Patent Grant
9336634
This invention generally relates to a system and method for using multiple biometrics with a transponder-reader system, and more particularly, to configuring a transponder and transponder-reader for biometric security.
Like barcode and voice data entry, RFID is a contactless information acquisition technology. RFID systems are wireless, and are usually extremely effective in hostile environments where conventional acquisition methods fail. RFID has established itself in a wide range of markets, such as, for example, the high-speed reading of railway containers, tracking moving objects such as livestock or automobiles, and retail inventory applications. As such, RFID technology has become a primary focus in automated data collection, identification and analysis systems worldwide.
Of late, companies are increasingly embodying RFID data acquisition technology in a fob or tag for use in completing financial transactions. A typical fob includes a transponder and is ordinarily a self-contained device which may be contained on any portable form factor. In some instances, a battery may be included with the fob to power the transponder. In which case the internal circuitry of the fob (including the transponder) may draw its operating power from the battery power source. Alternatively, the fob may exist independent of an internal power source. In this instance the internal circuitry of the fob (including the transponder) may gain its operating power directly from an RF interrogation signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,774, issued to Schuermann, describes a typical transponder RF interrogation system which may be found in the prior art. The Schuermann patent describes in general the powering technology surrounding conventional transponder structures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,328, discusses a method by which a conventional transponder may respond to a RF interrogation signal. Other typical modulation techniques which may be used include, for example, ISO/IEC 14443 and the like.
In the conventional fob powering technologies used, the fob is typically activated upon presenting the fob in an interrogation signal. In this regard, the fob may be activated irrespective of whether the user desires such activation. Inadvertent presentation of the fob may result in initiation and completion of an unwanted transaction. Thus, a fob system is needed which allows the fob user to control activation of the fob to limit transactions being undesirably completed.
One of the more visible uses of the RFID technology is found in the introduction of Exxon/Mobil's Speedpass® and Shell's EasyPay® products. These products use transponders placed in a fob or tag which enables automatic identification of the user when the fob is presented at a Point of Sale (POS) device. Fob identification data is typically passed to a third-party server database, where the identification data is referenced to a customer (e.g., user) credit or debit account. In an exemplary processing method, the server seeks authorization for the transaction by passing the transaction and account data to an authorizing entity. Once authorization is received by the server, clearance is sent to the point of sale device for completion of the transaction. In this way, the conventional transaction processing method involves an indirect path which causes undue overhead due to the use of the third-party server.
A need exists for a transaction authorization system which allows fob transactions to be authorized while eliminating the cost associated with using third-party servers.
In addition, conventional fobs are limited in that they must be used in proximity to the Point of Sale device. That is, for fob activation, conventional fobs must be positioned within the area of transmission cast by the RF interrogation signal. More particularly, conventional fobs are not effective for use in situations where the user wishes to conduct a transaction at a point of interaction such as a computer interface.
Therefore, a need exists for a fob embodying RFID acquisition technology, which is capable of use at a point of interaction device and which is additionally capable of facilitating transactions via a computer interface connected to a network (e.g., the Internet).
Existing transponder-reader payment systems are also limited in that the conventional fob used in the systems is only responsive to one interrogation signal. Where multiple interrogation signals are used, the fob is only responsive to the interrogation signal to which it is configured. Thus, if the RFID reader of the system provides only an interrogation signal to which the fob is incompatible, the fob will not be properly activated.
Therefore, a need exists for a fob which is responsive to more than one interrogation signal.
Existing transponder-reader payment systems are additionally limited in that the payment systems are typically linked to a funding source associated with the transponder which includes a predetermined spending limit. Thus no flexibility is provided in instances where the payment is requested which exceeds the predetermined spending limit. This is typically true in that traditional methods for processing a requested transaction involve comparing the transaction to the spending limit or to an amount stored in a preloaded value data file prior to providing transaction authorization to a merchant.
Thus, a system is needed which processes transponder-reader payment requests irrespective of the spending limit assigned to an associated transponder-reader payment system funding source.
Further, traditional transponder-reader systems do not permit the user to manage the system user account data. This is extremely problematic where the user wishes to change a transponder-reader system finding source to a source which provides more available spending room, or where changes are made to the user's status (e.g., change in address, phone number, email, etc.) for which the transponder-reader account provider wishes to readily update the user's account.
Thus a need exists for a transponder-reader system which will allow the user limited access to the transponder-reader account for managing account data.
Further still, existing transponder-reader systems do not usually permit means for automatically incenting the use of the fob associated with the system as opposed to the credit or charge card associated with the fob. That is, conventional transponder-reader systems do not provide a means for encouraging usage of the transponder reader system by encouraging use of the fob product since the present systems do not sufficiently distinguish between usage of a system transponder and a charge or credit card account associated with the transponder.
Consequently, a need exists for a transponder-reader system which is capable of determining when a system transponder is used, and providing an incentive for such usage.
Still further, present systems are limited in that the systems are unable to track credit or charge card usage and fob usage for a single funding source. For example, in typical prior art systems, a fob may be linked to a specified funding source (e.g., American Express, MasterCard, Visa, etc.) which may be used to provide funds for satisfaction of a transaction request. The funding source may additionally have a consumer credit or charge card which may be associated with the fob and which may be used for contact transactions. Where the credit or charge card is used, a statement reporting the card usage is provided to the card user. However, the reporting statement does not include a reporting of the fob product usage. Thus, a fob user is unable to adequately chart, analyze or compare fob usage to the usage of the associated card. This is especially problematic where the funding source is used by more than one entity (e.g., spouses, multiple company personnel, etc.) or where one entity may use the fob and a separate entity may use the card associated with the fob.
Thus, a need exists for a transponder-reader payment system which would permit reporting of the fob usage and the credit card usage in a single file.
Described herein is a system and method for using RFID technology to initiate and complete financial transactions. The transponder-reader payment system described herein may include a RFID reader operable to provide a RF interrogation signal for powering a transponder system, receiving a transponder system RF signal, and providing transponder system account data relative to the transponder system RF signal. The transponder-reader payment system may include a RFID protocol/sequence controller in electrical communication with one or more interrogators for providing an interrogation signal to a transponder, a RFID authentication circuit for authenticating the signal received from the transponder, a serial or parallel interface for interfacing with a point of interaction device, and an USB or serial interface for use in personalizing the RFID reader and/or the transponder. The transponder-reader payment system may further include a fob including one or more transponders (e.g., modules) responsive to one or more interrogation signals and for providing an authentication signal for verifying that the transponder and/or the RFID reader are authorized to operate within the transponder-reader payment system. In this way, the fob may be responsive to multiple interrogation signals provided at different frequencies. Further, the fob may include a USB or serial interface for use with a computer network or with the RFID reader.
The RFID system and method according to the present invention may include a transponder which may be embodied in a fob, tag, card or any other form factor (e.g., wristwatch, keychain, cell phone, etc.), which may be capable of being presented for interrogation. In that regard, although the transponder is described herein as embodied in a fob, the invention is not so limited.
The system may further include a RFID reader configured to send a standing RFID recognition signal which may be transmitted from the RFID reader via radio frequency (or electromagnetic) propagation. The fob may be placed within proximity to the RFID reader such that the RFID signal may interrogate the fob and initialize fob identification procedures.
In one exemplary embodiment, as a part of the identification process, the fob and the RFID reader may engage in mutual authentication. The RFID reader may identify the fob as including an authorized system transponder for receiving encrypted information and storing the information on the fob memory. Similarly, the fob, upon interrogation by the RFID reader, may identify the RFID reader as authorized to receive the encrypted and stored information. Where the RFID reader and the fob successfully mutually authenticate, the fob may transmit to the RFID reader certain information identifying the transaction account or accounts to which the fob is associated. The RFID reader may receive the information and forward the information to facilitate the completion of a transaction. In one exemplary embodiment, the RFID reader may forward the information to a point of interaction device (e.g., POS or computer interface) for transaction completion. The mutual authorization process disclosed herein aids in ensuring fob transponder-reader payment system security.
In another exemplary embodiment, the fob according to the present invention, includes means for completing transactions via a computer interface. The fob may be connected to the computer using a USB or serial interface fob account information may be transferred to the computer for use in completing a transaction via a network (e.g., the Internet).
In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided which incents usage of the transponder-reader system transponder (e.g., fob). The system distinguishes between the usage of a fob and the usage of a charge or credit card sharing the same finding source as the fob. Where the fob is used, the system may provide incentives to the user based on criteria predetermined by the fob issuer. Additionally, where a preloaded fob system is used, the present invention recognizes when the associated fob preloaded value data file is loaded or reloaded with funds. The invention then may provide reward points based on the criteria associated with the loading or reloading action. Further, the system according to this invention may incent patronage of a merchant. In this case, the system may receive a fob transaction request and incent the fob user based on a marker or other identifier correlated with the merchant. The marker may be included in the transaction identification, in a merchant identification provided with the transaction, or a combination of both.
In still another exemplary embodiment of the invention, a system is disclosed which enables the fob user/owner to manage the account associated with the fob. The user is provided limited access to all or a portion of the fob account information stored on the account provider database for updating, for example, demographic information, account funding source, and/or account restrictions (e.g., spending limits, personal identification number, etc.). Access to all or a portion of the account may be provided to the user telephonically, via a network (e.g., online) or via offline communications. For example, the fob user may be provided access to a system which has delayed communications with the account provider database wherein such a system may include, for example, a kiosk which provides batch transmissions to the account provider system. In this way, the fob user/owner may update his account information in real-time (e.g., telephonically or online) or at the time the account provider receives the updated information (e.g., offline).
In a further exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides methods for processing a transaction request whereby the amount of the transaction request may be approved prior to requesting funding from the funding source and/or verifying that the amount for completing the transaction is available. In this way, the transaction may be approved provided the transaction and/or account meets certain predetermined authorization criteria. Once the criteria is met, the transaction is authorized and authorization is provided to the requesting agent (e.g., merchant). In one instance the payment for the transaction is requested from the funding source simultaneously to, or immediately following, the providing of the authorization to the merchant. In another instance, the payment for transactions is requested at a time period later than when the authorization is provided to the merchant.
In yet another embodiment, the transponder, transponder-reader, and/or transponder-reader system are configured with a biometric security system. The biometric security system includes a transponder and a reader communicating with the system. The biometric security system also includes a biometric sensor that detects biometric samples and a device for verifying multiple biometric samples.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention discloses methods for proffering and processing multiple biometric samples to facilitate authorization of transactions.
These features and other advantages of the system and method, as well as the structure and operation of various exemplary embodiments of the system and method, are described below.
The accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals depict like elements, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
The present invention may be described herein in terms of functional block components, screen shots, optional selections and various processing steps. Such functional blocks may be realized by any number of hardware and/or software components configured to perform to specified functions. For example, the present invention may employ various integrated circuit components, (e.g., memory elements, processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, and the like), which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. Similarly, the software elements of the present invention may be implemented with any programming or scripting language such as C, C++, Java, COBOL, assembler, PERL, extensible markup language (XML), JavaCard and MULTOS with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements. Further, it should be noted that the present invention may employ any number of conventional techniques for data transmission, signaling, data processing, network control, and the like. For a basic introduction on cryptography, review a text written by Bruce Schneier entitled “Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C,” published by John Wiley & Sons (second edition, 1996), herein incorporated by reference.
In addition, many applications of the present invention could be formulated. The exemplary network disclosed herein may include any system for exchanging data or transacting business, such as the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, WAN, LAN, satellite communications, and/or the like. It is noted that the network may be implemented as other types of networks, such as an interactive television network (ITN).
Where required, the system user may interact with the system via any input device such as, a keypad, keyboard, mouse, kiosk, personal digital assistant, handheld computer (e.g., Palm Pilot®, Blueberry®), cellular phone and/or the like). Similarly, the invention could be used in conjunction with any type of personal computer, network computer, work station, minicomputer, mainframe, or the like running any operating system such as any version of Windows, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, MacOS, OS/2, BeOS, Linux, UNIX, Solaris or the like. Moreover, although the invention may frequently be described as being implemented with TCP/IP communications protocol, it should be understood that the invention could also be implemented using SNA, IPX, Appletalk, IPte, NetBIOS, OSI or any number of communications protocols. Moreover, the system contemplates, the use, sale, or distribution of any goods, services or information over any network having similar functionality described herein.
System 100A may include fob 102 having a transponder 114 and RFID reader 104 in RF communication with fob 102. Although the present invention is described with respect to fob 102, the invention is not to be so limited. Indeed, system 100 may include any device having a transponder which is configured to communicate with RFID reader 104 via RF communication. Typical devices may include, for example, a key ring, tag, card, cell phone, wristwatch or any such form capable of being presented for interrogation.
RFID reader 104 may be configured to communicate using a RFID internal antenna 106. Alternatively, RFID reader 104 may include an external antenna 108 for communications with fob 102, where the external antenna may be made remote to RFID reader 104 using a suitable cable and/or data link 120. RFID reader 104 may be further in communication with a merchant system 130 via a data link 122. System 100A may include a transaction completion system including a point of interaction device such as, for example, a merchant point of sale (POS) device 110 or a computer interface (e.g., user interface) 134. In one exemplary embodiment the transaction completion system may include a merchant system 130 including POS device 110 in communication with RFID reader 104 (via data link 122). As described more fully below, the transaction completion system may include user interface 134 connected to a network 136 and to the transponder via a USB connector 132.
Although the point of interaction device is described herein with respect to a merchant point of sale (POS) device, the invention is not to be so limited. Indeed, a merchant POS device is used herein by way of example, and the point of interaction device may be any device capable of receiving fob account data. In this regard, the POS may be any point of interaction device enabling the user to complete a transaction using fob 102. POS device 110 may be in further communication with a customer interface 118 (via data link 128) for entering at least a customer identity verification information. In addition, POS device 110 may be in communication with a merchant host network 112 (via data link 124) for processing any transaction request. In this arrangement, information provided by RFID reader 104 is provided to POS device 110 of merchant system 130 via data link 122. POS device 110 may receive the information (and alternatively may receive any identity verifying information from customer interface 118 via data link 128) and provide the information to host system 112 for processing.
A variety of conventional communications media and protocols may be used for data links 120, 122, 124, and 128. For example, data links 120, 122, 124, and 128 may be an Internet Service Provider (ISP) configured to facilitate communications over a local loop as is typically used in connection with standard modem communication, cable modem, dish networks, ISDN, Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), or any wireless communication media. In addition, merchant system 130 including POS device 110 and host network 112 may reside on a local area network which interfaces to a remote network (not shown) for remote authorization of an intended transaction. Merchant system 130 may communicate with the remote network via a leased line, such as a T1, D3 line, or the like. Such communications lines are described in a variety of texts, such as, “Understanding Data Communications,” by Gilbert Held, which is incorporated herein by reference.
An account number, as used herein, may include any identifier for an account (e.g., credit, charge debit, checking, savings, reward, loyalty, or the like) which may be maintained by a transaction account provider (e.g., payment authorization center) and which may be used to complete a financial transaction. A typical account number (e.g., account data) may be correlated to a credit or debit account, loyalty account, or rewards account maintained and serviced by such entities as American Express®, Visa® and/or MasterCard® or the like. For ease in understanding, the present invention may be described with respect to a credit account. However, it should be noted that the invention is not so limited and other accounts permitting an exchange of goods and services for an account data value is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.
In addition, the account number (e.g., account data) may be associated with any device, code, or other identifier/indicia suitably configured to allow the consumer to interact or communicate with the system, such as, for example, authorization/access code, personal identification number (PIN), Internet code, digital certificate, biometric data, and/or other identification indicia. The account number may be optionally located on a rewards card, charge card, credit card, debit card, prepaid card, telephone card, smart card, magnetic stripe card, bar code card, and/or the like. The account number may be distributed and stored in any form of plastic, electronic, magnetic, and/or optical device capable of transmitting or downloading data to a second device. A customer account number may be, for example, a sixteen-digit credit card number, although each credit provider has its own numbering system, such as the fifteen-digit numbering system used by American Express®. Each company's credit card numbers comply with that company's standardized format such that the company using a sixteen-digit format will generally use four spaced sets of numbers, as represented by the number “0000 0000 0000 0000”. In a typical example, the first five to seven digits are reserved for processing purposes and identify the issuing bank, card type and, etc. In this example, the last sixteenth digit is used as a sum check for the sixteen-digit number. The intermediary eight-to-ten digits are used to uniquely identify the customer. The account number stored as Track 1 and Track 2 data as defined in ISO/IEC 7813, and further may be made unique to fob 102. In one exemplary embodiment, the account number may include a unique fob serial number and user identification number, as well as specific application applets. The account number may be stored in fob 102 inside a database 214, as described more fully below. Database 214 may be configured to store multiple account numbers issued to fob 102 user by the same or different account providing institutions. Where the account data corresponds to a loyalty or rewards account, database 214 may be configured to store the attendant loyalty or rewards points data.
Fob 102 may include an antenna 202 for receiving an interrogation signal from RFID reader 104 via antenna 106 (or alternatively, via external antenna 108). Fob antenna 202 may be in communication with a transponder 114. In one exemplary embodiment, transponder 114 may be a 13.56 MHz transponder compliant with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard, and antenna 202 may be of the 13 MHz variety. Transponder 114 may be in communication with a transponder compatible modulator/demodulator 206 configured to receive the signal from transponder 114 and configured to modulate the signal into a format readable by any later connected circuitry. Further, modulator/demodulator 206 may be configured to format (e.g., demodulate) a signal received from the later connected circuitry in a format compatible with transponder 114 for transmitting to RFID reader 104 via antenna 202. For example, where transponder 114 is of the 13.56 MHz variety, modulator/demodulator 206 may be ISO/IEC 14443-2 compliant.
Modulator/demodulator 206 may be coupled to a protocol/sequence controller 208 for facilitating control of the authentication of the signal provided by RFID reader 104, and for facilitating control of the sending of fob 102 account number. In this regard, protocol/sequence controller 208 may be any suitable digital or logic driven circuitry capable of facilitating determination of the sequence of operation for fob 102 inner-circuitry. For example, protocol/sequence controller 208 may be configured to determine whether the signal provided by RFID reader 104 is authenticated, and thereby providing to RFID reader 104 the account number stored on fob 102.
Protocol/sequence controller 208 may be further in communication with authentication circuitry 210 for facilitating authentication of the signal provided by RFID reader 104. Authentication circuitry may be further in communication with a non-volatile secure memory database 212. Secure memory database 212 may be any suitable elementary file system such as that defined by ISO/IEC 7816-4 or any other elementary file system allowing a lookup of data to be interpreted by the application on the chip. Database 212 may be any type of database, such as relational, hierarchical, object-oriented, and/or the like. Common database products that may be used to implement the databases include DB2 by IBM (White Plains, N.Y.), any of the database products available from Oracle Corporation (Redwood Shores, Calif.), Microsoft Access or MSSQL by Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, Wash.), or any other database product. Database 212 may be organized in any suitable manner, including as data tables or lookup tables. Association of certain data may be accomplished through any data association technique known and practiced in the art. For example, the association may be accomplished either manually or automatically. Automatic association techniques may include, for example, a database search, a database merge, GREP, AGREP, SQL, and/or the like. The association step may be accomplished by a database merge function, for example, using a “key field” in each of the manufacturer and retailer data tables. A “key field” partitions the database according to the high-level class of objects defined by the key field. For example, a certain class may be designated as a key field in both the first data table and the second data table, and the two data tables may then be merged on the basis of the class data in the key field. In this embodiment, the data corresponding to the key field in each of the merged data tables is preferably the same. However, data tables having similar, though not identical, data in the key fields may also be merged by using AGREP, for example.
The data may be used by protocol/sequence controller 208 for data analysis and used for management and control purposes, as well as security purposes. Authentication circuitry may authenticate the signal provided by RFID reader 104 by association of the RFID signal to authentication keys stored on database 212. Encryption circuitry may use keys stored on database 212 to perform encryption and/or decryption of signals sent to or from RFID reader 104.
In addition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may be in communication with a database 214 for storing at least fob 102 account data, and a unique fob 102 identification code. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may be configured to retrieve the account number from database 214 as desired. Database 214 may be of the same configuration as database 212 described above. The fob account data and/or unique fob identification code stored on database 214 may be encrypted prior to storage. Thus, where protocol/sequence controller 208 retrieves the account data, and or unique fob identification code from database 214, the account number may be encrypted when being provided to RFID reader 104. Further, the data stored on database 214 may include, for example, an unencrypted unique fob 102 identification code, a user identification, Track 1 and 2 data, as well as specific application applets.
Fob 102 may be configured to respond to multiple interrogation frequency transmissions provided by RFID reader 104. That is, as described more fully below, RFID reader 104 may provide more than one RF interrogation signal. In this case, fob 102 may be configured to respond to the multiple frequencies by including in fob 102 one or more additional RF signal receiving/transmitting units 226. RF signal receiving/transmitting unit 226 may include an antenna 218 and transponder 220 where antenna 218 and transponder 220 are compatible with at least one of the additional RF signals provided by RFID reader 104. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, fob 102 may include a 134 KHz antenna 218 configured to communicate with a 134 KHz transponder 220. In this exemplary configuration, an ISO/IEC 14443-2 compliant modulator/demodulator may not be required. Instead, the 134 KHz transponder may be configured to communicate directly with protocol/sequence controller 208 for transmission and receipt of authentication and account number signals as described above.
In another embodiment, fob 102 may further include a universal serial bus (USB) connector 132 for interfacing fob 102 to a user interface 134. User interface 134 may be further in communication with POS device 110 via network 136. Network 136 may be the Internet, an intranet, or the like as is described above with respect to network 112. Further, user interface 134 may be similar in construction to any conventional input devices and/or computing systems aforementioned for permitting the system user to interact with the system. In one exemplary embodiment, fob 102 may be configured to facilitate online Internet payments. A USB converter 222 may be in communication with a USB connector 232 for facilitating the transfer of information between the modulator/demodulator 206 and USB connector 132. Alternatively, USB converter 222 may be in communication with protocol/sequence controller 208 to facilitate the transfer of information between protocol/sequence controller 208 and USB connector 132.
Where fob 102 includes a USB connector 132, fob 102 may be in communication with, for example, a USB port on user interface 134. The information retrieved from fob 102 may be compatible with credit card and/or smart card technology enabling usage of interactive applications on the Internet. No RFID reader may be required in this embodiment since the connection to POS device 110 may be made using a USB port on user interface 134 and network 136.
Fob 102 may include means for enabling activation of the fob by the user. In one exemplary embodiment, a switch 230 which may be operated by the user of fob 102. Switch 230 on fob 102 may be used to selectively or inclusively activate fob 102 for particular uses. In this context, the term “selectively” may mean that switch 230 enables the user to place fob 102 in a particular operational mode. For example, the user may place fob 102 in a mode for enabling purchase of a good or of a service using a selected account number. Alternatively, the fob may be placed in a mode as such that the fob account number is provided by USB port 132 (or serial port) only and the fob transponder 114 is disabled. In addition, the term “inclusively” may mean that fob 102 is placed in an operational mode permitting fob 102 to be responsive to the RF interrogation and interrogation via USB connector 132. In one particular embodiment, switch 230 may remain in an OFF position ensuring that one or more applications or accounts associated with fob 102 are non-reactive to any commands issued by RFID reader 104. As used herein, the OFF position may be termed the “normal” position of activation switch 230, although other normal positions are contemplated.
In another exemplary embodiment, when switch 230 is moved from the OFF position, fob 102 may be deemed activated by the user. That is, switch 230 may activate internal circuitry in fob 102 for permitting the fob to be responsive to RF signals (e.g., commands from RFID reader 104). In this way, switch 230 may facilitate control of the active and inactive states of fob 102. Such control increases the system security by preventing inadvertent or illegal use of fob 102.
In one exemplary embodiment, switch 230 may be a simple mechanical device in communication with circuitry which may electrically prevent the fob from being powered by a RFID reader. That is, when switch 230 is in its normal position, switch 230 may provide a short to fob 102 internal circuitry, preventing fob 102 from being responsive to interrogation by RF or via the USB connector 230. In this arrangement, switch 230 may be, for example, a “normally closed” (NC) configured switch, which may be electrically connected to the antenna 202 at the interface of the antenna 202 and transponder 114. Switch 230 may be depressed, which may open switch 230 fully activating the antenna 202.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, fob 102 may include a biometric sensor and biometric membrane configured to operate as switch 230 and activate fob 102 when provided biometric signal from fob 102 user. Such biometric signal may be the digital reading of a fingerprint, thumbprint, or the like. Typically, where biometric circuitry is used, the biometric circuitry may be powered by an internal voltage source (e.g., battery). In this case, the switch may not be a simple mechanical device, but a switch which is powered. In yet another exemplary embodiment, switch 230 may be battery powered though no biometric circuitry is present in fob 102.
In yet another embodiment, switch 230 may be a logic switch. Where switch 230 is a logic switch, switch 230 control software may be read from the sequence controller 208 to selectively control the activation of the various fob 102 components.
RF module 302 and antenna 106 may be suitably configured to facilitate communication with fob 102. Where fob 102 is formatted to receive a signal at a particular RF frequency, RF module 302 may be configured to provide an interrogation signal at that same frequency. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, fob 102 may be configured to respond to an interrogation signal of about 13.56 MHz. In this case, RFID antenna 106 may be 13 MHz and may be configured to transmit an interrogation signal of about 13.56 MHz. That is, fob 102 may be configured to include a first and second RF module (e.g., transponder) where the first module may operate using a 134 kHz frequency and the second RF module may operate using a 13.56 MHz frequency. RFID reader 104 may include two receivers which may operate using the 134 kHz frequency, the 13.56 MHz frequency or both. When the reader 104 is operating at 134 kHz frequency, only operation with the 134 kHz module on fob 102 may be possible. When the reader 104 is operating at the 13.56 MHz frequency, only operation with the 13.56 MHz module on fob 102 may be possible. Where the reader 104 supports both a 134 kHz frequency and a 13.56 MHz RF module, fob 102 may receive both signals from the reader 104. In this case, fob 102 may be configured to prioritize selection of the one or the other frequency and reject the remaining frequency. Alternatively, the reader 104 may receive signals at both frequencies from the fob upon interrogation. In this case, the reader 104 may be configured to prioritize selection of one or the other frequency and reject the remaining frequency.
Further, protocol/sequence controller 314 may include an optional feedback function for notifying the user of the status of a particular transaction. For example, the optional feedback may be in the form of an LED, LED screen and/or other visual display which is configured to light up or display a static, scrolling, flashing and/or other message and/or signal to inform fob 102 user that the transaction is initiated (e.g., fob is being interrogated), the fob is valid (e.g., fob is authenticated), transaction is being processed, (e.g., fob account number is being read by RFID reader) and/or the transaction is accepted or denied (e.g., transaction approved or disapproved). Such an optional feedback may or may not be accompanied by an audible indicator (or may present the audible indicator singly) for informing fob 102 user of the transaction status. The audible feedback may be a simple tone, multiple tones, musical indicator, and/or voice indicator configured to signify when the fob 102 is being interrogated, the transaction status, or the like.
RFID antenna 106 may be in communication with a transponder 306 for transmitting an interrogation signal and receiving at least one of an authentication request signal and/or an account data from fob 102. Transponder 306 may be of similar description as transponder 114 of
RF module 302 may include, for example, transponder 306 in communication with authentication circuitry 308 which may be in communication with a secure database 310. Authentication circuitry 308 and database 310 may be of similar description and operation as described with respect to authentication circuitry 210 and secure memory database 212 of
Authentication circuitry 308 may be of similar description and operation as authentication circuitry 210. That is, authentication circuitry 308 may be configured to authenticate the signal provided by fob 102 in similar manner that authentication circuitry 210 may be configured to authenticate the signal provided by RFID reader 104. As is described more fully below, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 engage in mutual authentication. In this context, “mutual authentication” may mean that operation of the system 100 may not take place until fob 102 authenticates the signal from RFID reader 104, and RFID reader 104 authenticates the signal from fob 102.
As noted, database 212 may store security keys for encrypting or decrypting signals received from RFID reader 104. In an exemplary authentication process, where RFID reader 104 is authenticating fob 102, RFID reader 104 may provide an interrogation signal to fob 102 (step 402). The interrogation signal may include a random code generated by the RFID reader authentication circuit 210, which is provided to fob 102 and which is encrypted using an unique encryption key corresponding to fob 102 unique identification code. For example, protocol/sequence controller 314 may provide a command to activate the authentication circuitry 308. Authentication circuitry 308 may provide from database 310 a fob interrogation signal including a random number as a part of the authentication code generated for each authentication signal. The authentication code may be an alphanumeric code which is recognizable (e.g., readable) by RFID reader 104 and fob 102. The authentication code, may be provided to fob 102 via the RFID RF interface 306 and antenna 106 (or alternatively antenna 108).
Fob 102 receives the interrogation signal (step 404). The interrogation signal including the authorization code may be received at the RF interface 114 via antenna 202. Once fob 102 is activated, the interrogation signal including the authorization code may be provided to the modulator/demodulator circuit 206 where the signal may be demodulated prior to providing the signal to protocol/sequence controller 208. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may recognize the interrogation signal as a request for authentication of fob 102, and provide the authentication code to authentication circuit 210. Fob 102 may then encrypt the authentication code (step 406). In particular, encryption may be done by authentication circuit 210, which may receive the authentication code and encrypt the code prior to providing the encrypted authentication code to protocol/sequence controller 208. Fob 102 may then provide the encrypted authentication code to RFID reader 104 (step 408). That is, the encrypted authentication code may be provided to RFID reader 104 via modulator/demodulator circuit 206, RF interface 114 (e.g., transponder 114) and antenna 202.
RFID reader 104 may then receive the encrypted authentication code and decrypt it (step 410). That is, the encrypted authentication code may be received at antenna 106 and RF interface 306 and may be provided to authentication circuit 308. Authentication circuit 308 may be provided a security authentication key (e.g., transponder system decryption key) from database 310. The authentication circuit may use the authentication key to decrypt (e.g., unlock) the encrypted authorization code. The authentication key may be provided to the authentication circuit based on fob 102 unique identification code. For example, the encrypted authentication code may be provided along with the unique fob 102 identification code. The authentication circuit may receive fob 102 unique identification code and retrieve from the database 310 a transponder system decryption key correlative to the unique fob 102 identification code for use in decrypting the encrypted authentication code.
Once the authentication code is decrypted, the decrypted authentication code is compared to the authentication code provided by RFID reader 104 at step 402 (step 412) to verify its authenticity. If the decrypted authorization code is not readable (e.g., recognizable) by the authentication circuit 308, fob 102 is deemed to be unauthorized (e.g., unverified) (step 418) and the operation of system 100 is terminated (step 420). Contrarily, if the decrypted authorization code is recognizable (e.g., verified) by fob 102, the decrypted authorization code is deemed to be authenticated (step 414), and the transaction is allowed to proceed (step 416). In one particular embodiment, the proceeding transaction may mean that fob 102 may authenticate RFID reader 104 prior to RFID reader 104 authenticating fob 102, although, it should be apparent that RFID reader 104 may authenticate fob 102 prior to fob 102 authenticating RFID reader 104.
It should be noted that in an exemplary verification process, the authorization circuit 308 may determine whether the unlocked authorization code is identical to the authorization code provided in step 402. If the codes are not identical then fob 102 is not authorized to access system 100. Although, the verification process is described with respect to identicality, identicality is not required. For example, authentication circuit 308 may verify the decrypted code through any protocol, steps, or process for determining whether the decrypted code corresponds to an authorized fob 102.
Authentication circuitry 308 may additionally be in communication with a protocol/sequence controller 314 of similar operation and description as protocol/sequence controller 208 of
As noted above, authentication may mean that protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the authentication circuit 308 to provide fob 102 with an authorization code. If a response is received from fob 102, protocol/sequence controller may determine if the response is a response to RFID reader 104 provided authentication code, or if the response is a signal requiring authentication (step 508). If the signal requires authentication, then protocol/sequence controller 314 may activate the authentication circuit as described above (step 506). On the other hand, if fob 102 signal is a response to the provided authentication code, then protocol/sequence controller 314 may command RFID reader 104 to retrieve the appropriate security key for enabling recognition of the signal (step 510). That is, protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the authentication circuit 308 to retrieve from database 310 a security key (e.g., transponder system decryption key), unlock the signal, and compare the signal to the signal provided by RFID reader 104 in the authentication process (e.g., step 506). If the signal is recognized, protocol/sequence controller 314 may determine that fob 102 is authorized to access the system 100. If the signal is not recognized, then fob 102 is considered not authorized. In which case, protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the RFID controller to interrogate for authorized fobs (step 504).
Once the protocol/sequence controller determines that fob 102 is authorized, protocol/sequence controller 314 may seek to determine if additional signals are being sent by fob 102 (step 514). If no additional signal is provided by fob 102, then protocol/sequence controller 314 may provide all the components of RFID reader 104 to remain idle until such time as a signal is provided (step 516). Contrarily, where an additional fob 102 signal is provided, protocol/sequence controller 314 may determine if fob 102 is requesting access to the merchant point of sale terminal 110 (e.g., POS device) or if fob 102 is attempting to interrogate RFID reader 104 for return (e.g., mutual) authorization (step 518). Where fob 102 is requesting access to a merchant point of sale terminal 110, protocol/sequence controller 314 may command RFID reader 104 to open communications with point of sale terminal 110 (step 524). In particular, protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the point of sale terminal communications interface 312 to become active, permitting transfer of data between RFID reader 104 and the merchant point of sale terminal 110.
On the other hand, if the protocol/sequence controller determines that fob 102 signal is a mutual interrogation signal, then the protocol/sequence controller may command RFID reader 104 to encrypt the signal (step 520). Protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the encryption authentication circuit 318 to retrieve from database 320 the appropriate encryption key in response to fob 102 mutual interrogation signal. Protocol/sequence controller 314 may then command RFID reader 104 to provide the encrypted mutual interrogation signal to fob 102. Protocol/sequence controller 314 may command the authentication circuit 318 to provide an encrypted mutual interrogation signal for fob 102 to mutually authenticate. Fob 102 may then receive the encrypted mutual interrogation signal and retrieve from authentication circuitry 212 a RFID reader decryption key.
Although an exemplary decision process of protocol/sequence controller 314 is described, it should be understood that a similar decision process may be undertaken by protocol/sequence controller 208 in controlling the components of fob 102. Indeed, as described above, protocol/sequence controller 314 may have similar operation and design as protocol/sequence controller 208. In addition, to the above, protocol/sequence controllers 208 and 314 may incorporate in the decision process appropriate commands for enabling USB interfaces 222 and 316, when the corresponding device is so connected.
Encryption/decryption component 318 may be further in communication with a secure account number database 320 which stores the security keys necessary for decrypting the encrypted fob account number. Upon appropriate request from protocol/sequence controller 314, encryption/decryption component (e.g., circuitry 318) may retrieve the appropriate security key, decrypt the fob account number and forward the decrypted account number to protocol sequence controller 314 in any format readable by any later connected POS device 110. In one exemplary embodiment, the account number may be forwarded in a conventional magnetic stripe format compatible with the ISO/IEC 7813 standard. That is, in accordance with the invention, there is no need to translate or correlate the account number to traditional magnetic stripe format as is done with the prior art. The invention processes the transaction request directly, as if the card associated with the account has been presented for payment.
Upon receiving the account number in magnetic stripe format, protocol/sequence controller 314 may forward the account number to POS device 110 via a communications interface 312 and data link 122, as best shown in
RFID reader 104 may additionally include a USB interface 316, in communication with the protocol/sequence controller 314. In one embodiment, the USB interface may be a RS22 serial data interface. Alternatively, RFID reader 104 may include a serial interface such as, for example, a RS232 interface in communication with the protocol/sequence controller 314. The USB connector 316 may be in communication with a personalization system 116 (shown in
In one exemplary embodiment, personalization system 116 may include any standard computing system as described above. For example, personalization system 116 may include a standard personal computer containing a hardware security module operable using any conventional graphic user interface. Prior to populating the security key information account number and unique identifying information into fob 102 or RFID reader 104, the hardware security module may authenticate fob 102 and RFID reader 104 to verify that the components are authorized to receive the secure information.
Fob 102 may be personalized by direct connection to the personalization system 116 via RF ISO/IEC 14443 interface 114, or fob 102 may be personalized using RFID reader 104. Personalization system 116 and RFID reader 104 may engage in mutual authentication and RFID reader 104 may be configured to transmit the fob personalization file to fob 102 via RF. Once fob 102 is presented to RFID reader 104 (steps 608, 614) for personalization, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may engage in mutual authentication (step 614). Where fob 102 is not presented to RFID reader 104 for personalization, the personalization process may be aborted (step 610).
If fob 102 is detected, the personalization system 116 may create as a part of the personalization file, a unique identifier for providing to fob 102 (step 616). The identifier is unique in that one identifier may be given only to a single fob. That is, no other fob may have that same identifier. The fob may then be configured and loaded with that identifier (step 618).
The encrypted fob 102 account number may be populated into fob 102 in the same manner as is described with respect to fob 102 unique identifier. That is, personalization system 116 may pre-encrypt the account data (step 620) and inject the encrypted account into fob database 214 (step 622). The encrypted account data may be loaded (e.g., injected) into fob 102 using RFID reader 104 as discussed above.
Once the personalization file is populated into fob 102, the populated information is irreversibly locked to prevent alteration, unauthorized reading and/or unauthorized access (step 624). Personalization system 116 may then create a log of the personalization file information for later access and analysis by the personalization system 116 user (step 626).
It should be noted that in the event the personalization process is compromised or interrupted (step 628), personalization system 116 may send a security alert to the user (step 630) and the personalization process may be aborted (step 612). On the other hand, where no such compromising or interruption exists, personalization system 116 may be prepared to begin initialization on a second device to be personalized (step 632).
If personalization system 116 determines that the personalization process is not the first personalization process undertaken by RFID reader 104 (step 706), personalization system 116 and RFID reader 104 may engage in a mutual authentication process using the existing security keys already stored on RFID reader 104 (step 710). If authentication is unsuccessful (step 712), personalization system 116 may abort the personalization process (step 714).
Where personalization system 116 and RFID reader 104 successfully mutually authenticate, personalization system 116 may update RFID reader 104 security keys (step 716). Updating the security keys may take place at any time as determined by a system 100 manager. The updating may take place as part of a routine maintenance or merely to install current security key data. The updating may be performed by downloading firmware into RFID reader 104 (step 718). In the event that personalization system 116 determines in step 706 that RFID reader 104 is undergoing an initial personalization, the firmware may be loaded into RFID reader 104 for the first time. In this context, “firmware” may include any file which enables the RFID reader 102 to operate under system 100 guidelines. For example, such guidelines may be directed toward the operation of RFID reader protocol/sequence controller 314.
Personalization system 116 may then determine if the personalization keys (e.g., security keys, decryption keys, RFID identifier) need to be updated or if RFID reader 104 needs to have an initial installation of the personalization keys (step 720). If so, then personalization system 116 may download the personalization keys as appropriate (step 722).
Personalization system 116 may then check RFID reader 104 to determine if fob 102 identifiers and corresponding security keys should be updated or initially loaded (step 724). If no updating is necessary personalization system 116 may end the personalization procedure (step 732). Contrarily, if personalization system 116 determines that fob 102 identifiers and corresponding keys need to be updated or installed, personalization system 116 may download the information onto RFID reader 104 (step 726). The information (e.g., fob security keys and identifiers) may be downloaded in an encrypted format and RFID reader 104 may store the information in the RFID reader database 310 as appropriate (step 728). Personalization system 116 may then create or update a status log cataloging for later use and analysis by personalization system 116 user (step 730). Upon updating the status log, the personalization process may be terminated (step 732).
It should be noted that, in some instances it may be necessary to repersonalize the RFID reader in similar manner as described above. In that instance, the personalization process described in
Fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may then engage in mutual authentication (step 810). Where the mutual authentication is unsuccessful, an error message may be provided to the customer via the RFID optical and/or audible indicator (step 814) and the transaction may be aborted (step 816). Where the mutual authentication is successful (step 812), RFID reader 104 may provide the customer with an appropriate optical and/or audible message (e.g., “transaction processing” or “wait”) (step 818). The fob protocol/sequence controller 208 may then retrieve from database 214 an encrypted fob account number and provide the encrypted account number to RFID reader 104 (step 820).
RFID reader 104 may then decrypt the account number and convert the account number into magnetic stripe (ISO/IEC 7813) format (step 822) and provide the unencrypted account number to merchant system 130 (step 828). In particular, the account number may be provided to POS 110 device for transmission to merchant network 112 for processing. Exemplary processing methods according to the present invention are discussed with respect to
The methods for processing the transactions may include one of several formats as required by the fob issuer. For example, one processing method may include processing the transaction under a preloaded fob format wherein a payment value (e.g., monetary value, reward points value, barter points value, etc.) may be preloaded into a preloaded value account or data file prior to permitting usage of the fob. In this way, the user may be permitted to set aside a payment amount for transactions for goods and services using the fob. During processing of the transaction, approval of the transaction may involve comparing the transaction amount to the amount stored (or remaining) in the preloaded value data file. Comparison may be made by a preloaded value processing system wherein the preloaded value processing system may compare the transaction amount to be processed to the preload value data file. Where the transaction amount exceeds the amount stored in the preloaded value account, the preloaded value processing system may deny authorization for completion of the transaction, request that the user increase the value in the data file, request another form of payment to satisfy all or a portion of the transaction amount, and/or any other means to satisfy the associated financial institution of payment. Where the transaction amount does not exceed the amount stored in the preloaded value data file account, the preloaded value processing system may provide for authorization of the transaction.
An exemplary preloaded value processing system 1000 is shown with respect to
As used herein, the term “issuer” or “account provider” may refer to any entity facilitating payment of a transaction using a fob, and may include systems permitting payment using at least one of a preloaded and non-preloaded fob. Typical issuers may be, for example, American Express®, MasterCard®, Visa, Discover®, and the like. In the preloaded value processing context, an exchange value (e.g., money, rewards points, barter points, etc.) may be stored in a preloaded value data file for use in completing a requested transaction. In one embodiment, the exchange value is not be stored on the fob itself. Further, the preloaded value data file may be debited the amount of the transaction, so the preloaded value account may be replenished. As described more fully below, the preloaded value system platform may be used to complete “direct link” transactions. In which case, the preloaded value account may function as a place holder and may store a zero value.
The preloaded value data file may be any conventional data file configuration for storing a value (e.g., monetary, rewards points, barter points, etc.) which may be exchanged for goods or services. In that regard, the preloaded value data file may have any configuration as determined or desired by the issuer system 1010.
In exemplary operation, fob identifying information (e.g., account number or fob marker) may be provided to POS device 110 in similar manner as was discussed with respect to
IAS 1014 may receive the transaction and fob identifying information (or merchant transaction request) and suitably recognize that the transaction is being requested relative to a preloaded value account associated with a preloaded fob. That is, IAS 1014 may recognize that the user has presented a preloaded fob 102 for payment. Recognition of fob 102 as a preloaded fob may mean that the fob identifying information includes a marker or identifier indicating that the fob is associated with a preloaded value data file. Upon recognition of the marker, IAS 1014 may forward transaction and fob identifying information to PLAS 1016 for processing. PLAS 1016 may compare the transaction amount to the value stored or remaining in the preloaded value to determine if authorization should be granted or denied. Where the transaction amount exceeds the value stored in the preloaded value data file, PLAS 1016 may forward a transaction denied message to IAS 1014 for providing to the merchant system 130, or the PLAS may facilitate a request that the user increase the value in the data file, request another form of payment to satisfy all or a portion of the transaction amount, and/or any other means to satisfy the associated financial institution of current or future payment. Alternatively, where the transaction amount is less than or equal to the value stored in the preload value data file PLAS 1016 may deduct from the preloaded value data file the necessary amount for satisfaction of the transaction.
As noted above, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, PLAS 1016 may provide a transaction denied message to IAS 1014 for various financial security reasons, such as where the amount stored in the preloaded value account is less than required for satisfying the merchant or fob transaction request. In this instance, where the preloaded value falls below a predetermined minimum level (e.g., minimum depletion level), it may be necessary for the fob user to reload the preloaded value data file. Reloading of the preloaded value account may take place manually (e.g., by the fob user telephonically or online) or may take place automatically when the value stored in the preloaded value data file is depleted to a predefined level. Where the reloading is done automatically, reloading may occur under rules established by the fob issuer or owner. For example, reloading may occur at preselected time intervals, when the value stored is below a predetermined amount, until a maximum number of reloads in a predetermined time period has occurred or until a maximum reload amount is reached in a predetermined time period.
In another exemplary operation, processing system 1000 may be operated offline. For example, merchant system 130 may be offline with respect to issuer system 1010. That is, transactions may be approved at merchant system 130, prior to the transaction identifying information being transferred to the issuer system. Instead, merchant system 130 may be provided an approval protocol for use in evaluating the merchant transaction request. For example, the approval protocol may provide for transaction approval where the transaction is below a certain amount, includes a particular merchant or goods or service, or is requested from a particular location or the like. Once the offline transaction is completed, the merchant may seek satisfaction of the transaction at a later time-period by submitting the transaction to the issuer individually, in batch, or under any submission processing determined by the merchant.
For offline transactions, fob 102 may include a counter (not shown) which may track the number of offline transactions. Once a predetermined number of transactions are attempted, the counter may be used to facilitate disenabling fob 102 usage. At which point fob 102 user may be required to perform an online transaction whereby the counter may be reset, again permitting offline usage of the fob. As can be understood, requiring online usage following a predetermined number of offline usages may function as an additional security measure.
PLAS 1016 may be used to establish on the server or on a database (e.g., database 1012) a preloaded value account (e,g, data file) (1106). The preload value account may be funded or maintained by a fob issuer/account provider which may establish a credit, charge, debit, rewards value account, loyalty account, or the like, in connection with a charge or credit card (e.g., Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, etc.), debit or direct debit authorization (DDA) system.
The preloaded value account may be established to at least a predetermined minimum preload amount or value (e.g., minimum preload level) as determined by the account provider and/or the fob user or owner. In this context, the predetermined minimum value (e.g., minimum preload value) required to establish the preloaded value account may vary with respect to a particular fob user. The preloaded value account may be loaded (e.g., preloaded or reloaded) from funds received from one of a funding source 1104 (American Express, Visa, MasterCard, Discover, fuel cards, or the like). Further, the preloaded value account may be loaded with value received from loyalty or rewards points provider. To facilitate the understanding of the invention, the loyalty or rewards point provider may be referred to herein as a funding source. Thus, PLAS 1016 may communicate with the funding source 1104 to obtain funds or value for loading and/or reloading the preloaded value account (1108).
Once the preloaded value data is depleted such that the minimum depletion level is reached, PLAS 1016 may trigger an automatic reload to reload the preloaded value account from funds retrieved from the funding source 1104 (1112). The amount of funds retrieved may be sufficient for loading the preloaded value account to the minimum amount described above or to some other predetermined reload value. In one exemplary embodiment, PLAS 1016 may trigger automatic reloading where a predetermined minimum depletion level (e.g., “minimum level balance”) is reached. That is, the preloaded value account may not be entirely depleted to zero value before automatic reloading occurs. In this instance, PLAS 1016 may charge the funding necessary for automatic reloading against the available funds at funding source 1104. In another exemplary embodiment, the automatic reloading may occur where the transaction exceeds the amount stored in or remaining in the preloaded value account. In this way, the preloaded value account may be restored to an amount necessary for completion of the transaction. For example, where automatic reloading restores the preloaded value account to a value suitable for transaction completion, the preloaded value account may be automatically reloaded prior to processing the transaction.
In another exemplary embodiment, automatic reloading may occur based on different user or issuer automatic reload criteria. Other automatic reload criteria may include, but are not limited to, reloading until a defined maximum load amount in a defined time period is reached, reloading at a selected reoccurring time interval (e.g., once a month), reloading as permitted until a defined maximum number of reloads in a specified time period is reached, or reloading until a defined maximum reload amount is reached in a specified time period. In some instances, reloading may be accomplished manually, such as, for example, when the fob user contacts the issuer telephonically or via user interface to provide a specified finding criteria and funding source for use in reloading the preloaded value account.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the preloaded value transaction processing system may permit approval of a transaction where the transaction value exceeds the preloaded value amount stored in the preloaded value account. That is, the preloaded fob may be used for purchases exceeding the preloaded value amount provided that the charge submitted by the merchant is less than or equal to the maximum reload amount permitted plus the amount stored on the card at the time the charge is submitted.
In another exemplary embodiment, the preloaded value system may approve transactions based on a particular merchant's transaction processing protocol. Where the issuer has reviewed and/or, approved a merchant's transaction processing method, the system may take the method in consideration in determining whether to approve a merchant's transaction request. For example, a merchant's transaction processing method may include the merchant submitting transaction requests which exceed the preloaded value amount, but the actual charge may be less than or equal to the preloaded value amount. Under this transaction processing method a merchant, such as, for example, a gasoline merchant, may seek pre-approval of an anticipated gasoline fueling amount. Neither the consumer nor the merchant may know the exact final value of the purchase, especially, for example, where the consumer decides to fill his automobile gas tank or purchase non-fuel items. Thus, the merchant may submit a transaction request which may be higher than the final amount of the transaction. The merchant may submit the transaction request in real-time or at a later time period in a similar manner as is described above with respect to offline transaction request processing. In either on line or off line processing, the preloaded value transaction processing system may still be configured to approve the transaction request. The processing system may recognize that a transaction came from a particular merchant and institute a predetermined approval protocol correlative to that merchant, since the approval protocol may include information that the merchant is sending a transaction request exceeding the actual charge.
The transaction processing system may use any one of the acceptable techniques for identifying merchants, such as recognition of the merchant ID, or a marker appended to the transaction, or the like. The processing system may correlate the merchant ID with a merchant protocol for requesting a transaction approval of an amount greater than the preloaded value (or reload value), and approve the merchant request accordingly.
In accordance with an alternate exemplary embodiment of a preloaded value processing system 1000, upon receiving the transaction request from the IAS 1014, PLAS 1016 may evaluate the transaction request based upon several risk criteria established by the issuer for either online or offline transactions. If all the criteria are successfully met, then PLAS 1016 may send authorization of the transaction (e.g., “transaction granted”) to IAS 1014 for providing to merchant system 130. Simultaneous with or subsequent to, providing the transaction authorization to the IAS 1014, PLAS 1016 may seek satisfaction of the transaction from the fob value account maintained on the account provider database 1012. The transaction request may be provided to IAS 1014 for processing. That is, IAS 1014 may seek to deduct the transaction value from the balance of the amount stored in the preloaded value account.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a transaction request associated with a direct link fob 102 may be processed using the preloaded value transaction system processing described above. However, as noted, in this instance the preloaded value account is used as a place holder storing a zero value. A transaction account containing a transaction account value which is associated with the direct link fob is treated as the funding source for satisfying direct link transactions. In this instance, the transaction may be satisfied according to a fob user or issuer predefined protocol or criteria.
As shown, merchant system 130 may be in communication with an issuer system 1010 for receiving a merchant transaction request. More particularly, POS device 110 may be in communication with an issuer server, such as, for example, an issuer account server (IAS) 1014 for receiving the merchant and/or transaction identifying information. IAS 1014 may be in further communication with a PLAS 1016 for processing the merchant transaction request. In some instances PLAS 1016 may be in further communication with a second IAS 1202, although a second IAS 1202 may not be required where one or more of the existing servers may perform the functions of IAS 1202 described below. However, the IAS 1202 is included herein to simplify the understanding the operation of this exemplary embodiment.
In exemplary operation of system 1200, the direct link fob identifying information (e.g., fob identifier or account number) may be provided to POS device 110 in similar manner as was discussed with respect to
IAS 1014 may receive the transaction and fob identifying information and recognize that the transaction as being requested relative to a direct link fob 102. Recognition of the direct link fob 102 in this instance may mean that the direct link fob 102 identifying information includes a marker or identifier indicating that the fob is associated with a zero value preloaded value account. Upon recognition of the marker, IAS 1014 may forward the transaction and fob identifying information to PLAS 1016 for processing.
In similar manner as was described with respect to the operation of the preloaded value processing system of
After providing the transaction authorization to the IAS 1014, PLAS 1016 may seek authorization of the transaction against the direct link fob account (e.g., transaction account) which is maintained on issuer database 1012, and which is funded by value received from funding source 1104. The authorization request may be provided to IAS 1202 for approval which may retrieve the necessary value from the direct link fob account. For example, where the direct link fob account is a charge or credit account, PLAS 1016 may request authorization from the second IAS 1202 and IAS 1202 may assess the transaction amount against the direct link fob account on database 1012. IAS 1202 may seek to record the amount of the transaction in the direct link fob usage history data file for payment at the end of a billing cycle (e.g., charge account), or the amount may be recorded on the fob direct link fob usage data file for payment at a date later than the end of the billing cycle (e.g., credit account).
In an alternative operation PLAS 1016 may assess the transaction amount against the direct link fob account, without use of a second IAS 1202. Whether the transaction is processed using a second IAS 1202, it is to be understood that value may not be immediately transferred to the merchant system from the direct link fob account for satisfying the transaction. Instead, the direct link fob issuer may guarantee satisfaction of the merchant transaction by, for example, request until a certain value is retrieved from the direct link fob account at the end of the billing cycle or later. That is, PLAS 1016 may provide authorization of the transaction, but may not retrieve the necessary value for satisfying the transaction until after the merchant provides a request for settlement to the issuer system.
In yet another exemplary transaction processing system 1300 depicted in
In exemplary operation of system 1300, process server 1302 may receive the settlement file and identify the files according to the nature of the transaction request. For example, process server 1302 may place markers on the files received and create sub-files of transaction requests relative to the type of fob used in the transaction (e.g., preloaded fob, and direct link fob associated with a charge or credit account). The process server may create the sub-files relative to the file markers. Process server 1302 may create a first fob transaction file for merchant payables and a second fob transaction file for accounts receivable to be forwarded to IAS 1014 for processing. Where the sub-file includes merchant payable, process server 1302 may provide finds to the merchant for payment of the transaction, where the funds provided may be equivalent to the transaction amount minus discount revenues. The funds may be retrieved from the funding source for providing to the merchant. Alternatively, process server 1302 may create a second fob transaction file for accounts receivable payments and forwarded the second fob transaction file to IAS 1014. IAS 1014 may then process the transaction request according to the processes described in
Considering the operation of the various transaction processing systems described above, it can be seen that the transaction processing systems described may distinguish when a preloaded fob is used, when a card associated with a fob is used, or when an account associated with a preloaded fob is reloaded. In that regard, the present invention may be used to reward points depending on the nature of the fob usage. The points (e.g., loyalty points) may be stored in a points or rewards account maintained on the issuer database (e.g., database 1012). The rewards points may then later be redeemed from the rewards account for exchange for goods and services as desired by the fob user. For more information on loyalty systems and transaction systems, see, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/836,213, filed on Apr. 17, 2001, by inventors Voltmer, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; U.S. Continuation-In-Part patent application Ser. No. 10/027,984, filed on Dec. 20, 2001, by inventors Ariff, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; U.S. Continuation-In-Part patent application Ser. No. 10/010,947, filed on Nov. 6, 2001, by inventors Haines, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; the Shop AMEX™ system as disclosed in Ser. No. 60/230,190, filed Sep. 5, 2000; the MR as Currency™ and Loyalty Rewards Systems disclosed in Ser. No. 60/197,296, filed on Apr. 14, 2000, Ser. No. 60/200,492, filed Apr. 28, 2000, Ser. No. 60/201,114, filed May 2, 2000; a stored value card as disclosed in Ser. No. 09/241,188, filed on Feb. 1, 1999; a system for facilitating transactions using secondary transaction numbers disclosed in Ser. No. 09/800,461, filed on Mar. 7, 2001, and also in related provisional application Ser. No. 60/187,620, filed Mar. 7, 2000, Ser. No. 60/200,625, filed Apr. 28, 2000, and Ser. No. 60/213,323, filed May 22, 2000, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Other examples of online membership reward systems are disclosed in Netcentives U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,870, issued on Jun. 30, 1998, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,412, issued on Dec. 29, 1999, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
As noted, in one instance, points may be provided when the fob is used in addition to when the card associated with the fob is used. For example, IAS 1014 may recognize that a fob is being used and award points (e.g., loyalty points) to the rewards account assigned to the fob user or associated with the fob. The loyalty points may be awarded based on any criteria as determined by the fob issuer. Exemplary rewarding criteria may include rewarding points for, for example, frequency of fob usage, amount of individual purchase using the fob, the total amount of purchases in a given time period, location of merchant, type of merchant, or any such criteria for incenting fob usage.
Where the fob is associated with a preloaded value account such as that described with respect to
It should be noted that the transaction account associated with fob 102 may include a usage restriction, such as, for example, a per purchase spending limit, a time of day use, a day of week use, certain merchant use and/or the like, wherein an additional verification is required when using the fob outside of the restriction. The restrictions may be personally assigned by fob 102 user, or the account provider. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the account may be established such that purchases above $X (i.e., the spending limit) must be verified by the customer. Such verification may be provided using a suitable personal identification number (PIN) which may be recognized by fob 102 or a payment authorization center (not shown) as being unique to fob 102 holder (e.g., customer) and the correlative fob 102 transaction account number. Where the requested purchase is above the established per purchase spending limit, the customer may be required to provide, for example, a PIN, biometric sample and/or similar secondary verification to complete the transaction. That is, for example, fob 102 may enter the unique PIN in a conventional keypad at merchant system 130 or RFID reader 104. The PIN may be provided to the authorization center for comparison with a correlative PIN stored on the issuer system. Alternatively, the PIN may be provided to fob 102 via RFID reader 104. Fob 102 may verify the PIN by comparing the PIN to a correlative PIN stored on, for example, secure memory 212.
Where a verification PIN is used as secondary verification the verification PIN may be checked for accuracy against a corroborating PIN which correlates to fob 102 transaction account number. The corroborating PIN may be stored locally (e.g., on fob 102), or may be stored on a database (1012) at the payment authorization center. The payment authorization center database may be any database 1012 maintained and operated by fob 102 transaction account provider.
The verification PIN may be provided to POS device 110 using a conventional merchant (e.g., POS) PIN key pad 118 in communication with POS device 110 as shown in
In an alternate embodiment, verification of purchases exceeding the established spending limit may involve biometrics circuitry included in fob 102.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 including biometric security system 902, the customer may place his finger on the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, or to provide secondary verification of the user's identity. The sensor fingerprint may be digitized and compared against a digitized fingerprint stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. Such comparison step may be controlled by protocol/sequence controller 208 and may be validated by authentication circuit 210. Where such verification is made, the mutual authentication between fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin, and the transaction may proceed accordingly. Alternatively, the comparison may be made with a digitized fingerprint stored on a database maintained by fob 102 transaction account provider system (not shown). The digitized fingerprint may be verified in much the same way as is described above with respect to the PIN.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 including biometric security system 902, system 902 may be used to authorize a purchase exceeding the established per purchase spending limit. In this case, where the customer's intended purchase exceeds the spending limit, the customer may be asked to provide assurance that the purchase is authorized. Accordingly, the customer may provide such verification by placing his finger over biometric sensor 904. Biometric sensor 904 may then digitize the fingerprint and provide the digitized fingerprint for verification as described above. Once verified, fob 102 may provide a transaction authorized signal to RF transponder 202 (or alternatively to transponder 220) for forwarding to RFID reader 104. RFID reader 104 may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device 110 in similar manner as is done with conventional PIN driven systems and POS device 110 may process the transaction under the merchant's business as usual standard.
Additional methods and systems for biometric security for system 100 will be discussed further herein.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the fob user is provided limited access to a fob user data file maintained on an issuer system for managing the fob usage and fob user information. User may have access over the phone, online, or offline. The fob user may access the fob user data file to change, for example, demographic information (e.g., fob user address, phone number, email address, or the like), the finding source (e.g., credit account, charge account, rewards account, barter account, etc.) associated with the fob, view the transaction history, etc. In addition, the fob user may be permitted to load or reload the account or alter automatic reload parameters (e.g., amount to reload, period for reloading, etc.). Where more than one fob 102 is correlated to a transaction account, the user may be provided similar access to the data files corresponding to the additional fobs.
With reference to
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, system 100 may be configured with one or more biometric scanners, processors and/or systems. A biometric system may include one or more technologies, or any portion thereof, such as, for example, recognition of a biometric. As used herein, a biometric may include a user's voice, fingerprint, facial, ear, signature, vascular patterns, DNA sampling, hand geometry, sound, olfactory, keystroke/typing, iris, retinal or any other biometric relating to recognition based upon any body part, function, system, attribute and/or other characteristic, or any portion thereof. Certain of these technologies will be described in greater detail herein. Moreover, while some of the examples discussed herein may include a particular biometric system or sample, the invention contemplates any of the biometrics discussed herein in any of the embodiments.
The biometric system may be configured as a security system and may include a registration procedure in which a user of transaction instrument (e.g., fob 102) proffers a sample of his fingerprints, DNA, retinal scan, voice, and/or other biometric sample to an authorized sample receiver (ASR). An ASR may include a local database, a remote database, a portable storage device, a host system, an issuer system, a merchant system, a fob issuer system, an employer, a financial institution, a non-financial institution, a loyalty point provider, a company, the military, the government, a school, a travel entity, a transportation authority, a security company, and/or any other system or entity that is authorized to receive and store biometric samples and associate the samples with specific biometric databases and/or transaction instruments (e.g., fobs 102). As used herein, a user of a fob, fob user, or any similar phrase may include the person or device holding or in possession of the fob, or it may include any person or device that accompanies or authorizes the fob owner to use the fob.
A fob user may then proffer a biometric sample to the ASR (step 1403). As used herein, a biometric sample may be any one or more of the biometric samples or technologies, or portion thereof, described herein or known in the art. By proffering one or more biometric samples, a biometric may be scanned by at least one of a retinal scan, iris scan, fingerprint scan, hand print scan, hand geometry scan, voice print scan, vascular scan, facial and/or ear scan, signature scan, keystroke scan, olfactory scan, auditory emissions scan, DNA scan, and/or any other type of scan to obtain a biometric sample. Upon scanning the sample, the system may submit the scanned sample to the ASR in portions during the scan, upon completing the scan or in batch mode after a certain time period. The scanned sample may include a hardcopy (e.g., photograph), digital representation, an analog version or any other configuration for transmitting the sample. The ASR receives the sample and the ASR may also receive copies of a fob user's biometric data along with the sample or at a different time (or within a different data packet) from receiving the sample.
The ASR and/or fob user 102 may correlate and/or register the sample with fob user information to create a data packet for the sample and store the data packet in digital and/or any storage medium known in the art. As used herein, a data packet may include the digitized information relating to at least one of a biometric sample, a registered biometric sample, a stored biometric sample, a proffered biometric, a proffered biometric sample, user information, transponder information, and/or any other information. The terms “data packet,” “biometric sample,” and “sample” may be used interchangeably. As used herein, registered samples may include samples that have been proffered, stored and associated with user information. By storing the data packet in digital format, the ASR may digitize any information contained in one of the biometric scans described herein. By storing the data packet in any storage medium, the ASR may print and/or store any biometric sample. Hardcopy storage may be desirable for back-up and archival purposes.
The biometric sample may also be associated with user information to create a data packet (step 1405). The sample may be associated with user information at any step in the process such as, for example, prior to submission, during submission and/or after submission. In one embodiment, the user may input a PIN number or zip code into the POS terminal, then scan the biometric to create the biometric sample. The local POS system may associate the biometric sample data with the PIN and zip code, then transmit the entire packet of information to the ASR. In another embodiment, the POS may facilitate transmitting the sample to an ASR, and during the transmission, the sample may be transmitted through a third system which adds personal information to the sample.
The information associated with the biometric sample may include any information such as, for example, fob user information, fob 102 information, fob 102 identifier information, fob 102 vender information, fob 102 operability information, and/or fob 102 manufacturing information. Fob 102 information is not limited to transponder information and may include information related to any transaction instrument such as smart cards, credit cards, debit cards, merchant-specific cards, loyalty point cards, cash accounts and any other transaction instruments and/or accounts. The fob user information may also contain information about the user including personal information—such as name, address, and contact details; financial information—such as one or more financial accounts associated with the fob user; loyalty point information—such as one or more loyalty point accounts (e.g., airline miles, charge card loyalty points, frequent diner points) associated with the fob user; and/or non-financial information—such as employee information, employer information, medical information, family information, and/or other information that may be used in accordance with a fob user.
For example, fob user may have previously associated a credit card account, a debit card account, and a frequent flier account with his biometric sample which is stored at an ASR. Later, when fob user desires to purchase groceries, fob user may submit his biometric sample while using fob 102 for the purchase at a POS. The POS may facilitate sending the biometric sample to the ASR such that the ASR authorizes the biometric sample and checks a look-up table in the ASR database to determine if any information is associated with the sample. If information (e.g., financial accounts) is associated with the sample, the ASR may transmit the information to the POS terminal. The POS terminal may then present fob user with a list of the three accounts associated with the biometric sample. Fob user and/or a merchant may then chose one of the accounts in order to continue and finalize the transaction.
In another embodiment, fob user may associate each account with a different biometric sample. For example, during registration, fob user may submit a sample of his right index fingerprint, and request that the system primarily associate this sample with a particular credit card account. Fob user may additionally submit a sample of his left index fingerprint and request that the system primarily associate the sample with a particular debit account. Additionally, fob user may submit his right thumbprint and request that the system primarily associate that sample with a particular frequent flier account. By “primarily” associating a sample with an account, the system initially associates the sample with that account. For example, fob user submitting his right index fingerprint for a financial transaction may have money for the transaction taken from his credit card account. Fob user may additionally specify which accounts should be secondarily associated with a sample. For example, fob user may have a debit card account secondarily associated with his right index fingerprint. As a result, if fob user submits his right index fingerprint for a transaction, and the primary account associated with the sample is overdrawn or unavailable, the secondary account may be accessed in order to further the transaction.
While primary and secondary account association is described herein, any number of accounts may be associated with a sample. Moreover, any hierarchy or rules may be implemented with respect to the association. For example, the fob user may instruct the system to access a debit card account when it receives a right index fingerprint sample, the purchase qualifies for loyalty points with a certain airline and the purchase amount is less than $50. The fob user may additionally instruct the system to access a credit card account if it receives a right index fingerprint sample, the purchase does not qualify for airline miles and the purchase amount is greater than $50. Further, while fingerprint samples are discussed herein, any biometric sample may have one or more accounts associated with it and may be used to facilitate a transaction using any of the routines discussed herein.
The ASR and/or fob user may associate a specific fob 102 identifier with the biometric sample by any method known in the art for associating an identifier (e.g., through the use of software, hardware and/or manual entry.) The ASR may additionally verify the fob user and/or fob 102 by using one or more forms of the user's secondary identification (step 1407). For example, the ASR may verify the fob user by matching the fob information to information retrieved from scanning information from a fob user's driver's license. The ASR may verify fob 102 by contacting the vendor of fob 102 to confirm that fob 102 was issued to a specific fob user. In another embodiment, the ASR may activate fob 102 during the registration procedure to confirm that the fob 102 transponder identifier and other information is properly associated with the fob user and the fob user's specific biometric samples. The ASR may additionally employ one or more verification methods to confirm that the biometric sample belongs to the user, such as, for example, the ASR may request from the user demographic information, further biometric samples and/or any other information. As used herein, “confirm,” “confirmation” or any similar term includes verifying or substantially verifying the accuracy, existence, non-existence, corroboration, and/or the like of the information, component, or any portion thereof. The ASR may additionally employ one or more additional processing methods in order to facilitate association of a biometric sample. As used herein, the term processing may include scanning, detecting, associating, digitizing, printing, comparing, storing, encrypting, decrypting, and/or verifying a biometric and/or a biometric sample, or any portion thereof.
Upon association, authentication and/or verification of the biometric sample and fob 102, the system may create a data packet and for the sample store the data packet and fob 102 identifier (step 1409) in one or more databases on and/or in communication with system 100 via a network, server, computer, or any other means of communicating as described herein. The database(s) may be any type of database described herein. For example, a biometric sample stored on fob 102 may be stored in database 212. The database(s) may be located at or operated by any of the entities discussed herein such as, for example, the ASR and/or by a third-party biometric database operator.
The information stored in the database may be sorted or stored according to one or more characteristics associated with the sample in order to facilitate faster access to the stored sample. For example, fingerprint samples may be stored in a separate database than voice prints. As another example, all fingerprints with certain whirl patterns may be stored in a separate sub-database and/or database from fingerprints with arch patterns.
The biometric samples may also be stored and/or associated with a personal identification number (PIN) and/or other identifier to facilitate access to the sample. The PIN may be fob user selected or randomly assigned to the biometric sample. The PIN may consist of any characters such as, for example, alphanumeric characters and/or foreign language characters.
The system may further protect the samples by providing additional security with the sample. The security may include, for example, encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates, firewalls and/or any other security methods known in the art and discussed herein. One or more security vendors may utilize the security methods to store and/or access the biometric samples. The present invention anticipates that storage of the biometric samples may be such that a sample is first encrypted and/or stored under a security procedure, such that the sample may only be accessed by a vendor with the proper level of access or security which corresponds to or provides access to the stored sample. The samples may be accessible by certain vendors such as, for example, fob 102 transaction account provider system, an issuer system, a merchant system, a fob issuer system, an employer, a financial institution, a non-financial institution, a loyalty-point provider, a company, the military, the government, a school, a travel entity, a transportation authority, and/or a security company.
The fob of the invention may include a particular security system wherein the security system incorporates a particular biometric system. As shown in
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, the user may place his finger on the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. Fob 102 may digitize the fingerprint and compare it against a digitized fingerprint stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The fingerprint information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. As used herein, compare, comparison and similar terms may include determining similarities, differences, existence of elements, non-existence of elements and/or the like.
Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors. One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for fingerprint comparisons, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare fingerprint minutia such as, for example, ridge endings, bifurcation, lakes or enclosures, short ridges, dots, spurs and crossovers, pore size and location, Henry System categories such as loops, whorls, and arches, and/or any other method known in the art for fingerprint comparisons.
Fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of fake fingers, fob 102 may be further configured to measure blood flow, to check for correctly aligned ridges at the edges of the fingers, and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, body heat sensors and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples.
After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication, and the transaction may proceed accordingly. However, the invention contemplates that the verification of biometric information may occur at any point in the transaction such as, for example, after the mutual authentication. At any point in the transaction, the system may additionally request fob user to enter a PIN and/or other identifier associated with the transaction account and/or biometric sample to provide further verification of fob user's identification. As part of the transaction, fob user payor may be requested to select from one of the financial accounts, loyalty accounts, credit accounts, debit account, and/or other accounts associated with the biometric sample. The user may be presented with a list of account options on a display associated with RFID reader 104, fob 102, a third-party security device and/or any other financial or transaction device association with a transaction. In another embodiment, a payee may select one of the accounts. For example, a department store payee may manually and/or automatically select a department store issued account, if available, for a transaction.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using facial recognition or recognition of any other body part or object. As discussed herein, facial recognition may include recognition of any facial features obtained through a facial scan such as, for example, the eyes, nose, cheeks, jaw line, forehead, chin, ear features, head shape, hairline, neck features, shoulder height and/or any portion thereof. Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with a video camera, optical scanner, and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring the biometric data from the person such as, for example video scanning, optical scanning or otherwise sensing any portion of fob user. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may scan the face of a fob user in order to acquire his facial characteristics into fob 102. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the facial information and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may scan the facial features of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. Security system 1502 may be configured such that fob user may stand at least two-feet away from sensor 1504. Additionally, sensor 1504 may be configured to detect facial features of a user turned at least 30 degrees toward the camera.
Fob 102 may digitize the facial scan and compare it against a digitized facial scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The facial scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples.
Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric, and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors. One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for facial recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare nodal points such as the distance between the eyes, the width of the nose, the jaw line, and the depth of the user's eye sockets. While only some types of nodal points are listed, the present invention recognizes that it is known that there are over 80 different nodal points on a human face that may be used for comparison in the present invention. Additionally, third-party devices such as facial recognition software and/or hardware systems may be used to facilitate facial recognition, such as the systems developed by Viisage, Imagis, and Identix which employ complex algorithms that facilitate both searching facial and/or ear scans and adjusting stored data based on eyewear, facial hair, and other changes in outward facial and/or ear appearance.
Fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of fake facial features, fob 102 may be further configured to measure blood flow, to detect a thermal pattern associated with facial features, and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, body heat sensors and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by any of the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using voice recognition. As discussed herein, voice recognition may include recognition of voice and/or speaker features such as, phonated excitation, whispered excitation, frication excitation, compression, vibration, parametric waveforms, tone, pitch, dialect, annunciation, and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these voice recognition features may be collectively referred to as a “voice print.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an audio capture device such as a microphone, telephone, cellular phone, speaker and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring the biometric data from the person such as, for example auditory scanning, recording or otherwise sensing the portion of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the voice print of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a voice print, when a user recites, for example, a pass phrase or audible PIN. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the voice print and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the voice print and compare it against a digitized voice print stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The voice print information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for voice recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the voice print by comparing voice print waveforms in the time domain, by comparing energy content in the voice prints across the frequency domain, by the use of stochastic models and/or template models, and/or by any other voice recognition method known in the art. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as voice recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate voice print comparisons, such as, for example SAFLINK and Voice Security Systems.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a recorded voice, system 1502 may be further configured to detect audio noise associated with an electronic device and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using signature recognition. As discussed herein, signature recognition may include recognition of the shape, speed, stroke, stylus pressure, timing information and/or other signature information and/or any portion thereof during the act of signing. As discussed herein, these signature recognition features may be collectively referred to as a “signature scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an LCD screen, digitizing tablet and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates digitization of biometric data from the person such as, for example signature scanning, recording or otherwise sensing the signature of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the signature scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a signature scan, when a user signs, for example, his name or a specified word or phrase. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the signature scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the signature scan and compare it against a digitized signature scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The signature scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for voice recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the features of a signature scan by comparing graphs, charts, and or other data relating to shape, speed, stroke, stylus pressure, timing information and/or by any other signature recognition data. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as signature recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate signature scan comparisons, such as, for example CyberSIGN, LCI Computer Group, and Xenetek.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false signature device, system 1502 may be further configured to detect a thermal pattern associated with a human hand and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using vascular pattern recognition. As discussed herein, vascular pattern may include recognition of structures, depths, and other biometric reference points of arterial tissues, vein tissues, capillary tissues, epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, nervous and/or other inner tissues and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these vascular pattern features may be collectively referred to as a “vascular scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an optical scanner, thermal scanner and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a vascular pattern of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the vascular scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a vascular scan, when a user places his hand in front of an optical scanner. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the vascular scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the vascular scan based on biometric reference points and compare it against a digitized vascular scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The vascular scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for vascular pattern recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the vascular scan by comparing biometric reference points, vascular coordinates, vascular and/or tissue lengths, widths and depths; blood pressure including waveforms, dicrotic notches, diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, anacrotic notches and pulse pressure, and/or any other characteristic of vascular and/or tissue patterns. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as vascular pattern recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate vascular scan comparisons, such as, for example VEID International, Identica and ABT Advanced Biometric Technologies.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false vascular patterns, system 1502 may be further configured to detect a thermal pattern associated with vascular patterns and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using DNA biometrics. As discussed herein, DNA biometrics may include recognition of structures, gene sequences, and other genetic characteristics of skin tissue, hair tissue, and/or any other human tissue and/or any portion thereof containing genetic information. As discussed herein, these genetic features may be collectively referred to as a “DNA scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, a chemical sensor and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a DNA scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the DNA scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a DNA scan, when a user submits genetic material to sensor 1504. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the DNA scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the DNA scan based on genetic information reference points and compare it against a digitized DNA scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The DNA scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for DNA recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the DNA scan by comparing nucleotides, code sequences, regulatory regions, initiation and stop codons, exon/intron borders, and/or any other characteristics of DNA. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as DNA recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate DNA scan comparisons, such as, for example Applied DNA Sciences.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use false DNA, system 1502 may be further configured to take a DNA sample directly off a user and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using hand geometry biometrics. As discussed herein, hand geometry biometrics may include recognition of hand geometry parameters, such as, for example, hand shape, finger length, finger thickness, finger curvature and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these hand geometry features may be collectively referred to as a “hand geometry scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, a three-dimensional imaging system and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a hand geometry scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the hand geometry scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a hand geometry scan, when a user places his hand in front of an optical scanner. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the hand geometry scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the hand geometry scan based on hand geometry parameters and compare it against a digitized hand geometry scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The hand geometry scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for hand geometry recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare hand shape, finger length, finger thickness, finger curvature and/or any other of the 90 different hand geometry parameters known in the art. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as hand geometry recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate hand geometry scan comparisons, such as, for example IR Recognition Services and Human Recognition Services.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of false hands, system 1502 may be further configured to measure blood flow, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using auditory emissions biometrics. As discussed herein, auditory emissions biometrics may include emissions that an ear generates when stimulated by sound, such as vibrations and reverberated sound waves and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these auditory emissions features may be collectively referred to as an “auditory emissions scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, an auditory sensor, an auditory generator and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example sound generating, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing an auditory emissions scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the auditory emissions scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture an auditory emissions scan, when a user hears an auditory stimulant and the user's auditory emissions are detected by biometric sensor 1504. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the auditory emissions scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the auditory emissions scan based on emissions waveforms and compare it against a digitized auditory emissions scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The auditory emissions scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for auditory emissions recognition, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare emissions difference in frequency, wavelength, and/or other characteristics between the transmitted and reverberated sound waves. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as auditory emissions recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate auditory emissions scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by the University of Southampton.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of false auditory emissions scans, system 1502 may be further configured to detect electronic noise associated with a device producing electronic auditory emissions and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using olfactory biometrics. As discussed herein, olfactory biometrics may include odorants that a body generates when odor evaporates from and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these odorants may be collectively referred to as a “smellprint.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an electronic sensor, a chemical sensor, and/or an electronic or chemical sensor configured as an array of chemical sensors, wherein each chemical sensor may detect a specific odorant, or smell. In another embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 may be configured as a gas chromatograph, spectrometer, conductivity sensor, piezoelectric sensor and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a smellprint of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the smellprint of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a smellprint, when a user stands within at least two feet of sensor 1504. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the smellprint and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the smellprint and compare it against a digitized smellprint stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The smellprint information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for smellprints, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the difference in molecular structures, chemical compounds, temperature, mass differences, pressure, force, and odorants by using statistical, ANN and neuromorphic techniques. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as smellprint recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate smellprint comparisons, such as, for example those developed by Company Mastiff Electronic Systems.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false odorant, system 1502 may be further configured to detect man-made smells, abnormal odorants, body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using keystroke/typing recognition biometrics. As discussed herein, keystroke/typing recognition biometrics may include recognition of the duration of keystrokes, latencies between keystrokes, inter-keystroke times, typing error frequency, force keystrokes and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these features may be collectively referred to as a “keystroke scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with an electronic sensor, an optical sensor, a keyboard, and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a keystroke scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the keystroke scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a keystroke scan, when a user types, for example, a PIN or pass phrase into a keyboard configured with sensor 1504. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the keystroke scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the keystroke scan based on keystroke characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized keystroke scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The keystroke scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for keystroke scans, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the behavioral, temporal and physical characteristics associated with keystrokes. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as keystroke scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate keystroke scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by BioPassword® by BioNet Systems, LLC.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false keystroke, system 1502 may be further configured to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using iris scan biometrics. As discussed herein, iris scan biometrics may include recognition of characteristics of the colored tissues surrounding the pupil, such as the rings, furrows and freckles and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these characteristics may be collectively referred to as an “iris scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with a video camera, an optical scanner, a digital camera, a charge coupled device and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing an iris scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the iris scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture an iris scan, when a user uses sensor 1504 to scan his iris while he is up to five feet away from sensor 1504. Sensor 1504 may scan the user's iris through contacts, sunglasses, and/or any other type of eye glasses. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the iris scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the iris scan based on iris characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized iris scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The iris scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for iris scans, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the surface patterns of the iris by localizing the boundaries and the eyelid contours of the iris and creating a phase code for the texture sequence in the iris. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as iris scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate iris scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by Iridian, LG Electronics and BioCom.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false iris, system 1502 may be further configured to vary the light shone into the eye to watch for pupil dilation, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system 1502 may be configured for facilitating biometric security using retinal scanning biometrics. As discussed herein, retinal scanning biometrics may include recognition of characteristics of the reflected retinal pattern of the eye, such as the location, structure, size, and shape of blood vessels and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these characteristics may be collectively referred to as a “retinal scan.” Biometric security system 1502 may include a biometric sensor 1504 which may be configured with low-intensity light source, such as an infrared source, an optical coupler and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a retinal scan of fob user.
In one exemplary application of fob 102 incorporating biometric security system 1502, system 1502 may capture the iris scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor 1504 of the security system 1502 may capture a retinal scan, when a sensor 1504 shines a light source into the user's retina and detects the reflected retina pattern. Sensor 1504 may detect a user's retinal pattern when the user is up to five feet away from sensor 1504. Biometric sensor 1504 may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver 1506 such that sensor 1504 receives the retinal scan and transmits a signal to controller 208 to facilitate activating the operation of fob 102. A power source (e.g., battery 1503) may be in communication with biometric sensor 1504 and sensor interface 1506 to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.
Fob 102 may digitize the retinal scan based on retinal characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized iris scan stored in a database (e.g., security database 212) included on fob 102. The retinal scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader 104, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller 208 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit 210 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.
For example, for retinal scans, protocol/sequence controller 208 may utilize an existing database to compare the blood vessel patterns of the retina by comparing stored and detected retinal patterns. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob 102 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as retinal scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate keystroke scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by EyeKey and Retinal Technologies.
Fob 102 and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob 102 may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false retina, system 1502 may be further configured to vary the light shone into the eye to watch for pupil dilation, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.
In an additional or alternate embodiment, RFID reader 104 may include one or more security system, wherein the security system incorporates one or more biometric system. As shown in
In one exemplary application of RFID reader 104 including biometric security system 1602, the user may submit a biometric sample to the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob 102 and RFID reader 104, and/or to provide verification of the user's identity. RFID reader 104 may digitize the sample and compare it against a digitized biometric sample stored in a database (e.g., database 310) included on RFID reader 104. The biometric sample information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob 102 through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, fob 102, a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. The transfer of information may include use of encryption decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. RFID reader 104 may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob 102 identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples.
Protocol/sequence controller 314 may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric sample and authentication circuit 308 may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by third-party security vendors in any way known in the art for comparing biometric data.
RFID reader 104 may also be configured with secondary security procedures biometric to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, RFID reader 104 may be further configured to measure blood flow, body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples. After verifying the biometric information, fob 102 and RFID reader 104 may begin mutual authentication, and the transaction may proceed accordingly.
While the biometric safeguard mechanisms describe fob 102 and/or RFID reader 104 configured with a biometric safeguard mechanism, any part of system 100 may be equipped with a biometric safeguard system. For example, the invention contemplates receiving a biometric sample only at the reader, only at the fob, at both the fob and the reader, or at any other combination of location or device. As such, any scanner or database discussed herein may be located within or associated with another device. For example, the fob may scan a user biometric, but the database used for comparison may be located within the reader or merchant server. In other embodiments, the biometric security device may be located away from the point of sale device and/or provide other functions. For example, the biometric security device may be located near the item to be purchased or located in any other location within or outside of the merchant. In one embodiment, the biometric security device may be located outside of a jewelry display to allow a user to not only start the authentication process before check-out, but also to allow access to the product within the display case. In this regard, the biometric security device may communicate the information to the point of sale device so the POS may verify that the person that entered the jewelry box is the same person that is now buying the jewelry. In another embodiment, any portion of system 100 may be configured with a biometric security device. The biometric security device may be attached and/or free-standing. Biometric security devices may be configured for local and/or third-party operation. For example, the present invention contemplates the use of third-party fingerprint scanning and security devices such as those made by Interlink Electronics, Keytronic, Identix Biotouch, BIOmetricID, onClick, and/or other third-party vendors.
In yet another embodiment, the database used for comparison may contain terrorist and/or criminal information. As used herein, terrorists and/or criminals may include terrorists, felons, criminals, convicts, indicted persons, insurgents, revolutionaries and/or other offenders. The information may include biometric information, personal information as described herein, arrest records, aliases used, country of residence, affiliations with gangs and terrorist groups, and/or any other terrorist and/or criminal information.
As an example of a secondary security procedure in accordance with the present invention, the biometric sensor 1504, 1604 may be configured to allow a finite number of scans. For example, biometric sensor 1504, 1604 may be configured to only accept data from a single scan. As a result, biometric sensor 1504, 1604 may turn off or deactivate fob 102 and/or RFID reader 104 if more than one scan is needed to obtain a biometric sample. Biometric sensor 1504, 1604 may also be configured to accept a preset limit of scans. For example, biometric sensor 1504, 1604 may receive three invalid biometric samples before it turns off and/or deactivates fob 102 and/or RFID reader 104.
The sensor or any other part of system 100 may also activate upon sensing a particular type or group of biometric samples. The activation may include sending a signal, blinking, audible sound, visual display and/or the like. For example, if the sensor detects information from a gold card member, the system may display a special offer on the POS terminal. If the sensor detects a repeat customer, the sensor may signal or notify a manager to approach the customer and thank them for their repeat business. In another embodiment, the system may send a signal to a primary account holder or any other person or device to notify them that the fob is being used or that a condition or rule is being violated (e.g., charge above $1000).
Any of the biometric security systems described herein may additionally be configured with a fraud protection log. That is, a biometric security system, such as biometric security system 1502, 1602 may be configured to log all biometric samples submitted on fob 102 and/or RFID reader 104 and store the log information on databases on and/or communicating with system 1502, 1602. If a new and/or different biometric sample is submitted that differs from the log data, biometric security system 1502, 1602 may employ a security procedure such as deactivation, warning authorities, requesting a secondary scan, and/or any other security procedure.
Biometric security system 1502, 1602 and/or the biometric security system configured with system 100 may also be configured to obtain a plurality of biometric samples for verification and/or other security purposes. For example, after biometric security system 1502, receives a first biometric sample (e.g., scans one finger,) it may be configured to receive a second biometric sample (e.g., scans a second finger). The first and second biometric samples may be compared with stored biometric samples by any of the methods disclosed herein. The second biometric sample may be the only sample compared with stored biometric samples if the first sample is unreadable or inadequate.
In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, fob 102 may be equipped with a biometric safeguard mechanism. For example, in one exemplary application of fob 102, fob 102 may use biometric security system 1502 to authorize a transaction that violates an established rule, such as, for example, a purchase exceeding an established per purchase spending limit, a purchase exceeding a preset number of transactions, any portion of a purchase and/or transaction involving non-monetary funds (e.g., paying a portion of the transaction with loyalty points, coupons, airline miles, etc.) and/or any other purchase and/or transaction exceeding a preset or established limit. Fob user, a third-party issuer system a third-party financial system, a company and/or any other entity or system may establish the preset limits. The limits may be used to prevent fraud, theft, overdrafts, and/or other non-desirable situations associated with financial and non-financial accounts. For example, if fob 102 is stolen and the thief tries to make a large purchase with the card, the biometric safeguard mechanism may prevent the purchase until fob user's identity is verified by biometric means.
For example, fob 102 may activate biometric security system 1502 to notify a user who is attempting to make a large purchase that the user must provide a biometric sample to verify the user's identity. By notifying, fob 102 may be configured to provide an audible signal, visual signal, optical signal, mechanical signal, vibration, blinking, signaling and beeping, and/or provide any other notification to a user. Accordingly, fob user may provide such verification by submitting a biometric sample, for example placing his finger over biometric sensor 1504 and/or any other biometric security devices used in association with fob 102. Biometric sensor 1504 may then digitize the biometric sample (e.g., fingerprint) and use the digitized sample for verification by any of the methods described herein. Once fob user's identity and/or fob 102 transponder identifier are verified, fob 102 may provide a transaction authorized signal to RF transponder 202 (and/or to transponder 220) for forwarding to RFID reader 104. RFID reader 104 may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device 110 in similar manner as is done with conventional PIN driven systems and POS device 110 may process the transaction under the merchant's business as usual standard. If fob 102 has been stolen, then fob user's identity may not be verified and the transaction may be cancelled. Additionally, one or more further security procedures may be triggered, such as, for example, fob 102 may deactivate, fob 102 may send a notification to a security vendor, fob 102 may be confiscated by the merchant and/or any other security procedures may be used.
In another exemplary embodiment, RFID reader 104 may be equipped with a biometric safeguard mechanism. For example, in one exemplary application of RFID reader 104, RFID reader 104 may use biometric security system 1602 to authorize a transaction that violates an established rule, such as, for example, a purchase exceeding an established per purchase spending limit, a purchase exceeding a preset number of transactions and/or any other purchase exceeding a preset or established limit. Fob user, a third-party issuer system a third-party financial system, a company and/or any other entity or system may establish the preset limits. The limits may be used to prevent fraud, theft, overdrafts, and/or other non-desirable situations associated with financial and non-financial accounts. For example, if fob 102 is stolen and the thief tries to make a large purchase with the card, the biometric safeguard mechanism may prevent the purchase until fob user's identity is verified by biometric means.
In one example, where fob user is using a company-issued fob 102, fob 102 may the have a pre-set limit of transactions that may be completed before biometric verification is required. If the user exceeds the transaction limit, RFID reader 104 may be configured to scan a biometric sample in order to verify the user's identity. Accordingly, the user may provide such verification by submitting a biometric sample, for example submitting a retinal scan to biometric sensor 1604. RFID reader 104 may then digitize the biometric sample (e.g., retinal pattern) and use the digitized sample for verification by any of the methods described herein. Once fob user's identity and/or fob 102 transponder identifier are verified, RFID reader 104 may receive a transaction authorized signal from a security vendor authorized to give such a signal. RFID reader 104 may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device 110 in similar manner as is done with convention PIN driven systems and POS device 110 may process the transaction under the merchant's business as usual standard.
While the biometric safeguard mechanisms described herein use fingerprint scanning and retinal scanning for biometric sample verification for exemplification, any biometric sample may be submitted for verification, authorization and/or any other safeguard purpose. For example the present invention contemplates the use of voice recognition, facial and/or ear recognition, signature recognition, vascular patterns, DNA sampling, hand geometry, auditory emissions recognition, olfactory recognition, keystroke/typing recognition, iris scans, and/or any other biometric known in the art.
The preceding detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show the exemplary embodiment by way of illustration. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process claims may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented. Further, the present invention may be practiced using one or more servers, as necessary. Thus, the preceding detailed description is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation, and the scope of the invention is defined by the preceding description, and with respect to the attached claims.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, no element described herein is required for the practice of the invention unless expressly described as “essential” or “critical.”
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/858,375 filed Sep. 20, 2007, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 10/708,837, filed on Mar. 26, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,360,689, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/340,352, filed on Jan. 10, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,889,052, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/192,488, filed on Jul. 9, 2002 (which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional No. 60/304,216, filed on Jul. 10, 2001); a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/318,432, filed Dec. 13, 2002; and a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/318,480, filed Dec. 13, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,249,112, which is a non-provisional application of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/396,577, filed Jul. 16, 2002. All of the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3376661 | Hulett | Apr 1968 | A |
| 3914762 | Klensch | Oct 1975 | A |
| 4066873 | Schatz | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4206965 | McGrew | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4303904 | Chasek | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4318554 | Anderson et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4421380 | McGrew | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4443027 | McNelly et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4453074 | Weinstein | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4475308 | Heise et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4558211 | Berslein | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4582985 | Lofberg | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4583766 | Wessel | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4589686 | McGrew | May 1986 | A |
| 4593936 | Opel | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4639765 | d'Hont | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4656463 | Anders et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4663518 | Borror et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4672021 | Blumel et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4700055 | Kashkashian, Jr. | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4717221 | McGrew | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4725719 | Oncken et al. | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4736094 | Yoshida | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4739328 | Koelle et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4744497 | O'Neal | May 1988 | A |
| 4747147 | Sparrow | May 1988 | A |
| 4795894 | Sugimoto et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4829690 | Andros | May 1989 | A |
| 4837422 | Dethloff et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4839504 | Nakano | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4849617 | Ueda | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4868849 | Tamaoki | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4884507 | Levy | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4910521 | Mellon | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4918432 | Pauley et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4961142 | Elliott et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4984270 | LaBounty | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4993068 | Piosenka et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4998753 | Wichael | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5023782 | Lutz et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5053774 | Schuermann et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5068894 | Hoppe | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5099226 | Andrews | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5101200 | Swett | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5125356 | Galante | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5175416 | Mansvelt et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5180902 | Schick et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5193114 | Moseley | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5197140 | Balmer | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5198647 | Mizuta | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5206488 | Teicher | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5208110 | Smith et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5212777 | Gave et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5221838 | Gutman et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5222282 | Sukonnik et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5226989 | Sukonnik | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5234624 | Bauer et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5239654 | Ing-Simmons et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5245329 | Gokcebay | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5247304 | d'Hont | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5257656 | Mcleroy | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5259649 | Shamron | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5274392 | d'Hont et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5276311 | Hennige | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5285100 | Byatt | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5288978 | Iijima | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5304789 | Lob et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5305002 | Holodak et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5308121 | Gunn | May 1994 | A |
| 5321751 | Ray et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5326964 | Risser | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5329617 | Asal | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5331138 | Saroya | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5339447 | Balmer | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5349357 | Schurmann et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5351052 | d'Hont et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5359522 | Ryan | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5365551 | Snodgrass et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5371896 | Gove et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5373303 | d'Hont | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5397881 | Mannik | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5407893 | Koshizuka et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5408243 | d'Hont | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5410649 | Gove | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5412192 | Hoss | May 1995 | A |
| 5428363 | d'Hont | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5438184 | Roberts et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5453747 | d'Hont et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5461217 | Claus | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5471592 | Gove et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5477040 | Lalonde | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5479494 | Clitherow | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5485510 | Colbert | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5488376 | Hurta et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5489411 | Jha et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5489908 | Orthmann et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5490079 | Sharpe et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5491483 | d'Hont | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5491484 | Schuermann | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5491715 | Flaxl | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5493312 | Knebelkamp | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5497121 | d'Hont | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5500651 | Schuermann | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5503434 | Gunn | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5513272 | Bogosian, Jr. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5513525 | Schurmann | May 1996 | A |
| 5519381 | Marsh et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5521966 | Friedes et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5522083 | Gove et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5525992 | Froschermeier | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5525994 | Hurta et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5528222 | Moskowitz et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5530232 | Taylor | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5533656 | Bonaldi | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5534857 | Laing et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5539825 | Akiyama et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5541604 | Meier | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5543798 | Schuermann | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5544246 | Mandelbaum et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5548291 | Meier et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5550536 | Flaxl | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5550548 | Schuermann | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5552789 | Schuermann | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5555877 | Lockwood et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5557279 | d'Hont | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5557516 | Hogan | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559504 | Itsumi et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559887 | Davis et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5561430 | Knebelkamp | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5563582 | d'Hont | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569187 | Kaiser | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569897 | Masuda | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5572226 | Tuttle | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5577109 | Stimson et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5577121 | Davis et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5578808 | Taylor | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5581630 | Bonneau, Jr. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5585787 | Wallerstein | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5590038 | Pitroda | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5590197 | Chen et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5592150 | d'Hont | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5592405 | Gove et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5592767 | Treske | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5594233 | Kenneth et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5594448 | d'Hont | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5597534 | Kaiser | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5600175 | Orthmann | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602538 | Orthmann et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602918 | Chen et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602919 | Hurta et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5604342 | Fujioka | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5604801 | Dolan et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5606520 | Gove et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5606594 | Register et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5607522 | McDonnell | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5608406 | Eberth et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5608778 | Partridge, III | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5613001 | Bakhoum | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5613146 | Gave et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5619207 | d'Hont | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621396 | Flaxl | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621411 | Hagl et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621412 | Sharpe et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5625366 | d'Hont | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5625370 | d'Hont | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5625695 | M'Raihi et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5629981 | Nerlikar | May 1997 | A |
| 5638080 | Orthmann et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640002 | Ruppert et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5646607 | Schurmann et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5649118 | Carlisle et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5657388 | Weiss | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5660319 | Falcone et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5673106 | Thompson | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5675342 | Sharpe | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5677953 | Dolphin | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5686920 | Hurta et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5691731 | van Erven | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5692132 | Hogan | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5694596 | Campbell | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5696913 | Gove et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5698837 | Furuta | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5699528 | Hogan | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5700037 | Keller | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701127 | Sharpe | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5704046 | Hogan | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5705798 | Tarbox | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5705852 | Orihara et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5710421 | Kokubu | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5715399 | Bezos | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5721781 | Deo et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5725098 | Seifert et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5729053 | Orthmann | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5729236 | Flaxl | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5731957 | Brennan | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5732579 | d'Hont et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5737439 | Lapsley et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5739512 | Tognazzini | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742756 | Dillaway et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742845 | Wagner | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5745571 | Zuk | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5748137 | d'Hont | May 1998 | A |
| 5748737 | Daggar | May 1998 | A |
| 5757917 | Rose et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5758195 | Balmer | May 1998 | A |
| 5761306 | Lewis | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5761493 | Blakeley et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5764789 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768609 | Gove et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5769457 | Warther | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5770843 | Rose et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5773812 | Kreft | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5774882 | Keen et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5777903 | Piosenka | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5778067 | Jones et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5778173 | Aple | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5785680 | Niezink et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5789733 | Jachimowicz et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5792337 | Padovani et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793324 | Aslanidis et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5794095 | Thompson | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5796831 | Paradinas et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5797060 | Thompson | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5797085 | Buek et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5797133 | Jones et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5798709 | Flaxl | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5799087 | Rosen | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5806045 | Biorge et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809142 | Hurta et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809288 | Balmer | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809633 | Mundigl et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5815252 | Price-Francis | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5815657 | Williams et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5825007 | Jesadanont | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825302 | Stafford | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5826077 | Blakeley et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5826241 | Stein et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5826243 | Musmanno et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5828044 | Jun et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5834756 | Gutman et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5835894 | Adcock et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5838257 | Lambropoulos | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5838720 | Morelli | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5838812 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841364 | Hagl et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5842088 | Thompson | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844218 | Kawan et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5844230 | Lalonde | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5845267 | Ronen | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851149 | Xidos et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5852812 | Reeder | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5854891 | Postlewaite et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5857079 | Claus et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5857152 | Everett | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5858006 | Van der AA et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5859419 | Wynn | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5859779 | Giordano et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864306 | Dwyer et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864323 | Berthon | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5867100 | d'Hont | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5869822 | Meadows et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5870031 | Kaiser et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5870723 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5870915 | d'Hont | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5875432 | Sehr | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5878215 | Kling et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5878337 | Joao et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5878403 | DeFrancesco et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5880675 | Trautner | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5881272 | Balmer | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883377 | Chapin, Jr. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883810 | Franklin et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5884271 | Pitroda | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5884292 | Baker et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5887266 | Heinonen et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5889941 | Tushie et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5890137 | Koreeda | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5892211 | Davis et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5898783 | Rohrbach | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5898838 | Wagner | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5901239 | Kamei | May 1999 | A |
| 5903830 | Joao et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5905798 | Nerlikar et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5905908 | Wagner | May 1999 | A |
| 5907620 | Klemba et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5912446 | Wong et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5912678 | Saxena et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914472 | Foladare et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915973 | Hoehn-Saric et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917168 | Nakamura et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917913 | Wang | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917925 | Moore | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5920058 | Weber et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5920628 | Indeck et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5920629 | Rosen | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5920847 | Kolling et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5923734 | Taskell | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5923884 | Peyret et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5924080 | Johnson | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5929801 | Aslanidis et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5930767 | Reber et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5931917 | Nguyen et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5933624 | Balmer | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5936226 | Aucsmith | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5942761 | Tuli | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5943624 | Fox et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5948116 | Aslanidis et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5950174 | Brendzel | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5950179 | Buchanan et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5953512 | Cai et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5953710 | Fleming | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955717 | Vanstone | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955951 | Wischerop et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955969 | d'Hont | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5956024 | Strickland et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5956693 | Geerlings | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5956699 | Wong et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5960416 | Block | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5963924 | Williams et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5969318 | Mackenthun | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5970148 | Meier | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5970470 | Walker | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974238 | Chase, Jr. | Oct 1999 | A |
| RE36365 | Levine et al. | Nov 1999 | E |
| 5978840 | Nguyen et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5979757 | Tracy et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5982293 | Everett et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5983200 | Slotznick | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5983208 | Hailer | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5987140 | Rowney et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5987155 | Dunn et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5987498 | Alhing et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5988497 | Wallace | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5988510 | Tuttle | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989950 | Wu | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991608 | Leyten | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991748 | Taskell | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991750 | Watson | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995014 | DiMaria | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5996076 | Rowney et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6002438 | Hocevar et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002767 | Kramer | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6003014 | Lee et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6005942 | Chan et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6006216 | Griffin et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6011487 | Plocher | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6012039 | Hoffman et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6012049 | Kawan | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6012636 | Smith | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6014645 | Cunningham | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6016476 | Maes et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018717 | Lee et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| RE36580 | Bogosian, Jr. | Feb 2000 | E |
| 6021943 | Chastain | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6024286 | Bradley et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6029149 | Dykstra et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6029175 | Chow | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6029892 | Miyake | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6032136 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6036100 | Asami | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6038292 | Thomas | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6038584 | Balmer | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6041410 | Hsu et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6044360 | Picciallo | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6047888 | Dethloff | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6050494 | Song et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6052675 | Checchio | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6058476 | Matsuzaki et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6060815 | Nysen | May 2000 | A |
| 6061344 | Wood, Jr. | May 2000 | A |
| 6064320 | d'Hont et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6065675 | Teicher | May 2000 | A |
| 6068184 | Barnett | May 2000 | A |
| 6068193 | Kreft | May 2000 | A |
| 6070003 | Gave et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6072870 | Nguyen et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6073112 | Geerlings | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6073236 | Kusakabe et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6073840 | Marion | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6076296 | Schaeffer | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078888 | Johnson, Jr. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078908 | Schmitz | Jun 2000 | A |
| RE36788 | Mansvelt et al. | Jul 2000 | E |
| 6085976 | Sehr | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6088683 | Jalili | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6088686 | Walker et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6089611 | Blank | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091835 | Smithies et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6092057 | Zimmerman et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6095413 | Tetro et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6095567 | Buell | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6098879 | Terranova | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099043 | Story | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6101174 | Langston | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6101477 | Hohle et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6102162 | Teicher | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6102672 | Woollenweber | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6104281 | Heinrich et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6104311 | Lastinger | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6104922 | Baumann | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6105008 | Davis et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6105013 | Curry et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6105865 | Hardesty | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6107920 | Eberhardt et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6108641 | Kenna et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6109525 | Blomqvist et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112152 | Tuttle | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112984 | Snavely | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6115360 | Quay et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6116423 | Troxtell, Jr. et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6116505 | Withrow | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6116736 | Stark et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6118189 | Flaxl | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120461 | Smyth | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6121544 | Pelsinger | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6123223 | Walkins | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6129274 | Suzuki | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6130623 | Maclellan et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6133834 | Eberth et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6138913 | Cyr et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6138917 | Chapin, Jr. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141651 | Riley et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6144916 | Wood et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6144948 | Walker et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6148093 | McConnell et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154879 | Pare et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6157824 | Bailey | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6163771 | Walker et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6167236 | Kaiser et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6168083 | Berger et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6173269 | Solokl et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6173897 | Halpern | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6173898 | Mande | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6173899 | Rozin | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6177859 | Tuttle et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6177860 | Cromer et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179205 | Sloan | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179206 | Matsumori | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6185307 | Johnson | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6188994 | Egendorf | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6189787 | Dorf | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6192255 | Lewis et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6195006 | Bowers et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198728 | Hulyalkar et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6198875 | Edenson et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6199079 | Gupta et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6199762 | Hohle | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6202927 | Bashan et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6205151 | Quay et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6206293 | Gutman et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6213390 | Oneda | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213391 | Lewis | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6215437 | Schurmann et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6216219 | Cai et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6219439 | Burger | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6219639 | Bakis et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6220510 | Everett et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| D442627 | Webb et al. | May 2001 | S |
| D442629 | Webb et al. | May 2001 | S |
| 6223984 | Renner et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6224109 | Yang | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6226382 | M'Raihi et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6227447 | Campisano | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6230270 | Laczko, Sr. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6232917 | Baumer et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233348 | Fujii et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233683 | Chan et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6237848 | Everett | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6239675 | Flaxl | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6240187 | Lewis | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6240989 | Masoud | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6250554 | Leo et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6250557 | Forslund et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6257486 | Teicher et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6257620 | Kenney | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6259769 | Page | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6260026 | Tomida et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6260088 | Gave et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6263316 | Khan et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6263446 | Kausik et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6264106 | Bridgelall | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6265977 | Vega et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266754 | Laczko, Sr. et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267292 | Walker et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6268788 | Gray | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6269348 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6273335 | Sloan | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6282522 | Davis et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| D447515 | Faenza, Jr. et al. | Sep 2001 | S |
| 6286763 | Reynolds et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289324 | Kawan | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6290137 | Kiekhaefer | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6293462 | Gangi | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6295522 | Boesch | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6297727 | Nelson, Jr. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6304223 | Hilton et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6307956 | Black | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309098 | Wong | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6315193 | Hogan | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315195 | Ramacchandran | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317721 | Hurta et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317755 | Rakers et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6318636 | Reynolds et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6323566 | Meier | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325285 | Baralelli | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6325293 | Moreno | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6326934 | Kinzie | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6327573 | Walker et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6327578 | Linehan | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6329920 | Morrison et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6331972 | Harris et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332134 | Foster | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332193 | Glass et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6338048 | Mori | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6339384 | Valdes-Rodriguez | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6342844 | Rozin | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6353420 | Chung | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6353811 | Weissman | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6360953 | Lin et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6364208 | Stanford et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6367011 | Lee et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6374245 | Park | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6377034 | Ivanov | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6378073 | Davis et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6386444 | Sullivan | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6388533 | Swoboda | May 2002 | B2 |
| 6390375 | Kayanakis | May 2002 | B2 |
| 6400272 | Holtzman et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402026 | Schwier | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402028 | Graham, Jr. et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6406935 | Kayanakis et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6411611 | van der Tuijn | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6415978 | McAllister | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6421650 | Goetz et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6422462 | Cohen | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6422464 | Terranova | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6422472 | Thevenot et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424029 | Giesler | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424249 | Houvener | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| RE37822 | Anthonyson | Aug 2002 | E |
| 6427910 | Barnes et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6435415 | Calle | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6439455 | Everett et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6442532 | Kawan | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6446862 | Mann | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6457996 | Shih | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6466804 | Pecen et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6471127 | Pentz et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6473500 | Risafi et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6480100 | Frieden et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6480101 | Kelly et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6480825 | Sharma et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6481621 | Herrendoerfer et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6481632 | Wentker et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6483427 | Werb | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6483477 | Plonka | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6483929 | Murakami et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6484937 | Devaux et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6490443 | Freeny, Jr. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6491229 | Berney | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6491639 | Turcott | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494367 | Zacharias | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494380 | Jarosz | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6496594 | Prokoski | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6505772 | Mollett et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6507662 | Brooks | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6507762 | Amro et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6510983 | Horowitz et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6510998 | Stanford et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6513015 | Ogasawara | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6519565 | Clements et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6529880 | McKeen et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6535726 | Johnson | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6539101 | Black | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6546373 | Cerra | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6547133 | DeVries, Jr. et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6549912 | Chen | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6560581 | Fox et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6575361 | Graves et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6577229 | Bonneau et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6578768 | Binder et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6581839 | Lasch et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6587835 | Treyz et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6588660 | Buescher et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6588673 | Chan et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6589119 | Orus et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6591249 | Zoka | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6598024 | Walker et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6601759 | Fife et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6601762 | Piotrowski | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6608995 | Kawasaki et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6609655 | Harrell | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6609656 | Elledge | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6609658 | Sehr | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6626356 | Davenport et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6628810 | Harkin | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6628961 | Ho et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6629591 | Griswold et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6631849 | Blossom | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6636620 | Hoshino | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6636833 | Flitcroft et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6650887 | McGregor et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6657614 | Ito et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6662166 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6665405 | Lenstra | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6669086 | Abdi et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6671358 | Seidman et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6674786 | Nakamura et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6679427 | Kuroiwa | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6681328 | Harris et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6684269 | Wagner | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6685089 | Terranova et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6686847 | Mittler | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6687714 | Kogen et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6690930 | Dupre | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6693513 | Tuttle | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6697947 | Matyas, Jr. et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6703918 | Kita | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6704608 | Azuma | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6705530 | Kiekhaefer | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6708375 | Johnson | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6711262 | Watanen | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6725202 | Hurta et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6732919 | Macklin et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6732936 | Kiekhaefer | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6742120 | Markakis et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6747546 | Hikita et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6749123 | Lasch et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6760581 | Dutta | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6764014 | Lasch et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6765470 | Shinzaki | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6771981 | Zalewski et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6786400 | Bucci | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6789012 | Childs et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6789733 | Terranova et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6793141 | Graham | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6799726 | Stockhammer | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6816058 | McGregor et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6819219 | Bolle et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6830193 | Tanaka | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6834795 | Rasmussen et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6842106 | Hughes et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6853894 | Kolls | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6857566 | Wankmueller | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6859672 | Roberts et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6873974 | Schutzer | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6877097 | Hamid et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6895310 | Kolls | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6898299 | Brooks | May 2005 | B1 |
| H0002120 | Cudlitz | Jul 2005 | H |
| 6914517 | Kinsella | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6915277 | Manchester et al. | Jul 2005 | B1 |
| 6924729 | Aschauer et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6925439 | Pitroda | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6925565 | Black | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6928181 | Brooks | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6931538 | Sawaguchi | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6934861 | Haala | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| D509243 | Hunter, Jr. et al. | Sep 2005 | S |
| 6940461 | Nantz et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6944768 | Siegel et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6978369 | Wheeler et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6978933 | Yap et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 7004385 | Douglass | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7006993 | Cheong et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7049962 | Atherton et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7051925 | Schwarz, Jr. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7059159 | Lanigan et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7069444 | Lowensohn et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7070112 | Beenau et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7093767 | Faenza et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7102523 | Shanks et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7119659 | Bonalle et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7132946 | Waldner et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7136835 | Flitcroft et al. | Nov 2006 | B1 |
| 7171662 | Misara et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7172112 | Bonalle et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7184747 | Bogal | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7287695 | Wankmueller | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7289970 | Siegel | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7319987 | Hoffman et al. | Jan 2008 | B1 |
| 7363505 | Black | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7419093 | Blackson et al. | Sep 2008 | B1 |
| 20010013542 | Horowitz et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010013546 | Ross | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010013551 | Ramachandran | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010017584 | Shinzaki | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010018660 | Sehr | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010024157 | Hansmann et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010029449 | Tsurufuji et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010029493 | Pare et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010030238 | Arisawa | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010034565 | Leatherman | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010034623 | Chung | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010034720 | Armes et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010036301 | Yamaguchi et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010036835 | Leedom, Jr. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010039617 | Buhrlen et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010040507 | Eckstein et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010053239 | Takhar | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020005774 | Rudolph et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020011519 | Shults | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020013765 | Shwartz | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020014952 | Terranova | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020019807 | Halpern | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020026575 | Wheeler et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020028704 | Bloomfield et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020030581 | Janiak et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035548 | Hogan et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020036237 | Atherton et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020040935 | Weyant | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020040936 | Wentker et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020043566 | Goodman et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20050043566 | Goodman et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020052839 | Takatori | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020062249 | Iannacci | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020062284 | Kawan | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020062291 | Zoka | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020066784 | Segal et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020072349 | Geiselman et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020073025 | Tanner et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020074398 | Lancos et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077837 | Krueger et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077895 | Howell | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077992 | Tobin | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020079367 | Montani | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020083320 | Vatanen | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020087869 | Kim | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020092914 | Pentz et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095343 | Barton et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095389 | Gaines | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095587 | Doyle et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095588 | Shigematsu et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020097142 | Janiak et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020097144 | Collins et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107007 | Gerson | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107742 | Magill | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020108062 | Nakajima et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020109580 | Shreve et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020111210 | Luciano, Jr. et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020111917 | Hoffman et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020113082 | Leatherman et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020116274 | Hind et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120584 | Hogan et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020126010 | Trimble et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128977 | Nambiar et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128980 | Ludtke et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020131567 | Maginas | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020133725 | Roy et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138351 | Houvener et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138438 | Bardwell | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020139839 | Catan | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020140542 | Prokoski et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020145043 | Challa et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020147002 | Trop et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020147600 | Waters et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020147913 | Lun Yip | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020148892 | Bardwell | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020152123 | Giordano et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020153424 | Li | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020154795 | Lee et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020158747 | McGregor et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020163421 | Wang et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020166891 | Stoutenburg et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020169673 | Prorock et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020174067 | Hoffman et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020175805 | Armstrong et al. | Nov 2002 | A9 |
| 20020176522 | Fan | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020178063 | Gravelle et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020178124 | Lewis | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020178369 | Black | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020179704 | Deaton | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020185543 | Pentz et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186133 | Loaf | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186838 | Brandys | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188501 | Lefkowith | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188855 | Nakayama et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020190124 | Piotrowski | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020190125 | Stockhammer | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020191816 | Maritzen et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020192856 | Halope et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020193102 | Hyyppa et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020194303 | Suila et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020194503 | Faith et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020196963 | Bardwell | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030001006 | Lee | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030001459 | Scott | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030004866 | Huennekens et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030004881 | Shinzaki et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030005310 | Shinzaki | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030006901 | Kim et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030009382 | D'Arbeloff et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030014307 | Heng | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030014357 | Chrisekos et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030014891 | Nelms et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030018532 | Dudek et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030018893 | Hess | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030025600 | Blanchard | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030028481 | Flitcroft et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030033697 | Hicks et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030037264 | Ezaki et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030037851 | Hogganvik | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030046228 | Berney | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030046237 | Uberti | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030046540 | Nakamura et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030054836 | Michal | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030055727 | Walker et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030057226 | Long | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030057278 | Wong | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030061172 | Robinson | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030069828 | Blazey et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030069846 | Marcon | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030074317 | Hofi | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030086591 | Simon | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030093187 | Walker | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030097344 | Chaum et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030106935 | Burchette, Jr. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030112120 | K. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030112972 | Hattick et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030120554 | Hogan et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030120626 | Piotrowski | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030121969 | Wankmueller | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030122120 | Brazis et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030123714 | O'Gorman et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030125054 | Garcia | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030130820 | Lane, III | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030132284 | Reynolds et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030132297 | McCall et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030140228 | Binder | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030149661 | Mitchell et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030149662 | Shore | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030150911 | Joseph | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030152252 | Kondo et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030155416 | Macklin et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030159044 | Doyle et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030160074 | Pineda | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030163699 | Pailles et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030167207 | Berardi et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030172027 | Scott | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030173408 | Mosher, Jr. et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030177102 | Robinson | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030177347 | Schneier et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030183689 | Swift et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030183695 | Labrec et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030183699 | Masui | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187786 | Swift et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187787 | Freund | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187790 | Swift et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187796 | Swift et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030191949 | Odagawa | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195842 | Reece | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195843 | Matsuda et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030200184 | Dominguez et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030208439 | Rast | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030218066 | Fernandes et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030220876 | Burger et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030222153 | Pentz et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030223625 | Hillhouse et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225623 | Wankmueller | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225713 | Atkinson et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030226041 | Palmer et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030227550 | Manico et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030229793 | McCall et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030230514 | Baker | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233334 | Smith | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030236704 | Antonucci | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040006497 | Nestor et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040010462 | Moon et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040011877 | Reppermund | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040014457 | Stevens | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040015451 | Sahota et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040016796 | Hanna et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040017934 | Kocher | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040020982 | Hoffman et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040021552 | Koo | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040024694 | Lawrence et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040026518 | Kudo et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040029569 | Khan et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030601 | Pond et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040031856 | Atsmon et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039814 | Crabtree et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039860 | Mills et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040041021 | Nugent, Jr. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040041690 | Yamagishi | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040044627 | Russell et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040046034 | Yamani et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040049687 | Orsini | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040050930 | Rowe | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040052406 | Brooks | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040059923 | ShamRao | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040061593 | Lane | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040062423 | Doi | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040083380 | Janke | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040084524 | Ramachandran | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040084542 | DeYoe et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040098336 | Flink | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040118930 | Berardi et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127256 | Goldthwaite et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040129787 | Saito et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040131237 | Machida | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133787 | Doughty et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040136573 | Sato | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040139021 | Reed et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040144841 | Tsukamoto et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040149820 | Zuili | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040155101 | Royer et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158723 | Root | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040160310 | Chen et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040161135 | Sano et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040165753 | Takhiri et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040172541 | Ando et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176071 | Gehrmann et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040177045 | Brown | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040178063 | Mirchi et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040180657 | Yaqub et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040188519 | Cassone | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040195314 | Lee | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040199469 | Barillova et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040202354 | Togino | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040208343 | Golden et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215575 | Garrity | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040222803 | Tartagni | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040230488 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040232220 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040232224 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040233039 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040235450 | Rosenberg | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040236680 | Luoffo et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040236699 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040236701 | Beenau et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040239480 | Beenau et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040240711 | Hamza et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040255168 | Murashita et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040257196 | Kotzin | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040258282 | Bjorn et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050001711 | Doughty et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050004921 | Beenau et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050005172 | Haala | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050017068 | Zalewski et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050018658 | Ikeda et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050020304 | Shinzaki | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050021457 | Johnson et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050023157 | Logan | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033686 | Peart et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033687 | Beenau et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033688 | Peart et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033992 | Inabe | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050035192 | Bonalle et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050035847 | Bonalle et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050036665 | Higuchi | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038718 | Barnes et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050040221 | Schwarz, Jr. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050040272 | Argumedo et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050045718 | Bortolin et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050054438 | Rothschild et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050058262 | Timmins et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050065842 | Summers | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050065872 | Moebs et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050087597 | Gotfried et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050091325 | Kuwana et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050097038 | Yu et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050098621 | deSylva | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050100199 | Boshra | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050102524 | Haala | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050103839 | Hewel | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113137 | Rodriguez et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116024 | Beenau et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050121512 | Wankmueller | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050122209 | Black | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050123137 | McCallum | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050125312 | Dearing et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050125317 | Winkelman, III et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050125343 | Mendelovich | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050127164 | Wankmueller | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137977 | Wankmueller | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050139669 | Arnouse | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050149926 | Saltz | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050160271 | Brundage et al. | Jul 2005 | A9 |
| 20050160790 | Tanaka et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050165684 | Jensen et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050166062 | Sanchez-Cifuentes | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050169504 | Black | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050171787 | Zagami | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050171905 | Wankmueller | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050180618 | Black | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187883 | Bishop et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050197923 | Kilner et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050207002 | Liu et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050211784 | Justin | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050212657 | Simon | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050216424 | Gandre et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050221853 | Silvester | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050232471 | Baer | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050240778 | Saito | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050251688 | Nanavati et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261972 | Black | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050275505 | Himmelstein | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060005022 | Wakamori et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060005042 | Black | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060033609 | Bridgelall | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060034492 | Siegel et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060066444 | Steeves | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060071756 | Steeves | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060077034 | Hillier | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060080552 | Lauper | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060104485 | Miller et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060158434 | Zank et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173291 | Glossop | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173791 | Mann et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060177061 | Orsini et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060178937 | Rau et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060190419 | Bunn et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060202835 | Thibault | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229988 | Oshima et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20070008131 | Doan et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070046468 | Davis | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070057797 | Waldner et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070075841 | Matlsev et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 689070 | Aug 1997 | CH |
| 689680 | Aug 1999 | CH |
| 2847756 | May 1980 | DE |
| 4339460 | Nov 1993 | DE |
| 29702538 | Apr 1997 | DE |
| 0181770 | May 1986 | EP |
| 0343829 | Nov 1989 | EP |
| 0354817 | Feb 1990 | EP |
| 0358525 | Mar 1990 | EP |
| 0368570 | May 1990 | EP |
| 0388090 | Sep 1990 | EP |
| 0424726 | Oct 1990 | EP |
| 0403134 | Dec 1990 | EP |
| 0411602 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0473998 | Mar 1992 | EP |
| 0481388 | Apr 1992 | EP |
| 0531605 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0552047 | Jul 1993 | EP |
| 0560318 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0568185 | Nov 1993 | EP |
| 0721850 | Jul 1996 | EP |
| 0780839 | Jun 1997 | EP |
| 0789316 | Aug 1997 | EP |
| 0866420 | Sep 1998 | EP |
| 0894620 | Feb 1999 | EP |
| 0916519 | May 1999 | EP |
| 0917120 | May 1999 | EP |
| 0927945 | Jul 1999 | EP |
| 0933717 | Aug 1999 | EP |
| 0949595 | Oct 1999 | EP |
| 0956818 | Nov 1999 | EP |
| 0959440 | Nov 1999 | EP |
| 0984404 | Mar 2000 | EP |
| 1016947 | Jul 2000 | EP |
| 1017030 | Jul 2000 | EP |
| 1039403 | Sep 2000 | EP |
| 1104909 | Jun 2001 | EP |
| 1113387 | Jul 2001 | EP |
| 1199684 | Apr 2002 | EP |
| 1251450 | Oct 2002 | EP |
| 1345146 | Sep 2003 | EP |
| 0657297 | Oct 2007 | EP |
| 1371254 | Oct 1974 | GB |
| 2108906 | May 1985 | GB |
| 2240948 | Aug 1991 | GB |
| 2347537 | Sep 2000 | GB |
| 62-043774 | Mar 1987 | JP |
| 62-264999 | Nov 1987 | JP |
| 63-071794 | Apr 1988 | JP |
| 63-098689 | Apr 1988 | JP |
| 63-072721 | May 1988 | JP |
| 63-175987 | Jul 1988 | JP |
| 64-004934 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 64-087395 | Mar 1989 | JP |
| 64-087396 | Mar 1989 | JP |
| 64-087397 | Mar 1989 | JP |
| 02-130737 | May 1990 | JP |
| 02-252149 | Oct 1990 | JP |
| 03001289 | Jan 1991 | JP |
| 03-290780 | Dec 1991 | JP |
| 04-303692 | Oct 1992 | JP |
| 05-069689 | Mar 1993 | JP |
| 05-254283 | Oct 1993 | JP |
| 06068647 | Mar 1994 | JP |
| 06-183187 | Jul 1994 | JP |
| 06-191137 | Jul 1994 | JP |
| 06-234287 | Aug 1994 | JP |
| 07-173358 | Jul 1995 | JP |
| 07-205569 | Aug 1995 | JP |
| 08202842 | Aug 1996 | JP |
| 08-244385 | Sep 1996 | JP |
| 08241387 | Sep 1996 | JP |
| 08-324163 | Dec 1996 | JP |
| 09-052240 | Feb 1997 | JP |
| 09-274640 | Oct 1997 | JP |
| 10-129161 | May 1998 | JP |
| 10302160 | Nov 1998 | JP |
| 10312485 | Nov 1998 | JP |
| 11-227367 | Aug 1999 | JP |
| 11252069 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| 2000-11109 | Jan 2000 | JP |
| 2000-15288 | Jan 2000 | JP |
| 2000-40181 | Feb 2000 | JP |
| 2000-67312 | Mar 2000 | JP |
| 2000137774 | May 2000 | JP |
| 2000-177229 | Jun 2000 | JP |
| 2000-207641 | Jul 2000 | JP |
| 2000312267 | Nov 2000 | JP |
| 2001-5931 | Jan 2001 | JP |
| 2001-504406 | Apr 2001 | JP |
| 2001-283122 | Oct 2001 | JP |
| 2001-315475 | Nov 2001 | JP |
| 2001338251 | Dec 2001 | JP |
| 2001357362 | Dec 2001 | JP |
| 2002006061 | Jan 2002 | JP |
| 2002024914 | Jan 2002 | JP |
| 2002049942 | Feb 2002 | JP |
| 2002099859 | Apr 2002 | JP |
| 2002109210 | Apr 2002 | JP |
| 2002-274087 | Sep 2002 | JP |
| 2003-288646 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| 2004-164347 | Jun 2004 | JP |
| 2004-348478 | Dec 2004 | JP |
| WO 8100776 | Mar 1981 | WO |
| WO 8903760 | May 1989 | WO |
| WO 9008661 | Aug 1990 | WO |
| WO 9216913 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| WO 9532919 | Dec 1995 | WO |
| WO 9535546 | Dec 1995 | WO |
| WO 9606409 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO 9618972 | Jun 1996 | WO |
| WO 9740459 | Oct 1997 | WO |
| WO 9821683 | May 1998 | WO |
| 9828877 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| WO 9845778 | Oct 1998 | WO |
| WO 9903057 | Jan 1999 | WO |
| WO 9912136 | Mar 1999 | WO |
| WO 9914055 | Mar 1999 | WO |
| WO 9921321 | Apr 1999 | WO |
| WO 9927492 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| WO 9940548 | Aug 1999 | WO |
| WO 9947983 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 0010144 | Feb 2000 | WO |
| WO 0038088 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| WO 0104825 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| 0122351 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO 0115098 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO 0143095 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 0155955 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| WO 0172224 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0177856 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0180473 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 0186535 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 0190962 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 0195243 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 0201485 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 0213134 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| WO 0221903 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 02063545 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02065246 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02065404 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02069221 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO 02073512 | Sep 2002 | WO |
| WO 02086665 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO 02091281 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO 02097575 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| WO 02101670 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| WO 03007623 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| 2004006064 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| JP; Decision of Rejection in Application No. 2008-001633. |
| EP; European Search Report dated Sep. 22, 2011 in Application No. 05729098.3. |
| JP; Office Action dated Jun. 9, 2011 in Application No. 200680051235.7. |
| EP; Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings dated Aug. 30, 2011 in Application No. 02748120.9. |
| JP; Office Action dated Aug. 31, 2011 in Application No. 2006-246143. |
| JP; Office Action dated May 19, 2010 in Application No. 2008-001633. |
| JP; Office Action dated May 18, 2010 in Application No. 2007-026166. |
| “What's New: Timex Watch Features Speedpass System”, http://www.speedpass.com/news/article.jsp?id=51 (1 page). |
| “Physical Reality: A Second Look”, Ken Sharp, Senior Technical Editor, http://www.idsystems.com/reader/1999—03/phys0399—pl2/phys0399—pt2.hlm (6 pages). |
| “Magic Wands' to Speed Mobile Sales”, BobBrewin, Jan. 15, 2001, http://www.computerworld.com/mobiletopics/mobile/story/1,10801,563300.hlml (4 pages). |
| “Mobile Speedpass Goes Global as Mobil Singapore Rolls Out Asia's First RFID-Based Pay-At-The-Pump System”, Press Release, Apr. 5, 1999, hllp:I/www.ti.com/liris/docs/news—releases/rel12.hlm (3 pages). |
| “Speedpass Unleashed”, Jun. 4, 2002 hllp:l/www.cardweb.com/cardlraklnews/cf2—20a—97.html (2 pages). |
| Prophecy Central Update #9, Oct. 10, 1997, http://www.bible-prophecy.com/pcu9.hlm (5 pages). |
| International Newsletter of the TI RFID Group, Issue 20, 2000 (12 pages). |
| “CES: Microsoft's SPOT Technology has Humble Origins”, by James Niccolai, Jan. 10, 2003, http://archive. inforworld.com/articles/hn/xml/03/01/10/03011Ohnspol.xml?s=IDGNS (3 pages). |
| “Microsoft: See SPOT Run on Your Wrist”, by Richard Shim, Jun. 5, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-1041—3-1013442.hlml?tag=fd—lop (1 page). |
| Networking: Microsoft SPOT. by Jeremy A. Kaplan. Jul. 1, 2003, http://www.pcmag.com/print—article/0,3048, a=43561,OO.asp (2 pages). |
| “Microsoft Launches Smart Personal Object Technology Initiative”, Press Release from COMDEX Fall 2002, Nov. 17, 2002, http://www.Microsoft.com/presspass/features/2002/nov02/11-17SPOT.asp (4 pages). |
| “Bank Extends RFID Payment Pilot: Bank of America will continue to test its QuickWave RFID payment card for another three months”, RFID Journal, Jan. 23, 2003. |
| “MasterCard to Test RFID Card: Pilot will test whether consumers, merchants and credit card issuers value “contactless” payments”, RFID Journal, Dec. 20, 2002. |
| “Vendors Target Amusement Parks: Protecting children and enabling cashless payments make RFID an appealing option for the entertainment industry”, RFID Journal, Nov. 27, 2002. |
| “Inside's Next-Gen Smart Card: The French company plans to introduce an RFID card that uses a 16-bit microprocessor and new encryption technology”, RFID Journal, Oct. 29, 2002. |
| “Sony, Philips Creating RFID Link: Consumer electronics giants are jointly developing a new RFID standard for payments and for communication between devices”, RFID Journal, Sep. 17, 2002. |
| “Japan Gets Digital Ticket System: A national ticket seller and phone company are teaming up to create an electronic ticket”, RFID Journal, Aug. 31, 2002. |
| “Security for Wireless Java: NTRU, a startup that offers security software, has released of Java version of its NTRU encryption algorithm”, RFID Journal, Jun. 27, 2002. |
| “Making RFID Payments Ubiquitous: Philips and Visa want people to be able to pay for goods and services anywhere by using RFID chips embedded in the phones and other devices”, RFID Journal, Jun. 2, 2003. |
| “RFID Smart Cards Gain Ground: The convenience of contactless transactions is driving widespread adoption of contactless smart cards”, RFID Journal, Apr. 9, 2003. |
| “TI Embraces Prox Card Standard: Texas Instruments ISO 14443 payment platform promises faster data transfer rates and more security”, RFID Journal. Mar. 6, 2003. |
| “Multiple Frequency Transponders: Volume production of dual-band RFID chips begins”. Frontline Solutions. Jul. 16, 2003. |
| Functional Specification. Standard Card IC MF1 IC S50, Philips Semiconductors, Product Specification Rev. 5.1 May 2001. |
| http://www.semiconductors.phillips.com/news/contenl/file—878.html, Apr. 7, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/whatis.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/profiles.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/radio.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.polowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/baseband.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/Imp.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/hci.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/12cap.asp. Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/lutorial/rfcomm.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/lutorial/sdp.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/lutorialk1—gap.asp, Apr. 28, 2003. |
| “Sony, Phillips to Test RFID Platform”, RFID Journal, May 8, 2003. |
| USBanker, Article 5, 1995, http://www.banking.com/us-banker/art5. |
| Financial Technology International Bulletin, V14, n1, p. 4, Sep. 1996. |
| Green, Thomas C., “American Express Offers temporary CC numbers for the web,” Sep. 9, 2000, The Register, www.theregister.c.uklc. |
| CNN.com, U.S. News, “American Express to offer disposable credit card numbers,” Sep. 8, 2000, Associated Press, www.cnn.c. |
| American Express, “Private PaymentsSM ; A New Level of Security from American Express,” American Express Website, Cards. |
| Martin, Zack, “One-Time Numbers Stop Web Hackers From Pilfering Data,” Jan. 2001, Card Marketing, Thomson Financial, www.c rdf rum.c. |
| The Dollar Stretcher, “Disposable Credit Card Numbers,” Jan. 2001, CardRatings.org, www.stretcher.c. |
| “Biometrics: Speaker Verification”, by Kulkarni, et al., http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/speaker.html, Mar. 8, 2004, 5 pages. |
| “Judge Dismisses FTC Suit Against Rambus”, Evers, IDG New Service, http://www.infoworld.com/article/04/02/18/HNjudgedismisses—1.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 3 pages. |
| “Credit on Your Key Ring, Buy Gas at Mobil, Exxon and Soon Burgers at McDonald's”, by Krakow, MSNBC, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3072638, Feb. 17, 2004, 4 pages. |
| “The Evolution of Mobile Payment”, by McPherson, Financial Insights, Feb. 2, 2014, http://www.banktech.com./story/mews/showArticle/jhtml?article 10=17601432, 2 pages. |
| “RFID Take Priority With Wai-Mart”, by DocMemory, http://www.simmtester.com/page/news/shownews.asp?num=6550, Feb. 9, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Microsoft, IBM and Phillips Test RFID Technology”, by Rohde, IOG New Service, http:www.computerweekly.com/Article127889.htm, Feb. 9, 2004, 3 pages. |
| “Pay by Touch Press Releases”, http://www.paybytouch.com/press.html, Feb. 10, 2004, 3 pages. |
| “PowerPay RFID Payment and Marketing Solution Speeds Purchases at Seahawks Stadium with Technology from Texas Instruments”. http://www.powerpayit.com/news/Seahawks—pr.html, Feb. 9, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Putting Their Finger on It”, by Wilson, http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2003/10/20/story6.html?l=printable, Feb. 9, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “TI Embraces Prox Card Standard”, by Roberti, Mar. 6, 2003, http://www.ti.com/tiris/docs/in-the-news/2003/3-6-03.shtml, 2 pages. |
| “Paying It by Ear”, The Guardian, Jan. 18, 2003, http://money.guardian.co.uklcreditanddebt/creditcards/story/0,1456,876908,00.html, 3 pages. |
| Pay by Touch—Company, http://www.paybytouch.com/company.html. |
| “Identix Inc.—Empowering Identification™—Understanding Biometrics”, http://www.identix.com/newsroom/news—biometrics—face.html, 1 page. |
| “International Biometric Group—Signature Biometrics: How It Works”, http://www.ibgweb.com./reports/public/reports/signature-scan—tech.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 1 page. |
| “International Biometric Group—Voice Recognition Technology: How It Works”, http://www.ibgweb.com/reports/public/reports/voice-scan—tech.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 1 page. |
| “The Henry Classification System”, International Biometric Group, 7 pages. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Hand Geometry”, http://ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMHand.hlml, Feb. 18, 2004,2 pages. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Retinal Scan”, http:ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMRetinal.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Iris Scan”, http:ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMiris.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Vascular Patterns”, http:ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMVascular.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 1 page. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Fingerprint”, http:ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMFingerprint.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 3 pages. |
| “Fingerprint Technology—Indentix Inc.—Empowering IdentificationTM—Understanding Biometrics”, http://www.identix.com/newsroom/news—biometrics—finger.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 1 page. |
| “Individual Biometrics—Facial Recognition”, http:ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet%20web/BMfacial.html, Feb. 18, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Fingerprint Analysis—The Basics”, http://www.crimtrac.gov.au/fingerprintanalysis.htm, Feb. 18, 2004, 3 pages. |
| “Visual Speech and Speaker Recognition”, by Luettin, Jun. 30, 2000, http://herens.idiap.chHuettin/luettin-thesis.bib.abs.html, 1 page. |
| “Automatic Ear Recognition by Force Field Transformations”, by Hurley, et al., The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2000, pp. 7/1-7/5. |
| “Everything You Need to Know About Biometrics”, by Bowman, Identix Croproation, Jan. 2000, 8 pages. |
| “How Fingerprint Scanners Work”, by Harris, http:computer.howstuffworks.com/fingerprint-scanner.htm/printable, Feb. 18, 2004, 6 pages. |
| “How Facial Recognition Systems Work”, by Bonser, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/facial-recognition.htm/printable, Feb. 18, 2004, 6 pages. |
| “Biometrics: Hand Geometry”, by Ross, et al., http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/hand—geometry.html, Feb. 26, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Biometric Person Authentication: Odor”, by Korotkaya, Department of Information Technology, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 18 pages. |
| “ISO Magnetic Stripe Card Standards”, http://www.cyberd.co.uklsupport./technotes/ioscards.htm, Feb. 9, 2004, 4 pages. |
| “Smart Card Developer's Kit: Some Basic Standards for Smart Cards”, http:unix.be.eu.org/docs/smart-card-developer-kit/ch03/033-035.html, Feb. 9, 2004, 2 pages. |
| “Smart Card Technology and Applications”; http://disc.cba.uh.edu/-rhirsch/fall96/lara.htm (8 pages). |
| Goldman, J., “Internet Security, The Next Generation, When Software Encryption is not Enough,” Web Techniques, Nov. 1997, pp. 43-46. |
| Simmons, J., “Smart Cards Hold the Key to Secure Internet Commerce,” EC World, Dec. 1998, pp. 36-38. |
| Wayner, P., “Digital Cash,” AP Professional, 1996, pp. 76-83, 85-100. |
| “ISO Standards,” available from http://www.iso.ch/projects/loading.html. |
| Turban, et al., “Using Smartcards in Electronic Commerce,” Proc. 31st Annual Hawaii Inter. Coni.on System Sciences, val. 4, 1998, pp. 62-69. |
| Dhem, et al., “SCALPS: Smart Card for Limited Payment Systems,” IEEE Micro, Jun. 1996, pp. 42-51. |
| Smith, M.T., ““Smart Cards: Integrating for Portable Complexity,”” Computer-Integrated Engineering, Aug. 1998, pp. 110-115. |
| Geer, et al., ““Token-Mediated Certification and Electronic Commerce,”” Proc. 2nd USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce, Nov. 18-21, 1996, pp. 13-22. |
| Gobioff, et al., “Smart Cards in Hostile Environments,” Proc. 2nd USENIX Workshop in Electronic Commerce, Nov. 18-21, 1996, pp. 23-28. |
| Fancher, C.H., “In Your Pocket Smartcards,” IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 1997, pp. 47-53. |
| Blythe, 1., “Smarter, More Secure Smartcards,” BYTE, Jun. 1997, pp. 63-64. |
| Leach, Dr. J., “Dynamic Authentication for Smartcards,” Computers and Security, vol. 14, No. 5, 1995, pp. 385-389. |
| Wu, et al., “Authenticating Passwords Over an Insecure Channel,” Computers and Security, vol. 15, No. 5, 1996, pp. 431-439. |
| Manninger, et al., “Adapting an Electronic Purse for Internet Payments,” ACISP '98 Proceedings, Jul. 13-15, 1998, pp. 205-214. |
| Yan, et al., “Banking on the Internet and Its Applications,” Proc. 13th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, vol. 4, 1997, pp. 275-284. |
| Transport Layer Security Working Group, “The SSL Protocol, Version 3.0,” Nov. 18, 1996 (also available at http:!home.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/draft302.txt). |
| Business Wire (press release), “Master Card E-Wallet,” Jul. 11, 2000. |
| Obongo.com Website, “Obongo,” Aug. 8, 2000 (Description of wallet toolbar also available at http://www.obongo.com/chabi/website/index.htm). |
| PR Newswire (press release), “Providian Launches Nation's First Clear Chip Card,” Sep. 12, 2000. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130024384 A1 | Jan 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60396577 | Jul 2002 | US | |
| 60304216 | Jul 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10708837 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Child | 11858375 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11858375 | Sep 2007 | US |
| Child | 13623998 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10340352 | Jan 2003 | US |
| Child | 10708837 | US | |
| Parent | 10192488 | Jul 2002 | US |
| Child | 10340352 | US | |
| Parent | 10318432 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 10340352 | US | |
| Parent | 10318480 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 10318432 | US |
