Hepatocellular chimeraplasty

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention concerns methods and compositions for the use of recombinagenic oligonucleobases in vivo for the correction of disease causing genetic defects and the prevention of disease by introducing genetic modifications into the genes that encode Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and Apolipoprotein E (Apo E)

2. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

2.1 The Use of Chimeric Mutational Vectors to Effect Genetic Changes in Cultured Cells

The inclusion of a publication or patent application in this specification is not an admission that the publication or the invention, if any, of the application occurred prior to the present invention or resulted from the conception of a person other than the present inventors.

The published examples of recombinagenic oligonucleobases are termed Chimeric Mutational Vectors (CMV) or chimeraplasts because they contain both 2′-O-modified ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.

An oligonucleotide having complementary deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides and containing a sequence homologous to a fragment of the bacteriophage M13mp19, was described in Kmiec, E. B., et al., November 1994, Mol. and Cell. Biol. 14, 7163-7172. The oligonucleotide had a single contiguous segment of ribonucleotides. Kmiec et al. showed that the oligonucleotide was a substrate for the REC2 homologous pairing enzyme from

Ustilago maydis.

Patent publication WO 95/15972, published Jun. 15, 1995, and counterpart U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350 (the '350 patent) described duplex CMV for the introduction of genetic changes in eukaryotic cells. Examples in a

Ustilago maydis

gene and in the murine ras gene were reported. The latter example was designed to introduce a transforming mutation into the ras gene so that the successful mutation of the ras gene in NIH 3T3 cells would cause the growth in soft agar of a colony of cells (“transformation”). The '350 patent reported that the maximum rate of transformation of NIH 3T3 was less than 0.1%, i.e., about 100 transformants per 10

6

cells exposed to the ras duplex CMV. In the

Ustilago maydis

system the rate of transformants was about 600 per 10

6

. A chimeric vector designed to introduce a mutation into a human bcl-2 gene was described in Kmiec, E. B., February 1996, Seminars in Oncology 23, 188.

A duplex CMV designed to repair the mutation in codon 12 of K-ras was described in Kmiec, E. B., December 1995, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 17, 333-40. The duplex CMV was tested in Capan 2, a cell line derived from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, using LIPOFECTIN™ to introduce the duplex CMV into the Capan 2 cells. Twenty four hours after the duplex CMV was introduced, the cells were harvested and genomic DNA was extracted; a fragment containing codon 12 of K-ras was amplified by PCR and the rate of conversion estimated by hybridization with allele specific probes. The rate of repair was reported to be approximately 18%.

A duplex CMV designed to repair a mutation in the gene encoding liver/bone/kidney type alkaline phosphatase was reported in Yoon, K., et al., March 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 2071. The alkaline phosphatase gene was transiently introduced into CHO cells by a plasmid. Six hours later the duplex CMV was introduced. The plasmid was recovered at 24 hours after introduction of the duplex CMV and analyzed. The results showed that approximately 30 to 38% of the alkaline phosphatase genes were repaired by the duplex CMV.

WO 97/41411 and counterpart U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,012 to E. B. Kmiec, A. Cole-Strauss and K. Yoon, and the publication Cole-Strauss, A., et al., September 1996, SCIENCE 273, 1386 disclose duplex CMV that are used in the treatment of genetic diseases of hematopoietic cells, e.g., Sickle Cell Disease, Thalassemia and Gaucher Disease. U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,181 to E. B. Kmiec describes duplex CMV having non-natural nucleotides for use in specific, site-directed mutagenesis. The duplex CMV described in the applications and certain of the publications of Kmiec and his colleagues contain a central segment of DNA:DNA homoduplex and flanking segments of RNA:DNA hybrid-duplex or 2′-OMe-RNA:DNA hybrid-duplex.

The work of Kmiec and his colleagues concerned cells that are mitotically active, i.e., proliferating cells, at the time they are exposed to CMV. Kmiec and colleagues used a CMV/liposomal macromolecular carrier complex in which the CMV were mixed with a pre-formed liposome or lipid vesicle. In such a complex the CMV are believed to adhere to the surface of the liposome.

Kren et al., June 1997, Hepatology 25, 1462-1468, reported the successful use of a CMV in non-replicating, primary tissue-cultured rat hepatocytes to mutate the coagulation factor IX gene. Kren et al., March 1998, Nature Medicine 4, 285 reported the use of a CMV in vivo to introduce a genetic defect in the same gene.

2.2 The Use of a Polyethylenimine Macromolecular Carrier for In Vivo and In Vitro Transfection

Branched chain polyethylenimine has been used as a carrier to introduce nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells both in vivo and in vitro. Boussif, O., et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 7297; Abdallah, B. et al., 1996, Human Gene Therapy 7, 1947. Boletta, A., et al., 1997, 8, 1243-1251. The in vitro use of galactosylated polyethylenimine to introduce DNA into cultured HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell lines is reported by Zanta, et al., Oct. 1, 1997, Bioconjugate Chemistry 8, 839-844. The coupling of a protein ligand, transferrin, to polyethylenimine and its use to introduce a test gene into cultured cells by use of the transferrin receptor is described in Kircheis, R., et al., 1997, Gene Therapy 4, 409-4-18. Branched chain polyethylenimines contain secondary and tertiary amino groups having a broad range of pK's and, consequently these polyethylenimines have a substantial buffering capacity at a pH where polylysine has little or no capacity, i.e., less than about 8. Tang, M. K., & Szoka, F. C., 1997, Gene Therapy 4, 823-832. The use of branched chain polyalkanylimines, including polyethylenimine as carriers for the introduction of nucleic acids into cells is described in WO 96/02655 to J-P. Behr et al.

The successful in vivo and in vitro use of linear polyethylenimine to transfect a gene is reported by Ferrari, S., et al., 1997, Gene Therapy 4, 1100-1106. Compositions comprising a linear polyalkanylimine and a nucleic acid as disclosed in patent publication WO 93/20090 to S. Stein et al.

2.3 The Use of a Liposomal Carrier for In Vivo Transfection

The use of liposomes or lipid vesicles to introduce DNA encoding a foreign protein into cells has been described. The most frequently used techniques adhere the DNA to the surface of a positively charged liposome, rather than encapsulating the DNA, although encapsulated DNA techniques were known. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871 and 4,394,448 are relevant. The field is reviewed by Smith, J. G., et al., 1993, Biochim. Biophy. Acta 1154, 327-340 and Staubinger, R. M., et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymology 185, 512. The use of DOTAP, a cationic lipid in a liposome to transfect hepatic cells in vivo is described in Fabrega, A. J., et al., 1996, Transplantation 62, 1866-1871. The use of cationic lipid-containing liposomes to transfect a variety of cells of adult mice is described in Zhu, N., et al., 1993, Science 261, 209. The use of phosphatidylserine containing lipids to form DNA encapsulating liposomes for transfection is described in Fraley, R., et al., 1981, Biochemistry 20, 6978-87.

2.4 The Use of the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor for Hepatoceelular Specific Transfection

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,166,320 and 5,635,383 disclose the transfection of hepatocytes by forming a complex of a DNA, a polycationic macromolecular carrier and a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor. In one embodiment, the macromolecular carrier was polylysine. The use of a lactosylcerebroside containing liposome to transfect a hepatocyte in vivo is described by Nandi, P. K., et al., 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16722-16722. The use of asialofetuin-labeled liposomes to transfect liver cells with a reporter plasmid is described in Hara et al., 1995, Gene Therapy 2, 764-788. The use of galactosylated poyethyleneimine to transfect cultured hepatocytes is described in Zanta M-A., et al. abst. pub. Oct. 1, 1997, Bioconjugate Chem., 8, 839-844.

2.5 Apo B100, Apo B48 and the Reduction of Serum LDL

Hepatic and Intestinal Lipoprotein Secretion: Both the liver and the intestines make and export lipoproteins for the transport of lipids. The lipoproteins are termed very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons, respectively. VLDL and chylomicrons differ in size and in their major protein components. The major protein of VLDL is Apo B100, consisting of 4536 amino acids; the major protein of chylomicrons is Apo B48, which consists of the N-terminal 2152 amino acids of Apo B100. Apo B48 and Apo B100 are encoded by a single gene, the transcript of which is modified at nucleotide 6666 (codon 2179) by a sequence specific cytidine deaminase, termed apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (APOBE). The action of this enzyme converts a C to U and results in a stop codon.

Both VLDL, which contain Apo B100, and chylomicrons, which contain Apo B48 transport triglycerides in the vascular system to a delivery site. However, after triglyceride hydrolysis and delivery VLDL are transformed into LDL, while chylomicrons are not. High levels of circulating LDL per se and a high LDL:HDL ratio increase the risk of arterial atherosclerosis. Hence, it has been suggested that increasing the ratio of Apo B48 to Apo B100 would have a beneficial effect.

In many species of mammals, e.g., rats and mice, a high percentage of the lipid secretions of both liver and intestine contain Apo B48. Such species have markedly lower ratios of LDL:HDL. Greve J., et al., 1995, Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 47, 93-100. In others, such as humans and rabbits, hepatocytes lack APOBE and the hepatocytes consequently produce only VLDL.

One strategy to reduce the atherosclerosis in humans has been to introduce the gene for the catalytic component of the apolipoprotein B editing enzyme (APOBEC-1) under the control of a constitutive promoter to convert Apo B100 transcripts into Apo B48 transcripts. The transient expression of APOBEC-1 in the hepatocytes of normal and genetically hyperlipidemic Watanabe rabbit does cause a transient reduction in the levels of LDL. Greeve, J., et al., 1996, J. Lipid Res. 37, 2001-17. However, the uncontrolled production of APOBEC-1 is mutagenic and may cause hepatocellular hyperplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Yamanaka, S., et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 8483-8487.

Individuals who are homozygous or mixed heterozygotes for genes encoding truncated Apo B100 have been observed. Malloy et al., 1981, J. Clin. Invest. 67, 1441; Hardman, D. A., et al., 1991, J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1722. These individuals have low or absent LDL. For example, deletion of nucleotides 5391-5394 results in a frame shift mutation and a shortened Apo B (B37). These patients are most often asymptomatic. Steinberg, D., et al., 1979, J. Clin. Invest. 64, 292; Young, S. G., et al., 1988, Science 241, 591; Young, S. G., 1987, J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1831. Reviewed Linton, M. F., 1993, J. Lipid. Res. 34, 521; Kane, J. P. & Havel, R. J., 1995, Chapt. 57

, The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease

, ed. Scriver et al. (McGraw Hill, New York). Similarly, as many as 1 in every 3,000 persons has a serum cholesterol level of 100 mg/dl or less because the individual is heterozygous for a truncated Apo B gene. Ibid., p. 1866.

Truncations that result in an Apo B that are shorter than Apo B 31 do not circulate. Truncated Apo B 86, 87 and 90 have been observed. Apo B 86 and Apo B 87, are not associated with LDL while Apo B 90 is. Each mutation is associated with hypobetalipoproteinemia. Linton, M. L., et al., 1990, Clin. Res. 38, 286A (abstr.); Tennyson, G. E., et al., 1990, Clin. Res. 38, 482A (abstr.); Kruhl, E. S., et al., 1989, Arteriosclerosis 9, 856.

2.6 Apo E Polymorphism and Type III Hyperlipidemia

Apolipoprotein E is the major ligand for the LDL receptor for lipoproteins that contain Apo B48. There are three allelic forms of human Apo E that differ from each other by one or two amino acids: Apo E2 (Cys

112

Cys

158

); Apo E3 (Cys

112

Arg

158

); and Apo E4 (Arg

112

Arg

158

). There is considerable geographical variation in the prevalences of the alleles. Excluding Africa, E2 ranges between 4% and 12%, E3 between 70% and 85% and E4 between 7.5 and 25%. In the Sudan, the prevalences are 8.1%, 61.9% and 29.10%, respectively. Mahley, R. W. & Rall, S. C., Jr., 1995, Chapt. 61

, The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease

, ed. Scriver et al. (McGraw Hill, New York). Thus approximately 1% of the North American and European population are Apo E 2/2 homozygotes. Of these homozygotes approximately between 2% and 10% display type III hyperlipidemia. Paradoxically, however, Apo E 2/2 homozygotes that have not developed overt Type III hyperlipidemia display lower than average LDL associated cholesterol. Davignon, J., 1988, Arteriosclerosis 8, 1.

The E4 allele is also associated with increased incidence of a major disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Roses, A. D., 1996, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 802, 50-57; Okumoto, K., & Fujiki, Y., 1997, Nature Genetics 17, 263; Kuusi, T., et al., 1989, Arteriosclerosis 9, 237. A polymorphism in the region 491 nt 5′ to the transcription start site of the Apo E gene is also and independently associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Individuals homozygous for the −491-A genotype have an increased risk of Alzheimer's, while individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the −491 T genotype have no increased risk. Bullido, M. J., 1998, et al., Nature Genetics 18, 69-71.

The E2 allele in most individuals is associated with the lowest levels of serum cholesterol and LDL. However, about

5

% of E2/E2 homozygous persons who are subject to environmental or genetic stress develop type III hyperlipidemia. The most common stressors are hypothyroidism, untreated diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and marked weight gain. Removal of the stressor usually results in control of the hyperlipidemia. Rare patients with type III hyperlipidemia have mutant Apo I genes. Mahley & Rail, ibid. Table 61-5.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns methods of treatment and/or prophylaxis which consists of the introduction of specific genetic alterations in genes of a subject individual. In one embodiment, the specific genetic alteration blocks the synthesis of Apo B100 and thereby reduces the level of LDL cholesterol. In an alternative embodiment, the specific alteration converts an Apo E4 allele to an Apo E3 or Apo E2 allele, which is associated with decreased risk of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. In further alternative embodiments, the invention concerns the correction of inherited genetic defects in the genes of hepatocytes of individuals having a disease caused by such defects.

The invention can be practiced using any oligonucleotide or analog or derivative thereof, now known or hereafter developed, that can cause specific genetic alterations in the genome of the hepatocytes of the subject individual (hereafter a “recombinagenic oligonucleobase”), for example a chimeric mutational vector (CMV) as, for example, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350, No. 5,731,181, and No. 5,760,012. Alternatively, the recombinagenic oligonucleobase can be a heteroduplex mutational vector or a non-chimeric mutational vector as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,004,804 and 6,010,907, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In a preferred embodiment the recombinagenic oligonucleobase is complexed with a macromolecular carrier to which is attached a specific ligand. The ligand is selected to bind to a cell-surface receptor that is internalized into hepatocytes through clathrin-coated pits into endosomes. The cell surface receptors that bind such ligands are termed herein “clathrin-coated pit receptors”. Examples of hepatic clathrin-coated pit receptors include the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and the asialoglycoprotein receptor.

In specific embodiments the macromolecular carrier can be 1) an aqueous-cored lipid vesicle of between 25 nm and 400 nm diameter, wherein the aqueous core contains the CMV; 2) a lipid nanosphere of between 25 nm and 400 nm diameter, having a lipid core, wherein the lipid core contains a lipophilic salt of the CMV; or 3) a polycationic salt of the CMV. Examples of polycations for such salts include polyethylenimine, polylysine and histone H1. In one embodiment the polycation is a linear polyethylenimine (PEI) salt having a mass average molecular weight greater than 500 daltons and less than 1.3 Md. Alternatively the polycation can be a branched-chain polyethylenimine.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1

is a schematic of one embodiment of CMV useful in the invention.

FIGS. 2A-2E

show the genomic sequence of human APO E gene with translation of exons (SEQ ID NOS:3, 60, 61 and 62). Introns are in lower case and exons are in upper case.

5. DEFINITIONS

The invention is to be understood in accordance with the following definitions.

An oligonucleobase is a polymer of nucleobases, which polymer can hybridize by Watson-Crick base pairing to a DNA having the complementary sequence.

Nucleobases comprise a base, which is a purine, pyrimidine, or a derivative or analog thereof. Nucleobases include peptide nucleobases, the subunits of peptide nucleic acids, and morpholine nucleobases as well as nucleosides and nucleotides. Nucleosides are nucleobases that contain a pentosefuranosyl moiety, e.g., an optionally substituted riboside or 2′-deoxyriboside. Nucleosides can be linked by one of several linkage moieties, which may or may not contain a phosphorus. Nucleosides that are linked by unsubstituted phosphodiester linkages are termed nucleotides.

An oligonucleobase chain has a single 5′ and 3′ terminus, which are the ultimate nucleobases of the polymer. A particular oligonucleobase chain can contain nucleobases of all types. An oligonucleobase compound is a compound comprising one or more oligonucleobase chains that are complementary and hybridized by Watson-Crick base pairing. Nucleobases are either deoxyribo-type or ribo-type. Ribo-type nucleobases are pentosefuranosyl containing nucleobases wherein the 2′ carbon is a methylene substituted with a hydroxyl, alkyloxy or halogen. Deoxyribo-type nucleobases are nucleobases other than ribo-type nucleobases and include all nucleobases that do not contain a pentosefuranosyl moiety.

An oligonucleobase strand generically includes both oligonucleobase chains and segments or regions of oligonucleobase chains. An oligonucleobase strand has a 3′ end and a 5′ end. When a oligonucleobase strand is coextensive with a chain, the 3′ and 5′ ends of the strand are also 3′ and 5′ termini of the chain.

A region is a portion of an oligonucleobase, the sequence of which is derived from some particular source, e.g., a CMV having a region of at least 15 nucleotides having the sequence of a fragment of the human β-globin gene. A segment is a portion of a CMV having some characteristic structural feature. A given segment or a given region can contain both 2′-deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides. However, a ribo-type segment or a 2′-deoxyribo-type segment contain only ribo-type and 2′-deoxyribo-type nucleobases, respectively.

6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

6.1 The Structure of the Chimeric Mutational Vector

The Chimeric Mutational Vectors (CMV) are comprised of oligonucleobases, i.e., polymers of nucleobases, which polymers form Watson-Crick base pairs of purines and pyrimidines (hybridize), to DNA having the appropriate sequence. Each CMV is divided into a first and a second strand of at least 15 nucleobases each that are complementary to each other. The strands can be, but need not be, covalently linked. Nucleobases contain a base, which is either a purine or a pyrimidine or analog or derivative thereof. There are two types of nucleobases. Ribo-type nucleobases are ribonucleosides having a 2′-hydroxyl, substituted 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-halo-substituted ribose. All nucleobases other than ribo-type nucleobases are deoxyribo-type nucleobases. Thus, deoxy-type nucleobases include peptide nucleobases. As used herein, only a recombinagenic oligonucleobase that contains at least three contiguous ribo-type nucleobases that are hybridized to deoxyribo-type nucleobases are considered CMV.

The sequence of the first and second strands consists of at least two regions that are homologous to the target gene, i.e., have the same sequence as fragments of the target gene, and one or more regions (the “mutator regions”) that differ from the target gene and introduce the genetic change into the target gene. The mutator region is located between homologous regions. In certain embodiments of the invention, each of the flanking homologous regions contains a ribo-type segment of at least three ribo-type nucleobases, that form a hybrid duplex, preferably at least six ribo-type nucleobases and more preferably at least ten ribo-type nucleobases in length, but not more than 25 and preferably not more than 20, more preferably not more than 15 ribo-type nucleobases. The hybrid-duplex-forming ribo-type oligonucleobase segments need not be adjacent to the mutator region. In certain embodiments of the invention the ribo-type oligonucleobase segments are separated from the mutator region by a portion of the homologous region comprising deoxyribo-type nucleobases. In these embodiments the mutator region is also composed of deoxyribo-type nucleobases. Accordingly, the mutator region and a portion of one or both homologous regions form an intervening segment of homo-duplex, which separates the two segments of hybrid-duplex.

The total length of all homologous regions is preferably at least 16 nucleobases and is more preferably from about 20 nucleobases to about 60 nucleobases in length.

Preferably, the mutator region consists of 20 or fewer bases, more preferably 6 or fewer bases and most preferably 3 or fewer bases. The mutator region can be of a length different than the length of the sequence that separates the regions of the target gene homology with the homologous regions of the CMV so that an insertion or deletion of the target gene results. When the CMV is used to introduce a deletion in the target gene there is no base identifiable as within the mutator region. Rather, the mutation is effected by the juxtaposition of the two homologous regions that are separated in the target gene. For the purposes of the invention, the length of the mutator region of a CMV that introduces a deletion in the target gene is deemed to be the length of the deletion. In one embodiment the mutator region is a deletion of from 6 to 1 bases or more preferably from 3 to 1 bases. Multiple separated mutations can be introduced by a single CMV, in which case there are multiple mutator regions in the same CMV. Alternatively multiple CMV can be used simultaneously to introduce multiple genetic changes in a single gene or, alternatively to introduce genetic changes in multiple genes of the same cell. Herein the mutator region is also termed the heterologous region.

In one embodiment the CMV is a single oligonucleobase chain of between 40 and 100 nucleobases. In an alternative embodiment, the CMV comprises a first and a second oligonucleobase chain, each of between 20 and 100 bases; wherein the first chain comprises the first strand and the second chain comprises the second strand. The first and second chains can be linked covalently by other than nucleobases or, alternatively, can be associated only by Watson-Crick base pairings. In an alternative embodiment the CMV is a first strand which is a single oligonucleobase chain and a second strand, complementary to the first which consists of two oligonucleobase chains, which are linked to the first strand chain by linkers. The combined length of the two chains of the second strand is the length of the first strand.

Linkers: Covalent linkage of the first and second strands can be made by oligo-alkanediols such as polyethyleneglycol, poly-1,3-propanediol or poly-1,4-butanediol. The length of various linkers suitable for connecting two hybridized nucleic acid strands is understood by those skilled in the art. A polyethylene glycol linker having from six to three ethylene units and terminal phosphoryl moieties is suitable. Durand, M. et al., 1990, Nucleic Acid Research 18, 6353; Ma, M. Y-X., et al., 1993, Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 2585-2589. A preferred alternative linker is bis-phosphorylpropyl-trans-4,4′-stilbenedicarboxamide. Letsinger, R. L., et alia, 1994, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 811-812; Letsinger, R. L. et alia, 1995, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 7323-7328, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Such linkers can be inserted into the DMV using conventional solid phase synthesis. Alternatively, the strands of the DMV can be separately synthesized and then hybridized and the interstrand linkage formed using a thiophoryl-containing stilbenedicarboxamide as described in patent publication WO 97/05284, Feb. 13, 1997, to Letsinger R. L. et alia.

In a further alternative embodiment the linker can be a single strand oligonucleobase comprised of nuclease resistant nucleobases, e.g., a 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-allyl or 2′-F-ribonucleotides. The tetranucleotide sequences TTTT, UUUU and UUCG and the trinucleotide sequences TTT, UUU, or UCG are particularly preferred nucleotide linkers.

Nucleotides: In an alternative embodiment the invention can be practiced using CMV comprising deoxynucleotides or deoxynucleosides and 2′-O substituted ribonucleotides or ribonucleosides. Suitable substituents include the substituents taught by the Kmiec Application, C

1-6

alkane. Alternative substituents include the substituents taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,711 (Sproat) and the substituents taught by patent publications EP 629 387 and EP 679657 (collectively, the Martin Applications), which are hereby incorporated by reference. As used herein a 2′ fluoro, chloro or bromo derivative of a ribonucleotide or a ribonucleotide having a substituted 2′-O as described in the Martin Applications or Sproat is termed a '2′-Substituted Ribonucleotide.“Particular preferred embodiments of 2′-Substituted Ribonucleotides are 2′-fluoro, 2′-methoxy, 2′-propyloxy, 2′-allyloxy, 2′-hydroxylethyloxy, 2′-methoxyethyloxy, 2′-fluoropropyloxy and 2′-trifluoropropyloxy substituted ribonucleotides. In more preferred embodiments the 2′-Substituted Ribonucleotides are 2′-fluoro, 2′-methoxy, 2′-methoxyethyloxy, and 2′-allyloxy substituted nucleotides.

2′-Substituted Ribonucleosides are defined analogously. Particular preferred embodiments of 2′-Substituted Ribonucleosides are 2′-fluoro, 2′-methoxy, 2′-propyloxy, 2′-allyloxy, 2′-hydroxylethyloxy, 2′-methoxyethyloxy, 2′-fluoropropyloxy and 2′-trifluoropropyloxy substituted ribonucleotides. In more preferred embodiment on the 2′-Substituted Ribonucleosides are 2′-fluoro, 2′-methoxy, 2′-methoxyethyloxy, and 2′-allyloxy substituted nucleotides.

The term “nuclease resistant ribonucleoside” encompasses 2′-Substituted Ribonucleosides, including 2′-Substituted Ribonucleotides and also all 2′-hydroxyl ribonucleosides other than ribonucleotides. In a preferred embodiment , the CMV preferably includes at least three and more preferably six nuclease resistant ribonucleosides. In one preferred embodiment the CMV contains no nuclease sensitive ribonucleosides. In an alternative preferred embodiment, every other ribonucleoside is nuclease resistant. Certain 2′-blocking groups can be more readily synthesized for purines or pyrimidines. In one embodiment of the CMV only the ribonucleoside purines or only the ribonucleoside pyrimdines are nuclease resistant.

Recombinagenic oligonucleobases, including non-chimeric mutational oligonucleobases and improved CMV and their use in eukaryotic cells and cell-free systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,004804 and 6,010,804, which are each hereby incorporated in their entirety. These mutational oligonucleobases can be used in the same manner as the CMV described in this application.

6.2 The Gene-Specific Structure of the Chimeric Mutational Vector

FIG. 1

shows a diagram of a CMV according to one embodiment of the invention. In the Figure segments “a” and “c-e” are target gene specific segments of the CMV. The sequence of segment “a” and “c-e” are complements of each other. The sequence of segments “f” and “h” are also complements of each other but are unrelated to the specific target gene and are selected merely to ensure the stability of hybridization in order to protect the 3′ and 5′ ends. Additional protection of the 3′ and 5′ ends can be accomplished by making the 5′ and 3′ most internucleotide bonds a phosphorothioate, phosphonate or any other nuclease resistant bond. The sequence of segments “f” and “h” can be 5′-GCGCG-3′ or permutations thereof. Segments “g” and “b” can be any linker that covalently connects the two strands, e.g., four unpaired nucleotides or an alkoxy oligomer such as polyethylene glycol. When segments “g” and “b” are composed of other than nucleobases, then segments “a”, c-f” and “h” are each an oligonucleobase chain.

The ribo-type nucleobase segments are segments “c” and “e,” which form hybrid-duplexes by Watson-Crick base pairing to the complementary portions of segment “a.” The segment “a” can have the sequence of either the coding or non-coding strand of the gene.

Table I contains SEQ ID No. 4-No. 24, which are examples of the sequences that can be used to practice the invention. The mutator region in each case is underlined and in bold. CMV having a segment “a” with a sequence selected from the sequences of Table I can be used to practice the invention. Alternatively, segment “a” may have the sequence of the complement of a sequence of Table I. As used herein, a CMV or other type of recombinagenic oligonucleobase comprises a sequence if either strand of the CMV or recombinagenic oligonucleobase comprises the sequence or comprises a sequence containing ribo-type nucleobases with uracil bases replacing thymine bases. Thus, for example, a CMV having the sequence 5′-agucuggaugGGTAAgccgcccuca-3′ (SEQ ID No. 26) is considered to have the sequence of SEQ ID No: 4, wherein the lower case letters denote ribo-type nucleobases and the UPPER CASE letters denote deoxyribo-type nucleobases.

Subjects can be treated with a recombinagenic oligonucleobase specific for Apo B or Apo E according to the guidance of the Factor IX example below. More particularly the recombinagenic oligonucleobase can be given in divided doses at intervals that permit determining of the phenotypic effect of the dose, i.e., evaluation of the extent of the decline in LDL cholesterol and observation for adverse reactions. A reduction of the subject's fasting LDL serum cholesterol to below the level of the 5th percentile of the age-matched population (80-90 mg/dl) can be used as a therapeutic end point; alternatively reduction of fasting LDL serum cholesterol to below the average age-matched normal value (100-140) can be used. The number and size of the dose(s) can be modified to control the extent of the phenotypic effects. In the event that reversal of the specific genetic changes appear desirable, a recombinagenic oligonucleobase having a sequence appropriate to reverse of the specific changes can be administered so that the fraction of unmodified Apo B or Apo E genes can be increased. Modification of the dose size and number and the administration of a reversing recombinagenic oligonucleobase permits the adjustment of the number of altered genes in the subject so that a predetermined amount of the phenotypic change can be effected.

6.2.1 Specific Alterations of the Apo B Gene

SEQ ID No. 1 contains the Apo B amino acid sequence and SEQ ID No. 2 contains the Apo B cDNA sequence.

The level of serum cholesterol and particularly of LDL-associated cholesterol can be reduced in a subject by introducing mutations into the subject's hepatic Apo B genes. The mutation can be any mutation that causes termination of the Apo B translation product between amino acid 1433 (Apo B 31) and amino acid 3974 (Apo B 87). (The amino acid numbering for Apo B in this specification refers to the 4553 amino acid primary translation product, i.e., mature Apo B100 plus the 27 amino acid leader sequence. Mature Apo B 100 consists of 4536 amino acids and mature Apo B 48 consists of 2152 amino acids.) Preferably the translation product is terminated between amino acids 1841 (Apo B 40) and 2975 (Apo 65). The translation product can be terminated by introducing a frameshift mutation, i.e., by adding or deleting one or two nucleotides from the gene, or by introducing a stop codon (a TAA, TAG or TGA). The preferred stop codon is TAA. To monitor the introduction of the mutation it is preferred to have the mutation introduce or remove a palindromic sequence, which is the substrate of a restriction enzyme.

The sequence of the CMV is selected to have two homologous regions of at least 10 nucleobases and preferably at least 12 nucleobases each with a fragment of the Apo B gene located between nucleotides encoding amino acid 1433 (nt 4425) and 3974 (nt 12,048) and preferably located between the nucleotides encoding amino acids 1841 (nt 5649) and 2975 (nt 9051). In this specification, nt 6666 is the first nucleotide of codon 2180, the nucleotide that is converted by APOBE. In a preferred embodiment, the two homologous regions are separated by a single nucleobase in the sequence of the Apo B gene, where the CMV introduces a base substitution in the Apo B gene. Alternatively, the two homology regions can be adjacent in the Apo B gene and separated by a single or double nucleobase in the CMV, such that a one or two base insertion results from the action of the CMV on the Apo B gene. Alternatively, the homologous regions can be separated in the Apo B gene by one or two nucleotides that are deleted from the sequence of the CMV, such that the action of the CMV results in a one or two base deletion in the gene.

Nucleotides 4425-12,048 of the Apo B cDNA are encoded by exon 26 (nt 4342-11913), exon 27 (nt 11914-12028) and exon 28 (nt 12029-12212); see Table I, and GENBANK Accession No.19828, which is hereby incorporated by reference. When an alteration is to be made at a position 3′ of nt 11913, attention must be paid to the exon/intron boundary. Mutations that are located within 10-15 nucleotides of the exon/intron boundary must be identified so that the homology region of the CMV continues with the sequence of the intron and not the exon.

The homologous regions can be each from 10 to about 15 nucleobases in length; the two regions need not be of the same length. The fraction of nucleobases that contain a guanine or cytosine base is a design consideration (the GC fraction). It is preferred that when the homologous region contains 12 or fewer nucleobases, the GC fraction be at least 33% and preferably at least 50%. When the GC fraction is less than 33% the length of the homologous regions is preferably 13, 14 or 15 nucleobases.

Table I contains 17 exemplary embodiments, SEQ ID No. 4-20, of CMV sufficient for the practice of the embodiments of the invention described in this section. Suitable CMV can be made using nt 3-23 of SEQ ID No. 4-10, 12, and 16-20. SEQ ID NO. 11 and 13-15 have a lower GC fraction; CMV sufficient for the practice of the invention can be made containing residues 3-25 of SEQ ID NO. 11 and 13-15.

6.2.2 Specific Alterations of the Apo E Gene

In a further embodiment, the invention consists of introducing specific alterations to the Apo E gene. E4 homozygous individuals are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, particularly coronary artery disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is the introduction of the substitution ArgCys at residues 112, to convert an E4 allele to an E3 allele, and optionally at residue 158 to convert an E3 or E4 allele into an E2 allele of an Apo E gene of an hepatocyte of a subject. The substitutions can be introduced using an oligonucleobase containing the sequence of nt 3-23 of SEQ ID No. 22 and No. 23 or complement thereof and more preferably of an oligonucleobase containing SEQ ID No. 22 and No. 23 or complement thereof. In addition, in individuals lacking genetic or environment stressors, the E2 allele results in a lowered LDL level and a decreased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Thus, these risks in an E3/E3 individual can be reduced by introduction of the (Arg→Cys)

158

substitution to convert the individual Apo E genes to E2 alleles.

Apo E2/E2 homozygous individuals who are suffering from Type III hyperlipidemia can be treated by converting E2 alleles to E3 alleles by making a Cys→Arg

158

substitution. Such a substitution can be made using an oligonucleobase containing the sequence of nt 3-23 of SEQ ID No. 24 or complement thereof and more preferably of an oligonucleobase containing SEQ ID No. 24 or complement thereof.

Independent of the Apo E allele, individuals who are homozygous for −491-A are at increased risk to develop Alzheimer's Disease. Bullido, M. J., 1998, et al., Nature Genetics 18, 69-71. These individuals can be advantageously treated with an oligonucleobase containing the sequence of nt 3-23 of SEQ ID No. 25.

6.2.3 Repair of Mutations of the Apo B and Apo E Gene

SEQ ID No. 3 contains the Apo E genomic DNA sequence.

A further embodiment of the invention concerns the use of CMV to repair mutations in the Apo B and Apo E genes that cause hypobetalipoproteinemia and dysbetal iproteinemia, respectively. Mutations that are located within 10-15 nucleotides of the exon/intron boundary must be identified so that the homology region of the CMV continues with the sequence of the intron and not the exon. The genomic sequence of Apo E4 indicating the exon and intron boundaries is given in Paik et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82, 3445, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The exon/intron boundaries of the Apo B gene are given in Table 11 along with the GENBANK accession numbers for the genomic sequence of Apo B.

6.3 Formulations Suitable for In Vivo Use

The prior art formulations of CMV and a macromolecular carrier are of limited utility for in vivo use because of their low capacity for CMV and because the CMV is not protected from extracellular enzymes. The invention provides three alternative macromolecular carriers that overcome the limitations of the prior art. The carriers are polyethylenimine (PEI), aqueous-cored lipid vesicles, which are also termed unilamellar liposomes and lipid nanospheres.

Each of the carriers can be further provided with a ligand that is complementary to a cell-surface protein of the target cell. Such ligands are useful to increase both the amount and specificity of the uptake of CMV into the targeted cell. In one embodiment of the invention the target cell is a hepatocyte and the ligand is a galactose saccharide or lactose disaccharide that binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptor.

6.3.1 Polycationic Carriers

The invention can be practiced using any polycation that is non-toxic when administered to cells in vitro or to subjects in vivo. Suitable examples include polybasic amino acids such as polylysine, polyarginine, basic proteins such as histone H1, and synthetic polymers such as the branched-chain polyethylenimine:

(—NHCH

2

CH

2

—)

x

[—N(CH

2

CH

2

NH

2

)CH

2

CH

2

—]

Y

.

The invention can be practiced with any branched chain polyethylenimine (PEI) having an average molecular weight of greater than about 500 daltons, preferably greater than between about 10 Kd and more preferably about 25 Kd (mass average molecular weight determined by light scattering) The upper limit of suitability is determined by the toxicity and solubility of the PEI. Toxicity and insolubility of molecular weights greater than about 1.3 Md makes such PEI material less suitable. The use of high molecular weight PEI as a carrier to transfect a cell with DNA is described in Boussif, O. et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 7297, which is hereby incorporated by reference. PEI solutions can be prepared according to the procedure of Boussif et al.

The CMV carrier complex is formed by mixing an aqueous solution of CMV and a neutral aqueous solution of PEI at a ratio of between 9 and 4 PEI nitrogens per CMV phosphate. In a preferred embodiment the ratio is 6. The complex can be formed, for example, by mixing a 10 mM solution of PEI, at pH 7.0 in 0.15 M NaCl with CMV to form a final CMV concentration of between 100 and 500 nM.

In addition a ligand for a clathrin-coated pit receptor can be attached to the polycation or to a fraction of the polycations. In one embodiment the ligand is a saccharide or disaccharide that binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptor, such as lactose, galactose, or N-acetylgalactosamine. Any technique can be used to attach the ligands. The optimal ratio of ligand to polyethylene subunit can be determined by fluorescently labeling the CMV and injecting fluorescent CMV/molecular carrier/ligand complexes directly into the tissue of interest and determining the extent of fluorescent uptake according to the method of Kren et al., 1997, Hepatology 25, 1462-1468.

Good results can be obtained using a 1:1 mixture of lactosylated PEI having a ratio of 0.4-0.8 lactosyl moieties per nitrogen and unmodified PEI. The mixture is used in a ratio of between 4 and 9 PEI nitrogens per CMV phosphate. A preferred ratio of oligonucleotide phosphate to nitrogen is 1:6. Good results can be obtained with PEIs having a mass average molecular weight of 25 Kd and 800 Kd which are commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Catalog No. 40,872-7 and 18,197-8, respectively. Linear PEI such as that described in Ferrarri, S., et al., 1997, Gene Thereapy 4, 1100-1106 and sold under the trademenark EXGEN 500™ is particularly suitable for the practice of the invention because of its lower toxicity compared to branched-chain PEI.

In an alternative embodiment the polycationic carrier can be a basic protein such as histone H1, which can be substituted with a ligand for a clathrin-coated pit receptor. A 1:1 (w/w) mixture of histone and CMV can be used to practice the invention.

6.3.2 Lipids that are Useful in Carriers

The selection of lipids for incorporation into the lipid vesicle and lipid nanosphere carriers of the invention is not critical. Lipid nanospheres can be constructed using semi-purified lipid biological preparations, e.g., soybean oil (Sigma Chem. Co.) and egg phosphatidyl choline (EPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids). Other lipids that are useful in the preparation of lipid nanospheres and/or lipid vesicles include neutral lipids, e.g., dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), anionic lipids, e.g., dioleoyl phosphatidyl serine (DOPS) and cationic lipids, e.g., dioleoyl trimethyl ammonium propane (DOTAP), dioctadecyldiamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS), dioleoyl trimethyl ammonium (DOTMA) and DOSPER (1,3-di-oleoyloxy-2-(6-carboxy-spermyl)-propyl-amide tetraacetate, commercially available from Boehringer-Mannheim). Additional examples of lipids that can be used in the invention can be found in Gao, X. and Huany, L., 1995, Gene Therapy 2, 710. Saccharide ligands can be added in the form of saccharide cerebrosides, e.g., lactosylcerebroside or galactocerebroside (Avanti Polar Lipids).

The particular choice of lipid is not critical. Hydrogenated EPC or lysolecithin can be used in place of EPC. DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine), can be incorporated to improve the efficacy and/or stability of the delivery system.

6.3.3 The Construction of Lipid Nanosphere Carriers

Lipid nanospheres can be constructed by the following process. A methanol or chloroform methanol solution of phospholipids is added to a small test tube and the solvent removed by a nitrogen stream to leave a lipid film. A lipophilic salt of CMV is formed by mixing an aqueous saline solution of CMV with an ethanolic solution of a cationic lipid. Good results can be obtained when the cationic species are in about a 4 fold molar excess relative to the CMV anions (phosphates). The lipophilic CMV salt solution is added to the lipid film, vortexed gently followed by the addition of an amount of neutral lipid equal in weight to the phospholipids. The concentration of CMV can be up to about 3% (w/w) of the total amount of lipid.

After addition of the neutral lipid, the emulsion is sonicated at 4° C. for about 1 hour until the formation of a milky suspension with no obvious signs of separation. The suspension is extruded through polycarbonate filters until a final diameter of about 50 nm is achieved. When the target cell is a reticuloendothelial cell the preferred diameter of the lipid nanospheres is about 100-200 nm. The CMV-carrying lipid nanospheres can then be washed and placed into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or tissue culture medium. The capacity of lipid nanospheres is about 2.5 mg CMV/500 μl of a nanosphere suspension.

6.3.4 The Construction of Lipid Vesicles

A lipid film is formed by placing a chloroform methanol solution of lipid in a tube and removing the solvent by a nitrogen stream. An aqueous saline solution of CMV is added such that the amount of CMV is between 20% and 50% (w/w) of the amount of lipid, and the amount of aqueous solvent is about 80% (w/w) of the amount of lipid in the final mixture. After gentle vortexing the liposome-containing liquid is forced through successively finer polycarbonate filter membranes until a final diameter of about 50 nm is achieved. The passage through the successively finer polycarbonate filter results in the conversion of polylamellar liposomes into unilamellar liposomes, i.e., vesicles. When the target cell is a reticuloendothelial cell the preferred diameter of the lipid nanospheres is about 100-200 nm. The CMV-carrying lipid nanospheres can then be washed and placed into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or tissue culture medium.

The CMV are entrapped in the aqueous core of the vesicles. About 50% of the added CMV is entrapped.

A variation of the basic procedure comprises the formation of an aqueous solution containing a PEI/CMV condensate at a ratio of about 4 PEI imines per CMV phosphate. The condensate can be particularly useful when the liposomes are positively charged, i.e., the lipid vesicle contains a concentration of cations of cationic lipids such as DOTAP, DOTMA or DOSPER, greater than the concentration of anions of anionic lipids such as DOPS. The capacity of lipid vesicles is about 150 μg CMV per 500 μl of a lipid vesicle suspension.

In a preferred embodiment the lipid vesicles contain a mixture of the anionic phospholipid, DOPS, and a neutral lipid such as DOPE or DOPC. Other negatively charged phospholipids that can be used to make lipid vesicles include dioleoyl phosphatidic acid (DOPA) and dioleoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG). In a more preferred embodiment the neutral lipid is DOPC and the ratio of DOPS:DOPC is between 2:1 and 1:2 and is preferably about 1:1. The ratio of negatively charged to neutral lipid should be greater than 1:9 because the presence of less than 10% charged lipid results in instability of the lipid vesicles because of vesicle fusion.

A particular lipid vesicle formulation can be tested by using the formulation to transfect a target cell population with a plasmid of about 5.0 kb in length that expresses some readily detectable product in the transfected target cell. Lipid vesicles can be used to transfect a cell with the plasmid if the plasmid is condensed with PEI at an imine:phosphate ratio of about 9-4:1. The capacity of the lipid vesicle formulation to transfect a cell with a plasmid is indicative of the formulation's capacity to introduce a CMV into a cell and effect a transmutation.

Certain lipids, particularly the polycationic lipids, can be toxic to certain cell lines and primary cell cultures. The formulation of the lipid vesicles should be adjusted to avoid such toxic lipids.

Ligands for clathrin-coated pit receptors can be introduced into the lipid vescicles by a variety of means. Cerebrosides, such as lactocerebroside or galactocerebroside can be intorduced into the lipid mixture and are incorporated into the vesicle to produce a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor.

In an alternative embodiment the lipid vesicle further comprise an integral membrane protein that inserts itself into the lipid bilayer of the vesicle. In a specific embodiment the protein is a fusigenic (F-protein) from the virus alternatively termed Sendai Virus or Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ). The preparation and use of F-protein containing lipid vesicles to introduce DNA into liver, myocardial and endothelial cells have been reported. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,866, International Application PCT JP97/00612 (published as WO 97/31656). See also, Ramani, K., et al., 1996, FEBS Letters 404, 164-168; Kaneda, Y., et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 121126-12129; Kenada, Y., et al., 1989, Science 243, 375; Dzau, V. J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 11421-11425; Aoki, M., et al., 1997, J.Mol.Cardiol. 29, 949-959.

6.4 Diseases and Disease-Specific CMV

The invention can be used to correct any disease-causing mutation, in which the mutation results in the change of one or more nucleotides or in the insertion or deletion of from one to about 30 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, the deletion or insertion is of from one to about six nucleotides. The disease-causing mutation is corrected by administering a CMV containing the sequence of the wild type gene that is homologous to the locus of the mutation. The CMV is constructed so that there are regions of homology with the mutant DNA sequence flanking the heterologous region, i.e, the region of the CMV that contains the portion of the wild-type sequence that is absent from the mutant. When the mutation consists of an insertion, the heterologous region of the CMV is considered to be the point which is homologous to the site of the insertion. Accordingly, the length of the heterologous region of the CMV is deemed to be the length of the insertion in the mutant sequence. Note that the sequence of the CMV is determined by the location of the mutation, however, the sequence of the mutation is not important. Rather, the sequence of a CMV is always the sequence of the wild type gene or a desired related sequence. In each of the sequences that follow the heterologous region is underlined.

A first embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct the mutation that causes the von Willebrand's Disease. A CMV to correct this mutation contains the sequence 5′-CTC GGA GAG

C

CCC CTC GCA-3′ (SEQ ID No. 27), the sequence of a mixed ribo-deoxyribo oligonucleobase having the same sequence of bases or a sequence that differs by the substitution of the thymine by uracil, or the sequence of the complement thereof. The tissue in which the von Willebrand's factor gene needs to be corrected is the vascular endothelium.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct the mutation that causes Hemophilia B, which is an A→C substitution at nt 1234 of the human coagulation Factor IX gene. CMV to correct this mutation contains the sequence 5′-CAA GGA GAT

A

GT GGG GGA C-3′ (SEQ ID No. 28), the sequence of a mixed ribo-deoxyribo oligonucleobase having the same sequence of bases or a sequence that differs by the substitution of the thymine by uracil, or the sequence of the complement thereof. The invention can be used to correct other mutations in the human coagulation Factor IX gene, the sequence of which is given in Kurachi, K., et al., 1982, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 6461-6464, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The tissue in which the factor IX gene needs to be corrected is the hepatocellular liver.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct the Z-mutation that causes α1-antitrypsin deficiency. The Z mutation is a G→A substitution located at nt 1145 of the human α1-antitrypsin gene. CMV to correct this mutation contains the sequence 5′-ACC ATC GAC

G

AG AAA GGG A-3′ (SEQ ID No. 29), the sequence of a mixed ribo-deoxyribo oligonucleobase having the same sequence of bases or a sequence that differs by the substitution of the thymine by uracil, or the sequence of the complement thereof. The invention can be used to correct other mutations in the α1-antitrypsin gene, the sequence of which is given in Long, G. L., et al., 1984, Biochemistry 23, 4828-4837, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The tissue in which the α1-antitrypsin gene needs to be corrected is the hepatocellular liver.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) that causes familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). There is no single mutation that causes the majority of FH cases. Surveys of the more than 105 point mutations or insertions or deletions of 25 nt or fewer that cause FH can be found in Hobbs, H. H., et al., 1992, Hum. Mutat. 1, 445466 and Leren, T. P., et al., Hum. Genet. 95, 671-676, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The complete sequence of the human LDLR cDNA is published in Yamamoto, T., et al., 1984, CELL 39, 27-38. The tissue in which the LDLR can be corrected to obtain amelioration of FH is the hepatocellular liver.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the glucocerebrosidase gene that causes Gaucher Disease. The structure of CMV that can be used to correct a Gaucher Disease mutation can be found in commonly licensed U.S. application Ser. No. 08/640,517, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,012. The tissue in which the glucocerebrosidase mutation can be corrected to obtain amelioration of Gaucher Disease is the reticuloendothelial (Kupffer Cell) liver.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) gene that causes type 1 Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD). The complete sequence of the human G-6-P is given in Lei, K.-J., et al., SCIENCE 262, 580, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The two most common mutations that cause type 1 GSD are C→T at nt 326, C→T at nt 1118, and an insertion of TA at nt 459, as described in Lei, K.-J., et al., J. Clin. Investigation 95, 234-240, which is hereby incorporated by reference. CMV to correct the two most common mutations contain the sequence 5′-TTT GGA CAG

C

GT CCA TAC T-3′ (SEQ ID No. 30), or 5′-TGC CTC GCC

C

AG GTC CTG G-3′ (SEQ ID No. 31), the sequence of a mixed ribo-deoxyribo oligonucleobase having the same sequence of bases or a sequence that differs by the substitution of the thymine by uracil, or the sequence of the complement thereof.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) gene an X-linked gene that catalyzes the condensation of ornithine and carbamyl phosphate to yield citruline and phosphate. The complete sequence of the human OTC cDNA is given in Horwich, A. L., et al., 1984, Science 224, 1068, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The structure of OTC gene and a review of the structure of identified mutants is reviewed in Tuchman, M., 1992, Human Mutation 2, 174.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene that causes Crigler-Najjar syndrome. The sequence of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene is given in Bosma, P. J., et al., 1992, Hepatology, 15, 941-7, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The tissue in which the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene can be corrected to obtain amelioration of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is the hepatocellular liver.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene that cause galactosemia. The sequence of the human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene is described in Flack, J. E., et al., 1990 Mol. Biol. Med. 7, 365, and the molecular biology and population genetics of galactosemia are described in Reichert, J. K. V., et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 2633-37 and Reichert, J. K. V., et al., 1991, Am. J. Hum. Gen. 49, 860, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The most common mutation that causes galactosemia is Q→R at amino acid 188. The CMV to correct this mutation contains the sequence 5′-CC CAC TGC C

A

G GTA TGG GC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 32), the sequence of a mixed ribo-deoxyribo oligonucleobase having the same sequence of bases or a sequence that differs by the substitution of the thymine by uracil, or the sequence of the complement thereof.

A further embodiment of the invention is a CMV that can be used to correct a mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.1) that cause phenylketonuria (PKU) or hyperphenylalaninemia. The molecular and population genetics of phenylketonuria are described in Woo, SLC, 1989, Biochemistry 28, 1-7, the sequence of human PAH is described in Kowk, S. C. M., et al., 1985, Biochemistry 28, 556-561, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Further examples of PKU-causing mutations can be found in Sworniczak, B., et al., 1992, Hum. Mutat. 1, 138-146.

6.5 The Use of the Formulations In Vivo

The CMV of the invention can be parenterally administered directly to the target organ at a dose of between 50 and 250 μg/gm. When the target organ is the liver muscle or kidney, the CMV/macromolecular carrier complex can be injected directly into the organ. When the target organ is the liver, intravenous injection into the hepatic or portal veins of a liver, having temporarily obstructed circulation can be used. Alternatively the CMV/macromolecular complex can further comprise a hepatic targeting ligand, such as a lactosyl or galactosyl saccharide, which allows for administration of the CMV/macromolecular complex intravenously into the general circulation.

When the target organ is the lung or a tissue thereof, e.g., the bronchiolar epithelium CMV/macromolecular complex can be administered by aerosol. Small particle aerosol delivery of liposomal/DNA complexes is described in Schwarz L. A., et al., 1996, Human Gene Therapy 7, 731-741.

When the target organ is the vascular endothelium, as for example in von Willebrand's Disease, the CMV/macromolecular complex can be delivered directly into the systemic circulation. Other organs can be targeted by use of liposomes that are provided with ligands that enable the liposome to be extravasated through the endothelial cells of the circulatory system.

For enzymatic defects, therapeutic effects can be obtained by correcting the genes of about 1% of the cells of the affected tissue. In a tissue in which the parenchymal cells have an extended life, such as the liver, treatments with CMV can be repeatedly performed to obtain an increased therapeutic effect.

7. EXAMPLES

7.1 CMV/Macromolecular Carrier Complexes

7.1.1 Lipid Nanospheres

Materials

Egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), DOTAP and galactocerebroside (Cc) (Avanti Polar Lipids); soybean oil (Sigma Chemical Co.); dioctadecyldiamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS®) (Promega).

Methods

EPC, DOTAP and Gc were previously dissolved at defined concentrations in chloroform or anhydrous methanol and stored in small glass vials in desiccated containers at −20° C. until use. EPC (40-45 mg), DOTAP (200 μg) and Gc (43 μg) solutions were aliquoted into a small 10×75 mm borosilicate tube and solvents removed under a stream of nitrogen. CMV were diluted in 0.15 M NaCl (˜80-125 μg/250-300 μl); DOGS (as a 10 mg/ml solution in ethanol) was diluted into 250-300 μl 0.15 M NaCl at 3-5 times the weight of added CMV. The two solutions were mildly vortexed to mix contents and then CMV solution was added slowly to the DOGS solution. The contents were mixed by gentle tapping and inverting the tube a few times. The DOGS-complex solution was added to the dried lipids followed by soybean oil (40-45 mg), the mixture was vortexed on high for a few seconds and bath sonicated in a FS-15 (Fisher Scientific) bath sonicator for ˜1 hr in a 4° C. temperature controlled room. Occasionally, the tube was removed from the bath and vortexed. When a uniform looking, milky suspension was formed (with no obvious separation of oil droplets), it was extruded through a series of polycarbonate membranes down to a pore size of 50 nm. Preparations were stored at 4° C. until use and vortexed before use.

7.1.2 Negatively Charged Targeted Lipid Vesicles

Materials

Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dioleoyl phosphatidylserine (DOPS), galactocerebroside (Gc) or lactosylcerebroside, (Avanti Polar Lipids).

Methods

DOPS, DOPC and Gc at a molar ratio of 1:1:0.16 (500 μg total lipid) were dissolved in chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) and then dried under a stream of nitrogen to obtain a uniform lipid film. The CMV were diluted in 500 μl of 0.15 M NaCl (approximately 100-250 μg/500 μl). The solution was added to the lipid film at room temperature. Lipids were dispersed entirely by alternate mild vortexing and warming (in a water bath at 37-42° C.). After a uniform milky suspension was formed, it was extruded through a series of polycarbonate membranes (pore sizes 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 μm) using a Liposofast® mini-extruder. Extrusion was done 5 to 7 times through each pore size. After preparation, lipid vesicles were stored at 4° C. until use. Under these conditions the lipid vesicles were stable for at least one month. The final product can be lyophilized.

7.1.3 Neutral Targeted Lipid Vesicles

Materials

Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), galactocerebroside (Gc) or lactosylcerebroside, (Avanti Polar Lipids).

Methods

DOPC, DOPE and Gc (1:1:0.16 molar ratio) or DOPC:Gc (1:0.08) were dissolved in chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) and then dried under a stream of nitrogen to obtain a uniform lipid film. The oligonucleotides (or chimeric molecules) were diluted in 500 μl of 0.15 M NaCl (approximately 100-250 μg/500 μl). The solution was added to the lipid film at room temperature. Lipids were dispersed entirely by alternate mild vortexing and warming (in a water bath at 37-42° C.). After a uniform milky suspension was formed, it was extruded through a series of polycarbonate membranes (pore sizes 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 μm) using a Liposofast® mini-extruder. Extrusion was done 5 to 7 times through each pore size. After preparation, lipid vesicles were stored at 4° C. until use. The size of the lipid vesicles of the preparation was stable for about 5 days.

7.1.4 Positively Charged Targeted Lipid Vesicles

Materials

Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), galactocerebroside (Gc) or lactosylcerebroside, (Avanti Polar Lipids). Polyethylenimine (PEI) (M.W. 800 Kd), Fluka Chemicals.

Methods

DOPC, DOTAP and Gc (6:1:0.56 molar ratio) (500 μg total lipid) were dissolved in chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) and then dried under a stream of nitrogen to obtain a uniform lipid film. PEI was diluted to a concentration of 45 mg/100 ml using water. pH of the solution was adjusted to ˜7.6 using HCl. This PEI stock solution was prepared fresh each time and was equivalent to approximately 50 nmol amine/μl. CMV were diluted into 0.15 M NaCl at a concentration of ˜125 μg in 250 μl. PEI was further diluted into 250 μl 0.15 M NaCl so that approximately 4 moles of PEI amine were present per mole of oligonucleotide/chimeric phosphate. PEI solution was added drop-wise to the CMV solution (both at room temperature) and vortexed for 5-10 minutes. The PEI-complex solution was then added to the lipid film and the lipids dispersed as described above. After a uniform milky suspension was formed, it was extruded through a series of polycarbonate membranes (pore sizes 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 μm) using a Liposofast® mini-extruder. Extrusion was done 5 to 7 times through each pore size. After preparation lipid vesicles were stored at 4° C. until use. Under these conditions the lipid vesicles were stable for at least one month. For longer and improved stability the final product can be lyophilized.

7.1.5 Lactosylated-PEI/PEI Complexes

PEI (25 kDa) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee, Wis.). PEI (800 kDa) was purchased from Fluka chemicals (Ronkonkoma, N.Y., USA). Lactosylation of the PEI was carried out by modification of a previously described method for the conjugation of oligosaccharides to proteins. Briefly, 3 to 5 ml of PEI (0.1 to 1.2 M

monomer

) in ammonium acetate (0.2 M) or Tris buffer (0.2 M) (pH 7.6) solution was incubated with 7 to 8 mg of sodium cyanoborohydride (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and approximately 30 mg of lactose monohydrate (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Reaction was carried out in polypropylene tubes, tightly capped in a 37° C. shaking water bath. After 10 days the reaction mixture was dialyzed against distilled water (500 ml) for 48 h with 1 to 2 changes of water. The purified complex was sterile filtered through 0.2 μm filter and stored at 4° C. The amount of sugar (as galactose) associated with PEI was determined by the phenol-sulphuric acid method.

The number of moles of free amine (primary+secondary) in the lactosylated PEI was determined as follows: a standard curve was set up using a 0.02M stock solution of PEI; several aliquots of the stock were diluted to 1 ml using deionized water in glass tubes, then 50 μl of Ninhydrin reagent (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was added to each tube and vortexed vigorously for 10 sec. Color development was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 10 to 12 min. and then O.D. was read (within 4 minutes) at 485 nm on a Beckman DU-64 spectrophotometer. 20 to 50 μl aliquots of the L-PEI samples were treated as above and the number of moles of free amine was determined from the standard curve. Lactosylated-PEI (L-PEI) complexes were prepared as follows: an equivalent of 3 mmol of amine as L-PEI and 3 mmol of amine as PEI, per mmol of RNA/DNA phosphate, were mixed together and diluted in 0.15M NaCl as required; the mixture was added dropwise to a solution of the chimeric and vortexed for 5 min.

To verify complete association of the chimeric oligonucleotides with PEI or L-PEI, gel analysis (4% LMP agarose) of the uncomplexed and complexed chimerics was performed. To determine the degree of protection against nuclease degradation provided by complexation of the chimerics, samples were treated with RNAse and DNAse. After a chloroform phenol extraction, the complexes were dissociated using heparin (50 units/μg nucleic acid) and the products analyzed on a 4% LMP agarose gel.

7.2 Demonstration of PEI/CMV Mediated Alteration of Rat and Human Factor IX

Materials. Fetal bovine serum was obtained from Atlanta Biologicals, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.). The terminal transferase, fluorescein-12-dUTP, Expand™ high fidelity PCR system, dNTPs and high pure PCR template preparation kit were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Corp. (Indianapolis, Ind.). Reflection™ NEF-496 autoradiography film and Reflection™ NEF-491 intensifying screens were from DuPont NEN® Research Products (Boston, Mass.). Polyethylenimine (PEI) 800 kDa was obtained from Fluka Chemical Corp. (Ronkonkoma, N.Y.). The [γ-

32

P]ATP was obtained from ICN Biochemicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa, Calif.). pCR™2.1 was obtained from Invitrogen (San Diego, Calif.). OPTIMEM™, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, William's E medium and oligonucleotides 365-A and 365-C were from Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.). Spin filters of 30,000 mol wt cutoff were purchased from Millipore Corp. (Bedford, Mass.). Dil and SlowFade™ antifade mounting medium were obtained from Molecular Probes, Inc. (Eugene, Oreg.). T4 polynucleotide kinase was purchased from New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.). MSI MagnaGraph membrane was purchased from Micron Separations, Inc. (Westboro, Mass.). The primers used for PCR amplification were obtained from Oligos Etc., Inc. (Wilsonville, Oreg.). Tetramethylammonium chloride was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.). All other chemicals were molecular biology or reagent grade and purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.), Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc. (Eden Prairie, Minn.), and Fisher Scientific (Itasca, Ill.).

Oligonucleotide synthesis. Chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides HIXF, RIXF and RIXR were synthesized. The CMV were prepared with DNA and 2′-O-methyl RNA phosphoramidite nucleoside monomers on an ABI 394 synthesizer. The DNA phosphoramidite exocyclic amine groups were protected with benzoyl (adenosine and cytidine) and isobutyryl (guanosine). The protective groups on the 2′-O-methyl RNA phosphoramidites were phenoxyacetyl for adenosine, isobutyryl for cytidine, and dimethylformamide for guanosine. The base protecting groups were removed following synthesis by heating in ethanol/concentrated ammonium hydroxide for 20 h at 55° C. The crude oligonucleotides were electrophoresed on 15% polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea, and the DNA visualized using UV shadowing. The chimeric molecules were eluted from the gel slices, concentrated by precipitation and desalted using G-25 spin columns. Greater than 95% of the purified oligonucleotides were full length.

The sequence of the wild type and “mutant” rat Factor IX are

(SEQ ID No. 33) 365

wt AAA GAT TCA TGT GAA GGA GAT AGT GGG GGA CCC CAT GTT

Lys Asp Ser Cys Glu Gly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro His Val

(SEQ ID No. 34)

(SEQ ID No. 35)

mt AAA GAT TCA TGT GAA GGA GAT

C

GT GGG GGA CCC CAT GTT

Arg

The structure of the RIXR, RIXF and HIXR CMV is as follows:

Chimeric Oligonucleotides

RIXR (SEQ ID No. 36)

TGCGCG-ccccaggggg

TG

C

TA

gaggaaguguT

T T

T T

TCGCGC GGGGTCCCCC

AC

G

AT

CTCCTTCACAT

3′5′

RIXR

C

(SEQ ID No. 37)

TGCGCG-acacuuccuc

TA

G

CA

cccccuggggT

T T

T T

TCGCGC TGTGAAGGAG

AT

C

GT

GGGGGACCCCT

3′5′

RIXF (SEQ ID No. 38)

TGCGCG-acacuuccuc

TA

G

CA

cccccuggggT

T T

T T

TCGCGC TGTGAAGGAG

AT

C

GT

GGGGGACCCCT

3′ 5′

HIXF (SEQ ID No. 39)

TGCGCG-acaguuccuc

TA

G

CA

cccccuggggT

T T

T T

TCGCGC TGTCAAGGAG

AT

C

GT

GGGGGACCCCT

3′ 5′

Uppercase letters are deoxyribonucleotides, lower case letters are 2′OMe-ribonucleotides. The nucleotide of the heterologous region is underlined.

Cell Culture, transfections and hepatocyte isolation. HuH-7 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% (vol/vol) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum in a humidified CO

2

atmosphere at 37° C. Twenty four hours prior to transfection 1×10

5

cells were plated per 35 mm culture dish. At the time of transfection, the cells were rinsed twice with OPTIMEM™ media and transfections were performed in 1 ml of the same media. Eighteen hours after transfection, 2 ml of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 20% (vol/vol) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum was added to each 35 mm dish and the cells maintained for an additional 30 h prior to harvesting for DNA isolation. A PEI (800 kDa) 10 mM stock solution, pH 7.0, was prepared. Briefly, the chimeric oligonucleotides were transfected with 10 mM PEI at 9 equivalents of PEI nitrogen per chimeric phosphate in 100 μl of 0.15 M NaCl at final concentrations of either 150 nM (4 μg), 300 nM (8 μg) and 450 nM (12 μg). After 18 h, an additional 2 ml of medium was added and reduced the chimeric concentrations to 50 nM, 100 nM, and 150 nM, respectively, for the remaining 30 h of culture. HuH-7 vehicle control transfections utilized the same amount of PEI as was used in the HuIXF transfections, but substituted an equal volume of 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6 for the oligonucleotides.

Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated from 250 g male Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan Sprague-Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.) by a two step collagenase perfusion as previously described (Fan et al., Oncogene 12:1909-1919, 1996, which is hereby incorporated by reference) and plated on Primaria™ plates at a density of 4×10

5

cells per 35 mm dish. The cultures were maintained in William's E medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS, 26 mM sodium bicarbonate, 23 mM HEPES, 0.01 U/ml insulin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 nM dexamethasone, 5.5 mM glucose, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin. Twenty four hours after plating, the hepatocytes were washed twice with the same medium and 1 ml of fresh medium added and the cells transfected using PEI/chimeric oligonucleotide complexes at the identical concentrations as for the HuH-7 cells. After 18 h, an additional 2 ml of the medium was added and the cells harvested 6 or 30 h later.

Direct injection of chimeric oligonucleotides into liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (

˜

175 g) were maintained on a standard 12 h light-dark cycle and fed ad libitum standard laboratory chow. The rats were anesthetized, a midline incision made the liver exposed. A clamp was placed on the hepatic and portal veins as they enter the caudate lobe, and 75 μg of the 1:9 chimeric/PEI complex was injected in a final volume of 250-300 μl directly into the caudate lobe. The lobe remained ligated for 15 min and then blood flow was restored by removing the clamp. After suturing the incision the animals were allowed to recover from the anesthesia and given food and water ad libitum. Vehicle controls were done substituting an equal volume of Tris-HCl pH 7.6 for the chimeric oligonucleotides. Twenty-four and 48 h post-injection the animals were sacrificed, the caudate lobe removed and the tissue around the injection site dissected for DNA isolation. DNA was isolated and the terminal exon of the rat factor IX gene was amplified by PCR.

Nuclear uptake of the chimeric molecules. Chimeric duplexes were 3′ end-labeled using terminal transferase and fluorescein-12-dUTP according to the manufacturer's recommendation, and were then mixed with unlabeled oligonucleotides at a 2:3 ratio. Transfections were performed as described above and after 24 h the cells were fixed in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, containing 4% paraformaldehyde (wt/vol) for 10 min at room temperature. Following fixation, the cells were counterstained using a 5 μM solution of Dil in 0.32 M sucrose for 10 min according to the manufacturer's recommendation. After washing with 0.32 M sucrose and then phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, the cells were coversliped using SlowFade™ antifade mounting medium in phosphate buffered saline and examined using a MRC1000 confocal microscope (BioRad, Inc., Hercules, Calif.). The caudate lobes of liver in situ were injected with fluorescently-labeled chimerics as described above and harvested 24 h post-injection. The lobes were bisected longitudinally, embedded using OCT and frozen. Cryosections were cut ˜10 μm thick, fixed for 10 min at room temperature using phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, containing 4% paraformaldehyde (wt/vol). Following fixation, the cells were counterstained using a 5 μM solution of Dil in 0.32 M sucrose for 10 min according to the manufacturer's recommendation. After washing with 0.32 M sucrose and then phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, the sections were coversliped using SlowFade™ antifade mounting medium and examined using a MRC1000 confocal microscope (BioRad, Inc.). The collection series for the fixed cells and sectioned tissue were made at 1 μm steps to establish the presence of the chimeric in the nucleus.

DNA isolation and cloning. The cells were harvested by scrapping 24 and 48 h after transfection. Genomic DNA larger than 100-150 base pairs was isolated using the high pure PCR template preparation kit according to the manufacturer's recommendation. PCR amplification of a 317-nt fragment of the eighth exon in the human liver factor IX gene was performed with 500 ng of the isolated DNA. The primers used were 5′-CATTGCTGACAAGGAATACACGAAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 40) and 5′-ATTTGCCTTTCATTGCACACTCTTC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 41) corresponding to nucleotides 1008-1032 and 1300-1324, respectively, of the human factor IX cDNA. Primers were annealed at 58° C. for 20 sec, elongation was for 45 sec at 72° C. and denaturation proceeded for 45 sec at 94° C. The sample was amplified for 30 cycles using Expand Hi-fidelity™ polymerase. PCR amplification of a 374-nt fragment of the rat factor IX gene was performed with 500 ng of the isolated DNA from either the primary hepatocytes or liver caudate lobe. The primers used were 5′-ATTGCCTTGCTGGAACTGGATAAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 42) and 5′-TTGCCTTTCATTGCACATTCTTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 43) corresponding to nucleotides 433-457 and 782-806, respectively, of the rat factor IX cDNA. Primers were annealed at 59° C. for 20 sec, elongation was for 45 sec at 72° C. and denaturation proceeded for 45 sec at 94° C. The sample was amplified for 30 cycles using Expand Hi-fidelity™ polymerase. The PCR amplification products from both the human and rat factor IX genes were subcloned into the TA cloning vector pCR™2.1 according to the manufacturer's recommendations, and the ligated material used to transform frozen competent

Escherichia coli.

Colony hybridization and sequencing. Eighteen to 20 h after plating, the colonies were lifted onto MSI MagnaGraph nylon filters, replicated and processed for hybridization according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The filters were hybridized for 24 h with 17 mer oligonucleotide probes 365-A (5′-AAGGAGAT

A

GTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 44) or 365-C (5′AAGGAGAT

C

GTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 45), where the underlined nucleotide is the target of the mutagenesis. The probes were

32

P-end-labeled using [γ-

32

]ATP (>7,000 Ci/mmol) and T4 polynucleotide kinase according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Hybridizations were preformed at 37° C. in 2×sodium chloride sodium citrate containing 1% SDS, 5×Denhardt's and 200 μg/ml denatured sonicated fish sperm DNA. After hybridization, the filters were rinsed in 1×sodium chloride phosphate EDTA, 0.5% SDS and then washed at 54° C. for 1 h in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 containing 3 M tetramethylammonium chloride, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 0.10% SDS. Autoradiography was performed with NEN® Reflection film at −70° C. using an intensifying screen. Plasmid DNA was prepared from colonies identified as hybridizing with 365-A or 365-C using Qiagen minprep kit (Chatsworth, Calif.) and subjected to automatic sequencing using the mp13 reverse primer on an ABI 370A sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Corp., Foster City, Calif.).

Results In Vivo

Chimeric oligonucleotides were fluorescein-labeled and used to determine whether direct injection into the caudate lobe of the liver was feasible. The results indicated that the hepatocytes adjacent to the injection site within the caudate lobe showed uptake of the fluorescently-labeled chimeric molecules similar to that observed in isolated primary hepatocytes and HuH-7 cells. Although some punctate material was present in the cytoplasm, the labeled material was detected primarily in the nucleus. In fact, only nuclear labeling was observed in hepatocytes farthest from the injection site. The unlabeled PEI/RIXF chimeric complexes and vehicle controls were injected directly into the caudate lobe using the same protocol and the animals sacrificed 24 and 48 h post-injection. Liver DNA was isolated as described in Methods, subjected to PCR amplification of a 374 nt sequence spanning the targeted nt exchange site. Following subcloning and transformation of Escherichia coli with the PCR amplified material, duplicate filter lifts of the transformed colonies were performed. The filters were hybridized with

32

-labeled 17-mer oligonucleotides specific for either 365-A (wild-type) or 365-C (factor IX mutation) and processed post-hybridization as described in Methods. Rats which received direct hepatic injection of the RIXF chimeric molecules exhibited a A→C conversion frequency of ˜10% at both 24 and 48 h. In contrast, the vehicle controls showed no hybridization with the 365-C probe. Colonies that hybridized with the 365-C probe from the RIXF treated animals were cultured, the plasmid DNA isolated and subjected to sequencing to confirm the A→C conversion. The ends of the amplified 374-nt fragment correspond exactly with the primers and the only nucleotide change observed was an A→C at the targeted exchange site.

7.3 Demonstration of Lactosylated-PEI/CMV Mediated Alteration of Rat Factor IX

7.3.1 Results

CMV complexed to a mixture of lactosylated-PEI and PEI was prepared using the RIXR oligonucleotide as described in Section 6.1.5 above. A CMV directed to the complementary strand of the same region of the factor IX was also constructed (RIXR

C

).

Conversion of the Targeted Nucleotide at Ser

365

by the Chimeric Oligonucleotides

The nuclear localization of the fluorescently-labeled chimeric molecules indicated efficient transfection in the isolated rat hepatocytes. The cultured hepatocytes were then transfected with the unlabeled chimeric molecules factor RIXR

C

and RIXR at comparable concentrations using 800 kDa PEI as the carrier. Additionally, vehicle control transfections were performed simultaneously. Forty eight hours after transfection, the cells were harvested and the DNA isolated and processed for hybridization as described in Section 6.1.5. The A→C targeted nucleotide conversion at Ser

365

was determined by hybridization of duplicate colony lifts of the PCR-amplified and cloned 374-nt stretch of exon 8 of the factor IX gene (Sarkar, B., Koeberl, D. D. & Somer, S. S., “Direct Sequencing of the activation peptide and the catalytic domain of the factor IX gene in six species,”

Genomics

, 6, 133-143, 1990.) The 17 mer oligonucleotide probes used to distinguish between the wild-type 365-A (5′-AAGGAGATAGTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 46) or converted 365-C (5′-AAGGAGATCGTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 47) corresponded to nucleotides 710 through 726 of the cDNA sequence.

The overall frequency of conversion of the targeted nucleotide was calculated by dividing the number of clones hybridizing with the 365-C oligonucleotide by the total number of clones hybridizing with both oligonucleotide probes. The results are summarized in Table III for RIXR

C

. A→C conversion at Ser

365

was observed only in primary hepatocytes transfected with the RIXR or RIXR

C

. Similar conversion frequencies were observed in hepatocytes transfected with RIXR or RIXR

C

. Neither vehicle transfected cells nor those transfected with other chimeric oligonucleotides yielded any clones hybridizing with the 365-C oligonucleotide probe (unpublished observations). Additionally, no hybridization of the 365-C oligonucleotide probe was observed to clones derived from DNA isolated from untreated hepatocytes and PCR-amplified in the presence of 0.5 to 1.5 μg of the oligonucleotides. The A→C conversion rate in the isolated hepatocytes was also dose dependent using lactosylated PEI derivatives as described in Section 6.1.5 and was as high as 19%. RT-PCR and hybridization analysis of RNA isolated from cultured cells transfected in parallel with lactosylated PEIs demonstrated A→C conversion frequencies ranging from 11.9 to 22.3%.

Site-directed Nucleotide Exchange by Chimeric Oligonucleotides in Intact Liver

The fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides were also used to determine cellular uptake of the chimeric molecules after direct injection into the caudate lobe of the liver. The results indicated that hepatocytes adjacent to the injection site in the caudate lobe showed uptake of the fluorescently-labeled chimerics similar to that observed in the isolated rat hepatocytes. Although some punctate material was present in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, the labeled material was primarily present in the nucleus. In fact, only nuclear labeling was observed in those areas farthest from the injection site. The unlabeled RIXR chimeric oligonucleotides and vehicle controls were then administered in vivo by tail vein injection of the 25 kDa PEI and liver tissue harvested 5 days post-injection. Liver DNA was isolated and subjected to PCR amplification of a 374-nt sequence spanning the targeted nucleotide exchange site, using the same primers as those used with the primary hepatocytes. Following subcloning and transformation of

E. coli

with the PCR-amplified material, duplicate filter lifts of the transformed colonies were done. The filters were hybridized with the same

32

P-labeled 17-mer oligonucleotides specific for either 365-A (wild-type) or 365-C (mutant) and processed post-hybridization. Rats treated with 100 μg of the RIXR chimeric oligonucleotides exhibited an A→C conversion frequency ranging from 13.9% to 18.9%, while those that received a total of 350 μg in two injections showed 40% conversion. In contrast, the vehicle controls showed no hybridization with the 365-C probe. RT-PCR hybridization of isolated RNA indicated A→C conversion frequencies of 26.4% to 28.4% in the high dose livers. The APTT for vehicle-treated rats ranged from 89.7% to 181.9% of control values (131.84%±32.89%), while the APTT for the oligonucleotide-treated animals ranged from 48.9% to 61.7% (53.8%±4.8%).

The APTT times for a 1/10 dilution of rat test plasma in Hepes buffer (50 mM Hepes/100 mM NaCl/0.02% NaN

3

pH 7.4) were determined for both normal (n=9) and the double injected animals (n=3). The factor IX activity of duplicate samples was determined from a log—log standard curve that was constructed from the APTT results for dilution (1:10 to 1:80) of pooled plasma from 12 normal male rats, 6-8 weeks old. The APTT results for the normal rats ranged from 89.7% to 181.9% of the control values (mean=131.84%±32.89%), while the APTT results for the double injected animals ranged from 49.0% to 61.7% (mean 53.8%±5.8%). The APTT clotting time in seconds for the normal rats ranged from 60.9 seconds to 81.6 seconds (mean=71.3±7.3 seconds) while the APTT times ranged from 92.3 seconds to 98.6 seconds (mean=96.3±2.9 seconds) for the double-infected rats.

Sequence Analysis of the Mutated Factor IX Gene in Isolated Hepatocytes and Intact Liver

Direct sequencing of the wild-type and mutated genes was performed to confirm the results from the filter hybridizations in both the in vitro and in vivo studies. At least 10 independent clones hybridizing to either 365-A or 365-C from the intact liver or isolated hepatocytes were analyzed. The results of the sequencing indicated that colonies hybridizing to 365-A exhibited the wild-type IX sequence, i.e. and A at Ser

365

of the reported cDNA sequence. In contrast, those colonies derived from the factor RIXR

C

transfected primary hepatocytes hybridizing to the 365-C oligonucleotide probe converted to a C at Ser

365

. The same A→C conversion at Ser

365

was observed in the clones derived from the transfected rat liver that hybridized with the 17 mer 365-C oligonucleotide probe. The entire 374-nt PCR amplified region of the factor IX gene was sequenced for all the clones and no alteration other than the indicated changes at Ser

365

was detected. Finally, the start and end points of the 374-nt PCR amplified genomic DNA derived from both the primary hepatocytes and the intact liver corresponded exactly to those of the primers used for the amplification process, indicating that the cloned and sequenced DNA was derived from genomic DNA rather than nondegraded chimeric oligonucleotides.

TABLE III

Percent A→C conversion at Ser

365

of rat factor IX

genomic DNA by colony lift hybridizations

A→C

PEI Deliver System

365-C clones

Total clones

(%)

PEI 800 kDa

1

Concentration

In vitro

150 nM

24

572

4.2

300

31

367

8.5

450

63

502

12.5

Lac-PEI 800 kDa

In vitro

90

18

337

5.3

180

34

300

11.3

270

47

253

18.6

Lac-PEI 25 kDa

In vitro

90

28

527

5.3

180

53

417

12.7

270

60

305

19.7

Lac-PEI 25 kDa

2

Dose

In vivo x1

100 νg

24

166

14:5

71

386

18.4

50

360

13.9

Lac-PEI 25 kDa

In vivo x2

35O νg

237

601

39.4

228

563

40.5

271

678

40.0

1

The data shown for the primary hepatocyte transfections represents a mean of two experiments.

2

The in vivo chimeric/PEI complexes were administered in a volume of 300 νl of 5% dextrose by tail vein injection. The results of three animals at each dose are shown individually.

7.3.2 Materials and Methods

In vivo delivery of the chimeric oligonucleotides. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan Sprague-Dawley, Inc.) (˜50 g) were maintained on a standard 12 h light-dark cycle and fed ad libitum standard laboratory chow. Vehicle controls and lactosylated 25 kDa PEI at a ratio of 6 equivalents of PEI nitrogen per chimeric phosphate were administered in 300 μl of 5% dextrose (Abdallah, B. et al., “A powerful nonviral vector for in vivo gene transfer into the adult mammalian brain: polyethylenimine:,

Human Gene Therapy

, 7, 1947-1954, 1996.). The aliquots were administered by tail vein injection either as a single dose of 100 μg or divided dose of 150 μg and 200 μg on consecutive days. Five days post-injection, liver tissue was removed for DNA and RNA isolation. DNA was isolated as previously described (Kren, B. T., Trembley, J. H. & Steer, C. J., “Alterations in mRNA stability during rat liver regeneration,”

Am. J. Physiol

., 270, G763-G777, 1996) for PCR amplification of exon 8 of the rat factor IX gene. RNA was isolated for RT-PCR amplification of the same region as the genomic DNA using RNAexol and RNAmate (Intermountian Scientific Corp., Kaysville, Utah) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Factor IX activity assay. Blood samples from vehicle (n=9) and oligonucleotide-treated (n=3) rats were collected 20 days after the second tail vein injection in 0.1 vol. of 0.105 M sodium citrate/citric acid. After centrifugation at 2,500×g and then 15,000×g the resulting plasma was stored at −70° C. The factor IX activity was determined from activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assays. Briefly, 50 μl of APTT reagent (DADE, Miami, Fla.), 50 μl of human factor IX-deficient plasma (George King Biomedical, Overland, Kans.), and 50 μl of 1/10 dilution of rat test plasma in Hepes buffer (50 mM Hepes/100 mM NaCl/0.02% NaN

3

, pH 7.4) were incubated at 37° C. for 3 min in an ST4 coagulometer (American Bioproducts, Parsippany, N.J.). Clotting was initiated by addition of 50 μl of 33 mM CaCl

2

in Hepes buffer. Factor IX activity of duplicate samples was determined from a log—log standard curve constructed from the APTT results for dilution (1:10 to 1:80) of pooled plasma from normal male rats (n=12).

DNA/RNA isolation and cloning. The cells were harvested by scrapping 48 h after transfection. Genomic DNA larger than 100-150 base pairs was isolated using the high pure PCR template preparation kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.). RNA was isolated using RNAzol™ B (Tel-Test, Inc., Friendswood, Tex.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. PCR amplification of a 374-nt fragment of the rat factor IX gene was performed with 300 ng of the isolated DNA from either the primary hepatocytes or liver tissue. The primers were designed as 5′-ATTGCCTTGCTGGAACTGGATAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 48) and 5′TTGCCTTTCATTGCACATTCTTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 49) (Oligos Etc., Wilsonville, Oreg.) corresponding to nucleotides 433-457 and 782-806, respectively, of the rat factor IX cDNA. Primers were annealed at 59° C. for 20 sec, elongation was for 45 sec at 72° C. and denaturation proceeded for 45 sec at 94° C. The sample was amplified for 30 cycles using Expand Hi-fidelity™ polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Corp.). The PCR amplification products from both the hepatocytes and intact liver factor IX genes were subcloned into the TA cloning vector pCR™2.1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), and the ligated material used to transform frozen competent

E. coli

. To rule out PCR artifacts 300 ng of control DNA was incubated with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 μg of the oligonucleotide prior to the PCR-amplification reaction. Additionally, 1.0 μg of the chimeric alone was used as the “template” for the PCR amplification.

RT-PCR amplification was done utilizing the Titian one tube RT-PCR system (Boehringer Mannheim, Corp.) According to the manufacturer's protocol using the same primers as those used for the DNA PCR amplification. To rule out DNA contamination, the RNA samples were treated with RQ1 DNase free RNase (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) and RT-PCR negative controls of RNased RNA samples were performed in parallel with the RT-PCR reaction. Each of the PCR reactions were ligated into the same TA cloning vector and transformed into frozen competent

E. coli.

Colony hybridization and sequencing. Eighteen to 20 h after plating, the colonies were lifted onto MSI MagnaGraph nylon filters, replicated and processed for hybridization according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The filters were hybridized for 24 h with 17 mer oligonucleotide probes 365-A (5′AAGGAGAT

A

GTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 50) OR 365-C (5′-AAGGAGAT

C

GTGGGGGA-3′) (SEQ ID No. 51) (Life technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.), where the underlined nucleotide is the target for mutagenesis. The probes were

32

P-end-labeled using (γ-

32

P) ATP (>7,000 Ci/mmol) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly Mass.). Hybridizations were performed at 37° C. in 2×sodium chloride sodium citrate containing 1% SDS, 5×Denhardt's and 200 μg/ml denatured sonicated fish sperm DNA. After hybridization, the filters were rinsed in 1×sodium chloride sodium phosphate EDTA, 0.5% SDS and then washed at 54° C. for 1 h in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 containing 3 M tetramethylammonium chloride, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 0.1% SDS (Melchior, W. B. & Von Hippel, P. H. “Alteration of the relative stability of dA.dT and dG.dC base pairs in DNA,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 298-302, 1973.). Autoradiography was performed with NEN®Reflection film at −70° C. using an intensifying screen. Plasmid DNA was prepared from colonies identified as hybridizing with 365-A or 365C using Qiagen miniprep kit (Chatsworth, Calif.) and subjected to automatic sequencing using the mp13 forward and reverse primers as well as a gene specific primer, 5′GTTGACCGAGCCACATGCCTTAG-3′ (SEQ ID No. 52) corresponding to nucleotides 616 to 638 of the rat factor IX cDNA using an ABI 370A sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Corp., Foster City, Calif.).

7.4 Examples of CMV Useful for the Reduction of LDL Levels in Humans

A CMV suitable for the modification of Apo B having a sequence comprising the sequence of SEQ ID No: 5 is given below.

Apo B 41/UR (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 53)

u GCGCG gac ccg acc gaa

u

uc ggu aac ugu au

u u

u u

u CGCGC CTG GGC TGG CTT

A

AG CCA TTG ACA Tu

3′5′

A CMV suitable for the modification of Apo B having a sequence comprising the sequence of SEQ ID No: 12 is given below.

Apo B 5/U88 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 54)

u GCGCG cug.uuc aaa gug uaC GGA TCC ucu uug acu gac gau

u u

u u

u CGCGC GAC AAG TTT CAC ATG CCT AGG AGA AAC TGA CTG CTu

3′5′

7.5 Correction of a Crigler-Najjar-like Mutation in the Gunn Rat

Mutant rats with hyperbilirubinemia, termed Gunn rats, have a single nucleotide deletion in the gene encoding bilirubin-uridinediphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1). Roy Chowdhury, J., et al., 1991, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18294. Human patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I also have mutations of the UGT1A1 gene, resulting in life-long hyperbilirubinemia and consequent brain damage. Bosma, P. J., et al., 1992, FASEB J. 6, 2859; Jansen, P. L. M., et al., Progress In Liver Diseases, XIII, Boyer, J. L., & Ockner, R. K., editors (W. B. Saunders, Phil. 1995), pp 125-150. The structure of CN3, a CMV designed to correct the Gunn rat mutation is given below.

CN3 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 55)

T GCGCG gg gac uua caG GAC

C

TT TAC uga ctt cua T

T T

T T

T CGCGC CC CTG AAT GTC CTG

G

AA ATG ACT GCC GAT T

3′5′

Gunn rat primary cultured hepatocytes were treated with 150 nM CN3 according to the above protocol except that the carrier was either the negatively charged glycosylated lipid vesicles of section 6.2.2 or a lactosylated-PEI carrier at a ratio of oligonucleotide phosphate to imine of 1:4. The results were 8.5% conversion with the negatively charged liposome and 3.6% conversion with lactosylated-PEI carrier.

Gunn rats were injected with 1 mg/Kg of CN3 complexed with either 25 kDa Lac-PEI or complexed with negatively charged Gc lipid vesicles (Gc-NLV) as described above. The rate of gene conversion was determined by cloning and hybridization according to the procedure described for factor IX. The results shown below indicate that between about 15% and 25% of the copies of the UGT1A1 gene were converted.

Frequency of Insertion of G at nucleotide 1239 of the UGT-1 Gene

(In Gunn Rats)

CG Clones/Total

Vehicle

Dosage

Clones

Frequency (%)

Gc-NLV

1 mg

112/815

15.4

208/761

27.3

185/974

18.9

39/273

14.6

1

78/403

19.3

2

25 kDa PEI

1 mg

188/838

22.4

(Lactosylated)

254/1150

22.1

245/997

24.6

1

Initial conversion frequency determined.

2

Conversion frequency determined 7 days after 70% partial hepatectomy.

A Gunn rat was injected on five successive days with 1 mg/Kg of CN3 complexed with 25 kDa Lac-PEI as above. Twenty five days after the final injection the serum bilirubin had declined from 6.2 mg/dl to 3.5 mg/dl and remained at that level for a further 25 days.

7.6 Correction of a Factor IX Mutation in Dog

The Chapel Hill strain of dogs, which has a (G→A)

1477

mutation that results in hemophilia in the animals, was used to obtain primary cultured hepatocytes. Four CMV to correct this mutation have been synthesized.

DIX1 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 56)

T gcgcg auu caa aga aTT GAC

C

CT AAT AAT cga ccc cT

T T

T T

T CGCGC TAA GTT TCT TAA CTG

G

GA TTA TTA GCT GGG GT

3′5′

DIX2 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 57)

T gcgcg caa aga auu gAC

C

CT AAT aau cga cT

T T

T T

T CGCGC GTT TCT TAA CTG

G

GA TTA TTA GCT GT

3′5′

DIX3 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 58)

u gcgcg auu caa aga auu gac

c

cu aau aau cga ccc cu

u u

u u

u CGCGC TAA GTT TCT TAA CTG

G

GA TTA TTA GCT GGG Gu

3′5′

DIX4 (mut→WT) (SEQ ID No. 59)

u gcgcg auu caa aga auu gac

u

cu aau aau cga ccc cu

u u

u u

u CGCGC TAA GTT TCT TAA CTG

G

GA TTA TTA GCT GGG Gu

3′5′

DIX1 differs from DIX3 by the replacement of the intervening DNA segment with 2′-O-methyl RNA and replacement of the tetrathymidine linkers with tetrauracil. DIX4 differs from DIX3 in that the mutational vector contains a mismatch in the mutator region. In DIX4 the 5′ (lower) strand encodes the desired (wild-type) sequence while the 3′ (upper) strand has the sequence of the target, i.e., the mutant sequence.

The hepatocytes were treated with 360 nM DIX1 complexed in either 25 kDa Lac-PEI or galactocerebroside-containing aqueous-cored, negatively charged lipid vesicles (Gc-NLV). The results are given in the table below.

Frequency of conversion of A to G at nucleotide 1477 of the

Factor IX Gene

(Primary Hepatocytes from the Chapel HiII Strain of Hemophilia B Dogs)

Number of

Times

G Clones/Total

Frequency

Vehicle

Transfected

Concentration

Clones

(%)

Gc-NLV

Once

360 nM

30/195

15.44

30/218

13.76

Twice

30/118

25.4

Lac-PEI

Once*

360 nM

20/141

14.2

25 kDa

48/348

13.3

Twice

21/107

19.6

*RT-PCR on parallel transfected cultures gave an A to G conversion frequency of 11.1%

Each of the DIX2-DIX4 were also tested on primary cultured dog hepatocytes as above. The results showed that DIX2 worked poorly, possibly due to the low (25%) GC percentage. The subsequent experiments the results of DIX3 were about 16% conversion, while a parallel experiments DIX1 gave 10% conversion and the results of DIX4 were about as good as DIX1.

GenBank Sequences References for the Exons of the Human Apolipoprotein B-100 Gene

TABLE II

GenBank Accession

Exon

No. Sequence

No.

cDNA Boundary

Reference

1

126 to 207

M19808

2

208 to 246

M19808

3

247 to 362

M19809

4

363 to 508

M19810

5

509 to 662

M19811

6

663 to 818

M19812

7

819 to 943

M19813

8

944 to 1029

M19813

9

1030 to 1249

M19815

1o

1250 to 1477

M19816

11

1478 to 1595

M19818

12

1596 to 1742

M19818

13

1743 to 1954

M19820

14

1955 to 2192

M19820

15

2193 to 2359

M19821

16

2360 to 2561

M19823

17

2562 to 2729

M19824

18

2730 to 2941

M19824

19

2942 to 3124

M19825

20

3125 to 3246

M19825

21

3247 to 3457

M19827

22

3458 to 3633

M19828

23

3634 to 3821

M19828

24

3822 to 3967

M19828

25

3968 to 4341

M19828

26

4342 to 11913

M19828

27

11944 to 12028

M19828

28

12029 to 12212

M19828

29

12213 to 13816

M19828

TABLE I

SEQ ID.

AA

Restriction

No.

Sequence (5′→3′)

G/C#

NA Change

Change

AA

% APOB100

Site

4

AGTCTGGATGGG

T

AAGCCGCCCTCA

15

A→T

K→Stop

1701

36.9

None

5

CTGGGCTGGCTT

A

AGCCATTGACAT

13

C→A

S→TAA

1876

40.8

+CTTAAG

6

GCTCTCTGGGGA

T

AACATACTGGGC

14

G→T

E→Stop

1921

41.8

None

7

GATGCCGTTGAG

T

AGCCCCAAGAAT

13

A→T

K→Stop

2047

44.5

None

8

GAGAGGAATCGA

T

AAACCATTATAG

10

C→T

Q→Stop

2085

45.4

+ATCGAT

9

TGTAAGAAAATA

A

AGAGCAGCCCTG

10

C→A

Y→Stop

2110

45.9

None

10

GCAGCCCTGGGA

T

AACTCCCACAGC

16

A→T

K→Stop

2116

46.0

None

11

GCAAGCTAATGA

T

TAGCTGAATTCATTCAAT

8

T→G

Y→Stop

2124

46.2

+AGCT

12

CAAGTTTCACATGCC

T

AGGAGAAACTGACTG

11

A→T

K→Stop

2138

46.5

+CCTAGG

13

ATATACAAATTGCAT

G

AGATGATGCCAAAAT

9

T→G

L→Stop

2159

47.0

+CATG

14

AAACTATCTCAACTG

T

AGACATATATGATAC

8

C→T

Q→Stop

2174

47.3

−CTGCAG

15

GCTAATATTATTGAT

T

AAATCATTGAAATTA

3

G→T

E→Stop

2204

48.0

+TTAA

16

TGATGAGCACTA

G

CATATCCGTGTA

11

T→G

Y→Stop

2216

48.3

+CTAG

17

CTGCAGCAGCTT

T

AGAGACACATAC

12

A→T

K→Stop

2270

49.4

−CTTAAG

18

AACAGTGAGCTG

T

AGTGGCCCGTTC

14

C→T

Q→Stop

2684

58.6

None

19

CAGACTTCCGTT

A

ACCAGAAATCGC

12

T→A

L→Stop

2712

59.2

+GTTAAC

20

AAAGGGTCATGG

T

AATGGGCCTGCC

14

A→T

K→Stop

2930

64.0

None

21

ACATATATGATA

T

AATTTGATCAGT

5

C→T

Q→Stop

2180

47.5

Physiologic

22

ATGGAGGACGTG

T

GCGGCCGCCTGG

18

C→T

R→C

112

Apo E

None

23

GACCTGCAGAAG

T

GCCTGGCAGTGT

15

C→T

R→C

158

Apo E

None

24

GACCTGCAGAAG

C

GCCTGGCAGTGT

16

T→C

C→R

159

Apo E

None

25

TAAGGTCAGGAG

T

TTGAGACCAGCC

13

A→T

NA

−491

Apo E

None

4563 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

protein

1
Met Asp Pro Pro Arg Pro Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Pro Ala
1 5 10 15
Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ala Gly Ala Arg Ala Glu Glu Glu Met Leu
20 25 30
Glu Asn Val Ser Leu Val Cys Pro Lys Asp Ala Thr Arg Phe Lys His
35 40 45
Leu Arg Lys Tyr Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Glu Ala Glu Ser Ser Ser Gly Val
50 55 60
Pro Gly Thr Ala Asp Ser Arg Ser Ala Thr Arg Ile Asn Cys Lys Val
65 70 75 80
Glu Leu Glu Val Pro Gln Leu Cys Ser Phe Ile Leu Lys Thr Ser Gln
85 90 95
Cys Ile Leu Lys Glu Val Tyr Gly Phe Asn Pro Glu Gly Lys Ala Leu
100 105 110
Leu Lys Lys Thr Lys Asn Ser Glu Glu Phe Ala Ala Ala Met Ser Arg
115 120 125
Tyr Glu Leu Lys Leu Ala Ile Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Val Phe Leu Tyr
130 135 140
Pro Glu Lys Asp Glu Pro Thr Tyr Ile Leu Asn Ile Lys Arg Gly Ile
145 150 155 160
Ile Ser Ala Leu Leu Val Pro Pro Glu Thr Glu Glu Ala Lys Gln Val
165 170 175
Leu Phe Leu Asp Thr Val Tyr Gly Asn Cys Ser Thr His Phe Thr Val
180 185 190
Lys Thr Arg Lys Gly Asn Val Ala Thr Glu Ile Ser Thr Glu Arg Asp
195 200 205
Leu Gly Gln Cys Asp Arg Phe Lys Pro Ile Arg Thr Gly Ile Ser Pro
210 215 220
Leu Ala Leu Ile Lys Gly Met Thr Arg Pro Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser
225 230 235 240
Ser Ser Gln Ser Cys Gln Tyr Thr Leu Asp Ala Lys Arg Lys His Val
245 250 255
Ala Glu Ala Ile Cys Lys Glu Gln His Leu Phe Leu Pro Phe Ser Tyr
260 265 270
Lys Asn Lys Tyr Gly Met Val Ala Gln Val Thr Gln Thr Leu Lys Leu
275 280 285
Glu Asp Thr Pro Lys Ile Asn Ser Arg Phe Phe Gly Glu Gly Thr Lys
290 295 300
Lys Met Gly Leu Ala Phe Glu Ser Thr Lys Ser Thr Ser Pro Pro Lys
305 310 315 320
Gln Ala Glu Ala Val Leu Lys Thr Val Gln Glu Leu Lys Lys Leu Thr
325 330 335
Ile Ser Glu Gln Asn Ile Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu Phe Asn Lys Leu Val
340 345 350
Thr Glu Leu Arg Gly Leu Ser Asp Glu Ala Val Thr Ser Leu Leu Pro
355 360 365
Gln Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Ser Pro Ile Thr Leu Gln Ala Leu Val Gln
370 375 380
Cys Gly Gln Pro Gln Cys Ser Thr His Ile Leu Gln Trp Leu Lys Arg
385 390 395 400
Val His Ala Asn Pro Leu Leu Ile Asp Val Val Thr Tyr Leu Val Ala
405 410 415
Leu Ile Pro Glu Pro Ser Ala Gln Gln Leu Arg Glu Ile Phe Asn Met
420 425 430
Ala Arg Asp Gln Arg Ser Arg Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Leu Ser His Ala
435 440 445
Val Asn Asn Tyr His Lys Thr Asn Pro Thr Gly Thr Gln Glu Leu Leu
450 455 460
Asp Ile Ala Asn Tyr Leu Met Glu Gln Ile Gln Asp Asp Cys Thr Gly
465 470 475 480
Asp Glu Asp Tyr Thr Tyr Leu Ile Leu Arg Val Ile Gly Asn Met Gly
485 490 495
Gln Thr Met Glu Gln Leu Thr Pro Glu Leu Lys Ser Ser Ile Leu Lys
500 505 510
Cys Val Gln Ser Thr Lys Pro Ser Leu Met Ile Gln Lys Ala Ala Ile
515 520 525
Gln Ala Leu Arg Lys Met Glu Pro Lys Asp Lys Asp Gln Glu Val Leu
530 535 540
Leu Gln Thr Phe Leu Asp Asp Ala Ser Pro Gly Asp Lys Arg Leu Ala
545 550 555 560
Ala Tyr Leu Met Leu Met Arg Ser Pro Ser Gln Ala Asp Ile Asn Lys
565 570 575
Ile Val Gln Ile Leu Pro Trp Glu Gln Asn Glu Gln Val Lys Asn Phe
580 585 590
Val Ala Ser His Ile Ala Asn Ile Leu Asn Ser Glu Glu Leu Asp Ile
595 600 605
Gln Asp Leu Lys Lys Leu Val Lys Glu Val Leu Lys Glu Ser Gln Leu
610 615 620
Pro Thr Val Met Asp Phe Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg Asn Tyr Gln Leu Tyr
625 630 635 640
Lys Ser Val Ser Ile Pro Ser Leu Asp Pro Ala Ser Ala Lys Ile Glu
645 650 655
Gly Asn Leu Ile Phe Asp Pro Asn Asn Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser Met
660 665 670
Leu Lys Thr Thr Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Phe Ala Ser Ala Asp Leu Ile
675 680 685
Glu Ile Gly Leu Glu Gly Lys Gly Phe Glu Pro Thr Leu Glu Ala Leu
690 695 700
Phe Gly Lys Gln Gly Phe Phe Pro Asp Ser Val Asn Lys Ala Leu Tyr
705 710 715 720
Trp Val Asn Gly Gln Val Pro Asp Gly Val Ser Lys Val Leu Val Asp
725 730 735
His Phe Gly Tyr Thr Lys Asp Asp Lys His Glu Gln Asp Met Val Asn
740 745 750
Gly Ile Met Leu Ser Val Glu Lys Leu Ile Lys Asp Leu Lys Ser Lys
755 760 765
Glu Val Pro Glu Ala Arg Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ile Leu Gly Glu Glu Leu
770 775 780
Gly Phe Ala Ser Leu His Asp Leu Gln Leu Leu Gly Lys Leu Leu Leu
785 790 795 800
Met Gly Ala Arg Thr Leu Gln Gly Ile Pro Gln Met Ile Gly Glu Val
805 810 815
Ile Arg Lys Gly Ser Lys Asn Asp Phe Phe Leu His Tyr Ile Phe Met
820 825 830
Glu Asn Ala Phe Glu Leu Pro Thr Gly Ala Gly Leu Gln Leu Gln Ile
835 840 845
Ser Ser Ser Gly Val Ile Ala Pro Gly Ala Lys Ala Gly Val Lys Leu
850 855 860
Glu Val Ala Asn Met Gln Ala Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Pro Ser Val Ser
865 870 875 880
Val Glu Phe Val Thr Asn Met Gly Ile Ile Ile Pro Asp Phe Ala Arg
885 890 895
Ser Gly Val Gln Met Asn Thr Asn Phe Phe His Glu Ser Gly Leu Glu
900 905 910
Ala His Val Ala Leu Lys Pro Gly Lys Leu Lys Phe Ile Ile Pro Ser
915 920 925
Pro Lys Arg Pro Val Lys Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Asn Thr Leu His Leu
930 935 940
Val Ser Thr Thr Lys Thr Glu Val Ile Pro Pro Leu Ile Glu Asn Arg
945 950 955 960
Gln Ser Trp Ser Val Cys Lys Gln Val Phe Pro Gly Leu Asn Tyr Cys
965 970 975
Thr Ser Gly Ala Tyr Ser Asn Ala Ser Ser Thr Asp Ser Ala Ser Tyr
980 985 990
Tyr Pro Leu Thr Gly Asp Thr Arg Leu Glu Leu Glu Leu Arg Pro Thr
995 1000 1005
Gly Glu Ile Glu Gln Tyr Ser Val Ser Ala Thr Tyr Glu Leu Gln Arg
1010 1015 1020
Glu Asp Arg Ala Leu Val Asp Thr Leu Lys Phe Val Thr Gln Ala Glu
1025 1030 1035 1040
Gly Ala Lys Gln Thr Glu Ala Thr Met Thr Phe Lys Tyr Asn Arg Gln
1045 1050 1055
Ser Met Thr Leu Ser Ser Glu Val Gln Ile Pro Asp Phe Asp Val Asp
1060 1065 1070
Leu Gly Thr Ile Leu Arg Val Asn Asp Glu Ser Thr Glu Gly Lys Thr
1075 1080 1085
Ser Tyr Arg Leu Thr Leu Asp Ile Gln Asn Lys Lys Ile Thr Glu Val
1090 1095 1100
Ala Leu Met Gly His Leu Ser Cys Asp Thr Lys Glu Glu Arg Lys Ile
1105 1110 1115 1120
Lys Gly Val Ile Ser Ile Pro Arg Leu Gln Ala Glu Ala Arg Ser Glu
1125 1130 1135
Ile Leu Ala His Trp Ser Pro Ala Lys Leu Leu Leu Gln Met Asp Ser
1140 1145 1150
Ser Ala Thr Ala Tyr Gly Ser Thr Val Ser Lys Arg Val Ala Trp His
1155 1160 1165
Tyr Asp Glu Glu Lys Ile Glu Phe Glu Trp Asn Thr Gly Thr Asn Val
1170 1175 1180
Asp Thr Lys Lys Met Thr Ser Asn Phe Pro Val Asp Leu Ser Asp Tyr
1185 1190 1195 1200
Pro Lys Ser Leu His Met Tyr Ala Asn Arg Leu Leu Asp His Arg Val
1205 1210 1215
Pro Gln Thr Asp Met Thr Phe Arg His Val Gly Ser Lys Leu Ile Val
1220 1225 1230
Ala Met Ser Ser Trp Leu Gln Lys Ala Ser Gly Ser Leu Pro Tyr Thr
1235 1240 1245
Gln Thr Leu Gln Asp His Leu Asn Ser Leu Lys Glu Phe Asn Leu Gln
1250 1255 1260
Asn Met Gly Leu Pro Asp Phe His Ile Pro Glu Asn Leu Phe Leu Lys
1265 1270 1275 1280
Ser Asp Gly Arg Val Lys Tyr Thr Leu Asn Lys Asn Ser Leu Lys Ile
1285 1290 1295
Glu Ile Pro Leu Pro Phe Gly Gly Lys Ser Ser Arg Asp Leu Lys Met
1300 1305 1310
Leu Glu Thr Val Arg Thr Pro Ala Leu His Phe Lys Ser Val Gly Phe
1315 1320 1325
His Leu Pro Ser Arg Glu Phe Gln Val Pro Thr Phe Thr Ile Pro Lys
1330 1335 1340
Leu Tyr Gln Leu Gln Val Pro Leu Leu Gly Val Leu Asp Leu Ser Thr
1345 1350 1355 1360
Asn Val Tyr Ser Asn Leu Tyr Asn Trp Ser Ala Ser Tyr Ser Gly Gly
1365 1370 1375
Asn Thr Ser Thr Asp His Phe Ser Leu Arg Ala Arg Tyr His Met Lys
1380 1385 1390
Ala Asp Ser Val Val Asp Leu Leu Ser Tyr Asn Val Gln Gly Ser Gly
1395 1400 1405
Glu Thr Thr Tyr Asp His Lys Asn Thr Phe Thr Leu Ser Cys Asp Gly
1410 1415 1420
Ser Leu Arg His Lys Phe Leu Asp Ser Asn Ile Lys Phe Ser His Val
1425 1430 1435 1440
Glu Lys Leu Gly Asn Asn Pro Val Ser Lys Gly Leu Leu Ile Phe Asp
1445 1450 1455
Ala Ser Ser Ser Trp Gly Pro Gln Met Ser Ala Ser Val His Leu Asp
1460 1465 1470
Ser Lys Lys Lys Gln His Leu Phe Val Lys Glu Val Lys Ile Asp Gly
1475 1480 1485
Gln Phe Arg Val Ser Ser Phe Tyr Ala Lys Gly Thr Tyr Gly Leu Ser
1490 1495 1500
Cys Gln Arg Asp Pro Asn Thr Gly Arg Leu Asn Gly Glu Ser Asn Leu
1505 1510 1515 1520
Arg Phe Asn Ser Ser Tyr Leu Gln Gly Thr Asn Gln Ile Thr Gly Arg
1525 1530 1535
Tyr Glu Asp Gly Thr Leu Ser Leu Thr Ser Thr Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser
1540 1545 1550
Gly Ile Ile Lys Asn Thr Ala Ser Leu Lys Tyr Glu Asn Tyr Glu Leu
1555 1560 1565
Thr Leu Lys Ser Asp Thr Asn Gly Lys Tyr Lys Asn Phe Ala Thr Ser
1570 1575 1580
Asn Lys Met Asp Met Thr Phe Ser Lys Gln Asn Ala Leu Leu Arg Ser
1585 1590 1595 1600
Glu Tyr Gln Ala Asp Tyr Glu Ser Leu Arg Phe Phe Ser Leu Leu Ser
1605 1610 1615
Gly Ser Leu Asn Ser His Gly Leu Glu Leu Asn Ala Asp Ile Leu Gly
1620 1625 1630
Thr Asp Lys Ile Asn Ser Gly Ala His Lys Ala Thr Leu Arg Ile Gly
1635 1640 1645
Gln Asp Gly Ile Ser Thr Ser Ala Thr Thr Asn Leu Lys Cys Ser Leu
1650 1655 1660
Leu Val Leu Glu Asn Glu Leu Asn Ala Glu Leu Gly Leu Ser Gly Ala
1665 1670 1675 1680
Ser Met Lys Leu Thr Thr Asn Gly Arg Phe Arg Glu His Asn Ala Lys
1685 1690 1695
Phe Ser Leu Asp Gly Lys Ala Ala Leu Thr Glu Leu Ser Leu Gly Ser
1700 1705 1710
Ala Tyr Gln Ala Met Ile Leu Gly Val Asp Ser Lys Asn Ile Phe Asn
1715 1720 1725
Phe Lys Val Ser Gln Glu Gly Leu Lys Leu Ser Asn Asp Met Met Gly
1730 1735 1740
Ser Tyr Ala Glu Met Lys Phe Asp His Thr Asn Ser Leu Asn Ile Ala
1745 1750 1755 1760
Gly Leu Ser Leu Asp Phe Ser Ser Lys Leu Asp Asn Ile Tyr Ser Ser
1765 1770 1775
Asp Lys Phe Tyr Lys Gln Thr Val Asn Leu Gln Leu Gln Pro Tyr Ser
1780 1785 1790
Leu Val Thr Thr Leu Asn Ser Asp Leu Lys Tyr Asn Ala Leu Asp Leu
1795 1800 1805
Thr Asn Asn Gly Lys Leu Arg Leu Glu Pro Leu Lys Leu His Val Ala
1810 1815 1820
Gly Asn Leu Lys Gly Ala Tyr Gln Asn Asn Glu Ile Lys His Ile Tyr
1825 1830 1835 1840
Ala Ile Ser Ser Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ser Tyr Lys Ala Asp Thr Val
1845 1850 1855
Ala Lys Val Gln Gly Val Glu Phe Ser His Arg Leu Asn Thr Asp Ile
1860 1865 1870
Ala Gly Leu Ala Ser Ala Ile Asp Met Ser Thr Asn Tyr Asn Ser Asp
1875 1880 1885
Ser Leu His Phe Ser Asn Val Phe Arg Ser Val Met Ala Pro Phe Thr
1890 1895 1900
Met Thr Ile Asp Ala His Thr Asn Gly Asn Gly Lys Leu Ala Leu Trp
1905 1910 1915 1920
Gly Glu His Thr Gly Gln Leu Tyr Ser Lys Phe Leu Leu Lys Ala Glu
1925 1930 1935
Pro Leu Ala Phe Thr Phe Ser His Asp Tyr Lys Gly Ser Thr Ser His
1940 1945 1950
His Leu Val Ser Arg Lys Ser Ile Ser Ala Ala Leu Glu His Lys Val
1955 1960 1965
Ser Ala Leu Leu Thr Pro Ala Glu Gln Thr Gly Thr Trp Lys Leu Lys
1970 1975 1980
Thr Gln Phe Asn Asn Asn Glu Tyr Ser Gln Asp Leu Asp Ala Tyr Asn
1985 1990 1995 2000
Thr Lys Asp Lys Ile Gly Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Arg Thr Leu Ala Asp
2005 2010 2015
Leu Thr Leu Leu Asp Ser Pro Ile Lys Val Pro Leu Leu Leu Ser Glu
2020 2025 2030
Pro Ile Asn Ile Ile Asp Ala Leu Glu Met Arg Asp Ala Val Glu Lys
2035 2040 2045
Pro Gln Glu Phe Thr Ile Val Ala Phe Val Lys Tyr Asp Lys Asn Gln
2050 2055 2060
Asp Val His Ser Ile Asn Leu Pro Phe Phe Glu Thr Leu Gln Glu Tyr
2065 2070 2075 2080
Phe Glu Arg Asn Arg Gln Thr Ile Ile Val Val Leu Glu Asn Val Gln
2085 2090 2095
Arg Asn Leu Lys His Ile Asn Ile Asp Gln Phe Val Arg Lys Tyr Arg
2100 2105 2110
Ala Ala Leu Gly Lys Leu Pro Gln Gln Ala Asn Asp Tyr Leu Asn Ser
2115 2120 2125
Phe Asn Trp Glu Arg Gln Val Ser His Ala Lys Glu Lys Leu Thr Ala
2130 2135 2140
Leu Thr Lys Lys Tyr Arg Ile Thr Glu Asn Asp Ile Gln Ile Ala Leu
2145 2150 2155 2160
Asp Asp Ala Lys Ile Asn Phe Asn Glu Lys Leu Ser Gln Leu Gln Thr
2165 2170 2175
Tyr Met Ile Gln Phe Asp Gln Tyr Ile Lys Asp Ser Tyr Asp Leu His
2180 2185 2190
Asp Leu Lys Ile Ala Ile Ala Asn Ile Ile Asp Glu Ile Ile Glu Lys
2195 2200 2205
Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Glu His Tyr His Ile Arg Val Asn Leu Val Lys
2210 2215 2220
Thr Ile His Asp Leu His Leu Phe Ile Glu Asn Ile Asp Phe Asn Lys
2225 2230 2235 2240
Ser Gly Ser Ser Thr Ala Ser Trp Ile Gln Asn Val Asp Thr Lys Tyr
2245 2250 2255
Gln Ile Arg Ile Gln Ile Gln Glu Lys Leu Gln Gln Leu Lys Arg His
2260 2265 2270
Ile Gln Asn Ile Asp Ile Gln His Leu Ala Gly Lys Leu Lys Gln His
2275 2280 2285
Ile Glu Ala Ile Asp Val Arg Val Leu Leu Asp Gln Leu Gly Thr Thr
2290 2295 2300
Ile Ser Phe Glu Arg Ile Asn Asp Val Leu Glu His Val Lys His Phe
2305 2310 2315 2320
Val Ile Asn Leu Ile Gly Asp Phe Glu Val Ala Glu Lys Ile Asn Ala
2325 2330 2335
Phe Arg Ala Lys Val His Glu Leu Ile Glu Arg Tyr Glu Val Asp Gln
2340 2345 2350
Gln Ile Gln Val Leu Met Asp Lys Leu Val Glu Leu Ala His Gln Tyr
2355 2360 2365
Lys Leu Lys Glu Thr Ile Gln Lys Leu Ser Asn Val Leu Gln Gln Val
2370 2375 2380
Lys Ile Lys Asp Tyr Phe Glu Lys Leu Val Gly Phe Ile Asp Asp Ala
2385 2390 2395 2400
Val Lys Lys Leu Asn Glu Leu Ser Phe Lys Thr Phe Ile Glu Asp Val
2405 2410 2415
Asn Lys Phe Leu Asp Met Leu Ile Lys Lys Leu Lys Ser Phe Asp Tyr
2420 2425 2430
His Gln Phe Val Asp Glu Thr Asn Asp Lys Ile Arg Glu Val Thr Gln
2435 2440 2445
Arg Leu Asn Gly Glu Ile Gln Ala Leu Glu Leu Pro Gln Lys Ala Glu
2450 2455 2460
Ala Leu Lys Leu Phe Leu Glu Glu Thr Lys Ala Thr Val Ala Val Tyr
2465 2470 2475 2480
Leu Glu Ser Leu Gln Asp Thr Lys Ile Thr Leu Ile Ile Asn Trp Leu
2485 2490 2495
Gln Glu Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Ser Leu Ala His Met Lys Ala Lys Phe
2500 2505 2510
Arg Glu Thr Leu Glu Asp Thr Arg Asp Arg Met Tyr Gln Met Asp Ile
2515 2520 2525
Gln Gln Glu Leu Gln Arg Tyr Leu Ser Leu Val Gly Gln Val Tyr Ser
2530 2535 2540
Thr Leu Val Thr Tyr Ile Ser Asp Trp Trp Thr Leu Ala Ala Lys Asn
2545 2550 2555 2560
Leu Thr Asp Phe Ala Glu Gln Tyr Ser Ile Gln Asp Trp Ala Lys Arg
2565 2570 2575
Met Lys Ala Leu Val Glu Gln Gly Phe Thr Val Pro Glu Ile Lys Thr
2580 2585 2590
Ile Leu Gly Thr Met Pro Ala Phe Glu Val Ser Leu Gln Ala Leu Gln
2595 2600 2605
Lys Ala Thr Phe Gln Thr Pro Asp Phe Ile Val Pro Leu Thr Asp Leu
2610 2615 2620
Arg Ile Pro Ser Val Gln Ile Asn Phe Lys Asp Leu Lys Asn Ile Lys
2625 2630 2635 2640
Ile Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Thr Pro Glu Phe Thr Ile Leu Asn Thr Phe
2645 2650 2655
His Ile Pro Ser Phe Thr Ile Asp Phe Val Glu Met Lys Val Lys Ile
2660 2665 2670
Ile Arg Thr Ile Asp Gln Met Leu Asn Ser Glu Leu Gln Trp Pro Val
2675 2680 2685
Pro Asp Ile Tyr Leu Arg Asp Leu Lys Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Leu Ala
2690 2695 2700
Arg Ile Thr Leu Pro Asp Phe Arg Leu Pro Glu Ile Ala Ile Pro Glu
2705 2710 2715 2720
Phe Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Asn Leu Asn Asp Phe Gln Val Pro Asp Leu
2725 2730 2735
His Ile Pro Glu Phe Gln Leu Pro His Ile Ser His Thr Ile Glu Val
2740 2745 2750
Pro Thr Phe Gly Lys Leu Tyr Ser Ile Leu Lys Ile Gln Ser Pro Leu
2755 2760 2765
Phe Thr Leu Asp Ala Asn Ala Asp Ile Gly Asn Gly Thr Thr Ser Ala
2770 2775 2780
Asn Glu Ala Gly Ile Ala Ala Ser Ile Thr Ala Lys Gly Glu Ser Lys
2785 2790 2795 2800
Leu Glu Val Leu Asn Phe Asp Phe Gln Ala Asn Ala Gln Leu Ser Asn
2805 2810 2815
Pro Lys Ile Asn Pro Leu Ala Leu Lys Glu Ser Val Lys Phe Ser Ser
2820 2825 2830
Lys Tyr Leu Arg Thr Glu His Gly Ser Glu Met Leu Phe Phe Gly Asn
2835 2840 2845
Ala Ile Glu Gly Lys Ser Asn Thr Val Ala Ser Leu His Thr Glu Lys
2850 2855 2860
Asn Thr Leu Glu Leu Ser Asn Gly Val Ile Val Lys Ile Asn Asn Gln
2865 2870 2875 2880
Leu Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Thr Lys Tyr Phe His Lys Leu Asn Ile Pro
2885 2890 2895
Lys Leu Asp Phe Ser Ser Gln Ala Asp Leu Arg Asn Glu Ile Lys Thr
2900 2905 2910
Leu Leu Lys Ala Gly His Ile Ala Trp Thr Ser Ser Gly Lys Gly Ser
2915 2920 2925
Trp Lys Trp Ala Cys Pro Arg Phe Ser Asp Glu Gly Thr His Glu Ser
2930 2935 2940
Gln Ile Ser Phe Thr Ile Glu Gly Pro Leu Thr Ser Phe Gly Leu Ser
2945 2950 2955 2960
Asn Lys Ile Asn Ser Lys His Leu Arg Val Asn Gln Asn Leu Val Tyr
2965 2970 2975
Glu Ser Gly Ser Leu Asn Phe Ser Lys Leu Glu Ile Gln Ser Gln Val
2980 2985 2990
Asp Ser Gln His Val Gly His Ser Val Leu Thr Ala Lys Gly Met Ala
2995 3000 3005
Leu Phe Gly Glu Gly Lys Ala Glu Phe Thr Gly Arg His Asp Ala His
3010 3015 3020
Leu Asn Gly Lys Val Ile Gly Thr Leu Lys Asn Ser Leu Phe Phe Ser
3025 3030 3035 3040
Ala Gln Pro Phe Glu Ile Thr Ala Ser Thr Asn Asn Glu Gly Asn Leu
3045 3050 3055
Lys Val Arg Phe Pro Leu Arg Leu Thr Gly Lys Ile Asp Phe Leu Asn
3060 3065 3070
Asn Tyr Ala Leu Phe Leu Ser Pro Ser Ala Gln Gln Ala Ser Trp Gln
3075 3080 3085
Val Ser Ala Arg Phe Asn Gln Tyr Lys Tyr Asn Gln Asn Phe Ser Ala
3090 3095 3100
Gly Asn Asn Glu Asn Ile Met Glu Ala His Val Gly Ile Asn Gly Glu
3105 3110 3115 3120
Ala Asn Leu Asp Phe Leu Asn Ile Pro Leu Thr Ile Pro Glu Met Arg
3125 3130 3135
Leu Pro Tyr Thr Ile Ile Thr Thr Pro Pro Leu Lys Asp Phe Ser Leu
3140 3145 3150
Trp Glu Lys Thr Gly Leu Lys Glu Phe Leu Lys Thr Thr Lys Gln Ser
3155 3160 3165
Phe Asp Leu Ser Val Lys Ala Gln Tyr Lys Lys Asn Lys His Arg His
3170 3175 3180
Ser Ile Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Val Leu Cys Glu Phe Ile Ser Gln Ser
3185 3190 3195 3200
Ile Lys Ser Phe Asp Arg His Phe Glu Lys Asn Arg Asn Asn Ala Leu
3205 3210 3215
Asp Phe Val Thr Lys Ser Tyr Asn Glu Thr Lys Ile Lys Phe Asp Lys
3220 3225 3230
Tyr Lys Ala Glu Lys Ser His Asp Glu Leu Pro Arg Thr Phe Gln Ile
3235 3240 3245
Pro Gly Tyr Thr Val Pro Val Val Asn Val Glu Val Ser Pro Phe Thr
3250 3255 3260
Ile Glu Met Ser Ala Phe Gly Tyr Val Phe Pro Lys Ala Val Ser Met
3265 3270 3275 3280
Pro Ser Phe Ser Ile Leu Gly Ser Asp Val Arg Val Pro Ser Tyr Thr
3285 3290 3295
Leu Ile Leu Pro Ser Leu Glu Leu Pro Val Leu His Val Pro Arg Asn
3300 3305 3310
Leu Lys Leu Ser Leu Pro Asp Phe Lys Glu Leu Cys Thr Ile Ser His
3315 3320 3325
Ile Phe Ile Pro Ala Met Gly Asn Ile Thr Tyr Asp Phe Ser Phe Lys
3330 3335 3340
Ser Ser Val Ile Thr Leu Asn Thr Asn Ala Glu Leu Phe Asn Gln Ser
3345 3350 3355 3360
Asp Ile Val Ala His Leu Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Ile Asp Ala
3365 3370 3375
Leu Gln Tyr Lys Leu Glu Gly Thr Thr Arg Leu Thr Arg Lys Arg Gly
3380 3385 3390
Leu Lys Leu Ala Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Ser Asn Lys Phe Val Glu Gly
3395 3400 3405
Ser His Asn Ser Thr Val Ser Leu Thr Thr Lys Asn Met Glu Val Ser
3410 3415 3420
Val Ala Thr Thr Thr Lys Ala Gln Ile Pro Ile Leu Arg Met Asn Phe
3425 3430 3435 3440
Lys Gln Glu Leu Asn Gly Asn Thr Lys Ser Lys Pro Thr Val Ser Ser
3445 3450 3455
Ser Met Glu Phe Lys Tyr Asp Phe Asn Ser Ser Met Leu Tyr Ser Thr
3460 3465 3470
Ala Lys Gly Ala Val Asp His Lys Leu Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu Thr Ser
3475 3480 3485
Tyr Phe Ser Ile Glu Ser Ser Thr Lys Gly Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Val
3490 3495 3500
Leu Ser Arg Glu Tyr Ser Gly Thr Ile Ala Ser Glu Ala Asn Thr Tyr
3505 3510 3515 3520
Leu Asn Ser Lys Ser Thr Arg Ser Ser Val Lys Leu Gln Gly Thr Ser
3525 3530 3535
Lys Ile Asp Asp Ile Trp Asn Leu Glu Val Lys Glu Asn Phe Ala Gly
3540 3545 3550
Glu Ala Thr Leu Gln Arg Ile Tyr Ser Leu Trp Glu His Ser Thr Lys
3555 3560 3565
Asn His Leu Gln Leu Glu Gly Leu Phe Phe Thr Asn Gly Glu His Thr
3570 3575 3580
Ser Lys Ala Thr Leu Glu Leu Ser Pro Trp Gln Met Ser Ala Leu Val
3585 3590 3595 3600
Gln Val His Ala Ser Gln Pro Ser Ser Phe His Asp Phe Pro Asp Leu
3605 3610 3615
Gly Gln Glu Val Ala Leu Asn Ala Asn Thr Lys Asn Gln Lys Ile Arg
3620 3625 3630
Trp Lys Asn Glu Val Arg Ile His Ser Gly Ser Phe Gln Ser Gln Val
3635 3640 3645
Glu Leu Ser Asn Asp Gln Glu Lys Ala His Leu Asp Ile Ala Gly Ser
3650 3655 3660
Leu Glu Gly His Leu Arg Phe Leu Lys Asn Ile Ile Leu Pro Val Tyr
3665 3670 3675 3680
Asp Lys Ser Leu Trp Asp Phe Leu Lys Leu Asp Val Thr Thr Ser Ile
3685 3690 3695
Gly Arg Arg Gln His Leu Arg Val Ser Thr Ala Phe Val Tyr Thr Lys
3700 3705 3710
Asn Pro Asn Gly Tyr Ser Phe Ser Ile Pro Val Lys Val Leu Ala Asp
3715 3720 3725
Lys Phe Ile Ile Pro Gly Leu Lys Leu Asn Asp Leu Asn Ser Val Leu
3730 3735 3740
Val Met Pro Thr Phe His Val Pro Phe Thr Asp Leu Gln Val Pro Ser
3745 3750 3755 3760
Cys Lys Leu Asp Phe Arg Glu Ile Gln Ile Tyr Lys Lys Leu Arg Thr
3765 3770 3775
Ser Ser Phe Ala Leu Asn Leu Pro Thr Leu Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Pro
3780 3785 3790
Glu Val Asp Val Leu Thr Lys Tyr Ser Gln Pro Glu Asp Ser Leu Ile
3795 3800 3805
Pro Phe Phe Glu Ile Thr Val Pro Glu Ser Gln Leu Thr Val Ser Gln
3810 3815 3820
Phe Thr Leu Pro Lys Ser Val Ser Asp Gly Ile Ala Ala Leu Asp Leu
3825 3830 3835 3840
Asn Ala Val Ala Asn Lys Ile Ala Asp Phe Glu Leu Pro Thr Ile Ile
3845 3850 3855
Val Pro Glu Gln Thr Ile Glu Ile Pro Ser Ile Lys Phe Ser Val Pro
3860 3865 3870
Ala Gly Ile Ala Ile Pro Ser Phe Gln Ala Leu Thr Ala Arg Phe Glu
3875 3880 3885
Val Asp Ser Pro Val Tyr Asn Ala Thr Trp Ser Ala Ser Leu Lys Asn
3890 3895 3900
Lys Ala Asp Tyr Val Glu Thr Val Leu Asp Ser Thr Cys Ser Ser Thr
3905 3910 3915 3920
Val Gln Phe Leu Glu Tyr Glu Leu Asn Val Leu Gly Thr His Lys Ile
3925 3930 3935
Glu Asp Gly Thr Leu Ala Ser Lys Thr Lys Gly Thr Phe Ala His Arg
3940 3945 3950
Asp Phe Ser Ala Glu Tyr Glu Glu Asp Gly Lys Tyr Glu Gly Leu Gln
3955 3960 3965
Glu Trp Glu Gly Lys Ala His Leu Asn Ile Lys Ser Pro Ala Phe Thr
3970 3975 3980
Asp Leu His Leu Arg Tyr Gln Lys Asp Lys Lys Gly Ile Ser Thr Ser
3985 3990 3995 4000
Ala Ala Ser Pro Ala Val Gly Thr Val Gly Met Asp Met Asp Glu Asp
4005 4010 4015
Asp Asp Phe Ser Lys Trp Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Ser Pro Gln Ser Ser Pro
4020 4025 4030
Asp Lys Lys Leu Thr Ile Phe Lys Thr Glu Leu Arg Val Arg Glu Ser
4035 4040 4045
Asp Glu Glu Thr Gln Ile Lys Val Asn Trp Glu Glu Glu Ala Ala Ser
4050 4055 4060
Gly Leu Leu Thr Ser Leu Lys Asp Asn Val Pro Lys Ala Thr Gly Val
4065 4070 4075 4080
Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Val Asn Lys Tyr His Trp Glu His Thr Gly Leu Thr
4085 4090 4095
Leu Arg Glu Val Ser Ser Lys Leu Arg Arg Asn Leu Gln Asp His Ala
4100 4105 4110
Glu Trp Val Tyr Gln Gly Ala Ile Arg Glu Ile Asp Asp Ile Asp Glu
4115 4120 4125
Arg Phe Gln Lys Gly Ala Ser Gly Thr Thr Gly Thr Tyr Gln Glu Trp
4130 4135 4140
Lys Asp Lys Ala Gln Asn Leu Tyr Gln Glu Leu Leu Thr Gln Glu Gly
4145 4150 4155 4160
Gln Ala Ser Phe Gln Gly Leu Lys Asp Asn Val Phe Asp Gly Leu Val
4165 4170 4175
Arg Val Thr Gln Glu Phe His Met Lys Val Lys His Leu Ile Asp Ser
4180 4185 4190
Leu Ile Asp Phe Leu Asn Phe Pro Arg Phe Gln Phe Pro Gly Lys Pro
4195 4200 4205
Gly Ile Tyr Thr Arg Glu Glu Leu Cys Thr Met Phe Ile Arg Glu Val
4210 4215 4220
Gly Thr Val Leu Ser Gln Val Tyr Ser Lys Val His Asn Gly Ser Glu
4225 4230 4235 4240
Ile Leu Phe Ser Tyr Phe Gln Asp Leu Val Ile Thr Leu Pro Phe Glu
4245 4250 4255
Leu Arg Lys His Lys Leu Ile Asp Val Ile Ser Met Tyr Arg Glu Leu
4260 4265 4270
Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Lys Glu Ala Gln Glu Val Phe Lys Ala Ile Gln
4275 4280 4285
Ser Leu Lys Thr Thr Glu Val Leu Arg Asn Leu Gln Asp Leu Leu Gln
4290 4295 4300
Phe Ile Phe Gln Leu Ile Glu Asp Asn Ile Lys Gln Leu Lys Glu Met
4305 4310 4315 4320
Lys Phe Thr Tyr Leu Ile Asn Tyr Ile Gln Asp Glu Ile Asn Thr Ile
4325 4330 4335
Phe Asn Asp Tyr Ile Pro Tyr Val Phe Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu Asn Leu
4340 4345 4350
Cys Leu Asn Leu His Lys Phe Asn Glu Phe Ile Gln Asn Glu Leu Gln
4355 4360 4365
Glu Ala Ser Gln Glu Leu Gln Gln Ile His Gln Tyr Ile Met Ala Leu
4370 4375 4380
Arg Glu Glu Tyr Phe Asp Pro Ser Ile Val Gly Trp Thr Val Lys Tyr
4385 4390 4395 4400
Tyr Glu Leu Glu Glu Lys Ile Val Ser Leu Ile Lys Asn Leu Leu Val
4405 4410 4415
Ala Leu Lys Asp Phe His Ser Glu Tyr Ile Val Ser Ala Ser Asn Phe
4420 4425 4430
Thr Ser Gln Leu Ser Ser Gln Val Glu Gln Phe Leu His Arg Asn Ile
4435 4440 4445
Gln Glu Tyr Leu Ser Ile Leu Thr Asp Pro Asp Gly Lys Gly Lys Glu
4450 4455 4460
Lys Ile Ala Glu Leu Ser Ala Thr Ala Gln Glu Ile Ile Lys Ser Gln
4465 4470 4475 4480
Ala Ile Ala Thr Lys Lys Ile Ile Ser Asp Tyr His Gln Gln Phe Arg
4485 4490 4495
Tyr Lys Leu Gln Asp Phe Ser Asp Gln Leu Ser Asp Tyr Tyr Glu Lys
4500 4505 4510
Phe Ile Ala Glu Ser Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Leu Ser Ile Gln Asn Tyr
4515 4520 4525
His Thr Phe Leu Ile Tyr Ile Thr Glu Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Gln Ser
4530 4535 4540
Thr Thr Val Met Asn Pro Tyr Met Lys Leu Ala Pro Gly Glu Leu Thr
4545 4550 4555 4560
Ile Ile Leu

14070 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

2
GAGGAGCCCG CCCAGCCAGC CAGGGCCGCG AGGCCGAGGC CAGGCCGCAG CCCAGGAGCC 60
GCCCCACCGC AGCTGGCGAT GGACCCGCCG AGGCCCGCGC TGCTGGCGCT GCTGGCGCTG 120
CCTGCGCTGC TGCTGCTGCT GCTGGCGGGC GCCAGGGCCG AAGAGGAAAT GCTGGAAAAT 180
GTCAGCCTGG TCTGTCCAAA AGATGCGACC CGATTCAAGC ACCTCCGGAA GTACACATAC 240
AACTATGAGG CTGAGAGTTC CAGTGGAGTC CCTGGGACTG CTGATTCAAG AAGTGCCACC 300
AGGATCAACT GCAAGGTTGA GCTGGAGGTT CCCCAGCTCT GCAGCTTCAT CCTGAAGACC 360
AGCCAGTGCA TCCTGAAAGA GGTGTATGGC TTCAACCCTG AGGGCAAAGC CTTGCTGAAG 420
AAAACCAAGA ACTCTGAGGA GTTTGCTGCA GCCATGTCCA GGTATGAGCT CAAGCTGGCC 480
ATTCCAGAAG GGAAGCAGGT TTTCCTTTAC CCGGAGAAAG ATGAACCTAC TTACATCCTG 540
AACATCAAGA GGGGCATCAT TTCTGCCCTC CTGGTTCCCC CAGAGACAGA AGAAGCCAAG 600
CAAGTGTTGT TTCTGGATAC CGTGTATGGA AACTGCTCCA CTCACTTTAC CGTCAAGACG 660
AGGAAGGGCA ATGTGGCAAC AGAAATATCC ACTGAAAGAG ACCTGGGGCA GTGTGATCGC 720
TTCAAGCCCA TCCGCACAGG CATCAGCCCA CTTGCTCTCA TCAAAGGCAT GACCCGCCCC 780
TTGTCAACTC TGATCAGCAG CAGCCAGTCC TGTCAGTACA CACTGGACGC TAAGAGGAAG 840
CATGTGGCAG AAGCCATCTG CAAGGAGCAA CACCTCTTCC TGCCTTTCTC CTACAAGAAT 900
AAGTATGGGA TGGTAGCACA AGTGACACAG ACTTTGAAAC TTGAAGACAC ACCAAAGATC 960
AACAGCCGCT TCTTTGGTGA AGGTACTAAG AAGATGGGCC TCGCATTTGA GAGCACCAAA 1020
TCCACATCAC CTCCAAAGCA GGCCGAAGCT GTTTTGAAGA CTGTCCAGGA ACTGAAAAAA 1080
CTAACCATCT CTGAGCAAAA TATCCAGAGA GCTAATCTCT TCAATAAGCT GGTTACTGAG 1140
CTGAGAGGCC TCAGTGATGA AGCAGTCACA TCTCTCTTGC CACAGCTGAT TGAGGTGTCC 1200
AGCCCCATCA CTTTACAAGC CTTGGTTCAG TGTGGACAGC CTCAGTGCTC CACTCACATC 1260
CTCCAGTGGC TGAAACGTGT GCATGCCAAC CCCCTTCTGA TAGATGTGGT CACCTACCTG 1320
GTGGCCCTGA TCCCCGAGCC CTCAGCACAG CAGCTGCGAG AGATCTTCAA CATGGCGAGG 1380
GATCAGCGCA GCCGAGCCAC CTTGTATGCG CTGAGCCACG CGGTCAACAA CTATCATAAG 1440
ACAAACCCTA CAGGGACCCA GGAGCTGCTG GACATTGCTA ATTACCTGAT GGAACAGATT 1500
CAAGATGACT GCACTGGGGA TGAAGATTAC ACCTATTTGA TTCTGCGGGT CATTGGAAAT 1560
ATGGGCCAAA CCATGGAGCA GTTAACTCCA GAACTCAAGT CTTCAATCCT GAAATGTGTC 1620
CAAAGTACAA AGCCATCACT GATGATCCAG AAAGCTGCCA TCCAGGCTCT GCGGAAAATG 1680
GAGCCTAAAG ACAAGGACCA GGAGGTTCTT CTTCAGACTT TCCTTGATGA TGCTTCTCCG 1740
GGAGATAAGC GACTGGCTGC CTATCTTATG TTGATGAGGA GTCCTTCACA GGCAGATATT 1800
AACAAAATTG TCCAAATTCT ACCATGGGAA CAGAATGAGC AAGTGAAGAA CTTTGTGGCT 1860
TCCCATATTG CCAATATCTT GAACTCAGAA GAATTGGATA TCCAAGATCT GAAAAAGTTA 1920
GTGAAAGAAG TTCTGAAAGA ATCTCAACTT CCAACTGTCA TGGACTTCAG AAAATTCTCT 1980
CGGAACTATC AACTCTACAA ATCTGTTTCT ATTCCATCAC TTGACCCAGC CTCAGCCAAA 2040
ATAGAAGGGA ATCTTATATT TGATCCAAAT AACTACCTTC CTAAAGAAAG CATGCTGAAA 2100
ACTACCCTCA CTGCCTTTGG ATTTGCTTCA GCTGACCTCA TCGAGATTGG CTTGGAAGGA 2160
AAAGGCTTTG AGCCAACATT GGAAGCTCTT TTTGGGAAGC AAGGATTTTT CCCAGACAGT 2220
GTCAACAAAG CTTTGTACTG GGTTAATGGT CAAGTTCCTG ATGGTGTCTC TAAGGTCTTA 2280
GTGGACCACT TTGGCTATAC CAAAGATGAT AAACATGAGC AGGATATGGT AAATGGAATA 2340
ATGCTCAGTG TTGAGAAGCT GATTAAAGAT TTGAAATCCA AAGAAGTCCC GGAAGCCAGA 2400
GCCTACCTCC GCATCTTGGG AGAGGAGCTT GGTTTTGCCA GTCTCCATGA CCTCCAGCTC 2460
CTGGGAAAGC TGCTTCTGAT GGGTGCCCGC ACTCTGCAGG GGATCCCCCA GATGATTGGA 2520
GAGGTCATCA GGAAGGGCTC AAAGAATGAC TTTTTTCTTC ACTACATCTT CATGGAGAAT 2580
GCCTTTGAAC TCCCCACTGG AGCTGGATTA CAGTTGCAAA TATCTTCATC TGGAGTCATT 2640
GCTCCCGGAG CCAAGGCTGG AGTAAAACTG GAAGTAGCCA ACATGCAGGC TGAACTGGTG 2700
GCAAAACCCT CCGTGTCTGT GGAGTTTGTG ACAAATATGG GCATCATCAT TCCGGACTTC 2760
GCTAGGAGTG GGGTCCAGAT GAACACCAAC TTCTTCCACG AGTCGGGTCT GGAGGCTCAT 2820
GTTGCCCTAA AACCTGGGAA GCTGAAGTTT ATCATTCCTT CCCCAAAGAG ACCAGTCAAG 2880
CTGCTCAGTG GAGGCAACAC ATTACATTTG GTCTCTACCA CCAAAACGGA GGTGATCCCA 2940
CCTCTCATTG AGAACAGGCA GTCCTGGTCA GTTTGCAAGC AAGTCTTTCC TGGCCTGAAT 3000
TACTGCACCT CAGGCGCTTA CTCCAACGCC AGCTCCACAG ACTCCGCCTC CTACTATCCG 3060
CTGACCGGGG ACACCAGATT AGAGCTGGAA CTGAGGCCTA CAGGAGAGAT TGAGCAGTAT 3120
TCTGTCAGCG CAACCTATGA GCTCCAGAGA GAGGACAGAG CCTTGGTGGA TACCCTGAAG 3180
TTTGTAACTC AAGCAGAAGG TGCGAAGCAG ACTGAGGCTA CCATGACATT CAAATATAAT 3240
CGGCAGAGTA TGACCTTGTC CAGTGAAGTC CAAATTCCGG ATTTTGATGT TGACCTCGGA 3300
ACAATCCTCA GAGTTAATGA TGAATCTACT GAGGGCAAAA CGTCTTACAG ACTCACCCTG 3360
GACATTCAGA ACAAGAAAAT TACTGAGGTC GCCCTCATGG GCCACCTAAG TTGTGACACA 3420
AAGGAAGAAA GAAAAATCAA GGGTGTTATT TCCATACCCC GTTTGCAAGC AGAAGCCAGA 3480
AGTGAGATCC TCGCCCACTG GTCGCCTGCC AAACTGCTTC TCCAAATGGA CTCATCTGCT 3540
ACAGCTTATG GCTCCACAGT TTCCAAGAGG GTGGCATGGC ATTATGATGA AGAGAAGATT 3600
GAATTTGAAT GGAACACAGG CACCAATGTA GATACCAAAA AAATGACTTC CAATTTCCCT 3660
GTGGATCTCT CCGATTATCC TAAGAGCTTG CATATGTATG CTAATAGACT CCTGGATCAC 3720
AGAGTCCCTC AAACAGACAT GACTTTCCGG CACGTGGGTT CCAAATTAAT AGTTGCAATG 3780
AGCTCATGGC TTCAGAAGGC ATCTGGGAGT CTTCCTTATA CCCAGACTTT GCAAGACCAC 3840
CTCAATAGCC TGAAGGAGTT CAACCTCCAG AACATGGGAT TGCCAGACTT CCACATCCCA 3900
GAAAACCTCT TCTTAAAAAG CGATGGCCGG GTCAAATATA CCTTGAACAA GAACAGTTTG 3960
AAAATTGAGA TTCCTTTGCC TTTTGGTGGC AAATCCTCCA GAGATCTAAA GATGTTAGAG 4020
ACTGTTAGGA CACCAGCCCT CCACTTCAAG TCTGTGGGAT TCCATCTGCC ATCTCGAGAG 4080
TTCCAAGTCC CTACTTTTAC CATTCCCAAG TTGTATCAAC TGCAAGTGCC TCTCCTGGGT 4140
GTTCTAGACC TCTCCACGAA TGTCTACAGC AACTTGTACA ACTGGTCCGC CTCCTACAGT 4200
GGTGGCAACA CCAGCACAGA CCATTTCAGC CTTCGGGCTC GTTACCACAT GAAGGCTGAC 4260
TCTGTGGTTG ACCTGCTTTC CTACAATGTG CAAGGATCTG GAGAAACAAC ATATGACCAC 4320
AAGAATACGT TCACACTATC ATGTGATGGG TCTCTACGCC ACAAATTTCT AGATTCGAAT 4380
ATCAAATTCA GTCATGTAGA AAAACTTGGA AACAACCCAG TCTCAAAAGG TTTACTAATA 4440
TTCGATGCAT CTAGTTCCTG GGGACCACAG ATGTCTGCTT CAGTTCATTT GGACTCCAAA 4500
AAGAAACAGC ATTTGTTTGT CAAAGAAGTC AAGATTGATG GGCAGTTCAG AGTCTCTTCG 4560
TTCTATGCTA AAGGCACATA TGGCCTGTCT TGTCAGAGGG ATCCTAACAC TGGCCGGCTC 4620
AATGGAGAGT CCAACCTGAG GTTTAACTCC TCCTACCTCC AAGGCACCAA CCAGATAACA 4680
GGAAGATATG AAGATGGAAC CCTCTCCCTC ACCTCCACCT CTGATCTGCA AAGTGGCATC 4740
ATTAAAAATA CTGCTTCCCT AAAGTATGAG AACTACGAGC TGACTTTAAA ATCTGACACC 4800
AATGGGAAGT ATAAGAACTT TGCCACTTCT AACAAGATGG ATATGACCTT CTCTAAGCAA 4860
AATGCACTGC TGCGTTCTGA ATATCAGGCT GATTACGAGT CATTGAGGTT CTTCAGCCTG 4920
CTTTCTGGAT CACTAAATTC CCATGGTCTT GAGTTAAATG CTGACATCTT AGGCACTGAC 4980
AAAATTAATA GTGGTGCTCA CAAGGCGACA CTAAGGATTG GCCAAGATGG AATATCTACC 5040
AGTGCAACGA CCAACTTGAA GTGTAGTCTC CTGGTGCTGG AGAATGAGCT GAATGCAGAG 5100
CTTGGCCTCT CTGGGGCATC TATGAAATTA ACAACAAATG GCCGCTTCAG GGAACACAAT 5160
GCAAAATTCA GTCTGGATGG GAAAGCCGCC CTCACAGAGC TATCACTGGG AAGTGCTTAT 5220
CAGGCCATGA TTCTGGGTGT CGACAGCAAA AACATTTTCA ACTTCAAGGT CAGTCAAGAA 5280
GGACTTAAGC TCTCAAATGA CATGATGGGC TCATATGCTG AAATGAAATT TGACCACACA 5340
AACAGTCTGA ACATTGCAGG CTTATCACTG GACTTCTCTT CAAAACTTGA CAACATTTAC 5400
AGCTCTGACA AGTTTTATAA GCAAACTGTT AATTTACAGC TACAGCCCTA TTCTCTGGTA 5460
ACTACTTTAA ACAGTGACCT GAAATACAAT GCTCTGGATC TCACCAACAA TGGGAAACTA 5520
CGGCTAGAAC CCCTGAAGCT GCATGTGGCT GGTAACCTAA AAGGAGCCTA CCAAAATAAT 5580
GAAATAAAAC ACATCTATGC CATCTCTTCT GCTGCCTTAT CAGCAAGCTA TAAAGCAGAC 5640
ACTGTTGCTA AGGTTCAGGG TGTGGAGTTT AGCCATCGGC TCAACACAGA CATCGCTGGG 5700
CTGGCTTCAG CCATTGACAT GAGCACAAAC TATAATTCAG ACTCACTGCA TTTCAGCAAT 5760
GTCTTCCGTT CTGTAATGGC CCCGTTTACC ATGACCATCG ATGCACATAC AAATGGCAAT 5820
GGGAAACTCG CTCTCTGGGG AGAACATACT GGGCAGCTGT ATAGCAAATT CCTGTTGAAA 5880
GCAGAACCTC TGGCATTTAC TTTCTCTCAT GATTACAAAG GCTCCACAAG TCATCATCTC 5940
GTGTCTAGGA AAAGCATCAG TGCAGCTCTT GAACACAAAG TCAGTGCCCT GCTTACTCCA 6000
GCTGAGCAGA CAGGCACCTG GAAACTCAAG ACCCAATTTA ACAACAATGA ATACAGCCAG 6060
GACTTGGATG CTTACAACAC TAAAGATAAA ATTGGCGTGG AGCTTACTGG ACGAACTCTG 6120
GCTGACCTAA CTCTACTAGA CTCCCCAATT AAAGTGCCAC TTTTACTCAG TGAGCCCATC 6180
AATATCATTG ATGCTTTAGA GATGAGAGAT GCCGTTGAGA AGCCCCAAGA ATTTACAATT 6240
GTTGCTTTTG TAAAGTATGA TAAAAACCAA GATGTTCACT CCATTAACCT CCCATTTTTT 6300
GAGACCTTGC AAGAATATTT TGAGAGGAAT CGACAAACCA TTATAGTTGT ACTGGAAAAC 6360
GTACAGAGAA ACCTGAAGCA CATCAATATT GATCAATTTG TAAGAAAATA CAGAGCAGCC 6420
CTGGGAAAAC TCCCACAGCA AGCTAATGAT TATCTGAATT CATTCAATTG GGAGAGACAA 6480
GTTTCACATG CCAAGGAGAA ACTGACTGCT CTCACAAAAA AGTATAGAAT TACAGAAAAT 6540
GATATACAAA TTGCATTAGA TGATGCCAAA ATCAACTTTA ATGAAAAACT ATCTCAACTG 6600
CAGACATATA TGATACAATT TGATCAGTAT ATTAAAGATA GTTATGATTT ACATGATTTG 6660
AAAATAGCTA TTGCTAATAT TATTGATGAA ATCATTGAAA AATTAAAAAG TCTTGATGAG 6720
CACTATCATA TCCGTGTAAA TTTAGTAAAA ACAATCCATG ATCTACATTT GTTTATTGAA 6780
AATATTGATT TTAACAAAAG TGGAAGTAGT ACTGCATCCT GGATTCAAAA TGTGGATACT 6840
AAGTACCAAA TCAGAATCCA GATACAAGAA AAACTGCAGC AGCTTAAGAG ACACATACAG 6900
AATATAGACA TCCAGCACCT AGCTGGAAAG TTAAAACAAC ACATTGAGGC TATTGATGTT 6960
AGAGTGCTTT TAGATCAATT GGGAACTACA ATTTCATTTG AAAGAATAAA TGATGTTCTT 7020
GAGCATGTCA AACACTTTGT TATAAATCTT ATTGGGGATT TTGAAGTAGC TGAGAAAATC 7080
AATGCCTTCA GAGCCAAAGT CCATGAGTTA ATCGAGAGGT ATGAAGTAGA CCAACAAATC 7140
CAGGTTTTAA TGGATAAATT AGTAGAGTTG GCCCACCAAT ACAAGTTGAA GGAGACTATT 7200
CAGAAGCTAA GCAATGTCCT ACAACAAGTT AAGATAAAAG ATTACTTTGA GAAATTGGTT 7260
GGATTTATTG ATGATGCTGT CAAGAAGCTT AATGAATTAT CTTTTAAAAC ATTCATTGAA 7320
GATGTTAACA AATTCCTTGA CATGTTGATA AAGAAATTAA AGTCATTTGA TTACCACCAG 7380
TTTGTAGATG AAACCAATGA CAAAATCCGT GAGGTGACTC AGAGACTCAA TGGTGAAATT 7440
CAGGCTCTGG AACTACCACA AAAAGCTGAA GCATTAAAAC TGTTTTTAGA GGAAACCAAG 7500
GCCACAGTTG CAGTGTATCT GGAAAGCCTA CAGGACACCA AAATAACCTT AATCATCAAT 7560
TGGTTACAGG AGGCTTTAAG TTCAGCATCT TTGGCTCACA TGAAGGCCAA ATTCCGAGAG 7620
ACTCTAGAAG ATACACGAGA CCGAATGTAT CAAATGGACA TTCAGCAGGA ACTTCAACGA 7680
TACCTGTCTC TGGTAGGCCA GGTTTATAGC ACACTTGTCA CCTACATTTC TGATTGGTGG 7740
ACTCTTGCTG CTAAGAACCT TACTGACTTT GCAGAGCAAT ATTCTATCCA AGATTGGGCT 7800
AAACGTATGA AAGCATTGGT AGAGCAAGGG TTCACTGTTC CTGAAATCAA GACCATCCTT 7860
GGGACCATGC CTGCCTTTGA AGTCAGTCTT CAGGCTCTTC AGAAAGCTAC CTTCCAGACA 7920
CCTGATTTTA TAGTCCCCCT AACAGATTTG AGGATTCCAT CAGTTCAGAT AAACTTCAAA 7980
GACTTAAAAA ATATAAAAAT CCCATCCAGG TTTTCCACAC CAGAATTTAC CATCCTTAAC 8040
ACCTTCCACA TTCCTTCCTT TACAATTGAC TTTGTAGAAA TGAAAGTAAA GATCATCAGA 8100
ACCATTGACC AGATGCTGAA CAGTGAGCTG CAGTGGCCCG TTCCAGATAT ATATCTCAGG 8160
GATCTGAAGG TGGAGGACAT TCCTCTAGCG AGAATCACCC TGCCAGACTT CCGTTTACCA 8220
GAAATCGCAA TTCCAGAATT CATAATCCCA ACTCTCAACC TTAATGATTT TCAAGTTCCT 8280
GACCTTCACA TACCAGAATT CCAGCTTCCC CACATCTCAC ACACAATTGA AGTACCTACT 8340
TTTGGCAAGC TATACAGTAT TCTGAAAATC CAATCTCCTC TTTTCACATT AGATGCAAAT 8400
GCTGACATAG GGAATGGAAC CACCTCAGCA AACGAAGCAG GTATCGCAGC TTCCATCACT 8460
GCCAAAGGAG AGTCCAAATT AGAAGTTCTC AATTTTGATT TTCAAGCAAA TGCACAACTC 8520
TCAAACCCTA AGATTAATCC GCTGGCTCTG AAGGAGTCAG TGAAGTTCTC CAGCAAGTAC 8580
CTGAGAACGG AGCATGGGAG TGAAATGCTG TTTTTTGGAA ATGCTATTGA GGGAAAATCA 8640
AACACAGTGG CAAGTTTACA CACAGAAAAA AATACACTGG AGCTTAGTAA TGGAGTGATT 8700
GTCAAGATAA ACAATCAGCT TACCCTGGAT AGCAACACTA AATACTTCCA CAAATTGAAC 8760
ATCCCCAAAC TGGACTTCTC TAGTCAGGCT GACCTGCGCA ACGAGATCAA GACACTGTTG 8820
AAAGCTGGCC ACATAGCATG GACTTCTTCT GGAAAAGGGT CATGGAAATG GGCCTGCCCC 8880
AGATTCTCAG ATGAGGGAAC ACATGAATCA CAAATTAGTT TCACCATAGA AGGACCCCTC 8940
ACTTCCTTTG GACTGTCCAA TAAGATCAAT AGCAAACACC TAAGAGTAAA CCAAAACTTG 9000
GTTTATGAAT CTGGCTCCCT CAACTTTTCT AAACTTGAAA TTCAATCACA AGTCGATTCC 9060
CAGCATGTGG GCCACAGTGT TCTAACTGCT AAAGGCATGG CACTGTTTGG AGAAGGGAAG 9120
GCAGAGTTTA CTGGGAGGCA TGATGCTCAT TTAAATGGAA AGGTTATTGG AACTTTGAAA 9180
AATTCTCTTT TCTTTTCAGC CCAGCCATTT GAGATCACGG CATCCACAAA CAATGAAGGG 9240
AATTTGAAAG TTCGTTTTCC ATTAAGGTTA ACAGGGAAGA TAGACTTCCT GAATAACTAT 9300
GCACTGTTTC TGAGTCCCAG TGCCCAGCAA GCAAGTTGGC AAGTAAGTGC TAGGTTCAAT 9360
CAGTATAAGT ACAACCAAAA TTTCTCTGCT GGAAACAACG AGAACATTAT GGAGGCCCAT 9420
GTAGGAATAA ATGGAGAAGC AAATCTGGAT TTCTTAAACA TTCCTTTAAC AATTCCTGAA 9480
ATGCGTCTAC CTTACACAAT AATCACAACT CCTCCACTGA AAGATTTCTC TCTATGGGAA 9540
AAAACAGGCT TGAAGGAATT CTTGAAAACG ACAAAGCAAT CATTTGATTT AAGTGTAAAA 9600
GCTCAGTATA AGAAAAACAA ACACAGGCAT TCCATCACAA ATCCTTTGGC TGTGCTTTGT 9660
GAGTTTATCA GTCAGAGCAT CAAATCCTTT GACAGGCATT TTGAAAAAAA CAGAAACAAT 9720
GCATTAGATT TTGTCACCAA ATCCTATAAT GAAACAAAAA TTAAGTTTGA TAAGTACAAA 9780
GCTGAAAAAT CTCACGACGA GCTCCCCAGG ACCTTTCAAA TTCCTGGATA CACTGTTCCA 9840
GTTGTCAATG TTGAAGTGTC TCCATTCACC ATAGAGATGT CGGCATTCGG CTATGTGTTC 9900
CCAAAAGCAG TCAGCATGCC TAGTTTCTCC ATCCTAGGTT CTGACGTCCG TGTGCCTTCA 9960
TACACATTAA TCCTGCCATC ATTAGAGCTG CCAGTCCTTC ATGTCCCTAG AAATCTCAAG 10020
CTTTCTCTTC CAGATTTCAA GGAATTGTGT ACCATAAGCC ATATTTTTAT TCCTGCCATG 10080
GGCAATATTA CCTATGATTT CTCCTTTAAA TCAAGTGTCA TCACACTGAA TACCAATGCT 10140
GAACTTTTTA ACCAGTCAGA TATTGTTGCT CATCTCCTTT CTTCATCTTC ATCTGTCATT 10200
GATGCACTGC AGTACAAATT AGAGGGCACC ACAAGATTGA CAAGAAAAAG GGGATTGAAG 10260
TTAGCCACAG CTCTGTCTCT GAGCAACAAA TTTGTGGAGG GTAGTCATAA CAGTACTGTG 10320
AGCTTAACCA CGAAAAATAT GGAAGTGTCA GTGGCAACAA CCACAAAAGC CCAAATTCCA 10380
ATTTTGAGAA TGAATTTCAA GCAAGAACTT AATGGAAATA CCAAGTCAAA ACCTACTGTC 10440
TCTTCCTCCA TGGAATTTAA GTATGATTTC AATTCTTCAA TGCTGTACTC TACCGCTAAA 10500
GGAGCAGTTG ACCACAAGCT TAGCTTGGAA AGCCTCACCT CTTACTTTTC CATTGAGTCA 10560
TCTACCAAAG GAGATGTCAA GGGTTCGGTT CTTTCTCGGG AATATTCAGG AACTATTGCT 10620
AGTGAGGCCA ACACTTACTT GAATTCCAAG AGCACACGGT CTTCAGTGAA GCTGCAGGGC 10680
ACTTCCAAAA TTGATGATAT CTGGAACCTT GAAGTAAAAG AAAATTTTGC TGGAGAAGCC 10740
ACACTCCAAC GCATATATTC CCTCTGGGAG CACAGTACGA AAAACCACTT ACAGCTAGAG 10800
GGCCTCTTTT TCACCAACGG AGAACATACA AGCAAAGCCA CCCTGGAACT CTCTCCATGG 10860
CAAATGTCAG CTCTTGTTCA GGTCCATGCA AGTCAGCCCA GTTCCTTCCA TGATTTCCCT 10920
GACCTTGGCC AGGAAGTGGC CCTGAATGCT AACACTAAGA ACCAGAAGAT CAGATGGAAA 10980
AATGAAGTCC GGATTCATTC TGGGTCTTTC CAGAGCCAGG TCGAGCTTTC CAATGACCAA 11040
GAAAAGGCAC ACCTTGACAT TGCAGGATCC TTAGAAGGAC ACCTAAGGTT CCTCAAAAAT 11100
ATCATCCTAC CAGTCTATGA CAAGAGCTTA TGGGATTTCC TAAAGCTGGA TGTAACCACC 11160
AGCATTGGTA GGAGACAGCA TCTTCGTGTT TCAACTGCCT TTGTGTACAC CAAAAACCCC 11220
AATGGCTATT CATTCTCCAT CCCTGTAAAA GTTTTGGCTG ATAAATTCAT TATTCCTGGG 11280
CTGAAACTAA ATGATCTAAA TTCAGTTCTT GTCATGCCTA CGTTCCATGT CCCATTTACA 11340
GATCTTCAGG TTCCATCGTG CAAACTTGAC TTCAGAGAAA TACAAATCTA TAAGAAGCTG 11400
AGAACTTCAT CATTTGCCCT CAACCTACCA ACACTCCCCG AGGTAAAATT CCCTGAAGTT 11460
GATGTGTTAA CAAAATATTC TCAACCAGAA GACTCCTTGA TTCCCTTTTT TGAGATAACC 11520
GTGCCTGAAT CTCAGTTAAC TGTGTCCCAG TTCACGCTTC CAAAAAGTGT TTCAGATGGC 11580
ATTGCTGCTT TGGATCTAAA TGCAGTAGCC AACAAGATCG CAGACTTTGA GTTGCCCACC 11640
ATCATCGTGC CTGAGCAGAC CATTGAGATT CCCTCCATTA AGTTCTCTGT ACCTGCTGGA 11700
ATTGCCATTC CTTCCTTTCA AGCACTGACT GCACGCTTTG AGGTAGACTC TCCCGTGTAT 11760
AATGCCACTT GGAGTGCCAG TTTGAAAAAC AAAGCAGATT ATGTTGAAAC AGTCCTGGAT 11820
TCCACATGCA GCTCAACCGT ACAGTTCCTA GAATATGAAC TTAATGTTTT GGGAACACAC 11880
AAAATCGAAG ATGGTACGTT AGCCTCTAAG ACTAAAGGAA CATTTGCACA CCGTGACTTC 11940
AGTGCAGAAT ATGAAGAAGA TGGCAAATAT GAAGGACTTC AGGAATGGGA AGGAAAAGCG 12000
CACCTCAATA TCAAAAGCCC AGCGTTCACC GATCTCCATC TGCGCTACCA GAAAGACAAG 12060
AAAGGCATCT CCACCTCAGC AGCCTCCCCA GCCGTAGGCA CCGTGGGCAT GGATATGGAT 12120
GAAGATGACG ACTTTTCTAA ATGGAACTTC TACTACAGCC CTCAGTCCTC TCCAGATAAA 12180
AAACTCACCA TATTCAAAAC TGAGTTGAGG GTCCGGGAAT CTGATGAGGA AACTCAGATC 12240
AAAGTTAATT GGGAAGAAGA GGCAGCTTCT GGCTTGCTAA CCTCTCTGAA AGACAACGTG 12300
CCCAAGGCCA CAGGGGTCCT TTATGATTAT GTCAACAAGT ACCACTGGGA ACACACAGGG 12360
CTCACCCTGA GAGAAGTGTC TTCAAAGCTG AGAAGAAATC TGCAGGACCA TGCTGAGTGG 12420
GTTTATCAAG GGGCCATTAG GGAAATTGAT GATATCGACG AGAGGTTCCA GAAAGGAGCC 12480
AGTGGGACCA CTGGGACCTA CCAAGAGTGG AAGGACAAGG CCCAGAATCT GTACCAGGAA 12540
CTGTTGACTC AGGAAGGCCA AGCCAGTTTC CAGGGACTCA AGGATAACGT GTTTGATGGC 12600
TTGGTACGAG TTACTCAAGA ATTCCATATG AAAGTCAAGC ATCTGATTGA CTCACTCATT 12660
GATTTTCTGA ACTTCCCCAG ATTCCAGTTT CCGGGGAAAC CTGGGATATA CACTAGGGAG 12720
GAACTTTGCA CTATGTTCAT AAGGGAGGTA GGGACGGTAC TGTCCCAGGT ATATTCGAAA 12780
GTCCATAATG GTTCAGAAAT ACTGTTTTCC TATTTCCAAG ACCTAGTGAT TACACTTCCT 12840
TTCGAGTTAA GGAAACATAA ACTAATAGAT GTAATCTCGA TGTATAGGGA ACTGTTGAAA 12900
GATTTATCAA AAGAAGCCCA AGAGGTATTT AAAGCCATTC AGTCTCTCAA GACCACAGAG 12960
GTGCTACGTA ATCTTCAGGA CCTTTTACAA TTCATTTTCC AACTAATAGA AGATAACATT 13020
AAACAGCTGA AAGAGATGAA ATTTACTTAT CTTATTAATT ATATCCAAGA TGAGATCAAC 13080
ACAATCTTCA ATGATTATAT CCCATATGTT TTTAAATTGT TGAAAGAAAA CCTATGCCTT 13140
AATCTTCATA AGTTCAATGA ATTTATTCAA AACGAGCTTC AGGAAGCTTC TCAAGAGTTA 13200
CAGCAGATCC ATCAATACAT TATGGCCCTT CGTGAAGAAT ATTTTGATCC AAGTATAGTT 13260
GGCTGGACAG TGAAATATTA TGAACTTGAA GAAAAGATAG TCAGTCTGAT CAAGAACCTG 13320
TTAGTTGCTC TTAAGGACTT CCATTCTGAA TATATTGTCA GTGCCTCTAA CTTTACTTCC 13380
CAACTCTCAA GTCAAGTTGA GCAATTTCTG CACAGAAATA TTCAGGAATA TCTTAGCATC 13440
CTTACCGATC CAGATGGAAA AGGGAAAGAG AAGATTGCAG AGCTTTCTGC CACTGCTCAG 13500
GAAATAATTA AAAGCCAGGC CATTGCGACG AAGAAAATAA TTTCTGATTA CCACCAGCAG 13560
TTTAGATATA AACTGCAAGA TTTTTCAGAC CAACTCTCTG ATTACTATGA AAAATTTATT 13620
GCTGAATCCA AAAGATTGAT TGACCTGTCC ATTCAAAACT ACCACACATT TCTGATATAC 13680
ATCACGGAGT TACTGAAAAA GCTGCAATCA ACCACAGTCA TGAACCCCTA CATGAAGCTT 13740
GCTCCAGGAG AACTTACTAT CATCCTCTAA TTTTTTAAAA GAAATCTTCA TTTATTCTTC 13800
TTTTCCAATT GAACTTTCAC ATAGCACAGA AAAAATTCAA AATGCCTATA TTGATCAAAC 13860
CATACAGTGA GCCAGCCTTG CAGTAGGCAG TAGACTATAA GCAGAAGCAC ATATGAACTG 13920
GACCTGCACC AAAGCTGGCA CCAGGGCTCG GAAGGTCTCT GAACTCAGAA GGATGGCATT 13980
TTTTGCAAGT TAAAGAAAAT CAGGATCTGA GTTATTTTGC TAAACTTGGG GGAGGAGGAA 14040
CAAATAAATG GAGTCTTTAT TGTGTATCAT 14070

3805 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Genomic DNA

exon

71...114

Exon 1

3
CCTATCCCTG GGGGAGGGGG CGGGACAGGG GGAGCCCTAT AATTGGACAA GTCTGGGATC 60
CTTGAGTCCT ACTCAGCCCC AGCGGAGGTG AAGGACGTCC TTCCCCAGGA GCCGGTGAGA 120
AGCGCAGTCG GGGGCACGGG GATGAGCTCA GGGGCCTCTA GAAAGAGCTG GGACCCTGGG 180
AAGCCCTGGC CTCCAGGTAG TCTCAGGAGA GCTACTCGGG GTCGGGCTTG GGGAGAGGAG 240
GAGCGGGGGT GAGGCAAGCA GCAGGGGACT GGACCTGGGA AGGGCTGGGC AGCAGAGACG 300
ACCCGACCCG CTAGAAGGTG GGGTGGGGAG AGCAGCTGGA CTGGGATGTA AGCCATAGCA 360
GGACTCCACG AGTTGTCACT ATCATTATCG AGCACCTACT GGGTGTCCCC AGTGTCCTCA 420
GATCTCCATA ACTGGGGAGC CAGGGGCAGC GACACGGTAG CTAGCCGTCG ATTGGAGAAC 480
TTTAAAATGA GGACTGAATT AGCTCATAAA TGGAACACGG CGCTTAACTG TGAGGTTGGA 540
GCTTAGAATG TGAAGGGAGA ATGAGGAATG CGAGACTGGG ACTGAGATGG AACCGGCGGT 600
GGGGAGGGGG TGGGGGGATG GAATTTGAAC CCCGGGAGAG GAAGATGGAA TTTTCTATGG 660
AGGCCGACCT GGGGATGGGG AGATAAGAGA AGACCAGGAG GGAGTTAAAT AGGGAATGGG 720
TTGGGGGCGG CTTGGTAAAT GTGCTGGGAT TAGGCTGTTG CAGATAATGC AACAAGGCTT 780
GGAAGGCTAA CCTGGGGTGA GGCCGGGTTG GGGGCGCTGG GGGTGGGAGG AGTCCTCACT 840
GGCGGTTGAT TGACAGTTTC TCCTTCCCCA GACTGGCCAA TCACAGGCAG GAAGATGAAG 900
GTTCTGTGGG CTGCGTTGCT GGTCACATTC CTGGCAGGTA TGGGGGCGGG GCTTGCTCGG 960
TTCCCCCCGC TCCTCCCCCT CTCATCCTCA CCTCAACCTC CTGGCCCCAT TCAGACAGAC 1020
CCTGGGCCCC CTCTTCTGAG GCTTCTGTGC TGCTTCCTGG CTCTGAACAG CGATTTGACG 1080
CTCTCTGGGC CTCGGTTTCC CCCATCCTTG AGATAGGAGT TAGAAGTTGT TTTGTTGTTG 1140
TTGTTTGTTG TTGTTGTTTT GTTTTTTTGA GATGAAGTCT CGCTCTGTCG CCCAGGCTGG 1200
AGTGCAGTGG CGGGATCTCG GCTCACTGCA AGCTCCGCCT CCCAGGTCCA CGCCATTCTC 1260
CTGCCTCAGC CTCCCAAGTA GCTGGGACTA CAGGCACATG CCACCACACC CGACTAACTT 1320
TTTTGTATTT TCAGTAGAGA CGGGGTTTCA CCATGTTGGC CAGGCTGGTC TGGAACTCCT 1380
GACCTCAGGT GATCTGCCCG TTTCGATCTC CCAAAGTGCT GGGATTACAG GCGTGAGCCA 1440
CCGCACCTGG CTGGGAGTTA GAGGTTTCTA ATGCATTGCA GGCAGATAGT GAATACCAGA 1500
CACGGGGCAG CTGTGATCTT TATTCTCCAT CACCCCCACA CAGCCCTGCC TGGGGCACAC 1560
AAGGACACTC AATACATGCT TTTCCGCTGG GCCGGTGGCT CACCCCTGTA ATCCCAGCAC 1620
TTTGGGAGGC CAAGGTGGGA GGATCACTTG AGCCCAGGAG TTCAACACCA GCCTGGGCAA 1680
CATAGTGAGA CCCTGTCTCT ACTAAAAATA CAAAAATTAG CCAGGCATGG TGCCACACAC 1740
CTGTGCTCTC AGCTACTCAG GAGGCTGAGG CAGGAGGATC GCTTGAGCCC AGAAGGTCAA 1800
GGTTGCAGTG AACCATGTTC AGGCCGCTGC ACTCCAGCCT GGGTGACAGA GCAAGACCCT 1860
GTTTATAAAT ACATAATGCT TTCCAAGTGA TTAAACCGAC TCCCCCCTCA CCCTGCCCAC 1920
CATGGCTCCA AAGAAGCATT TGTGGAGCAC CTTCTGTGTG CCCCTAGGTA GCTAGATGCC 1980
TGGACGGGGT CAGAAGGACC CTGACCCGAC CTTGAACTTG TTCCACACAG GATGCCAGGC 2040
CAAGGTGGAG CAAGCGGTGG AGACAGAGCC GGAGCCCGAG CTGCGCCAGC AGACCGAGTG 2100
GCAGAGCGGC CAGCGCTGGG AACTGGCACT GGGTCGCTTT TGGGATTACC TGCGCTGGGT 2160
GCAGACACTG TCTGAGCAGG TGCAGGAGGA GCTGCTCAGC TCCCAGGTCA CCCAGGAACT 2220
GAGGTGAGTG TCCCCATCCT GGCCCTTGAC CCTCCTGGTG GGCGGCTATA CCTCCCCAGG 2280
TCCAGGTTTC ATTCTGCCCC TGTCGCTAAG TCTTGGGGGG CCTGGGTCTC TGCTGGTTCT 2340
AGCTTCCTCT TCCCATTTCT GACTCCTGGC TTTAGCTCTC TGGAATTCTC TCTCTCAGCT 2400
TTGTCTCTCT CTCTTCCCTT CTGACTCAGT CTCTCACACT CGTCCTGGCT CTGTCTCTGT 2460
CCTTCCCTAG CTCTTTTATA TAGAGACAGA GAGATGGGGT CTCACTGTGT TGCCCAGGCT 2520
GGTCTTGAAC TTCTGGGCTC AAGCGATCCT CCCGCCTCGG CCTCCCAAAG TGCTGGGATT 2580
AGAGGCATGA GCACCTTGCC CGGCCTCCTA GCTCCTTCTT CGTCTCTGCC TCTGCCCTCT 2640
GCATCTGCTC TCTGCATCTG TCTCTGTCTC CTTCTCTCGG CCTCTGCCCC GTTCCTTCTC 2700
TCCCTCTTGG GTCTCTCTGG CTCATCCCCA TCTCGCCCGC CCCATCCCAG CCCTTCTCCC 2760
CCGCCTCCCC ACTGTGCGAC ACCCTCCCGC CCTCTCGGCC GCAGGGCGCT GATGGACGAG 2820
ACCATGAAGG AGTTGAAGGC CTACAAATCG GAACTGGAGG AACAACTGAC CCCGGTGGCG 2880
GAGGAGACGC GGGCACGGCT GTCCAAGGAG CTGCAGGCGG CGCAGGCCCG GCTGGGCGCG 2940
GACATGGAGG ACGTGTGCGG CCGCCTGGTG CAGTACCGCG GCGAGGTGCA GGCCATGCTC 3000
GGCCAGAGCA CCGAGGAGCT GCGGGTGCGC CTCGCCTCCC ACCTGCGCAA GCTGCGTAAG 3060
CGGCTCCTCC GCGATGCCGA TGACCTGCAG AAGCGCCTGG CAGTGTACCA GGCCGGGGCC 3120
CGCGAGGGCG CCGAGCGCGG CCTCAGCGCC ATCCGCGAGC GCCTGGGGCC CCTGGTGGAA 3180
CAGGGCCGCG TGCGGGCCGC CACTGTGGGC TCCCTGGCCG GCCAGCCGCT ACAGGAGCGG 3240
GCCCAGGCCT GGGGCGAGCG GCTGCGCGCG CGGATGGAGG AGATGGGCAG CCGGACCCGC 3300
GACCGCCTGG ACGAGGTGAA GGAGCAGGTG GCGGAGGTGC GCGCCAAGCT GGAGGAGCAG 3360
GCCCAGCAGA TACGCCTGCA GGCCGAGGCC TTCCAGGCCC GCCTCAAGAG CTGGTTCGAG 3420
CCCCTGGTGG AAGACATGCA GCGCCAGTGG GCCGGGCTGG TGGAGAAGGT GCAGGCTGCC 3480
GTGGGCACCA GCGCCGCCCC TGTGCCCAGC GACAATCACT GAACGCCGAA GCCTGCAGCC 3540
ATGCGACCCC ACGCCACCCC GTGCCTCCTG CCTCCGCGCA GCCTGCAGCG GGAGACCCTG 3600
TCCCCGCCCC AGCCGTCCTC CTGGGGTGGA CCCTAGTTTA ATAAAGATTC ACCAAGTTTC 3660
ACGCATCTGC TGGCCTCCCC CTGTGATTTC CTCTAAGCCC CAGCCTCAGT TTCTCTTTCT 3720
GCCCACATAC TGCCACACAA TTCTCAGCCC CCTCCTCTCC ATCTGTGTCT GTGTGTATCT 3780
TTCTCTCTGC CCTTTTTTTT TTTTT 3805

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

4
AGTCTGGATG GGTAAGCCGC CCTCA 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

5
CTGGGCTGGC TTAAGCCATT GACAT 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

6
GCTCTCTGGG GATAACATAC TGGGC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

7
GATGCCGTTG AGTAGCCCCA AGAAT 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

8
GAGAGGAATC GATAAACCAT TATAG 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

9
TGTAAGAAAA TAAAGAGCAG CCCTG 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

10
GCAGCCCTGG GATAACTCCC ACAGC 25

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

11
GCAAGCTAAT GATTAGCTGA ATTCATTCAA T 31

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

12
CAAGTTTCAC ATGCCTAGGA GAAACTGACT G 31

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

13
ATATACAAAT TGCATGAGAT GATGCCAAAA T 31

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

14
AAACTATCTC AACTGTAGAC ATATATGATA C 31

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

15
GCTAATATTA TTGATTAAAT CATTGAAATT A 31

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

16
TGATGAGCAC TAGCATATCC GTGTA 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

17
CTGCAGCAGC TTTAGAGACA CATAC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

18
AACAGTGAGC TGTAGTGGCC CGTTC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

19
CAGACTTCCG TTAACCAGAA ATCGC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

20
AAAGGGTCAT GGTAATGGGC CTGCC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

21
ACATATATGA TATAATTTGA TCAGT 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

22
ATGGAGGACG TGTGCGGCCG CCTGG 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

23
GACCTGCAGA AGTGCCTGGC AGTGT 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

24
GACCTGCAGA AGCGCCTGGC AGTGT 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

25
TAAGGTCAGG AGTTTGAGAC CAGCC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

26
AGUCUGGAUG GGTAAGCCGC CCUCA 25

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

27
CTCGGAGAGC CCCCTCGCA 19

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

28
CAAGGAGATA GTGGGGGAC 19

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

29
ACCATCGACG AGAAAGGGA 19

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

30
TTTGGACAGC GTCCATACT 19

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

31
TGCCTCGCCC AGGTCCTGG 19

19 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

32
CCCACTGCCA GGTATGGGC 19

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

33
AAAGATTCAT GTGAAGGAGA TAGTGGGGGA CCCCATGTT 39

13 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

34
Lys Asp Ser Cys Glu Gly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro His Val
1 5 10

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

35
AAAGATTCAT GTGAAGGAGA TCGTGGGGGA CCCCATGTT 39

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

36
GGGGTCCCCC ACGATCTCCT TCACATTTTU GUGAAGGAGA TCGTGGGGGA CCCCGCGCGT 60
TTTCGCGC 68

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

37
TGTGAAGGAG ATCGTGGGGG ACCCCTTTTG GGGUCCCCCA CGATCUCCUU CACAGCGCGT 60
TTTCGCGC 68

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

38
TGTGAAGGAG ATCGTGGGGG ACCCCTTTTG GGGUCCCCCA CGATCUCCUU CACAGCGCGT 60
TTTCGCGC 68

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

39
TGTCAAGGAG ATCGTGGGGG ACCCCTTTTG GGGUCCCCCA CGATCUCCUU GACAGCGCGT 60
TTTCGCGC 68

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

40
CATTGCTGAC AAGGAATACA CGAAC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

41
ATTTGCCTTT CATTGCACAC TCTTC 25

24 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

42
ATTGCCTTGC TGGAACTGGA TAAC 24

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

43
TTGCCTTTCA TTGCACATTC TTCAC 25

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

44
AAGGAGATAG TGGGGGA 17

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

45
AAGGAGATCG TGGGGGA 17

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

46
AAGGAGATAG TGGGGGA 17

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

47
AAGGAGATCG TGGGGGA 17

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

48
ATTGCCTTGC TGGAACTGGA TAAAC 25

25 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

49
TTGCCTTTCA TTGCACATTC TTCAC 25

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

50
AAGGAGATAG TGGGGGA 17

17 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

51
AAGGAGATCG TGGGGGA 17

23 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

52
GTTGACCGAG CCACATGCCT TAG 23

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

53
CTGGGCTGGC TTAAGCCATT GACATUUUUA UGUCAAUGGC UUAAGCCAGC CCAGGCGCGU 60
UUUCGCGC 68

88 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

54
GACAAGTTTC ACATGCCTAG GAGAAACTGA CTGCTUUUUA GCAGUCAGUU UCUCCTAGGC 60
AUGUGAAACU UGUCGCGCGU UUUCGCGC 88

76 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

55
CCCTGAATGT CCTGGAAATG ACTGCCGATT TTTAUCTTCA GUCATTTCCA GGACAUUCAG 60
GGGCGCGTTT TCGCGC 76

80 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

56
TAAGTTTCTT AACTGGGATT ATTAGCTGGG GTTTTCCCCA GCTAATAATC CCAGTTAAGA 60
AACUUAGCGC GTTTTCGCGC 80

68 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

57
GTTTCTTAAC TGGGATTATT AGCTGTTTTC AGCUAATAAT CCCAGUUAAG AAACGCGCGT 60
TTTCGCGC 68

80 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

58
TAAGTTTCTT AACTGGGATT ATTAGCTGGG GUUUUCCCCA GCUAAUAAUC CCAGUUAAGA 60
AACUUAGCGC GUUUUCGCGC 80

80 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

Other

59
TAAGTTTCTT AACTGGGATT ATTAGCTGGG GUUUUCCCCA GCUAAUAAUC UCAGUUAAGA 60
AACUUAGCGC GUUUUCGCGC 80

14 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

protein

60
Met Lys Val Leu Trp Ala Ala Leu Leu Val Thr Phe Leu Ala
1 5 10

69 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

protein

61
Gly Cys Gln Ala Lys Val Glu Glu Ala Val Glu Thr Glu Pro Glu Pro
1 5 10 15
Glu Pro Glu Leu Arg Gln Gln Thr Glu Trp Gln Ser Gly Gln Arg Trp
20 25 30
Glu Leu Ala Leu Gly Arg Phe Trp Asp Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Arg Trp Val
35 40 45
Gln Thr Leu Ser Glu Gln Val Gln Glu Glu Leu Leu Ser Ser Gln Val
50 55 60
Thr Gln Glu Leu Arg
65

239 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

protein

62
ala leu met asp glu thr met lys glu leu lys ala tyr lys ser glu
1 5 10 15
leu glu glu gln leu thr Pro val ala glu glu thr arg ala arg leu
20 25 30
ser lys glu leu gln ala ala gln ala arg leu gly ala asp met glu
35 40 45
asp Val cys gly arg leu val gln tyr arg gly glu val gln ala met
50 55 60
leu gly gln ser thr glu glu leu arg val arg leu ala ser his leu
65 70 75 80
arg lys leu arg lys arg leu leu leu arg asp ala asp asp leu gln
85 90 95
lys arg leu ala val tyr gln ala gln ala arg glu gly ala glu arg
100 105 110
gly lys ser ala ile arg glu arg leu gly pro leu val glu gln gly
115 120 125
arg val arg ala ala thr val gly ser leu ala gly gln pro leu gln
130 135 140
glu arg ala gln ala trp gly glu arg leu arg ala arg met glu Glu
145 150 155 160
met gly ser arg thr arg asp arg leu asn glu val lys glu gln val
165 170 175
ala glu val arg ala lys leu glu glu gln ala Gln gln ile arg leu
180 185 190
gln ala glu ala phe gln ala arg leu lys ser trp phe ala ala glu
195 200 205
pro leu val glu asp met gln arg gln trp ala gly leu val glu lys
210 215 220
val glu val gly thr ser ala ala pro val pro ser asp asn his
225 230 235

Number	Name	Date	Kind
5166320	Wu et al.	Nov 1992	A
5565350	Kmiec	Oct 1996	A
5631423	Dzau et al.	May 1997	A
5635386	Wu et al.	Jun 1997	A
5683866	Sarkar et al.	Nov 1997	A
5731181	Kmiec	Mar 1998	A
5760012	Kmiec et al.	Jun 1998	A

Number	Date	Country
WO 9602655	Jul 1994	WO
WO 9304701	Mar 1998	WO

Number	Date	Country
60/074497	Feb 1998	US
60/064996	Nov 1997	US
60/054837	Aug 1997	US
60/045288	Apr 1997	US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	PCT/US98/08834	Apr 1998	US
Child	09/108006		US

Hepatocellular chimeraplasty

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CPC

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US

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Abstract

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Parent Case Info

US Referenced Citations (7)

Foreign Referenced Citations (2)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (28)

Provisional Applications (4)

Continuation in Parts (1)