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66:67-74), Staphylococcus saphrophyticus (Gatermann et al. (1989) Infect. Immun. 57:2998-3002), Klebsiella aerogenes (Mulrooney et al.--1990) and Proteus mirabilis (Jones et al. (1989) J. Bact. 171:6414-6422 and Walz et al. (1988) J. Bacteriol. 170:1027-1033).
FIG. 5 presents a comparison of three regions coding for urease, in several species of bacteria and shows the similarities as well as the distinctive characteristics of each. The degree of relatedness in terms of genetic organization and polypeptides encoded is stronger between P. mirabilis and K. aerogenes than for each of the others in comparison with H. pylori. Whereas the polypeptide UreG of H. pylori exhibited a strong similarity with that of K. aerogenes (92% conserved and 59% identical), the degrees of conservation and identity between the polypeptides UreE and UreF of H. pylori and K. aerogenes were: (33% and 14%), (44% and 11.6%), respectively. Mulrooney et al. observed that the K. aerogenes genes coding for the accessory proteins UreE, UreI and UreG are implicated in the activation of the apoenzyme by incorporation of nickel into the urease subunits. Owing to the presence of series of histidine residues at the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide UreE of Klebsiella and Proteus, Mulrooney et al. proposed that UreE might interact with the nickel in order to transfer it subsequently to the aopoenzyme. Such a series of residues has not been found in the polypeptide UreE of H. pylori nor in any other products of the urease genes.
The search for similarities between the amino acid sequence deduced from the urease genes of H. pylori and the consensus sequences implicated in a DNA binding site (Pabo et al.--1981) or in ATP binding sites (Higgins et al.--1985) has made possible the identification of a DNA binding site within the product of the ureI gene (FIG. 4). Furthermore, a well-conserved ATP binding site (--GVCGSGKT--) exists at the NH.sub.2 -terminus of the product of the ureG gene.
The urease region of H. pylori exhibits the following unique elements: first the genes ureC, ureD, ureI are unique for H. pylori. Then the urease region consists of three blocks of genes which are transcribed in the same direction and possess an intergenic region of 420 bp between ureD and ureA and 200 bp between ureB and ureI. This suggests a genetic organization peculiar to H. pylori, in which the three blocks of genes can be regulated independently.
It is generally accepted that the synthesis of urease by H. pylori is constitutive. The results presented here tend to show that the expression of the urease genes of H. pylori might in fact be under the control of a regulatory system. In fact, the expression of the urease genes of H. pylori once transferred to E. coli is completely under the control of the nitrogen regulatory system (NTR). It is possible that the urease genes of H. pylori are directly dependent on the synthesis of the products of the ntrA, ntrB, ntrC genes of E. coli but it can not be excluded that they are dependent on the expression of one or more other genes coding for one or more regulatory protein(s) similar to the ntr products of E. coli. On the basis of these data it may be imagined that physiological parameters such as the presence of a solid medium or a microaerophilic atmosphere may play a role in the expression of urease in H. pylori in vitro or in vivo.
II--PREPARATION OF MUTANT STRAINS
Strains used for the electroporation experiments: several strains isolated from biopsies were tested for their capacity to be electroporated, including the strain 85P described in the publication by Labigne et al.--1991, mentioned above, from which the initial cloning of the urease genes was accomplished. A single strand designated N6 deposited with the CNCM under the number I-1150 on Oct. 3, 1991 gave positive results.
Creation of mutants in the cloned fragment of the chromosome of H. pylori, strain 85P: the mutants are prepared by mutagenesis by means of a transposon (MiniTn3-Km) which enables the element (transposition element) to be inserted randomly. The insertion site of each of the transposition elements was defined by restriction analysis of the derived plasmids (cf. FIG. 1).
Electroporation: 10.sup.10 cells of H. pylori were harvested on blood gelose (10% horse blood) washed with glycerol/sucrose solution (15% v/v and 9% wt/v) and resuspended in a volume of 50 .mu.l at 4.degree. C. 500 ng of plasmid DNA purified on CsCl and dialysed immediately against distilled water were added in a volume of 1 .mu.l to the cells at 4.degree. C. After 1 minute on ice the cells and the DNA were transferred to an electroporation cuvette precooled to -20.degree. C. (BioRad catalogue No.:165-2086, 0.2 cm wide), then placed in the Gene pulser apparatus--BioRad which was set at the following parameters: 25 F, 2.5 kV and 200 ohms. After delivery of the electrical impulse with constant times of 4.5 to 5 msec, the bacteria were resuspended in 100 .mu.l of SOC buffer (2% Bacto tryptone, 0.5% Bacto yeast extract, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM MgSO.sub.4, 20 mM glucose), and inoculated on non-selective blood gelose (without kanamycin, but including vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymixin, nalidixic acid, amphotericin B) for 48 hours at 37.degree. C. under a microaerophilic atmosphere. The bacteria are then harvested, resuspended in a volume of Brucella medium (0.5 ml) and 100 .mu.l of the suspension are spread on selective blood gelose plates (included 20 .mu.g/ml of kanamycin and the antibiotic cocktail described above). The growth of the transformed bacteria resistant to kanamycin appears after 4 days' incubation at 37.degree. C. in a microaerophilic atmosphere.
The other techniques including PCR and Southern and Western blots are standard procedures.
RESULTS
Two mutations generated by insertion of MiniTn3-Km into the ureB gene present in the plasmid pILL753 were studied in detail. They are mutations numbered 3 and 4. The precise position of each of the insertions is given in FIG. 6. The plasmids corresponding to these insertions were prepared, purified and concentrated. Bacteria resistant to kanamycin exhibiting all of the characteristics of strain N6 of H. pylori used for electroporation were obtained; they are completely incapable of hydrolysing urea.
Controls have made it possible to verify that the mutant strain is an isogenic strain:
although "urease negative" the strains have the characteristic biochemical properties of the bacteria belonging to the species H. pylori (oxidase, catalase, sensitivity to oxygen);
the parent bacteria (N6) (CNCM NO. I-1150) and the isogenic bacteria N6::TnKm-3 and N6::TnKm-4 have the same restriction profiles after enzymatic digestion of the total DNAs (cf. FIG. 8);
after enzymatic amplification with the aid of primers specific for H. pylori and sequencing of the amplified product the same nucleotide sequences were found whereas independent strains of H. pylori never exhibit the same sequence but, rather, considerable genetic polymorphism;
analysis by Southern type hybridization of the restriction profiles resulting from BamHI and HindIII of the DNA of the parental and mutant strains provides evidence of the replacement of the genes (FIG. 7 and its interpretation FIG. 6).
One of the difficulties encountered results from the fact that the transformed strain (N6) is not the one from which the cloning of the urease genes was performed, this latter strain being the strain 85P and that the HindIII and BamHI restriction sties are not conserved form one strain to another: a probe corresponding to the 8.1 kb fragment derived from pILL590 (FIG. 1) clearly shows HindIII restriction profiles which differ between N6 and 85P (FIG. 9), in particular the absence of 1.25 kb and 1.15 kb fragments. On the other hand, the HindIII 4.1 kb fragment and the BamHI 5.1 kb and 1.3 kb fragments are conserved. Hence it has been confirmed by enzymatic amplification (PCR) with the air of oligonucleotides distributed over the entire region corresponding to the genes ureA, ureB, ureC and ureD that the amplification products 1 to 6 shown in FIG. 10 are the same in both strains, and that the absence of the HindIII restriction sites reflects gene polymorphism and not a major rearrangement of the urease region. Such confirmation makes it possible to confirm unambiguously the gene replacement of the wild-type allele by the mutant allele in the two mutants created.
finally, it was confirmed by immunoblotting with the aid of anti-urease or anti-H. pylori antibodies prepared in the rabbit, or anti-H. pylori present in the serum of patients infected by H. pylori that the mutant strains N6::TnKm-3 and N6::TnKm4 no longer express the 61 KDaltons polypeptide encoded in the ureB gene and hence that the ureB gene of these strains has indeed been interrupted (FIG. 11).
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING- (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:- (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 12- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 3559 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 2..16- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 211..795- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 800..1309- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1324..2091- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 2122..2718- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 2721..3515- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:- A CTC TTT AGC ATT TTC TAGGATTTTT TAGGAGCAAC GCTC - #TTAGAT CCTTAGTTTT 56 Leu Phe Ser Ile Phe# 5 1- TAGCTCTCTG ATTTTTTGTT TATCAAAAAA TTGGGGGCTT TTTTTGTTTT TA - #TTTTTTGT 116- CAATTTACTA TTTTTCTTTA TGATTAGCTC AAGCAACAAA AGTTATTCGT AA - #GGTGCGTT 176- TGTTGTAAAA ATTTTTGTTT GGAAGGAAAA GGCA ATG CTA GGA C - #TT GTA TTG 228# Met Leu Gly Leu Val Leu# 5 1- TTA TAT GTT GGG ATT GTT TTA ATC AGC AAT GG - #G ATT TGC GGG TTA ACC 276Leu Tyr Val Gly Ile Val Leu Ile Ser Asn Gl - #y Ile Cys Gly Leu Thr# 20- AAA GTC GAT CCT AAA AGC ACT GCG GTG ATG AA - #C TTT TTT GTG GGT GGG 324Lys Val Asp Pro Lys Ser Thr Ala Val Met As - #n Phe Phe Val Gly Gly# 35- CTC TCC ATT ATT TGT AAT GTG GTT GTC ATC AC - #T TAT TCC GCT CTC AAC 372Leu Ser Ile Ile Cys Asn Val Val Val Ile Th - #r Tyr Ser Ala Leu Asn# 50- CCT ACA GCC CCT GTA GAA GGT GCT GAA GAT AT - #T GCT CAA GTA TCA CAC 420Pro Thr Ala Pro Val Glu Gly Ala Glu Asp Il - #e Ala Gln Val Ser His# 70- CAT TTG ACT AAT TTC TAT GGG CCA GCG ACT GG - #G TTA TTG TTT GGT TTC 468His Leu Thr Asn Phe Tyr Gly Pro Ala Thr Gl - #y Leu Leu Phe Gly Phe# 85- ACC TAC TTG TAT GCG GCT ATC AAC CAC ACT TT - #T GGT TTG GAT TGG AGG 516Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Ala Ala Ile Asn His Thr Ph - #e Gly Leu Asp Trp Arg# 100- CCC TAC TCT TGG TAT AGC TTA TTC GTA GCG AT - #C AAC ACG ATT CCT GCT 564Pro Tyr Ser Trp Tyr Ser Leu Phe Val Ala Il - #e Asn Thr Ile Pro Ala# 115- GCG ATT TTA TCC CAC TAT AGC GAT ATG CTT GA - #T GAC CAC AAA GTG TTA 612Ala Ile Leu Ser His Tyr Ser Asp Met Leu As - #p Asp His Lys Val Leu# 130- GGC ATC ACT GAA GGC GAT TGG TGG GCG ATC AT - #T TGG TTG GCT TGG GGT 660Gly Ile Thr Glu Gly Asp Trp Trp Ala Ile Il - #e Trp Leu Ala Trp Gly135 1 - #40 1 - #45 1 -#50- GTT TTG TGG CTT ACC GCT TTC ATT GAA AAC AT - #C TTG AAA ATC CCT TTA 708Val Leu Trp Leu Thr Ala Phe Ile Glu Asn Il - #e Leu Lys Ile Pro Leu# 165- GGG AAA TTC ACT CCA TGG CTT GCT ATC ATT GA - #G GGC ATT TTA ACC GCT 756Gly Lys Phe Thr Pro Trp Leu Ala Ile Ile Gl - #u Gly Ile Leu Thr Ala# 180- TGG ATC CCT GCT TGG TTA CTC TTT ATC CAA CA - #C TGG GTG TGAG ATG ATC 805Trp Ile Pro Ala Trp Leu Leu Phe Ile Gln Hi - #s Trp Val Met Ile# 195 1- ATA GAG CGT TTA ATA GGC AAT CTA AGG GAT TT - #A AAC CCC TTG GAT TTC 853Ile Glu Arg Leu Ile Gly Asn Leu Arg Asp Le - #u Asn Pro Leu Asp Phe# 15- AGC GTG GAT TAT GTG GAT TTG GAA TGG TTT GA - #A ACG AGG AAA AAA ATC 901Ser Val Asp Tyr Val Asp Leu Glu Trp Phe Gl - #u Thr Arg Lys Lys Ile# 30- GCT CGC TTT AAA ACC AGG CAA GGC AAA GAC AT - #A GCC GTA CGC CTT AAA 949Ala Arg Phe Lys Thr Arg Gln Gly Lys Asp Il - #e Ala Val Arg Leu Lys# 50- GAC GCT CCC AAG TTG GGT TTC TCT CAA GGA GA - #T ATT TTA TTT AAA GAA 997Asp Ala Pro Lys Leu Gly Phe Ser Gln Gly As - #p Ile Leu Phe Lys Glu# 65- GAG AAG GAA ATT ATC GCC GTT AAT ATC TTG GA - #T TCT GAA GTC ATT CAC1045Glu Lys Glu Ile Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Leu As - #p Ser Glu Val Ile His# 80- ATC CAA GCT AAG AGC GTG GCA GAA GTA GCG AA - #A ATA TGC TAT GAA ATA1093Ile Gln Ala Lys Ser Val Ala Glu Val Ala Ly - #s Ile Cys Tyr Glu Ile# 95- GGA AAC CGC CAT GCG GCT TTA TAC TAT GGC GA - #G TCT CAA TTT GAA TTT1141Gly Asn Arg His Ala Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Gl - #u Ser Gln Phe Glu Phe# 110- AAA ACA CCA TTT GAA AAG CCC ACG CTA GCG TT - #A CTA GAA AAG CTA GGG1189Lys Thr Pro Phe Glu Lys Pro Thr Leu Ala Le - #u Leu Glu Lys Leu Gly115 1 - #20 1 - #25 1 -#30- GTT CAA AAT CGT GTT TTA AGT TCA AAA TTG GA - #T TCC AAA GAA CGC TTA1237Val Gln Asn Arg Val Leu Ser Ser Lys Leu As - #p Ser Lys Glu Arg Leu# 145- ACC GTG AGC ATG CCC CAT AGT GAG CCT AAT TT - #T AAG GTC TCA CTG GCG1285Thr Val Ser Met Pro His Ser Glu Pro Asn Ph - #e Lys Val Ser Leu Ala# 160- AGC GAT TTT AAA GTG GTC ATG AAA TAGAAAAACA AC - #AA ATG GAT AAA GGA1335# Met Asp Lys Gl - #y# 1- AAA AGC GTG AAA AGC ATT GAA AAA AGC GTG GG - #T ATG CTC CCA AAA ACT1383Lys Ser Val Lys Ser Ile Glu Lys Ser Val Gl - #y Met Leu Pro Lys Thr# 20- CCA AAG ACA GAC AGC AAT GCT CAT GTG GAT AA - #T GAA TTT CTG ATT CTG1431Pro Lys Thr Asp Ser Asn Ala His Val Asp As - #n Glu Phe Leu Ile Leu# 35- CAA GTC AAT GAT GCG GTG TTC CCC ATT GGA TC - #T TAC ACG CAT TCT TTT1479Gln Val Asn Asp Ala Val Phe Pro Ile Gly Se - #r Tyr Thr His Ser Phe# 50- GGG CTT TTG GCT AGA AAC TTA CAT CCA GCA AA - #A AAG GTT ACT AAT AAA1527Gly Leu Leu Ala Arg Asn Leu His Pro Ala Ly - #s Lys Val Thr Asn Lys# 65- GAA AGC GCT TTA AAA TAT TTA AAA GCC AAT CT - #C TCT AGC CAG TTC CTT1575Glu Ser Ala Leu Lys Tyr Leu Lys Ala Asn Le - #u Ser Ser Gln Phe Leu# 80- TAC ACG GAA ATG CTG AGC TTG AAA CTC ACC TA - #T GAA AGC GCT CTC CAA1623Tyr Thr Glu Met Leu Ser Leu Lys Leu Thr Ty - #r Glu Ser Ala Leu Gln#100- CAA GAT TTA AAA AGG ATC TTA GGG GTT GAA GA - #A ATC ATT ACG CTA TCC1671Gln Asp Leu Lys Arg Ile Leu Gly Val Glu Gl - #u Ile Ile Thr Leu Ser# 115- ACA AGC CCC ATG GAA TTG CGA TTA GCC AAT CA - #A AAG CTA GGC AAT CGT1719Thr Ser Pro Met Glu Leu Arg Leu Ala Asn Gl - #n Lys Leu Gly Asn Arg# 130- TTC ATT AAA ACC TTA CAA GCC ATG AAC GAA TT - #A GAC ATT GGC GCA TTT1767Phe Ile Lys Thr Leu Gln Ala Met Asn Glu Le - #u Asp Ile Gly Ala Phe# 145- TTT AAC GCT TAC GCT CAA CAA ACC GAA GAC CC - #C ACC CAT GCC ACT AGC1815Phe Asn Ala Tyr Ala Gln Gln Thr Glu Asp Pr - #o Thr His Ala Thr Ser# 160- TAT GGC GTT TTT GCG GCG AGT TTG GGG ATT GA - #A TTG AAA AAG GCT TTA1863Tyr Gly Val Phe Ala Ala Ser Leu Gly Ile Gl - #u Leu Lys Lys Ala Leu165 1 - #70 1 - #75 1 -#80- AGG CAT TAT CTT TAT GCA CAA ACT TCT AAC AT - #G GTA ATT AAC TGC GTT1911Arg His Tyr Leu Tyr Ala Gln Thr Ser Asn Me - #t Val Ile Asn Cys Val# 195- AAA AGC GTC CCA CTA TCT CAA AAC GAT GGG CA - #A AAA ATC TTA TTG AGC1959Lys Ser Val Pro Leu Ser Gln Asn Asp Gly Gl - #n Lys Ile Leu Leu Ser# 210- TTG CAA AGC CCT TTT AAC CAG CTC ATA GAA AA - #A ACC CTA GAA CTA GAC2007Leu Gln Ser Pro Phe Asn Gln Leu Ile Glu Ly - #s Thr Leu Glu Leu Asp# 225- GAA AGC CAC TTG TGC GCG GCA AGC GTT CAA AA - #C GAC ATT AAG GCG ATG2055Glu Ser His Leu Cys Ala Ala Ser Val Gln As - #n Asp Ile Lys Ala Met# 240- CAG CAT GAG AGT TTA TAC TCG CGC CTT TAT AT - #G TCT TGAATTTTAT2101Gln His Glu Ser Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Tyr Me - #t Ser245 2 - #50 2 - #55- CTCAAATTGA AAGGAATTTT ATG GTA AAA ATT GGA GTT TG - #T GGT CCT GTA2151#Pro Val Val Lys Ile Gly Val Cys Gly# 10- GGA AGC GGT AAA ACC GCC TTG ATT GAA GCT TT - #A ACG CGC CAC ATG TCA2199Gly Ser Gly Lys Thr Ala Leu Ile Glu Ala Le - #u Thr Arg His Met Ser# 25- AAA GAT TAT GAC ATG GCG GTC ATC ACT AAT GA - #T ATT TAC ACG AAA GAA2247Lys Asp Tyr Asp Met Ala Val Ile Thr Asn As - #p Ile Tyr Thr Lys Glu# 40- GAC GCA GAA TTT ATG TGT AAA AAT TCG GTG AT - #G CCA CGA GAG AGG ATC2295Asp Ala Glu Phe Met Cys Lys Asn Ser Val Me - #t Pro Arg Glu Arg Ile# 55- ATT GGC GTA GAA ACA GGA GGC TGT CCG CAC AC - #G GCT ATT AGA GAA GAC2343Ile Gly Val Glu Thr Gly Gly Cys Pro His Th - #r Ala Ile Arg Glu Asp# 70- GCT TCT ATG AAT TTA GAA GCC GTA GAA GAA AT - #G CAT GGC CGT TTC CCT2391Ala Ser Met Asn Leu Glu Ala Val Glu Glu Me - #t His Gly Arg Phe Pro# 90- AAT TTG GAA TTG CTT TTG ATT GAA AGC GGA GG - #C AGT AAC CTT TCA GCG2439Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Leu Ile Glu Ser Gly Gl - #y Ser Asn Leu Ser Ala# 105- ACT TTC AAC CCA GAG CTA GCG GAC TTT ACG AT - #C TTT GTG ATT GAT GTG2487Thr Phe Asn Pro Glu Leu Ala Asp Phe Thr Il - #e Phe Val Ile Asp Val# 120- GCT GAG GGC GAT AAA ATC CCC AGA AAA GGC GG - #G CCA GGA ATC ACG CGT2535Ala Glu Gly Asp Lys Ile Pro Arg Lys Gly Gl - #y Pro Gly Ile Thr Arg# 135- TCA GAC TTG CTT GTC ATC AAT AAG ATT GAT TT - #A GCC CCC TAT GTG GGA2583Ser Asp Leu Leu Val Ile Asn Lys Ile Asp Le - #u Ala Pro Tyr Val Gly# 150- GCC GAC TTG AAA GTC ATG GAA AGG GAT TCT AA - #A AAA ATC GCG GCG AAA2631Ala Asp Leu Lys Val Met Glu Arg Asp Ser Ly - #s Lys Ile Ala Ala Lys155 1 - #60 1 - #65 1 -#70- AGC CCT TTA TTT TTA CCG AAT ATC CGC GCT AA - #A GAA GGT TTA GAC GAT2679Ser Pro Leu Phe Leu Pro Asn Ile Arg Ala Ly - #s Glu Gly Leu Asp Asp# 185- GTG ATC GCT TGG ATC AAG CGC AAC GCT TTA TT - #G GAA GAT TG ATG AAC2726Val Ile Ala Trp Ile Lys Arg Asn Ala Leu Le - #u Glu Asp Met Asn# 1- ACT TAC GCT CAA GAA TCC AAG CTC AGG TTA AA - #A ACC AAA ATA GGG GCT2774Thr Tyr Ala Gln Glu Ser Lys Leu Arg Leu Ly - #s Thr Lys Ile Gly Ala# 15- GAC GGG CGG TGC GTG ATT GAA GAC AAT TTT TT - #C ACG CCC CCC TTT AAG2822Asp Gly Arg Cys Val Ile Glu Asp Asn Phe Ph - #e Thr Pro Pro Phe Lys# 30- CTC ATG GCG CCC TTT TAC CCT AAA GAC GAT TT - #A GCG GAA ATC ATG CTT2870Leu Met Ala Pro Phe Tyr Pro Lys Asp Asp Le - #u Ala Glu Ile Met Leu# 50- TTA GCG GTA AGC CCT GGC TTA ATG AAA GGC GA - #T GCA CAA GAT GTG CAA2918Leu Ala Val Ser Pro Gly Leu Met Lys Gly As - #p Ala Gln Asp Val Gln# 65- TTG AAC ATC GGT CCA AAT TGC AAG TTA AGG AT - #C ACT TCG CAA TCC TTT2966Leu Asn Ile Gly Pro Asn Cys Lys Leu Arg Il - #e Thr Ser Gln Ser Phe# 80- GAA AAA ATC CAT AAC ACT GAA GAC GGG TTT GC - #T AGC AGA GAC ATG CAT3014Glu Lys Ile His Asn Thr Glu Asp Gly Phe Al - #a Ser Arg Asp Met His# 95- ATC GTT GTG GGG GAA AAC GCT TTT TTA GAC TT - #C GCG CCC TTC CCG TTA3062Ile Val Val Gly Glu Asn Ala Phe Leu Asp Ph - #e Ala Pro Phe Pro Leu# 110- ATC CCC TTT GAA AAC GCG CAT TTT AAG GGC AA - #T ACC ACG ATT TCT TTG3110Ile Pro Phe Glu Asn Ala His Phe Lys Gly As - #n Thr Thr Ile Ser Leu115 1 - #20 1 - #25 1 -#30- CGC TCT AGC TCC CAA TTG CTC TAT AGT GAA AT - #C ATT GTC GCA GGG CGA3158Arg Ser Ser Ser Gln Leu Leu Tyr Ser Glu Il - #e Ile Val Ala Gly Arg# 145- GTG GCG CGC AAT GAG TTG TTT AAA TTC AAC CG - #C TTG CAC ACC AAA ATC3206Val Ala Arg Asn Glu Leu Phe Lys Phe Asn Ar - #g Leu His Thr Lys Ile# 160- TCT ATT TTA CAA GAT GAG AAA CCC ATC TAT TA - #T GAC AAC ACG ATT TTA3254Ser Ile Leu Gln Asp Glu Lys Pro Ile Tyr Ty - #r Asp Asn Thr Ile Leu# 175- GAT CCC AAA ACC ACC GAC TTA AAT AAC ATG TG - #C ATG TTT GAT GGC TAT3302Asp Pro Lys Thr Thr Asp Leu Asn Asn Met Cy - #s Met Phe Asp Gly Tyr# 190- ACG CAT TAT TTG AAT TTG GTG CTG GTC AAT TG - #C CCC ATA GAG CTG TCT3350Thr His Tyr Leu Asn Leu Val Leu Val Asn Cy - #s Pro Ile Glu Leu Ser195 2 - #00 2 - #05 2 -#10- GGC GTG CGA GGA TTG ATT GAA GAG AGC GAA GG - #A GTG GAT GGA GCC GTG3398Gly Val Arg Gly Leu Ile Glu Glu Ser Glu Gl - #y Val Asp Gly Ala Val# 225- AGT GAA ATC GCT AGT TCT CAT TTA TGC CTG AA - #A GCT TTA GCG AAA GGC3446Ser Glu Ile Ala Ser Ser His Leu Cys Leu Ly - #s Ala Leu Ala Lys Gly# 240- TCA GAA CCC TTG TTG CAT TTA AGA GAA AAA AT - #C GCT CGC TTT ATC ACG3494Ser Glu Pro Leu Leu His Leu Arg Glu Lys Il - #e Ala Arg Phe Ile Thr# 255- CAA ACG ATT ACG CCA AAG GTT TAAAAAACAC TTTAAAAAA - #G ATTATACCCT3545Gln Thr Ile Thr Pro Lys Val# 265# 3559- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 5 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:- Leu Phe Ser Ile Phe 1 5- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 195 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:- Met Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Leu Tyr Val Gly Il - #e Val Leu Ile Ser Asn# 15- Gly Ile Cys Gly Leu Thr Lys Val Asp Pro Ly - #s Ser Thr Ala Val Met# 30- Asn Phe Phe Val Gly Gly Leu Ser Ile Ile Cy - #s Asn Val Val Val Ile# 45- Thr Tyr Ser Ala Leu Asn Pro Thr Ala Pro Va - #l Glu Gly Ala Glu Asp# 60- Ile Ala Gln Val Ser His His Leu Thr Asn Ph - #e Tyr Gly Pro Ala Thr# 80- Gly Leu Leu Phe Gly Phe Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Al - #a Ala Ile Asn His Thr# 95- Phe Gly Leu Asp Trp Arg Pro Tyr Ser Trp Ty - #r Ser Leu Phe Val Ala# 110- Ile Asn Thr Ile Pro Ala Ala Ile Leu Ser Hi - #s Tyr Ser Asp Met Leu# 125- Asp Asp His Lys Val Leu Gly Ile Thr Glu Gl - #y Asp Trp Trp Ala Ile# 140- Ile Trp Leu Ala Trp Gly Val Leu Trp Leu Th - #r Ala Phe Ile Glu Asn145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Ile Leu Lys Ile Pro Leu Gly Lys Phe Thr Pr - #o Trp Leu Ala Ile Ile# 175- Glu Gly Ile Leu Thr Ala Trp Ile Pro Ala Tr - #p Leu Leu Phe Ile Gln# 190- His Trp Val 195- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 170 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:- Met Ile Ile Glu Arg Leu Ile Gly Asn Leu Ar - #g Asp Leu Asn Pro Leu# 15- Asp Phe Ser Val Asp Tyr Val Asp Leu Glu Tr - #p Phe Glu Thr Arg Lys# 30- Lys Ile Ala Arg Phe Lys Thr Arg Gln Gly Ly - #s Asp Ile Ala Val Arg# 45- Leu Lys Asp Ala Pro Lys Leu Gly Phe Ser Gl - #n Gly Asp Ile Leu Phe# 60- Lys Glu Glu Lys Glu Ile Ile Ala Val Asn Il - #e Leu Asp Ser Glu Val# 80- Ile His Ile Gln Ala Lys Ser Val Ala Glu Va - #l Ala Lys Ile Cys Tyr# 95- Glu Ile Gly Asn Arg His Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ty - #r Gly Glu Ser Gln Phe# 110- Glu Phe Lys Thr Pro Phe Glu Lys Pro Thr Le - #u Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys# 125- Leu Gly Val Gln Asn Arg Val Leu Ser Ser Ly - #s Leu Asp Ser Lys Glu# 140- Arg Leu Thr Val Ser Met Pro His Ser Glu Pr - #o Asn Phe Lys Val Ser145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Leu Ala Ser Asp Phe Lys Val Val Met Lys# 170- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 256 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:- Met Asp Lys Gly Lys Ser Val Lys Ser Ile Gl - #u Lys Ser Val Gly Met# 15- Leu Pro Lys Thr Pro Lys Thr Asp Ser Asn Al - #a His Val Asp Asn Glu# 30- Phe Leu Ile Leu Gln Val Asn Asp Ala Val Ph - #e Pro Ile Gly Ser Tyr# 45- Thr His Ser Phe Gly Leu Leu Ala Arg Asn Le - #u His Pro Ala Lys Lys# 60- Val Thr Asn Lys Glu Ser Ala Leu Lys Tyr Le - #u Lys Ala Asn Leu Ser# 80- Ser Gln Phe Leu Tyr Thr Glu Met Leu Ser Le - #u Lys Leu Thr Tyr Glu# 95- Ser Ala Leu Gln Gln Asp Leu Lys Arg Ile Le - #u Gly Val Glu Glu Ile# 110- Ile Thr Leu Ser Thr Ser Pro Met Glu Leu Ar - #g Leu Ala Asn Gln Lys# 125- Leu Gly Asn Arg Phe Ile Lys Thr Leu Gln Al - #a Met Asn Glu Leu Asp# 140- Ile Gly Ala Phe Phe Asn Ala Tyr Ala Gln Gl - #n Thr Glu Asp Pro Thr145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- His Ala Thr Ser Tyr Gly Val Phe Ala Ala Se - #r Leu Gly Ile Glu Leu# 175- Lys Lys Ala Leu Arg His Tyr Leu Tyr Ala Gl - #n Thr Ser Asn Met Val# 190- Ile Asn Cys Val Lys Ser Val Pro Leu Ser Gl - #n Asn Asp Gly Gln Lys# 205- Ile Leu Leu Ser Leu Gln Ser Pro Phe Asn Gl - #n Leu Ile Glu Lys Thr# 220- Leu Glu Leu Asp Glu Ser His Leu Cys Ala Al - #a Ser Val Gln Asn Asp225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Ile Lys Ala Met Gln His Glu Ser Leu Tyr Se - #r Arg Leu Tyr Met Ser# 255- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 199 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:- Met Val Lys Ile Gly Val Cys Gly Pro Val Gl - #y Ser Gly Lys Thr Ala# 15- Leu Ile Glu Ala Leu Thr Arg His Met Ser Ly - #s Asp Tyr Asp Met Ala# 30- Val Ile Thr Asn Asp Ile Tyr Thr Lys Glu As - #p Ala Glu Phe Met Cys# 45- Lys Asn Ser Val Met Pro Arg Glu Arg Ile Il - #e Gly Val Glu Thr Gly# 60- Gly Cys Pro His Thr Ala Ile Arg Glu Asp Al - #a Ser Met Asn Leu Glu# 80- Ala Val Glu Glu Met His Gly Arg Phe Pro As - #n Leu Glu Leu Leu Leu# 95- Ile Glu Ser Gly Gly Ser Asn Leu Ser Ala Th - #r Phe Asn Pro Glu Leu# 110- Ala Asp Phe Thr Ile Phe Val Ile Asp Val Al - #a Glu Gly Asp Lys Ile# 125- Pro Arg Lys Gly Gly Pro Gly Ile Thr Arg Se - #r Asp Leu Leu Val Ile# 140- Asn Lys Ile Asp Leu Ala Pro Tyr Val Gly Al - #a Asp Leu Lys Val Met145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Glu Arg Asp Ser Lys Lys Ile Ala Ala Lys Se - #r Pro Leu Phe Leu Pro# 175- Asn Ile Arg Ala Lys Glu Gly Leu Asp Asp Va - #l Ile Ala Trp Ile Lys# 190- Arg Asn Ala Leu Leu Glu Asp 195- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 265 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:- Met Asn Thr Tyr Ala Gln Glu Ser Lys Leu Ar - #g Leu Lys Thr Lys Ile# 15- Gly Ala Asp Gly Arg Cys Val Ile Glu Asp As - #n Phe Phe Thr Pro Pro# 30- Phe Lys Leu Met Ala Pro Phe Tyr Pro Lys As - #p Asp Leu Ala Glu Ile# 45- Met Leu Leu Ala Val Ser Pro Gly Leu Met Ly - #s Gly Asp Ala Gln Asp# 60- Val Gln Leu Asn Ile Gly Pro Asn Cys Lys Le - #u Arg Ile Thr Ser Gln# 80- Ser Phe Glu Lys Ile His Asn Thr Glu Asp Gl - #y Phe Ala Ser Arg Asp# 95- Met His Ile Val Val Gly Glu Asn Ala Phe Le - #u Asp Phe Ala Pro Phe# 110- Pro Leu Ile Pro Phe Glu Asn Ala His Phe Ly - #s Gly Asn Thr Thr Ile# 125- Ser Leu Arg Ser Ser Ser Gln Leu Leu Tyr Se - #r Glu Ile Ile Val Ala# 140- Gly Arg Val Ala Arg Asn Glu Leu Phe Lys Ph - #e Asn Arg Leu His Thr145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Lys Ile Ser Ile Leu Gln Asp Glu Lys Pro Il - #e Tyr Tyr Asp Asn Thr# 175- Ile Leu Asp Pro Lys Thr Thr Asp Leu Asn As - #n Met Cys Met Phe Asp# 190- Gly Tyr Thr His Tyr Leu Asn Leu Val Leu Va - #l Asn Cys Pro Ile Glu# 205- Leu Ser Gly Val Arg Gly Leu Ile Glu Glu Se - #r Glu Gly Val Asp Gly# 220- Ala Val Ser Glu Ile Ala Ser Ser His Leu Cy - #s Leu Lys Ala Leu Ala225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Lys Gly Ser Glu Pro Leu Leu His Leu Arg Gl - #u Lys Ile Ala Arg Phe# 255- Ile Thr Gln Thr Ile Thr Pro Lys Val# 265- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 33 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:# 33 AAAT AGGAAACCGC CAT- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 11 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:- Ala Lys Ile Cys Tyr Glu Ile Gly Asn Arg Hi - #s# 10- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 16 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: modified.sub.-- - #base (B) LOCATION: 16#/note= "W is either A or T."ON:- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:# 16- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 base p - #airs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:# 6- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 base p - #airs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:# 6__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
4785086	Rashtchian et al.	Nov 1988
5459041	Blaser et al.	Oct 1995
5498528	King	Mar 1996
5538729	Czinn et al.	Jul 1996
5601848	Marshall	Feb 1997

Number	Date	Country
A 0367 644	May 1990	EPX
0 745 674	May 1996	EPX
90 04030	Apr 1990	WOX
WO 91 09049	Jun 1991	WOX
WO 9633732	Oct 1996	WOX
WO 9640893	Dec 1996	WOX
WO 9638475	Dec 1996	WOX

Genes of Helicobacter pylori necessary for the regulation and maturation of urease and their use

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US Referenced Citations (5)

Foreign Referenced Citations (7)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (16)

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