Patent Application
20180321567
The invention relates to a glazing having switchable optical properties, a method for its production, and its use.
Glazings are known, which include a functional layer by means of which the optical properties of the glazing can be altered. Electrochromic glazings that include an electrochemically active layer between two transparent flat electrodes are an example of this. The transmittance properties of the active layer can be electrically switched by the voltage applied to the flat electrodes. Electrochromic glazings are known, for example, from US 20120026573 A1 and WO 2012007334 A1.
Glazings having switchable optical properties can be used, for example, as windowpanes of buildings. However, the switching state of such glazings affects the color appearance of the light reflected into the external environment. If a plurality of switchable windowpanes are in different switching states, this results in a nonuniform and, consequently, not very aesthetic appearance of the building.
A coating, by means of which a uniform appearance of a glazing is ensured, is known from EP 0645352 B1. The coating, whose primary purpose is the reflection of thermal radiation, consists of a structure of different individual layers, as a result of which time-consuming and cost-intensive production methods are essential. An electrically switchable glazing having an anti-reflection coating, by means of which the color appearance of the glazing can be adapted is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,775 B1. Such an antireflection coating can, however, depending on the observation angle, result in different color appearances, which is frequently undesirable for aesthetic reasons.
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved glazing having switchable optical properties. The glazing should be simple and economical to produce and have a color appearance of the light reflected into the external environment independent of the switching state and the observation angle.
The object of the present invention is accomplished according to the invention by a glazing having switchable optical properties in accordance with independent claim 1. Preferred embodiments emerge from the subclaims.
The glazing according to the invention having switchable optical properties comprises at least the following characteristics:
In the context of the invention, the reflection layer is a single and homogeneous layer. The reflection layer is, in particular, not a layer structure of a plurality of individual layers.
The glazing according to the invention is intended, in an opening, for example, of a motor vehicle or of a building, to separate the interior from the external environment. In the context of the invention, “outer surface” refers to that surface of the substrate, which, in the installed position of the glazing, faces the external environment. In the context of the invention, “inner surface” refers to that surface of the substrate, which, in the installed position of the glazing, faces the interior.
The values indicated for the refractive index nR are measured at a wavelength of 550 nm.
When an element contains at least one material, this includes, in the context of the invention, the case in which the element is made of the material.
In the context of the invention, the term “a glazing having switchable optical properties” refers not only to a glazing whose optical properties, for example, the transmittance of visible light, can be switched between two discrete states, for example, an opaque and a transparent state. It also includes those glazings whose optical properties are continuously adjustable.
According to the invention, the switchable functional element is arranged on the interior side of the reflection layer. This means that the functional element is a shorter distance from the interior than the reflection layer. Light passing through the glazing from the external environment thus first strikes the reflection coating and then the functional element. The color appearance of the light reflected toward the external environment, also referred to in the context of the invention as “external reflection color”, can be governed by the reflection layer according to the invention. The external reflection color can be selectively adjusted by the refractive index nR and the thickness d. The reflection layer results in the fact that the switching state of the functional element cannot be discerned from the outside. A building façade with a plurality of glazings according to the invention thus always has a uniform appearance independently of the switching state of the individual glazings. The external reflection color is, in addition, independent of the angle of observation such that the appearance does not change, for example, for an observer passing by the building. The reflection layer comprises, moreover, only a single layer, as a result of which the glazing can be produced simply and economically. These are major advantages of the invention.
Even a plurality of switchable functional elements can be arranged on the interior side of the reflection coating. Of course, the glazing can also have more than one reflection layer according to the invention, wherein the functional element must be arranged on the interior side of at least one reflection layer.
The refractive index nR of the material of the reflection layer is, according to the invention, from 1.6 to 2.55. The refractive index is preferably from 1.9 to 2.3. Particularly good results are obtained with this.
The reflection layer can be porous. The refractive index of the material of the reflection layer can be advantageously affected by a suitably selected porosity.
The reflection layer can be applied full surface on the surface of the substrate. This is particularly advantageous with regard to a uniform external reflection color. The substrate can, however, for example, also have a coating-free edge region, in particular, if this coating-free edge region is concealed in the installed position, for example, by frames or fastening elements.
The reflection layer preferably contains at least silicon nitride, tin oxide, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, indium tin oxide, tin zinc oxide, titanium zinc oxide, and/or titanium silicon oxide. The reflection layer particularly preferably contains silicon nitride. This is particularly advantageous with regard to the stability and the application of the reflection layer and the regulation of the external reflection color.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the light reflected into the external environment has a green color appearance. A green color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 365 nm to 400 nm, preferably from 375 nm to 390 nm, in particular roughly 385 nm. A green color appearance is alternatively obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 730 nm to 800 nm, preferably from 750 nm to 780 nm, in particular roughly 770 nm.
In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the light reflected into the external environment has a golden color appearance. A golden color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 435 nm to 480 nm, preferably from 440 nm to 475 nm, in particular roughly 450 nm. A golden color appearance is alternatively obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 870 nm to 960 nm, preferably from 880 nm to 950 nm, in particular roughly 900 nm.
In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the light reflected into the external environment has a blue color appearance. A blue color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 305 nm to 365 nm, preferably from 320 nm to 345 nm, in particular roughly 330 nm. A blue color appearance is alternatively obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 610 nm to 730 nm, preferably from 640 nm to 690 nm, in particular roughly 660 nm.
In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the light reflected into the external environment has a violet color appearance. A violet color appearance is obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer is from 250 nm to 300 nm, preferably from 270 nm to 285 nm, in particular roughly 280 nm. A violet color appearance is alternatively obtained when the product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer from is 500 nm to 600 nm, preferably from 540 nm to 570 nm, in particular roughly 560 nm.
The reflection layer is preferably applied directly on a surface of the substrate. Preferably, no other layers, other than the reflection layer, are applied on substrate above or below the reflection layer. This is particularly advantageous with regard to simple and economical production of the glazing. However, alternatively, at least one other layer can also be arranged between the substrate and the reflection layer, for example, an adhesion-promoting layer or a barrier layer. At least one other layer can also be arranged on the surface of the reflection layer facing away from the substrate, for example, a protection layer against damage to the reflection layer.
The functional element comprises at least one functional layer which has the switchable optical properties. If the functional layer is electrically switchable, the functional layer is typically arranged between a first and a second transparent flat electrode. The flat electrodes and the functional layer are typically arranged parallel to the surface of the substrate. The flat electrodes are electrically connected to an external voltage source.
In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of the functional element is an electrochemically active layer. Such functional elements are known as electrochromic functional elements. The transmittance of visible light depends on the storage level of ions in the functional layer, with the ions being provided, for example, by an ion storage layer between a functional layer and a flat electrode. The transmittance can be governed by the voltage applied to the flat electrodes, which triggers a migration of the ions. Suitable functional layers contain, for example, at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide. Electrochromic functional elements are known, for example, from WO 2012007334 A1, US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1, and EP 1862849 A1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of the functional element contains liquid crystals, which are, for example, incorporated into a polymeric matrix. Such functional elements are known as PDLC functional elements (polymer dispersed liquid crystal). When no voltage is applied to the flat electrodes, the liquid crystals are oriented in a disorderly fashion, which results in strong scattering of the light passing through the functional layer. When a voltage is applied to the flat electrodes, the liquid crystals align themselves in a common direction and the transmittance of light through the functional layer is increased. Such a functional element is known, for example, from DE 102008026339 A1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the functional layer of the functional element contains suspended particles, with the absorption of light by the functional layer variable through the application of a voltage to the flat electrodes. Such functional elements are known as SPD functional elements (suspended particle device), for example, from WO 2011033313 A1.
However, the invention is not limited to electrically switchable functional elements. In one embodiment of the invention, the functional element is thermally switchable. Such functional elements include at least one functional layer, which contains a thermochromic material, for example, vanadium oxide. The thermochromic material can, for example, be applied on a pane or even, for example, incorporated into a polymeric layer. Due to changes in the crystalline structure, when a transition temperature is exceeded, thermochromic materials transition from the electrically insulating state to an electrically conducting state and change their optical properties, for example, reflectance with regard to infrared radiation and/or their color. Thermochromic functional elements are known, for example, from US 2005147825 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,702A.
The functional element according to the invention can also be switchable with regard to optical properties based on other principles known per se. The functional element can, for example, also be a gasochromic, a photochromic, a photoelectrochromic, or a thermotropic functional element.
Common to the design of the functional element is the fact that the switching state can be discerned by an observer in the external environment based on the color of the external reflection. This effect, undesirable for the most part, is advantageously prevented by the reflection layer according to the invention.
The switchable functional element can, of course, have, besides the functional layer (and in the case of an electrically switchable functional layer, the flat electrodes), other layers known per se, for example, barrier layers, blocker layers, antireflection layers, protective layers, and/or smoothing layers.
According to the invention, the reflection layer is applied on a surface of the substrate, whereas the functional element is arranged inside the glazing according to the invention on the interior side of the reflection layer. In one embodiment of the invention, the reflection layer is arranged on the outer surface of the substrate; and the functional element is arranged on the inner surface of the substrate. The substrate can be part of a pane arrangement. The substrate can be bonded, for example, via the inner surface or via the outer surface to at least one other pane by means of a thermoplastic intermediate layer to form a composite pane. The substrate also be bonded, for example, via the inner surface or the outer surface to at least one other pane by means of at least one spacer to form an insulating glazing unit. Of course, the substrate can also be part of a pane arrangement composed of more than two individual panes.
In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via its inner surface by means of at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer to a transparent cover pane. In that case, in the installed position of the glazing, the substrate faces the external environment, whereas the cover pane faces the interior. The cover pane has an outer surface and an inner surface, with the outer surface facing the substrate and with the inner surface facing the interior. The reflection coating is arranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of the substrate. The functional element is arranged on the inner surface or the outer surface of the cover pane. The functional element is, alternatively, arranged in the thermoplastic intermediate layer, for example, between a first and a second thermoplastic film. The composite pane comprising the substrate, the thermoplastic intermediate layer, and the cover pane, can also be bonded to at least one other pane via the outer surface of the substrate and/or via the inner surface of the cover pane, for example, via at least one other thermoplastic intermediate layer and/or spacer.
In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via its inner surface by means of at least one spacer to a transparent cover pane to form an insulating glazing unit. In this case, in the installed position of the glazing, the substrate faces the external environment, whereas the cover pane faces the interior. The cover pane has an outer surface and an inner surface, with the outer surface facing the substrate and with the inner surface facing the interior. The reflection coating is arranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of the substrate. The functional element is arranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of the cover pane. The substrate and/or the cover pane inside the insulating glazing unit can also be part of a composite pane. At least one other pane can also be bonded via spacers to the outer surface of the substrate and/or the surface of the cover pane.
The functional element can also be arranged on a surface of a cover pane, with at least one other pane arranged between the substrate and the cover pane. The other pane can be bonded to the substrate via a thermoplastic intermediate layer or at least one spacer and to the cover pane via an intermediate layer or at least one spacer.
In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate is bonded via its inner surface to a transparent cover pane. In this case, in the installed position of the glazing, the substrate faces the external environment, whereas the cover pane faces the interior. The cover pane has an outer surface and an inner surface, with the outer surface facing the substrate and with the inner surface facing the interior. The reflection coating is arranged on the inner surface or on the outer surface of the substrate. The functional element is arranged on the inner surface of the substrate (optionally, via the reflection coating) and on the outer surface of the cover pane such that the substrate and the cover pane are bonded to each other via the functional element.
The substrate preferably contains non-prestressed, partially prestressed, or prestressed glass, particularly preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, or clear plastics, preferably rigid clear plastics, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and/or mixtures thereof.
In an advantageous embodiment, the substrate has a refractive index from 1.45 to 1.55. The substrate particularly preferably contains soda lime glass. The refractive index of soda lime glass is roughly 1.52.
If the glazing includes a cover pane according to the invention and/or at least one other pane, the cover pane and/or the other pane preferably contains non-prestressed, partially prestressed, or prestressed glass, particularly preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass or clear plastics, preferably rigid clear plastics, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and/or mixtures thereof.
The thickness of the substrate and, optionally, of the cover pane can vary widely and thus be adapted to the requirements in the individual case. The substrate and, optionally, the cover pane preferably have thicknesses from 20 μm to 10 mm, for example, from 0.5 mm to 10 mm. The substrate and/or the cover pane can, however, even have very low thicknesses, for example, from 20 μm to 100 μm. The surface area of the glazing according to the invention can vary widely, for example, from 100 cm2 to 20 m2. Preferably, the glazing has a surface area from 400 cm2 to 6 m2, as is customary for glazings of motor vehicles and of structural and architectural glazings.
The substrate and, optionally, the cover pane and/or other pane can have any three-dimensional shape. The substrate and, optionally, the cover pane and/or other panes are preferably flat or slightly or greatly curved in one or a plurality of spatial directions.
If the glazing according to the invention includes a thermoplastic intermediate layer, via which, for example, the substrate is bonded to a cover pane, the thermoplastic intermediate layer preferably includes thermoplastic plastics, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and/or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The intermediate layer can also contain polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate resin, casting resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylene propylenes, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, copolymers, and/or mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic intermediate layer can be formed by one or a plurality of thermoplastic films, with the thickness of a film being preferably from 0.3 mm to 3 mm.
The substrate, optionally, the cover pane, and, optionally, the other panes of the glazing can have suitable coatings, known per se, for example, antireflection coatings, nonstick coatings, scratch resistant coatings, photocatalytic coatings, or thermal radiation reflecting coatings (low-E coatings).
The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method for producing a glazing according to the invention having switchable optical properties, wherein at least
The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be done before, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functional element on the cover pane or the incorporation of the functional element into the intermediate layer. The substrate and the cover pane are arranged at the time of bonding such that the inner surface of the substrate and the outer surface of the cover pane face each other. The bonding of the substrate to the cover pane is preferably done after the application or incorporation of the reflection layer and the functional element. If the reflection layer and/or the functional element are applied on surfaces that are still accessible after the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane, such as, for example, the outer surface of the substrate or the inner surface of the cover pane, the application of the reflection layer and/or of the functional element can also be done after the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.
If the functional element is an electrically switchable functional element, the electrical contacting of the flat electrodes is preferably done before the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.
The incorporation of the functional element into the thermoplastic intermediate layer preferably includes the incorporation of the functional element between at least one first and at least one second thermoplastic film.
The bonding of the substrate and the cover pane is done by methods known per se, for example, by autoclaving methods, vacuum bag methods, vacuum ring methods, calendering methods, vacuum laminators, or by combinations thereof.
The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method for producing a glazing according to the invention having switchable optical properties, wherein at least
The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be done before, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functional element on the cover pane. The substrate and the cover pane are arranged at the time of bonding such that the inner surface of the substrate and the outer surface of the cover pane face each other. The bonding of the substrate to the cover pane is preferably done after the application or incorporation of the reflection layer and the functional element. If the reflection layer and/or the functional element are to be applied on surfaces that are still accessible after the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane, such as, for example, the outer surface of the substrate or the inner surface of the cover pane, the application of the reflection layer and/or of the functional element can, of course, also be done after the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.
If the functional element is an electrically switchable functional element, the electrical contacting of the flat electrodes is preferably done before the bonding of the substrate and the cover pane.
The object of the invention is further accomplished by a method for producing a glazing according to the invention having switchable optical properties, wherein at least
The application of the reflection layer on the substrate can be done before, after, or simultaneously with the application of the functional element on the substrate.
The substrate is bonded, after the application of the reflection layer and of the functional element, preferably to at least one other pane to form an insulating glazing unit and/or composite pane.
The reflection layer in the method according to the invention is deposited by methods known per se, preferably by magnetically-enhanced cathodic sputtering. This is particularly advantageous with regard to simple, fast, economical, and uniform coating of the substrate. The cathodic sputtering is done in a protective gas atmosphere, for example, of argon, or in a reactive gas atmosphere, for example, by addition of oxygen or nitrogen.
The reflection layer can, however, also be applied by other methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example, by vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or by wet chemical methods.
The glazing according to the invention is preferably used in buildings, particularly preferably as façade glazing or in means of transport for traffic on land, in the air, or on water.
The invention moreover includes the use of a reflection layer according to the invention in a glazing according to the invention to regulate the external reflection color.
The invention is explained in detail with reference to drawings and exemplary embodiments. The drawings are schematic representations and are not true to scale. The drawings in no way restrict the invention. They depict:
A reflection layer 2 made of silicon nitride with a thickness d of 190 nm is arranged on the inner surface (II) of the substrate 1. The refractive index nR of the silicon nitride is 2.02. The product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2 is roughly 384 nm. In this embodiment, a green color of the light reflected into the external environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2.
A functional element 3 is arranged on the outer surface (III) of the cover pane 4. The functional element 3 has, in the installed position of the glazing, a shorter distance to the interior than the reflection layer 2. In the context of the invention, the functional element 3 is, consequently, arranged on the interior side of the reflection layer 2. The functional element 3 is an electrically switchable, electrochromic functional element. The region around the functional element 3 identified by the circle is shown enlarged on the right. The functional element 3 includes, in the exemplary embodiment, with increasing distance from the cover pane 4, a first flat electrode 9 made of fluoride-doped tin oxide, an electrochromic functional layer 11 made of lithium-doped tungsten oxide, an electrolytic layer 14 made of Ta2O5, an ion storage layer 13 made of lithium-doped CeO2, and a second flat electrode 10 made of indium tin oxide (ITO). The first flat electrode 9 and the second flat electrode 10 are connected via conductors (not shown) to an external power supply. The transmittance of visible light through the functional layer 11 depends on the storage level of lithium ions and can be switched by the voltage applied to the flat electrodes 9, 10, because, depending on the voltage applied, lithium ions can migrate between the functional layer 11 and the ion storage layer 13 through the electrolytic layer 14.
Without the reflection layer 2, the switching state of the functional element 3 would be discernible for an observer in the external environment from the color of the reflected light. In the case of a plurality of glazings each with a functional element 3 on a building façade, this can result in a nonuniform and, consequently, not very aesthetic color appearance of the façade, when the individual functional elements 3 have different switching states. By means of the reflection coating 2, a uniform external reflection color, independent of the switching state of the functional element, is obtained. The color, which can be adjusted by the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2, is also independent of the observation angle. The color has, consequently, for a moving observer, no changes depending on the observation position. The reflection layer 2 also includes only a single layer such that the glazing is simple and economical to produce. These are major advantages of the invention.
A functional element 3 is arranged on the inner surface (IV) of the cover pane 4. The functional element 3 is a thermochromic layer made of doped VO2. The functional element 3 is thermally switchable: VO2 changes upon exceeding a temperature of roughly 68° C. from a semi-conductive state with high transmittance of visible light to a conductive state with reduced transmittance of visible light. The temperature of the transition between the switching states can be reduced by dopants, for example, tungsten, for example, to roughly 29° C.
A reflection layer 2 made of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) with a thickness d of 200 nm is arranged on the outer surface (I) of the substrate 1. The refractive index nR of the zirconium oxide is roughly 2.22. The product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2 is 444 nm. A golden color of the light reflected into the external environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2 in this embodiment.
The thermochromic material can, alternatively, also be incorporated, for example, into one of the thermoplastic intermediate layers 5, 12, which would then form the switchable functional element 3.
A functional element 3 is arranged between the first thermoplastic film 5.1 and the second thermoplastic film 5.2. The functional element 3 is arranged, in the context of the invention, in the thermoplastic intermediate layer 5. The region around the functional element 3 identified by the circle is shown enlarged on the right. The functional element 3 is a PDLC functional element and comprises a functional layer 11 between a first flat electrode 9 and a second flat electrode 10. The flat electrodes 9,10 are connected via conductors (not shown) to an external power supply. The functional layer 11 contains liquid crystals that are embedded in a polymeric network. When a voltage is applied to the flat electrodes 9,10, the liquid crystals align themselves along a common direction and the transmittance of visible light through the functional layer 11 is increased.
A reflection layer 2 made of tin oxide (SnO2) with a thickness d of roughly 165 nm is arranged on the inner surface (II) of the substrate 1. The refractive index nR of the tin oxide is roughly 2.00. The product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2 is roughly 330 nm. A blue color of the light reflected into the external environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2.
The reflection layer 2 made of indium tin oxide (ITO) has a thickness d of 145 nm. The refractive index nR of the indium tin oxide is 1.92. The product of the refractive index nR and the thickness d of the reflection layer 2 is roughly 278 nm. A violet color of the light reflected into the external environment is obtained by means of the reflection layer 2 in this embodiment.
The substrate 1 is bonded, via its inner surface (II) by means of a circumferential spacer 7 to another pane 6 to form an insulating glazing unit. A heat protection coating 8 is arranged on the surface of the other pane 6 turned toward the substrate 1. Heat protection coatings (also referred to as low-E coatings) are known per se and improve the thermal comfort in the interior. Such heat protection coatings include, for example, functional layers based on silver, which reflect parts of the solar radiation in the summer, in particular in the IR range, and reduce the emission of thermal radiation via the glazing in the winter.
A thermochromic functional element 3 is arranged on the outer surface (III) of the cover pane 4. A reflection layer 2 is arranged on the outer surface (I) of the substrate 1. The functional element 3 and the reflection layer 2 are configured as in
The bonding of the cover pane and the substrate can also be done, in an alternative embodiment, via at least one spacer.
It was unexpected and surprising for the person skilled in the art that, by means of the reflection layer according to the invention, which is simple and economical to apply, effective regulation of the external reflection color of a glazing having switchable optical properties can be obtained. The external reflection color is independent of the switching state of the glazing and of the observation angle and can be freely selected by the choice of the material and the thickness of the reflection layer.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12191780.1 | Nov 2012 | EP | regional |
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/437,480, filed Apr. 21, 2015, which is the US national stage of International Patent Application PCT/EP2013/070870 filed on Oct. 8, 2013, which in turn claims priority to European Patent Application No. 12191780.1 filed Nov. 8, 2012, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14437480 | Apr 2015 | US |
| Child | 16039772 | US |
