Certain techniques disclosed herein relate to architectural panels (also referred to herein as “panels”). In particular, certain techniques disclose glass-laminated panels in which the glass demonstrates reduced bowing.
Architectural panels, which may be usable for walls and furniture, may include laminates. The use of such laminates may reduce costs by allowing less expensive core materials to be used with more aesthetically pleasing surface materials. Glass may be laminated to a structure that includes medium-density fiberboard (MDF).
When constructing an architectural panel that includes a glass laminate, the glass may be laminated onto a backing material (e.g., a decorative backing material). The resulting panel may have a relatively high-gloss finish that may be aesthetically pleasing as well as relatively robust for cleaning and wear resistance.
According to certain techniques, an apparatus includes: a medium-density fiberboard (“MDF”) portion including an upper surface, a lower surface, and a lateral surface between the upper surface and the lower surface; a stress buffer (e.g., including steel) including an upper surface and a lower surface, wherein the lower surface of the stress buffer is adhered to the upper surface of the MDF portion; a glass portion including an upper surface and a lower surface, wherein the lower surface of the glass portion is adhered to the upper surface of the stress buffer; and a moisture-inhibiting portion (e.g., including aluminum and/or polyethylene terephthalate) that limits a flow of moisture into and out of the MDF portion through at least one of the lower surface or the lateral surface of the MDF portion. The moisture-inhibiting portion may be adhered to the lower surface of the MDF portion and/or the lateral surface of the MDF portion. The moisture-inhibiting portion adhered to the lower surface of the MDF portion may include a material different from one included in the moisture-inhibiting portion adhered to the lateral surface of the MDF portion. There may be no steel portion below the lower surface of the MDF portion.
According to certain techniques, a method includes: adhering a lower surface of a stress buffer (e.g., including steel) to an upper surface of an MDF portion; adhering a lower surface of a glass portion to an upper surface of the stress buffer; and arranging a moisture-inhibiting portion (e.g., including aluminum and/or polyethylene terephthalate) to limit a flow of moisture into and out of the MDF portion through at least one of a lower surface of the MDF portion or a lateral surface of the MDF portion. The method may further include adjusting a moisture content of the MDF portion before arranging the moisture-inhibiting portion. The adjusted moisture content of the MDF portion may be controlled according to historical humidity conditions for an expected end-use location. The moisture-inhibiting portion may be adhered to the lower surface of the MDF portion and/or the lateral surface of the MDF portion. The moisture-inhibiting portion adhered to the lower surface of the MDF portion may include a material different from one included in the moisture-inhibiting portion adhered to the lateral surface of the MDF portion. There may be no steel portion below the lower surface of the MDF portion.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of certain techniques of the present application, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustration, certain techniques are shown in the drawings. It should be understood, however, that the claims are not limited to the arrangements and instrumentality shown in the attached drawings.
Glass laminates (such as Corning® Willow® glass) are finding greater application as a decorative product in the architectural wall panel industry. The Willow® glass may be laminated over a steel buffer material that, in turn, may be laminated to an MDF core. Either the steel or the glass may be painted according to aesthetic desires. The MDF portion, a wood-based product, may be sensitive to changes in humidity. Such changes may result in an undesirable inward or outward bow of the panel due to the asymmetric nature of the glass/steel/MDF laminate stack.
When materials having different expansion properties are bound together (either directly or indirectly), they may experience forces when they expand or contract relative to one another. Laminates (e.g., glass laminates) on panels that use MDF may bow in response to the changing size of an MDF component. MDF may expand and/or contract in response to changes in humidity and temperature. Humidity variations, in particular, can cause undesirably large changes in size of MDF. Moisture can enter (ingress) or exit (egress) MDF in response to environmental humidity conditions. This may cause undesirable degrees of “bowing” in the laminate. Bow may be aesthetically unpleasing, result in de-lamination or cracks in laminates, cause undesirable stress in laminates, and apply stress to the mounting fixtures such that a panel may come loose from the wall or support fixture.
A stress buffer (e.g., a layer, such as a metal or steel layer) may be interposed between the MDF component and a glass laminate. The stress buffer may reduce bow from temperature variations in the use environment. While stress buffer may also reduce the degree of bowing in the glass laminate, the stress buffer itself may exhibit undesirable bowing. Even with the stress buffer, the degree of bowing in the glass laminate (due to bowing in the stress buffer and/or the glass laminate itself) may exceed what is desired.
The MDF component may be relatively susceptible to expansion and contraction due to changes in moisture content, whereas the glass laminate and steel laminate may not. Changes in moisture content of the MDF component may be influenced by changes in the relative humidity (Δ % RH) of the surrounding environment with respect to the initial conditions (e.g., initial moisture content) when the panel was constructed. Changes in the relative humidity (and consequently the size of the MDF component) may result in warpage or bow of the panel.
According to certain techniques, the cost of panels that demonstrate improved laminate bowing performance may be reduced. For example, the techniques may reduce the need for using certain component(s) that mechanically stabilize a panel. One such component may be a steel layer on a back side (a side opposite the user). Such a steel layer may not be needed with a panel constructed according to techniques disclosed herein.
While certain techniques are applicable to reduce any degree of bowing, when using a Corning® Willow® glass laminate on an MDF-based panel, a bow value of 5 mm/m may be undesirable when evaluated across the diagonal of the panel. Although there is no specific bow standard for architectural wall panels, the value of 5 mm/m is also disclosed in European Standard EN-438 “Decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) sheets based on thermosetting resins, specifications.”
The upper surface of the panel 100 may also include a paint layer 105. While paint layer 105 is shown above the upper surface 111 of the laminate 110, paint 105 may be applied to all or a portion of laminate 110—e.g., all or a portion of the upper surface 111, lower surface 112, and/or lateral surface 113. Paint layer 105 may also be applied to other surfaces in panel 100, such as all or a portion of lateral surfaces 123, 133, 143, 153, 163, 173, and/or 180 (see
Glass laminate 110 may include a material such as Corning® Willow® glass. Other options include relatively thin glass (e.g., less than 0.5 mm thick). Glass laminate 110 may be up to 250 μm thick, or optionally up to 0.5 mm thick.
Adhesive 120 may be a relatively optically clear adhesive such as 3M 82** series (e.g., 8211-8215). Adhesive 120 may be 50 μm thick (or thinner, such as 25 μm), or optionally as high as 0.5 mm thick. Adhesive 120 may be relatively soft such that it does not stiffen against bow. However, if too thick, adhesive 120 could also undesirably absorb water. Adhesive 120 may be pressure sensitive.
Stress buffer 130 may be steel, such as Deco Steel®. Stress buffer 130 may be 520 μm thick, or optionally be between 200 μm and 520 μm thick. Stress buffer 130 may be as high as 1 mm thick.
Adhesive 140 may be similar to adhesive 120. Adhesive 140 may be opaque or translucent (i.e., not relatively optically clear). Adhesive 140 may be 50 μm thick, or optionally as high as 0.5 mm thick. Adhesive 140 may be relatively soft such that it does not stiffen against bow. However, if too thick, adhesive 140 could also undesirably take up water.
MDF portion 150 may be 12.7 mm (½ inch) thick, or optionally between 3 mm and 25 mm. Adhesive 160 may be similar to adhesive 120 and/or adhesive 140. Adhesive 160 may be opaque or translucent (i.e., not relatively optically clear). Adhesive 160 may be 5-10 μm thick.
Moisture inhibitor 170 may include aluminum (e.g., foil or tape). The water vapor transmission rate for moisture inhibitor 170 may be less than 0.1 g/m2/day. Moisture inhibitor 170 may include additional materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Moisture inhibitor 170 may optionally include steel. Moisture inhibitor 170 may be one layer (e.g., a layer of aluminum foil having a thickness between 7-40 μm, or even up to 100 μm) or a plurality of layers including different materials.
The total cross-sectional thicknesses may be from ¼″ to 1″. According to certain techniques, the thicknesses may be ½″ or ¾″ since these are common dimensions used for building construction. The solutions may work on thinner and thicker cross-sections as well, with the appropriate adjustments to the pre-conditioning time, for example (e.g., thicker MDF may take longer to stabilize to a pre-set moisture content, while thinner MDF may take a shorter time).
Moisture inhibitor 180 may be like or similar to moisture inhibitor 170, except that it may be applied to some or all of the lateral surfaces of MDF portion 150. Moisture inhibitor 180 may or may not be used to construct panel 100. For example, the panel 100 may include moisture inhibitor 170, but not moisture inhibitor 180. Or the panel 100 may include moisture inhibitor 180, but not moisture inhibitor 170. Or the panel 100 may include both moisture inhibitor 170 and moisture inhibitor 180.
Moisture inhibitor 180 may include an alkyd material, such as primer (e.g., oil-based primer) or paint (e.g., latex paint). Moisture inhibitor 180 may include a marine paint. Moisture inhibitor 180 may include aluminum and/or PET. As another option, moisture inhibitor 180 may be applied to the lateral surfaces of one or more other layers of the panel 100. Any combination of other layers 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, and/or 170 could also have a moisture inhibitor 180 on one or more lateral surfaces. For example, the entire panel 100 (or more portions than just the MDF portion 150) may first be constructed before the moisture inhibitor 180 is applied to all or a portion of the lateral surfaces of the constructed portion of the panel 100.
In addition to construction of panel 100, it may also be possible to pre-condition MDF portion 150. For example, moisture content of MDF portion 150 may be adjusted before applying moisture inhibitors 170 and/or 180. As discussed, a significant factor in causing bow may be when MDF portion 150 expands or contracts in response to changes in moisture content. Such changes may be driven by differences the relative humidity (% RH) between initial humidity conditions of MDF portion 150 when laminated, changes during shipping and storage, and ultimately to the final use-case condition (after installation). MDF expands or contracts in response to change in % RH (Δ% RH). While these changes in size may be constrained by stress buffer 130 and glass laminate 110, the degree of bowing in glass laminate 110 and/or stress buffer 130 may be undesirable.
To limit the influence of relative humidity, the moisture content of MDF portion 150 may be adjusted before applying adhesives and moisture inhibitors 170 and/or 180. According to one technique for pre-conditioning MDF portion 150, MDF portion 150 may be placed in an environmental chamber (controlled atmosphere chamber), or even a moisture controlled room. The air in the chamber (or room) may be humidified to a desired level at a given temperature, such as approximately room temperature (i.e., between about 20-50° C., for example, 23° C.).
MDF portion 150 may be placed in the chamber for a suitable length of time (on the order of days, such as 7 days), whereby moisture is either added or removed from MDF portion according to the relative humidity in the chamber. The relative humidity in the chamber may be set to a value according to historical humidity conditions for an expected end-use location. For example, if an expected end-use location has an average relative humidity of 50%, then the humidity in the chamber may be set to 50%. As another example, the relative humidity in the chamber may be set to a level higher or lower than an average relative humidity of an expected end-use location.
There may be three ways to measure moisture content in MDF. First, the entire panel or a cut-out may be oven-dried, and the mass before and after the oven may be recorded. The loss in mass may correspond to the pre-test moisture content. This may be a destructive test. Second, a resistance moisture meter may be used. This method may work by inserting pin-type electrodes to pass a current through the MDF and estimating the moisture content from the measured resistance. Dry MDF may have higher resistance than moisture-filled MDF. Third, a dielectric moisture meter may be used. This method may employ flat plate electrode(s) to measure resistance, so it may be relatively or completely non-invasive. One such example is Lignomat Pinless Moisture Meter type “Ligno-Scanner S.”
In addition to the composition of panel 100 and pre-conditioning techniques for MDF portion 150, the type of mechanical connectors for securing panel 100 to an architectural structure (e.g., wall or furniture) may be appropriately selected. For example, “Z-clips” may be used to secure panel 100 to walls. Z-clips are lengths of extruded aluminum, mounted to the backside of panels that mate to corresponding pieces attached to the wall. When mounted, Z-clips may reduce the amount of bow by 3.5-4 mm/m in comparison with a panel with Z-clips that are not attached to the wall. These results are valid for 600×900 mm panels, with the Z-clips attached to the top and bottom of the 900 mm length, which is the panel width. For panels whose vertical dimension exceeds 600 mm, additional Z-clips may be used to minimize bowing. Testing results for bowing of panels 100 when mounted with Z-clips are shown in
Another type of mechanical connector for securing panel 100 to an architectural structure is a C-channel frame. Such a frame may reduce the amount of potential bow by increasing stiffness of the panel. A combination of Z-clips and a C-channel frame may be used.
Table 1 below illustrates various possibilities for material usage in moisture inhibitor 170 and moisture inhibitor 180, although these are in no way an exhaustive listing of all potential configurations for panel 100. Instead, any combination of the above-listed materials may be possible, as well as those materials contemplated by an artisan with ordinary skill. The C467MP and A467MP adhesives are examples of double-sided transfer tape, and other such adhesives could be substituted.
While certain techniques are disclosed with respect to glass laminates on panels that include MDF, the techniques may be applicable to other circumstances. For example, other types of laminates besides glass may demonstrate less bowing as a result of these techniques. As another example, other types of woods or humidity-sensitive components may be used in constructing panels besides MDF, and laminates on such panels may benefit from reduced bowing as a result of certain techniques. As yet another example, the techniques may be used in other applications besides architectural panels, and the principles may be the same. All such variations are expressly contemplated within the scope of certain techniques disclosed herein.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the novel techniques disclosed in this application. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the novel techniques without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the novel techniques not be limited to the particular techniques disclosed, but that they will include all techniques falling within the scope of the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/940,372, filed Nov. 26, 2019, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2020/061163 | 11/19/2020 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62940372 | Nov 2019 | US |