Patent Grant
7186560
This invention relates to the fields of transgenic plants and molecular biology. More specifically, DNA constructs and methods of use thereof are provided which facilitate the excision of target DNA sequences from transplastomic plants.
Several publications and patent documents are referenced in this application by author name and year of publication in parentheses in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full citations for these reference can be found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of each of these publications is incorporated by reference herein.
The plastid genetic system of higher plants is highly polyploid. For example, in a tobacco leaf there are as many as 100 chloroplasts, each carrying ˜100 identical genome copies, a total of 10,000 copies in a leaf cell. High-level protein expression, lack of pollen transmission and the feasibility to engineer polycistronic expression units make the plastid genome an attractive alternative to nuclear engineering. Plastid transformation vectors often contain a selective marker, most commonly a spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene, flanked by plastid DNA sequences targeting insertion of the marker gene by homologous recombination into the plastid gnome. Genes of commercial value but lacking a selectable phenotype are physically linked to the selective marker and the two genes are integrated together as a block of heterologous sequences. Plastid transformation is accomplished by biolistic DNA delivery or polyethylene glycol induced uptake of the transforming DNA followed by selection for the antibiotic resistance marker to ensure preferential propagation of plastids with transformed genome copies. As the result, all the 10,000 wild-type plastid genome copies in a cell are replaced with transgenic copies during a gradual process (Maliga, 1993).
Incorporation of a selectable marker gene is essential to ensure preferential maintenance of the transformed plastid genome copies. However, once transformation is accomplished, maintenance of the marker gene is undesirable. One problem may be the metabolic burden imposed by the expression of the selectable marker gene. For example FLARE-S, the product of the marker gene with good prospects to transform cereal chloroplasts, accumulates up to 18% of the total soluble cellular protein (Khan and Maliga 1999). The second problem is the relatively high potential for horizontal transfer of plastid marker genes to microbes (Tepfer 1989; Dröge et al. 1998; Sylvanen 1999), as commonly used plastid maker gene constructs are efficiently expressed in E. coli (Carrer et al. 1993; Svab and Maliga 1993). Therefore, having plastid marker genes in commercial products is undesirable.
In accordance with the present invention, methods and systems are provided which facilitate the manipulation of the plastid genomes of higher plants. The methods and systems of the invention may be employed to remove heterologous sequences from the plastid genome, such as selectable marker genes following successful isolation of transformed progeny. Alternatively, they may be designed to remove endogenous genes involved in plant cell metabolism, growth, development and fertility.
In one embodiment of the invention, a site specific recombination method for removal of predetermined nucleic acid sequences from the plastid genome is provided. The method comprises providing a first nucleic acid construct, the construct comprising a promoter being operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding an optional plastid targeting transit sequence which is in turn operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a protein having excision activity, the construct further comprising a first selectable marker encoding nucleic acid having plant specific 5′ and 3′ regulatory nucleic acid sequences. The method also entails the use of a second DNA construct, the second construct comprising an second selectable marker encoding nucleic acid and excision sites. The second construct optionally contains a gene of interest and further comprises flanking plastid targeting nucleic acid sequences which facilitate homologous recombination into said plastid genome. The second DNA construct is introduced into plant cell and the cells are cultured in the presence of a selection agent, thereby selecting for those plant cells expressing the proteins encoded by said second DNA construct. The first DNA construct is then introduced into cells having the second construct in the presence of a selection agent and those plant cells expressing proteins encoded by said first construct are selected. If present, the excising activity acts on the excision sites, thereby excising said predetermined target sequence. Plants may then be regenerated from plant cells obtained by the foregoing method.
Proteins having excision activity suitable for the practice of the invention include, without limitation, CRE, flippase, resolvase, FLP, SSV1-encoded integrase, and transposase. Sequences corresponding to excision sites suitable for the practice of the inventin, include, for example, LOX sequences, and frt sequences.
A variety of selection of agents may be selected. These include without limitation, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin and hygromycin, phosphinotricin, basta, glyphosate and bromoxynil.
In an alternative embodiment, a site specific recombination method for removal of predetermined nucleic acid sequences from the plastid genome is provided. The method comprising providing a first nucleic acid construct, said construct comprising a regulated promoter being operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding an optional plastid targeting transit sequence which is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a protein having excision activity, said construct optionally further comprising a first selectable marker encoding nucleic acid having plant specific 5′ and 3′ regulatory nucleic acid sequences. A second DNA construct is also provided, said second construct comprising an second selectable marker encoding nucleic acid and excision sites, said second construct further comprising flanking plastid targeting nucleic acid sequences which facilitate homologous recombination into said plastid genome at a predetermined target sequence such that excision sites flank said predetermined target sequence following homologous recombination and introducing said second DNA construct into a plant cell. The plant cell so generated is then cultured in the presence of a selection agent, thereby selecting for those plant cells expressing the proteins encoded by said second DNA construct. A plant is then regenerated from cells containing the second construct and the first DNA construct is introduced into these cells in the presence of a selection agent and those plant cells expressing proteins encoded by said first construct are selected. The excising activity then acts on the excision sites, thereby excising said predetermined target sequence.
Regulatable promoters suitable for this embodiment of the invention include, without limitation, inducible promoters, tissue specific promoters, developmentally regulated promoters and chemically inducible promoters.
Candidate predetermined target sequences, may include for example genes associated with male sterility, clpP, ribosomal proteins, ribosomal operon sequences.
In yet a further embodiment of the invention compostions and methods are provided for expressing immunogenic proteins in selectable marker free plants. Exemplary immunogenic proteins include, without limitation the TetC protein from C. tetani and the heat labile enterotoxin from E. coli. DNA constructs useful in the methods of the present invention comprising operons containing a plurality of immunogenic proteins are also provided. Transgenic plants comprising the foregoing immunogenic proteeins are also within the scope of the invention.
The following definitions are provided to aid in understanding the subject matter regarded as the invention.
Heteroplastomic refers to the presence of a mixed population of different plastid genomes within a single plastid or in a population of plastids contained in plant cells or tissues.
Homoplastomic refers to a pure population of plastid genomes, either within a plastid or within a population contained in plant cells and tissues. Homoplastomic plastids, cells or tissues are genetically stable because they contain only one type of plastid genome. Hence, they remain homoplastomic even after the selection pressure has been removed, and selfed progeny are also homoplastomic. For purposes of the present invention, heteroplastomic populations of genomes that are functionally homoplastomic (i.e., contain only minor populations of wild-type DNA or transformed genomes with sequence variations) may be referred to herein as “functionally homoplastomic” or “substantially homoplastomic.” These types of cells or tissues can be readily purified to a homoplastomic state by continued selection.
Plastome refers to the genome of a plastid.
Transplastome refers to a transformed plastid genome.
Transformation of plastids refers to the stable integration of transforming DNA into the plastid genome that is transmitted to the seed progeny of plants containing the transformed plastids.
Selectable marker gene refers to a gene that upon expression confers a phenotype by which successfully transformed plastids or cells or tissues carrying the transformed plastid can be identified.
Transforming DNA refers to homologous DNA, or heterologous DNA flanked by homologous DNA, which when introduced into plastids becomes part of the plastid genome by homologous recombination.
An alternative type of transforming DNA refers to a DNA which contains recombination site sequences for a site-specific recombinase or integrase. Insertion of this type of DNA is not dependent of the degree of homology between the transforming DNA and the plastid to be transformed but rather is catalyzed by the action of the recombinase or integrase on the first and second recombination sites.
Operably linked refers to two different regions or two separate genes spliced together in a construct such that both regions will function to promote gene expression and/or protein translation. “Nucleic acid” or a “nucleic acid molecule” as used herein refers to any DNA or RNA molecule, either single or double stranded and, if single stranded, the molecule of its complementary sequence in either linear or circular form. In discussing nucleic acid molecules, a sequence or structure of a particular nucleic acid molecule may be described herein according to the normal convention of providing the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction. With reference to nucleic acids of the invention, the term “isolated nucleic acid” is sometimes used. This term, when applied to DNA, refers to a DNA molecule that is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous in the naturally occurring genome of the organism in which it originated. For example, an “isolated nucleic acid” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell or host organism.
When applied to RNA, the term “isolated nucleic acid” refers primarily to an RNA molecule encoded by an isolated DNA molecule as defined above. Alternatively, the term may refer to an RNA molecule that has been sufficiently separated from other nucleic acids with which it would be associated in its natural state (i.e., in cells or tissues). An isolated nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) may further represent a molecule produced directly by biological or synthetic means and separated from other components present during its production.
The terms “percent similarity”, “percent identity” and “percent homology” when referring to a particular sequence are used as set forth in the University of Wisconsin GCG software program.
The term “functional” as used herein implies that the nucleic or amino acid sequence is functional for the recited assay or purpose.
The phrase “consisting essentially of” when referring to a particular nucleotide or amino acid means a sequence having the properties of a given SEQ ID No:. For example, when used in reference to an amino acid sequence, the phrase includes the sequence per se and molecular modifications that would not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the sequence.
A “replicon” is any genetic element, for example, a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus, that is capable of replication largely under its own control. A replicon may be either RNA or DNA and may be single or double stranded.
A “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus, to which another genetic sequence or element (either DNA or RNA) may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached sequence or element.
An “expression operon” refers to a nucleic acid segment that may possess transcriptional and translational control sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, translational start signals (e.g., ATG or AUG codons), polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like, and which facilitate the production of a polypeptide coding sequence in a host cell or organism. Such expression signals may be combined such that production of said polypeptide occurs transiently or is produced stably over the life of the cell.
The term “oligonucleotide,” as used herein refers to primers and probes of the present invention, and is defined as a nucleic acid molecule comprised of two or more ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, preferably more than three. The exact size of the oligonucleotide will depend on various factors and on the particular application and use of the oligonucleotide.
The term “probe” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, polynucleotide or nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction enzyme digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of annealing with or specifically hybridizing to a nucleic acid with sequences complementary to the probe. A probe may be either single-stranded or double-stranded. The exact length of the probe will depend upon many factors, including temperature, source of probe and use of the method. For example, for diagnostic applications, depending on the complexity of the target sequence, the oligonucleotide probe typically contains 15–25 or more nucleotides, although it may contain fewer nucleotides. The probes herein are selected to be “substantially” complementary to different strands of a particular target nucleic acid sequence. This means that the probes must be sufficiently complementary so as to be able to “specifically hybridize” or anneal with their respective target strands under a set of pre-determined conditions. Therefore, the probe sequence need not reflect the exact complementary sequence of the target. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment may be attached to the 5′ or 3′ end of the probe, with the remainder of the probe sequence being complementary to the target strand. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the probe, provided that the probe sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the target nucleic acid to anneal therewith specfically.
The term “primer” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, either RNA or DNA, either single-stranded or double-stranded, either derived from a biological system, generated by restriction enzyme digestion, or produced synthetically which, when placed in the proper environment, is able to functionally act as an initiator of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis. When presented with an appropriate nucleic acid template, suitable nucleoside triphosphate precursors of nucleic acids, a polymerase enzyme, suitable cofactors and conditions such as a suitable temperature and pH, the primer may be extended at its 3′ terminus by the addition of nucleotides by the action of a polymerase or similar activity to yield an primer extension product. The primer may vary in length depending on the particular conditions and requirement of the application. For example, in diagnostic applications, the oligonucleotide primer is typically 15–25 or more nucleotides in length. The primer must be of sufficient complementarity to the desired template to prime the synthesis of the desired extension product, that is, to be able anneal with the desired template strand in a manner sufficient to provide the 3′ hydroxyl moiety of the primer in appropriate juxtaposition for use in the initiation of synthesis by a polymerase or similar enzyme. It is not required that the primer sequence represent an exact complement of the desired template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide sequence may be attached to the 5′ end of an otherwise complementary primer. Alternatively, non-complementary bases may be interspersed within the oligonucleotide primer sequence, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the desired template strand to functionally provide a template-primer complex for the synthesis of the extension product. Amino acid residues described herein are preferred to be in the “L” isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form may be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, provided the desired properties of the polypeptide are retained.
All amino-acid residue sequences represented herein conform to the conventional left-to-right amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus orientation.
The term “tag,” “tag sequence” or “protein tag” refers to a chemical moiety, either a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide or an amino acid, peptide or protein or other chemical, that when added to another sequence, provides additional utility or confers useful properties, particularly in the detection or isolation, to that sequence. Thus, for example, a homopolymer nucleic acid sequence or a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a capture oligonucleotide may be added to a primer or probe sequence to facilitate the subsequent isolation of an extension product or hybridized product. In the case of protein tags, histidine residues (e.g., 4 to 8 consecutive histidine residues) may be added to either the amino- or carboxy-terminus of a protein to facilitate protein isolation by chelating metal chromatography. Alternatively, amino acid sequences, peptides, proteins or fusion partners representing epitopes or binding determinants reactive with specific antibody molecules or other molecules (e.g., flag epitope, c-myc epitope, transmembrane epitope of the influenza A virus hemaglutinin protein, protein A, cellulose binding domain, calmodulin binding protein, maltose binding protein, chitin binding domain, glutathione S-transferase, and the like) may be added to proteins to facilitate protein isolation by procedures such as affinity or immunoaffinity chromatography. Chemical tag moieties include such molecules as biotin, which may be added to either nucleic acids or proteins and facilitates isolation or detection by interaction with avidin reagents, and the like. Numerous other tag moieties are known to, and can be envisioned by, the trained artisan, and are contemplated to be within the scope of this definition.
As used herein, the terms “reporter,” “reporter system”, “reporter gene,” or “reporter gene product” shall mean an operative genetic system in which a nucleic acid comprises a gene that encodes a product that when expressed produces a reporter signal that is a readily measurable, e.g., by biological assay, immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, or by calorimetric, fluorogenic, chemiluminescent or other methods. The nucleic acid may be either RNA or DNA, linear or circular, single or double stranded, antisense or sense polarity, and is operatively linked to the necessary control elements for the expression of the reporter gene product. The required control elements will vary according to the nature of the reporter system and whether the reporter gene is in the form of DNA or RNA, but may include, but not be limited to, such elements as as promoters, enhancers, translational control sequences, poly A addition signals, transcriptional termination signals and the like.
The terms “transform”, “transfect”, “transduce”, shall refer to any method or means by which a nucleic acid is introduced into a cell or host organism and may be used interchangeably to convey the same meaning. Such methods include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, PEG-fusion, biolistic bombardment and the like.
A “clone” or “clonal cell population” is a population of cells derived from a single cell or common ancestor by mitosis.
A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell or cell population that is capable of stable growth in vitro for many generations.
The plastid genome of higher plants is present in 100–10,000 copies per cell. Incorporation of a selectable marker gene is essential to ensure preferential maintenance of the transformed plastid genome copies carrying useful genes with no selectable phenotype. However, once transformation is accomplished, maintenance of the marker gene is undesirable. In accordance with the present invention, a bacteriophage P1CRE-loxP site-specific recombination system is provided which is suitable for efficient elimination of marker genes from the plastid genome. The system exemplified herein has two components: a plastid tester strain carrying a cytosine deaminase (coda) transgene flanked by lox sites conferring sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine and a nuclear CRE line carrying a nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted CRE. Both the plastid tester (no CRE activity) and the nuclear CRE line (no lox sequence) were genetically stable. However, coda was eliminated at a very fast rate when the plastid-targeted CRE was introduced into the plastid tester strain by transformation or crossing. The gene for the nuclear-encoded CRE was subsequently separated from the transformed plastids by segregation in the seed progeny. Excision of coda by CRE was often accompanied by deletion of a plastid genome segment flanked by short directly repeated sequences. Removal of the antibiotic resistance marker from the transplastomic plants eliminates the metabolic burden imposed by the expression of the selectable marker gene and should also improve public acceptance of the transgenic crops. Additional applications of the CRE-lox site-specific recombination system are activation of plastid gene expression by deletion or inversion of plastid genome sequences and induction of controlled cell death by deleting vital genes in the male reproductive tissue.
Although the use the CRE recombinase is exemplified herein, other prokaryotic and eukaryotic site-specific recombinases would be equally suitable for the elimination of the marker genes.
Recently, several prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic site-specific recombination systems have been shown to operate successfully in higher eukaryotes. In plant and animal cells functional site-specific recombination systems from bacteriophages P1 (Cre-lox) Mu (Gin-gix), and from the inversion plasmids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FLP-frt) (Morris et al. 1991; O'Gorman et al. 1991; Lichtenstein and Barrena 1993; Lyznik et al. 1993; Lyznik et al. 1995; Lyznik et al. 1996) and Zygosaccharomiyces rouxii (R-RS). In each of these systems, no additional factor aside from the recombinase and target sequences is required for recombination. Reviewed in van Haaren and Ow, 1993. The CRE-loxP site-specific recombination system of bacteriophage P1 has been studied extensively in vitro and in E. coli (Craig 1988; Adams et al. 1992). Expression of the CRE protein (38.5 kDa) is sufficient to cause recombination between 34 bp loxP sites that consist of 13 bp inverted repeats separated by 8 bp asymmetric spacer sequence. If there are two loxP sites within a DNA segment, the result of the recombination reaction depends on the relative position of the recombination sites. If the recombination sites form a direct repeat, that if they are in the same orientation, recombination results in deletion of the intervening DNA. If the recombination sites are in an inverted orientation, CRE-mediated recombination results in an inversion of the intervening DNA. The products of these reactions are shown in
Before the present invention, the efficiency of CRE-mediated elimination of targeted plastid genes was unknown. To explore this system for this purpose, CRE-mediated elimination of the coda gene encoding cytosine deaminase (CD; EC 3.5.4.1) was assessed. Cytosine deaminase converts 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) into 5-fluorouracil (5FU), the precursor of 5-fluoro-dUMP. 5FC is lethal for CD-expressing cells due to irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 5-fluoro-dUMP (Beck et al. 1972). Cytosine deaminase is absent in plants. Expression of the bacterial coda in plastids renders cells sensitive to 5FC, while cells deficient in transgene expression are resistant (Serino and Maliga 1997). Thus, 5FC resistance could be used for positive identification of cells with CRE-induced coda deletion, even if such deletion events were relatively rare. The test system of the present invention incorporates a coda gene in the tobacco plastid genome between two directly oriented lox sites (>codA>). The transplastome was stable in the absence of CRE activity. However, highly efficient elimination of >codA> was triggered by introduction of a nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted CRE.
Cre-mediated deletion of the selective plastid marker in the plastids of tobacco somatic cell is described in Example I. The selectable marker flanked by the lox sites is exemplified here by coda. However, it could be any other selectable and non-selectable marker gene, or any DNA sequence independent of information content flanked by lox sites in the palstid genome. Components of the test stystem are tobacco plants carrying a coda coding region flanked by lox sites (>codA>). A second component of the test system is a nuclear gene encoding a plastid targeted CRE-site specific recombinase. Deletion of a plastid encoded >coda> is achieved by introducing nuclear Cre into the nucleus of somatic (leaf) tobacco cells by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Alternatively, the nuclear encoded Cre gene may be introduced by fertilization with pollen of an appropriate activator-of-deletion strain. The nuclear Cre gene is subsequently removed by segregation in the seed progeny.
Materials and Methods for the Practice of Example 1
The following materials and methods are provided to facilitate the practice of Example 1.
Plastid Coda with Direct lox Sites.
The coda gene is contained in a SacI-HindHIII fragment. The gene map is shown in
Plastid-targeted nuclear cre linked to a nuclear kanamycin resistance gene. Two plastid targeted nuclear cre genes were tested. The cre gene in Agrobacterium binary vector pKO27 and pKO28 encode the CRE recombinase at its N terminus translationally fused with the pea Rubisco small subunit (SSU) chloroplast transit peptide (Timko et al. 1985) and twenty two and five amino acids of the mature Rubisco small subunit, respectively. Both cre genes are contained in an EcoRI-HindIII fragment. The schematic map of the genes is shown in
Transgenic plants. Plastid transformation using the biolistic protocol, selection of transplastomic tobacco clones (RMOP medium, 500 mg/L spectinomycin dihydrochloride) and characterization of the transplastomic clones by DNA gel blot analysis was described (Svab and Maliga 1993). Transformation with Agrobacterium vectors pKO28 or pKO27 and regeneration of transformed tobacco plants has also been reported (Hajdukiewicz et al. 1994). Briefly, nuclear gene transformants were selected by kanamycin resistance on RMOP shoot regeneration medium containing 100 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L carbenicillin. Kanamycin resistance of the shoots was confirmed by rooting on plant maintenance (RM) medium containing 100 mg/L kanamycin. Testing of 5FC cytotoxicity was carried out on RMPO medium according to published procedures (Serino and Maliga 1997).
Transplastomic Tobacco Plants with a Coda Gene Flanked by Direct lox sites.
Plastid transformation vector pSAC48 carries a codA gene in which two lox sites flank the coding region in a direct orientation. If the coda coding region is deleted via the lox sites, a lox site flanked by the promoter (Prrn) and terminator (TrbcL) are left behind. The selective marker in pSAC48, a pPRV111B vector derivative, is a spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene (
Nuclear-encoded Plastid-targeted Cre Genes.
To activate deletion of the plastid >coda> gene we introduced an engineered cre gene into the nucleus of the transplastomic lines encoding a plastid-targeted CRE. Targeting of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins is by an N-terminal transit peptide (TP) cleaved off during import from the cytoplasm into plastids (Soll and Tien, 1998). To ensure plastid targeting of the CRE recombinase, it was translationally fused with the Rubisco small subunit (SSU) transit peptide (Timko et al. 1985). Therefore, the product of the protein fusion is SSU-TP-CRE. Efficiency of import of chimeric proteins depends on the size of mature protein N-terminus incorporated in the construct (Wasmann et al. 1986; Lubben et al. 1989). Two chimeric cre genes (Ssu-tp-cre) were prepared, one with 5 (vector pKO28) and one with 22 (plasmid pKO27) amino acids of the mature SSU N-terminus, encoding SSU-TP5-CRE and SSU-TP22-CRE, respectively. These genes are also referred to as Cre1 and Cre2, respectively (Table 1). The cre genes were expressed in the P2′ promoter and Tnos terminator cassettes in the Agrobacterium pPZP212 binary vector which carries kanamycin resistance (neo) as a selectable marker (
Tobacco plant transformed with Ssu-tp5-cre (pK037)and Ssu-tp22-cre (pKO26) were also obtained. In these plants the nuclear cre is expressed from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 10) Timmermans et al. 1990.
apresence or absence of plastid gene is indicated by + or −. Since the plastid trnV gene is deleted in some of the lines, the wild-type plastid genotype is trnV+ aadA− codA−.
Deletion of codA from the Plastid Genome in Somatic Cells.
To test the efficiency of CRE-mediated deletion in somatic cells, the Ssu-tp-cre genes were introduced into the nucleus of the transplastomic >codA> lines by cocultivation of Agrobacterium and tobacco leaf disks. Plants representing 11 individual Ssu-tp-cre insertion events have been characterized. Five lines (Cre1-derivatives) were obtained by transformation with Ssu-tp5-cre gene (vector pKO28) and six lines (Cre2-derivatives) were obtained by transformation with the Ssu-tp22-cre (vector pKO27) (Table 1).
Deletion of coda was first tested in a DNA sample taken from one leaf of eleven kanamycin resistant shoots representing an individual integration event of the nuclear Cre gene. Subsequently, 4 to 7 additional leaves were sampled from six shoots to confirm that the result of the analysis is typical for the plant.
The initial DNA samples were first screened for the loss of >codA> by PCR using the O1/O2 primer pair complementary to sequences in the aadA coding region N terminus and the coda promoter (
Plastid genome structure in the initial DNA sample was determined by gel blot analysis of ApaI-EcoRV digested total cellular DNA. The probes were the plastid targeting region and the aadA and coda coding regions. The DNA gel blots are shown in
The initial DNA samples were taken from one leaf of a plant obtained by rooting the shoot obtained after transformation with the Ssu-tp-cre genes. To confirm that the DNA samples extracted from the leaf were typical for the plant, we have sampled several more leaves from the same plants (
In five clones the initial DNA samples contained more than one type of plastid genome copies. Mixed populations of plastid genome populations were confirmed in all parts of the plants by testing additional leaves (
Deletion of coda from the Plastid Genome in the Seed Progeny.
CRE-mediate deletion of the negative plastid marker coda in somatic cells was described in the previous section. Deletion of the plastid marker gene in the somatic cells of the transplastomic plants, without going though a sexual cycle, is highly desirable to accelerate the production of marker-free transplastomic plants. However, this approach is feasible only if there is a system for tissue culture and plant regeneration from somatic cells. Such system is unavailable for the economically important cereal crops rice and maize. As an alternative to transformation of somatic cells, we developed CRE activator lines carrying a nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted Cre to be used as the source of Cre gene when used as a pollen parent. The tobacco CRE activator lines were obtained by transforming the nucleus of wild-type plants with SSU-TP-CRE constructs. Lines in which the Cre is linked to a nuclear kanamycin resistance gene in a wild-type cytoplasm are Cre1-100, Cre-2-100, Cre2-200 and Cre2-300 (Table 1).
To activate deletion of >coda> in the seed progeny, tester plants Nt-pSAC48-21A and Nt-pSAC48-16C were emasculated to prevent self fertilization, and fertilized with pollen from the Cre2-200 and Cre2-300 activator lines. The activator lines are primary transgenic plants (T0) segregating for the Ssu-tp-cre gene. Therefore, a proportion of the seed progeny derived from the cross will have the activator genes while others will not. If the coda gene is present, the O1/O2 primer pair marked in
It is undesirable to maintain the Ssu-tp-cre activator genes in the production lines. However, these are encoded in the nucleus, and can be separated from the transgenic chloroplasts in the next seed progeny. Linkage of Ssu-tp-cre to the nuclear kanamycin resistance gene facilitates identification of seedlings lacking cre in a segregating seed population.
CRE site-specific recombinase for deletion of plastid DNA sequences. Biolistic transformation of tobacco leaves always yields shoots containing a mixed population of plastid genome copies. A mixed population of plastid genome copies is determined by DNA gel blot analysis (Carrer et al. 1993; Svab and Maliga 1993; Carrer and Maliga 1995) and can be visualized in UV light when expressing the green fluorescence protein in plastids (Khan and Maliga 1999). Homoplastomic, genetically stable plants are obtained during a second cycle of plant regeneration from the leaves of the regenerated plants or in the seed progeny. The cells of the >coda> tester strains carry a uniform population of plastid genome copies. Thus, the Ssu-tp-cre is introduced into the nuclear genome of a cell that is homoplastomic for >codA>. It was expected that the regenerated shoots would contain a mixed population of plastid genome copies. Instead, all plastid genome copies lack >codA>, an evidence for the enormous selection pressure by CRE activity against plastid genome copies that carry two lox sites. It is important that deletion of >coda> occurs in the absence of selection against >coda> by exposure to 5-fluorocytosine. Virtually complete elimination of >coda> may also be obtained when CRE activity is introduced by crossing, using pollen of an appropriate deletion activator strain. Deletion of the selectable marker in somatic cells is the preferred choice over elimination of the marker in the seed progeny. The most important advantage is time saving. Introduction of Ssu-tp-cre into the nucleus of somatic cells requires only three to six weeks; Ssu-tp-cre segregates out in the first seed progeny. In contrast, introduction and elimination of Ssu-tp-cre takes one additional seed progeny, about three months.
Interestingly, genome copies with one lox site or no lox site (wild-type) are stable in CRE-expressing cells. Instability of genomes with two lox sites may be due to formation of linear ends during the excision process. The linear ends may then re-circularize by homologous recombination via the Prrn promoter sequences yielding the trnV-aadA-codA deletion derivatives.
CRE engineering. Although CRE is a prokaryotic protein, it naturally carries a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that targeted a CRE-GFP fusion protein to the nucleus in mammalian cells. The NLS sequences overlap the DNA binding regions and the integrity of this region is important for DNA recombinase activity (Le et al. 1999). We targeted the newly-synthesized TP-CRE protein to plastids using a plastid-targeting transit peptide (TP). The TP is localized at the N terminus of plastid proteins and is cleaved off during import from the cytoplasm into plastids (Soll and Tien, 1998).
Therefore, we translationally fused a plastid transit peptide with CRE to direct its import from the cytoplasm to plastids. Translational fusion yielded a protein with an N-terminal plastid targeting signal and an internal nuclear localization signal. Efficient CRE-mediated deletion of plastid-encoded coda genes indicates targeting of SSU-TP-CRE to plastids. When two potential targeting sequences are present, in general one of them out-competes the other (Small et al. 1998). N-terminal organelle targeting sequences normally dominate the second internal localization signal. For example, the 70-kDa heat shock protein of watermelon cotyledons that carry N-terminal plastidal and internal glyoxysomal targeting sequences are exclusively targeted to plastids. Proteins are localized to glyoxysomes only in the absence of the plastidal presequence (Wimmer et al. 1997). The tRNA modification enzymes contain information for both mitochondrial (N-terminal extension) and nuclear targeting. The enzyme with the N-terminal extension is targeted to mitochondria and only the short form lacking the N-terminal extension is targeted to the nucleus (Small et al. 1998). It was fortunate, that the Rubisco SSU N-terminal transit peptide dominated the CRE nuclear localization signals and the TP-CRE fusion protein was directed to plastids (chloroplasts).
A second property that is important for the present invention is maintenance of recombinase activity when CRE is fused with proteins or peptides at its N and C termini. N-terminal fusion of CRE with the E. coli maltose binding protein did not interfere with recombinase function (Kolb and Siddell 1996). CRE was also shown to accept a C-terminal fusion with GFP (Le et al. 1999) as well as an 11-amino-acid epitope to the herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycorpotein D coat protein. The epitope tag facilitates detection of CRE expression in vitro and in vivo using immunofluorescent labeling with a commercially available antibody (Stricklett et al. 1998). Apparently, the five and 22 amino acids that are left behind after processing of the SSU-TP5-CRE and SU-TP22-CRE proteins did not interfere with CRE function.
Dominant negative selection markers for positive identification of deletion derivatives. A practical application of the present invention is the removal of selectable marker genes from the transformed plastid genome. In tobacco, the excision process mediated by the CRE constructs described herein is so efficient that the >coda> deletion derivatives can be identified in the absence of 5FC selection. However, in other crops CRE-mediated excision of marker genes may be less efficient. In these species, the positive selective marker (aadA) may be fused with a dominant negative selective marker using linker peptides as described in the literature (Khan and Maliga 1999) or the positive and negative marker genes may be combined in a dicistronic operon (Staub and Maliga 1995). Dominant negative selection markers allow normally non-toxic compounds to be used as toxic agents, so that cells which express these markers are non-viable in the presence of the compound, while cells that don't carry them are unaffected. For example, cytosine deaminase is absent in plants. Expression of cod, encoding cytosine deaminase (CD; EC 3.5.4.1), in plastids renders tissue culture cells and seedlings sensitive to 5FC, facilitating direct identification of clones lacking this negative selective marker (Serino and Maliga 1997). Cytosine deaminase converts 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) into 5-fluorouracil (5FU), the precursor of 5-fluoro-dUMP. 5FC is lethal for CD-expressing cells due to irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 5-fluoro-dUMP (Beck et al. 1972). We have found that seedlings and plant tissues expressing >coda> were sensitive to 5FC. Seedlings lacking coda could be readily identified by 5FC resistance. Thus, the constructs described here are suitable to express cytosine deaminase at sufficiently high levels to be useful to implement a negative selection scheme.
Alternative negative selective markers can be obtained by adaptation of substrate-dependent negative selection schemes described for nuclear genes. Such negative selection schemes are based on resistance to indole, napthyl, or naphtalene acetamide (Depicker et al. 1988; Karlin-Neumann et al. 1991; Sundaresan et al. 1995), chlorate (Nussaume et al. 1991), kanamycin (Xiang and Guerra 1993) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) (Perera et al. 1993; Stougaard 1993).
If the lox sites in bacteria are in an inverted orientation, CRE-mediated recombination results in an inversion of the intervening DNA. We have tested, whether the CRE-mediated inversion reaction also occurs in plastids of higher plants containing DNA sequences flanked by inverted lox sites. This was assessed using a kanamycin-resistance (>neo<) coding region in an inverted orientation relative to the promoter (
Materials and Methods for the Practice of Example 2
Plastid neo gene with inverted lox sites. The neo gene is contained in a Saci-HindHIII fragment. The gene map is shown in
The neo coding region is contained in an NcoI-XbaI fragment derived from plasmid pHC62. The neo sequence in plasmid pHC62 is identical with the neo sequence shown in FIG. 28B, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,402. The EcoRI-NcoI fragment contains the ribosome binding site from plasmid pZS176. The fragment was obtained by annealing the complementary oligonucleotides 5′-AATTCGAAGCGCTTGGATACA GTTGTAGGGAGGGATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) and 5′-CATGGATCCCTC CCTACAACTGTATCCAAGCGCTTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17). The TrbcLloxI (SEQ ID NO: 2) is the rbcL 31-untranslated region contained in an EcoRI-HindIII fragment obtained by PCR using oligonucleotides 5′-gggaattcataacttcgt atagcatacattatacgaagttatAGACATTAGCAGATAAATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) and 5′-gggggtaccaagcttgCTAGATTTTGTATTTCAAA TCTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19)and plasmid pMSK48 (Khan and Maliga 1999) as template. TrbcLloxI contains a lox site adjacent to the EcoRI site in an inverted orientation relative to the lox site in PrrnloxI. The chimeric PrrnloxI:neo:TrbcLloxI gene was introduced into the tobacco plastid transformation vector pPRV111B (Zoubenko et al. 1994) as a SacI-HindIII fragment to obtain plasmid pSAC38.
Plastid-targeted nuclear cre linked to a nuclear gentamycin resistance (aacC1) gene. The plastid targeted nuclear cre genes were introduced as EcoRI-HindIII fragments into the pPZP222 Agrobacterium binary vectors which carry a plant-selectable gentamycin resistance gene (Hajdukiewicz et al. 1994) to obtain plasmids pKO30 and pKO31 with twenty two and five amino acids of the mature Rubisco SSU. The map of the Agrobacterium vectors is identical with the one shown in
Transplastomic Tobacco Plants with a Neo Gene Flanked by Inverted lox Sites.
Plastid transformation vector pSAC38 with the inverted >neo< gene is shown in
Nuclear-encoded Plastid-targeted Cre Genes.
Plant activator lines in which Ssu-tp-cre is linked to a nuclear kanamycin resistance gene have been described in Example 1. The plastid marker to test CRE-activated inversion described in Example 2 utilizes a kanamycin resistance gene. Kanamycin resistance conferred by the plastid gene due to CRE-mediated inversion could not be distinguished from kanamycin resistance conferred by the marker gene of the Agrobacterium binary vector that was used to introduce the nuclear cre. Therefore, we have constructed activator strains in which Ssu-tp-cre is linked to gentamycin resistance. The Ssu-tp22-cre gene linked to the nuclear gentamycin resistance is the Cre3 strain and the Ssu-tp5-cre gene linked to gentamycin resistance is the Cre4 strain.
Inversion of >neo< in the Plastid Genome of Somatic Cells.
The nuclear are genes were introduced into the chloroplast >neo< tester strains by cocultivation of tobacco leaves with the Agrobacterium strains and selection for gentamycin resistance (100 mg/L). Digestion of total cellular DNA with BamHI and probing with the plastid targeting region (ApaI-EcoRV fragment,
Controlling Inversion Via lox Sites by CRE Activity.
Here we describe constructs for CRE-mediated inversion of plastid genome segements flanked by inverted lox sites. Inversion of the sequences is independent of the encoded genetic information and relies only on CRE activity. CRE activity may be provided transiently, by expression in plastids from plastid signals described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,402, or from nuclear genes encoding a plastid-targeted CRE. Such plastid-targeted CRE constructs are described in Example 1, for example the Ssu-tp5-cre or Sssu-tp22-cre genes. Alternative approaches to provide CRE activity are stable incorporation of a plastid-targeted nuclear Cre into the nucleus of somatic (leaf) cells by Agrobacterium-mediated, PEG induced or biolistic transformation or by fertilization with pollen from a transformed plant. The Agrobacterium P2 promoter and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter exemplified here are constitutive promoters. Regulated expression of CRE may be important for certain applications. Developmentally timed expression may be obtained from promoters with tissue specific activity. Regulated expression of CRE may be obtained from chemically induced nuclear gene promoters responding to elicitors, steroids, copper or tetracycline (reviewed in; Gatz et al. 1992; Mett et al. 1993; Aoyama and Chau 1997; Gatz 1997; Martinez et al. 1999; Love et al. 2000) and described in U.S. pat. 5,614,395.
Controlled Expression of Deleterious Gene Products
There are a variety of valuable heterologous proteins that interfere with plastid metabolism. For example, certain proteins may be inserted into photosynthetic membranes and interfere with photosynthesis. This problem can be circumvented by first growing the plants to maturity, then activating production of the deleterious protein by chemically inducing CRE expression. CRE, in turn, will make the gene expressible by lox-mediated inversion of the coding region.
The molecular tools necessary for the construction of such plastid genes are described in present application. In case of the monocistronic inversion vector the gene of interest (goi) is flanked by inverted lox sites and is introduced by linkage with aadA (
The dicistronic lox inversion vector is shown in
The presence of two lox sites may destabilize the plastid genome that leads to CRE-independent deletion of plastid genome sequences. However, it appears that CRE activity by itself is not mutagenic, and the plastid genomes are stable if only one lox site is present. Mutant lox sites that are efficiently excised but recombine into excision resistant sites have been described (Hoess et al. 1982; Albert et al. 1995). Such lox sites would mediate efficient inversion, but the new lox sites would be resistant to additional cycles of CRE activation. Providing only a short burst of CRE activation using a chemically induced promoter could further refine the expression system.
Plastid loxP vectors in this section are described for CRE-mediated excision of selective markers in transplastomic plants. Since excision of sequences between directly oriented lox sites is very efficient, variants of the same vectors can be used for CRE-activated expression of recombinant proteins. A family of plastid vectors with suitably positioned lox sites is shown schematically in
The map of the basic tobacco plastid lox deletion vector is shown in
The map of the tobacco plastid lox >aadA> deletion vector is shown in
Maps of constitutive lox dicistronic deletion vectors are shown in
A tobacco inducible lox deletion vector is shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,191 provides a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system for plants, which is based on modification of the plastid genome. The CMS system comprises three transgenes: a “plastid male sterility” gene that causes plastid and cellular disablement of the anther tissue, and two nuclear genes that regulate the expression of the plastid gene. An important feature of the system is developmentally timed cellular death based on the expression, or the lack of the expression, of a plastid gene. As one specific approach to induce developmentally timed ablation of anther tissue we describe CRE-mediate excision of essential plastid genes via directly oriented lox sites.
The number of genes encoded by the plastid genome is about 120. Some of the genes are non-essential and may be inactivated by targeted gene disruption without a major phenotypic consequence. Good examples are the plastid ndh genes (Burrows et al. 1998; Shikanai et al. 1998) or the trnV gene the deletion of which has been described in Example 1. Excision of these genes is unlikely to cause cell ablation. The photosynthetic genes are essential for survival under field conditions. However, pigment deficient, non-photosynthetic plants can be maintained as long as they are grown on a sucrose-containing medium, or are grafted onto photosynthetically active wild-type (green) plants (Kanevski and Maliga 1994). Some of the house-keeping genes, such as the genes encoding the plastid multisubunit RNA polymerase are essential for photosynthetic growth, but not for survival (Allison et al. 1996). Thus, deletion of these genes is not suitable to trigger cell death. Only a relatively small number of plastid genes have proven to be essential for viability. The essential nature of the genes was recognized by the lack of homoplastomic cells in gene disruption experiments indicating that the loss of these genes results in cellular death. Cellular death due to lack of plastid function is understandable, as plastids are the site of the biosynthesis of amino acids, several lipids and are required for nitrate assimilation. Examples of plastid genes essential for cellular survival are the clpP protease subunit gene (Huang et al. 1994), ycf1 and ycf2, the two largest plastid-encoded open reading frames (Drescher et al. 2000).
To induce cellular death by CRE-mediated excision, directly oriented lox sites can be incorporated in the plastid genome flanking essential genes, as shown for clpP in
Alternative targets for CRE-mediated deletion in a CMS system are the essential ribosomal protein genes such as rp123, the ribosomal RNA operon (for insertion sites see; Staub and Maliga 1992; Zoubenko et al. 1994) and the ycf1 and ycf2 genes (Drescher et al. 2000)
The following sequences are referred to throughout the specification and facilitate the practice of the present invention.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, it became evident that certain species of clostridia were agents of human or animal disease. Like other members of the group, the pathogenic clostridia are normal soil inhabitants, with little or no invasive power; the diseases they produce result from the production of a variety of highly toxic proteins (exotoxins). Indeed, botulism (caused by C. botulinum) and less serous types of clostridal food poisoning (caused by C. perfringens) are pure intoxications, resulting from the ingestion of foods in which these organisms have previously developed and formed exotoxins. The other principal clostridial disease, tetanus, (caused by C. tetani) and gas gangrene (caused by several other species) are the results of wound infections; tissue damage leads to the development of an anaerobic environment which permits localized growth and toxin formation by these oganisms. Some clostridial toxins (those responsible for botulism and tetanus) are potent inhibitors of nerve function.
Despite the availability of an injectable vaccine, tetanus is still a common disease in many parts of the world, particularly in neonates where approximately 215,000 deaths occur annually. Current licensed tetanus vaccines are based on chemically inactivated tetanus toxin mixed with an alum-based adjuvant delivered by injection. Problems with the current vaccine include the need for multiple doses and boosters, dependence on a functional cold chain and the potential infection hazards associated with unsafe injections (Jacobs 2001). The types of problems associated with current tetanus vaccines are now recognized by international agencies as a generic global barrier preventing the efficient delivery of all vaccines to the needy in developing countries where the infrastructure is poor (see World Wide Web at vaccinealliance.org).
In response to these problems, there has been increased interest in vaccination regimes that avoid the use of needles and dependence on the cold chain. One possible route is to develop practical mucosal (oral, intranasal) vaccines, as they can potentially generate both local (mucosal) and systemic immunity (Levine and Dougan 1998). Of particular relevance in the developing world is the development of edible vaccines expressed in plants. Antigens expressed as components of experimental plant-based vaccines include the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) (Haq et al. 1995), Norwalk virus-like particles (Mason et al. 1996; Tacket et al. 2000), hepatitis B virus particles (Mason et al. 1992; Thanavala et al. 1995; Kong et al. 2001) and a rotavirus enterotoxin/enterotoxigenic E. coli fimbrial antigen fusion (Yu and Langridge 2001). In addition, induction of go oral tolerance to autoantigens in the treatment of autoimmune diseases has been explored (Ma et al. 1997). These plant-based vaccines would have the advantage of being cheap, easy to produce and more stable to heat (Giddings et al. 2000; Ma 2000; Walmsley and Arntzen 2000). Initial developments in the field of plant-based vaccines have been limited by low level of immunogen expression from nuclear genes. An alternative method is to express vaccine antigen from the chloroplast genome. Chloroplast-based expression systems offer significant advantages over nuclear expression. These advantages include potentially high levels of vaccine antigen expression, restriction of spread in the environment due to maternal inheritance, specific gene targeting technology avoiding ‘position effects’, the use of operons to express multiple antigens, and the ability to remove undesirable selective markers (Heifetz 2000; Bock 2001; Maliga 2002). Methods for removing selectable marker genes are described in the previous examples.
Several recombinant tetanus vaccines have been tested for efficacy. Most of these are based on the Fragment C domain of the tetanus toxin (TetC), a non-toxic 47 kDa polypeptide fragment shown to induce a protective immune response following parenteral immunization with preparations from E. coli (Makoff et al. 1989), yeast (Romanos et al. 1991) and insect cells (Charles et al. 1991). In accordance with the present invention, a plant-plastid based mucosal tetanus vaccine has been developed based on recombinant TetC expression in the plant chloroplast. Subsequently, we show that nasal immunization with transgenic plants expressing TetC can induce significant levels of anti-TetC antibodies in the serum of orally or intranasally immunized mice and protect intranasally immunized mice against tetanus.
TetC was expressed from transgenes in tobacco chloroplasts. Depending on the choice of 5′-untranslated region and base composition of the coding region, TetC accumulated at levels of ˜10% or >25% of the total soluble cellular protein. Plants accumulating 10% TetC were normal, whereas expression of TetC at >25% compromised plant growth. Plant derived TetC was tested for mucosal immunogenicity in mice applying a protein extract intranasally and total plant tissue orally. Both immunization regimes were found to induce local and systemic anti-TetC antibodies and levels of anti-TetC antibodies were sufficient to protect mice against a lethal tetanus toxin challenge. Thus, expression of TetC in transplastomic tobacco leaves provides a potential route towards the development of a mucosal tetanus vaccine.
The following materials and methods are provided to facilitate the practice of Example 5.
Construction of transformation vectors. The TetC polypetide was expressed in chloroplasts from two different mRNAs: the C-terminus of the AT-rich bacterial gene (tetC-AT) (Sequence ID No.31) and the synthetic relatively GC-rich sequence optimized for expression in the nucleus (Sequence ID No.32). The tetC coding regions were PCR amplified to introduce an NdeI site including the translation initiation codon (ATG) and an XbaI site downstream of the stop codon. The primers used for PCR amplification of tetC-AT were: 5′-CGGGTACCCATATGAAAAATCTGGATTGTTGGGTCGACAATGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:47) and 5′-CGTCTAGAAATTAATCATTTGTCCATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:48). The tetC-GC coding region was PCR amplified by primers 5′-CGGGTACCCATATGAAAAACCTTGATTGTTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:49) and 5′-GCTCTAGATTAGTCGTTGGTCCAACCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:50). Templates for PCR amplification were plasmid pcDNA3/ntetC (tetC-AT′) (Stratford et al. 2001) and pcDNA3/tetC (tetC-GC′) (Anderson et al. 1996).
Plasmids pJST10 and pJST11 were obtained by replacing the neo coding region in plasmid pHK40 with the tetC-AT and tetC-GC coding regions as an NdeI-XbaI fragments. Plasmid pHK40 is a plastid transformation vector derived from plasmid pPRV111A (Kuroda and Maliga 2001a) with a spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene as a selective marker and a neo gene expressed in a cassette consisting of a PrrnLT7g10 cassette and the rbcL 3′-UTR (TrbcL). The tetC genes are divergently oriented relative to the rrn operon (
Plasmid pJST12 was obtained by replacing the neo coding region in plasmid pHK73 with the tetC-AT coding region as an NdeI-XbaI fragment (SEQ. ID No:31). Plastid transformation vector pHK73 is a pPRV111B vector derivative in which the neo coding region is expressed in a cassette consisting of a PrrnLatpB cassette (plastid rrn operon promoter fused with atpB leader and an NdeI site including the ATG) and TrbcL. The PrrnLatpB cassette is identical with the cassette in plasmid pHK10 (Kuroda and Maliga 2001b), except that an NdeI site was created by replacing AT with a CA at the -3/-2 position upstream of the ATG. The tetC gene in plasmid pJST12 is in tandem orientation with the rrn operon (
Plastid transformation. Plastid transformation was carried out as described (Svab and Maliga 1993). DNA for plastid transformation was prepared using the QIAGEN Plasmid Maxi Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Transforming DNA was introduced into leaf chloroplasts on the surface of tungsten particles (1 μm) using the Du Pont PDS1000He Biolistic gun. Transplastomic plants were selected on RMOP medium containing 500 mg L-1 spectinomycin dihydrochloride. The transgenic plants were grown on MS (Murashige-Skoog) medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) containing 3% (w/v) sucrose and 0.6% (w/v) agar in sterile culture condition. A uniform population of transformed plastid genome copies was confirmed by DNA gel blot analysis. Double-stranded DNA probes were prepared by random-primed 32P-labeling using the Ready-To-Go DNA Labeling Beads (Amershem Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.). The probes were: rrn16-rps12 plastid targeting region, ApaI-EcoRV ptDNA fragment; aadA, NcoI-XbaI coding region; tetC-AT and tetC-GC coding region, NdeI-XbaI fragments.
RNA Gel Blot Analysis. RNA gel blot analysis was carried out as described by loading 3 μg total cellular RNA per lane (Silhavy and Maliga 1998). The templates for probing the tetC genes were NdeI-XbaI coding region fragments. The template for probing the tobacco cytoplasmic 25S rRNA was a PCR fragment amplified from total tobacco cellular DNA with primers 5′-TCACCTGCCGAATCAACTAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:51) and 5′-GACTTCCCTTGCCTACATTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:52). Probes were prepared by random-primed 32P-labeling (see above). RNA hybridization signals were quantified using a Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager and normalized to the 25S rRNA signal.
SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting. Leaves for protein extraction were taken from greenhouse plants. To obtain total soluble leaf protein, about 200 mg leaf was homogenized in 1 ml buffer containing 50 mM Hepes/KOH (pH 7.5), 10 mM potassium acetate, 5 mM magnesium acetate, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT and 2 mM PMSF. Protein concentrations were determined by the Pierce Bradford's Plus assay (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Immunoblot analysis of TetC accumulation was carried out as described (Carrer et al. 1993). The anti-TetC antibody was provided by Dr. C. Turcotte, Imperial College, London. TetC was quantified on the immunoblots by densitometric analysis with the Phoretix 1Dfull program using the Personal Densitometer SI (Molecular Dynamics, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA) by comparison with a recombinant TetC (rTetC) dilution series. Purified His-tagged rTetC was kindly provided by Mr. O. Qazi, Imperial College, London.
Nasal and oral immunization of mice. All mice were obtained from B & K suppliers (Scunthorpe, UK). For nasal immunization, a 15 μl volume of concentrated protein suspension from plants expressing TetC or appropriate controls was applied to BALB-C female mice, 7.5 μl per nare. Protein extracts were prepared as for SDS-PAGE and concentrated using a Centriprep YM-10 (Millipore Ltd., Watford, UK). Mice were tail-bled at day 27, and samples stored at −20° C. until assayed. On day 45, the mice were sacrificed by exsanguination of the heart to collect serum samples. Gut, lung and nasal washes were taken at the same time, in 1 ml, 1 ml and 0.5 ml phosphate buffered saline, pH7.2 (PBS), containing protease inhibitors, Roche Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics Ltd., Mannheim, Germany). For oral immunization either 50 mg or 100 mg of Nt-pJST11 tobacco plant material was finely ground in liquid nitrogen and resuspended in 200 μl of PBS. This was then introduced to BALB-C female mice by oral gavage. Two priming doses were used on day 0 and day 3. A sample tail bleed was taken on day 27. The mice were then boosted at day 28 and day 35. On day 45, the mice were sacrificed by exsanguination of the heart to collect serum samples. Lung and gut washes performed, with 1 ml PBS containing protease inhibitors, Roche Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics Ltd., Mannheim, Germany). All samples were stored at −20° C. until required. Cholera toxin (CT) was added to nasal (lug per dose) and oral (10 μg per dose) vaccines to act as mucosal adjuvant. Control TetC (rTetC) for mucosal immunization was prepared from E. coli. For tetanus toxin challenge mice were injected sub-cutaneously in the right flank with 0.5 ml PBS containing 50 PD50 of tetanus toxin (kindly provided by Dr Thea Sesardic, NIBSC) and sacrificed as soon as they showed symptoms of paralysis.
ELISAs for anti-TetC antibodies. Samples were assayed for anti-TetC IgG in serum and anti-TetC IgA in mucosal surface washes as described (Douce et al. 1997). For IgG measurements samples were serially diluted in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST), for IgA readings, samples were serially diluted in PBST containing protease inhibitors; Roche Complete protease inhibitor cocktail. Microtiter plates were coated with 3 μg/μl TetC. Serum anti-tetC was determined with goat anti mouse IgG (γ chain specific) antisera conjugated with alkaline phophatase (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). Mucosal anti tetC IgA was determined with goat antiserum against mouse IgA (α-chain specific) conjugated to streptavidin (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK), this was then detected with biotinylated alkaline phosphatase (Dako, Ely, UK). Response was measured against the color change of OPD reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset UK). Antibody titer was defined as the reciprocal of the dilution of antibody that produces an A490 of 0.3 for IgG readings and A490 of 0.2 for IgA readings.
Results
Construction of transplastomic tobacco plants with tetC genes. The TetC polypeptide was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts from three different genes (
Expression of the tetC genes in chloroplasts. RNA gel blot analysis confirmed transcript accumulation for each of the three tetC genes (
A prominent, ˜43 kDa novel protein was present in each of the tetC-transformed plants when examining plant total soluble protein (TSP) extracts separated in SDS-PAGE gels (
The Nt-pJST10 plants, but not the Nt-pJST11 or Nt-pJST12 plants have a mutant phenotype (
Intranasal immunization of mice with leaf protein extract harboring TetC. We decided to employ two different routes of mucosal immunization to rigorously investigate the immunogenicity of the plant derived TetC protein. Initially, groups of mice were immunized intranasally with vaccines harboring extracts from transgenic tobacco leaves mixed with small amounts of purified cholera toxin (CT) acting as adjuvant (
All groups of mice immunized with extract from transgenic plants expressing TetC had a significant systemic anti-TetC IgG response at day 27 (
Oral immunization of mice with tobacco leaf expressing TetC. To test the efficacy of transgenic plants for oral immunization, groups of mice were orally gavaged with finely ground leaf tissue suspended in PBS. The leaf samples were tested with and without purified CT as adjuvant. The mice were primed twice, at days 0 and 3, and boosted at day 27 (
TetC-specific IgG antibody titers are shown in
Protection of mice against tetanus toxin challenge. In order to test if the anti-TetC antibody responses raised in the intranasal trial were protective, five mice nasally immunized with a 6.0 μg priming dose and two 10 μg boosts of TetC, with 1 μg CT coadministered (Group JST11+CT in
Discussion
We have shown here that TetC produced in tobacco leaf is effective for the mucosal immunization of animals against tetanus providing the basis for developing a plant-based tetanus vaccine. Protein extracts from transgenic plants expressing TetC induced protective levels of immunity in mice against tetanus challenge. As well as anti-TetC serum IgG, local anti-TetC IgA production was also detected at the mucosal surfaces of immunized mice. The nasal route was found to be more effective than oral immunization. It is well established that significantly more material is normally required for oral compared to nasal immunization (Douce et al. 1999) and modifications of the method to optimize oral delivery are currently under investigation. One option is to co-express a mucosal adjuvant in the chloroplast with the vaccine antigen. The principal of this approach was elegantly demonstrated by fusing the adjuvant cholera toxin subunits (CTA, CTB) with different antigens and expressing them from nuclear genes (Yu and Langridge 2001).
Studies in heterologous expression hosts have shown that codon usage can greatly influence the level of expression of foreign proteins. A good example is TetC that could be expressed in yeast only from a synthetic but not from the bacterial gene due to the instability of the bacterial mRNA in the eukaryotic yeast (Romanos et al. 1991). The importance of codon bias was investigated here by expressing two tetC genes, one AT rich (72.3% AT) and the more GC rich (52.6% AT) in the same cassette. The AT rich gene reproducibly yielded about twice as much TetC in the leaf of the tobacco plants off the same 5′ UTR cassette: ˜25% compared to ˜10%. A similar (1.5-fold) increase in protein level was observed when comparing expression from bacterial and codon optimized synthetic CP4 gene (Ye et al. 2001). TetC levels in pJST12 (72.3% AT) plants were comparable to pJST11 plants (52.6% AT) confirming that upstream translation control signals are more important than codon usage for protein expression in chloroplasts. Indeed, protein levels from the same promoter in chloroplasts may vary from undetectably low to ˜20% of TSP, dependent on the choice of translation control signals, indicating the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in plastid gene expression (Kuroda and Maliga 2001b; Kuroda and Maliga 2001a). The 25% TSP TetC obtained is much higher than protein levels that can be readily obtained from nuclear genes (Ma and Vine 1999; Giddings et al. 2000). However, expression of TetC at ˜10% TSP is more practical as it does not cause a mutant phenotype. Tobacco as an expression system compares favorably with E. coli because of its simplicity, as production in tobacco leaves does not require expensive fermentors, complex purification or sterile conditions. It also compares favorably with yeast because in tobacco chloroplasts proteins are not glycosylated, whereas in yeast most TetC is rendered immunogenically inactive by glycosylation [Romanos, 1991 #3964. The high tetc protein levels obtained in accordance with the methods of the present invention justify the use of a leafy plant that is related to tobacco, but does not contain the alkaloids present in a tobacco leaf for the production of effective anti-tetanus vaccines.
An improved tetanus vaccine could be used as a booster immunization targeted to women of child-bearing age and preferably delivered without a delivery apparatus such as a syringe. There are two obvious routes for the commercialization of TetC as an oral vaccine. The first is to express TetC and an adjuvant in low nicotine tobacco for further testing and clinical trials. The low nicotine (alkaloid) tobacco and related wild species contain 10-times to 100-times less alkaloid than commercial cultivars grown for cigarette production. Using tobacco has the advantages of being a non-food crop thereby avoiding the potential danger of a vaccine-producing plant inadvertently entering the food chain. This is an issue which was raised by the controversy around Starlink corn, containing an insecticidal protein, approved only for livestock but not for human consumption, being mixed with food corn [Netting, 2000 #3854]. Another important advantage is the familiarity of farmers with tobacco worldwide, facilitating acceptance of this new, non-traditional application. The alternative route is engineering TetC vaccine into a food crop. The advantage of this approach is that vaccines are delivered in an accepted food source. Candidate crops for oral delivery include alfalfa and tomato. Encouraging in this regard is the recent success of plastid transformation in tomato (Ruf et al. 2001). Both approaches are scientifically feasible; the ultimate choice will depend on regulatory issues and social acceptance.
LT-B is the non-toxic B subunit of the E. coli Heat-Labile toxin, a toxic product of ETEC (entero-toxigenic E. coli). LT-B is a homo-pentameric protein that binds the holotoxin to enterocytes and lacks the toxic A component. There are immunologically distinguishable forms of LT-B (Human, Porcine) and a significant cross reactivity with cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B).
The role of LT (anti-toxin immunity) in protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli and/or cholera has been investigated and is reviewed in references (Clemens et al. 1990; Jertborn et al. 2001). Many studies in animals (intestinal loops, whole animals) and humans (volunteers, field studies, epidemiological observations) have considered the role of anti-toxin antibodies in immunity to cholera and ETEC. The general conclusions are: (1) Anti-toxic immunity is considered insufficient to protect against clinical disease at high efficacy; (2) Any immunity involving anti-toxin activity is likely to be short lived (months as against years) due to the non-bactericidal activity of the immunity (IgA blocking activity); and (3) A combination of antibacterial (whole cell) and anti-toxic activity displays synergy and is considered the most appropriate approach to gain efficacious protection.
Most early studies using LT or CT-based vaccines failed. Both parenteral and oral immunization approaches were employed. This lack of efficacy may be because anti-toxic immunity is really non-protective but two factors should be considered. (1) These old vaccination studies employed chemically inactivated LT and CT which where sub-optimal in terms of immunogenicity and ability to target tissues (important mucosally). (2) Not all vaccines were optimized using modern delivery systems or adjuvants. (3) Some studies in pigs using cholerogenoid (inactivated) LT vaccines showed protection in piglets (maternal antibody) and Swiss Serum marketed a vaccine based on this technology. (3) Many in vivo loop models exhibit protection, correlatable with sIgA production.
Very few studies have been performed using optimized delivery of native CT-B or LT-B alone in humans. Evidence from the field indicates that humans do acquire immunity to cholera and ETEC. Further maternal antibody offers protection to the young. Evidence from volunteers immunized with attenuated (non-LT producing) ETEC induces clinical protection against diarrhea, lowering real levels of ETEC in the small intestine of challenged vaccinees but providing no reduction in stool shedding levels. This could be due to the non-bactericidal activity of IgA. However, when individuals are challenged with heterologous ETEC strains protection is either lost or dramatically reduced.
Field Studies using whole cell cholera vaccines led to the following conclusions: (1) Large scale field studies and observations in Finnish travelers have shown that an oral V. cholerae whole cell (C-WC) combined with CT-B can induce protection of up to 85% for up to 6 months and 50% protection for 2–3 years against cholera. CT-B appears to enhance protection (85% verses 55%) for the first six months but thereafter protection is the same for the C-WC and the C-WC+CT-B. This is a licensed vaccine formulation. (2) Significantly, similar studies have shown short term (3 month protection) at 50–60% efficacy against ETEC with this same vaccine. The investigators (Holmgren and Svennerholm) propose that this is due to the CT-B component. Kaper (SAB) pointed out that this protection was even true for non-LT producing E. coli. Although this could cast doubt on Holmgren's conclusions, non-specific mucosal adjuvant effects could partially explain their data. (3) Of note is the fact that C-WC+CT-B immunization reduces the overall rate of diarrhea in a population. (4) Holmgren and Svennerholm have developed an E. coli vaccine based on inactivated whole ETEC+CT-B. Phase I and II studies were promising and early reports from phase III efficacy studies are also reported to be encouraging. (5) The evidence above suggests that CT-B alone will not protect against cholera. It is still possible that if LT-B is efficiently delivered to the mucosal surface protection/efficacy might occur. However, the most we can expect relatively short term immunity for ETEC. (6) However, other LT derivatives harboring the holotoxoid (LT-B+LT-A) e.g., LTK63 are more likely to be efficacious compared to LT-B due to their ability to induce anti-A subunit as well as anti-B subunit antibodies and their inherently greater adjuvant activities.
Vectors for LTB Expression in Chloroplasts
Two forms of the E. coli heat labile enterotoxin B subunit gene were expressed in chloroplasts. One is the wild-type gene; the coding region includes the signal peptide (LTB-W) (Seq. ID No. 43). The second gene encodes the enterotoxin mature B subunit without signal peptide (LTB-M) (Seq. ID No. 44). The LTB coding regions may be cloned in vectors pHK40 and pHK73, and introduced into chloroplasts as described in Example. Plasmid pJST32 and pJST33 are pHK73 plasmid derivatives. They were obtain by cloning the PCR-generated LTB-W and LTB-M coding regions (NdeI-XbaI fragments) into Nde (-XbaI digested pHK73 vectors. Plasmid pJST32 carries the LTB-W gene encoding pre-LTB, whereas plasmid pJST33 encodes the mature LTB peptide (Seq. ID No. 44). Immunoblot in
Administration of TetC alone may be insufficient to induce immunoprotective Ig levels. Therefore, adjuvants were produced to potentiate the anti-TetC immune response. The adjuvant may be expressed in the chloroplasts alone, and protein samples or leaf tissue mixed from TetC producing plants and adjuvant producing plants may then be administered. Alternatively, both TetC and the adjuvant may be expressed in the same chloroplast. In the second case, the relative expression levels of TetC and the adjuvant are adjusted to ˜10:1 by manipulating the translation control sequences of the plants.
Cholera toxin (CT) and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins (LT) are the most powerful mucosal immunogens known. CT and LT molecules have high homology (80% identity) in their primary structure and superimposable tertiary structures. Both toxins are composed of a pentameric B (binding) oligomer that binds the receptor(s) on the surface of eukaryotic cells, and an enzymatically active A subunit that is responsible for the toxicity. The A1 (and A2) subunit are generated by proteolytic cleavage of the A subunit subsequent to internalization in eukaryotic cells. The A1 subunit transfers an ADP-ribose group to the α subunit of several GTP-binding proteins involved in signal transduction. Enzymatic activity is enhanced by interaction with 20-kDa GTP-binding proteins, known as ADP-ribosylation factors. CT and LT anti-toxin response is so potent that sometimes a strong immune response is also activated against foreign bystander molecules that are present at the mucosal surface. This immunopotentiating property makes CT and LT useful as mucosal antigens and adjuvants. The non-toxic CTB and LTB subunits are poor adjuvants. The extreme sensitivity of humans to holotoxoids makes them unsuitable for practical use. However, mutations in the A subunit have been identified which render the A subunit enzymatically inactive (or greatly reduce the enzymatic activity) and therefore are non-toxic. Some of the non-toxic LTA mutants maintain both their immunogenicity and their ability to act as adjuvants . Examples are the LTK7, LTK63, LTR72, CTK63 and CTS106 mutations; reviewed in (Douce et al. 1995; Rappuoli et al. 1999; Pizza et al. 2001). In U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,919 immunogenic detoxified proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of subunit A of cholera toxin (CT-A) or subunit A of an Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT-A) or a fragment thereof wherein one or more amino acids at, or in positions corresponding to Val-53, Ser-63, Val-97, Tyr-104 or Pro-106 were replaced with another amino acid or were deleted. Examples of specific replacements include Val-53-Asp, Val-53-Glu, Val-53-Tyr, Ser-63-Lys, Val-97-Lys, Val-97-Tyr, Tyr-104-Lys, Tyr-104-Asp, Tyr-104-Ser, Pro-106-Ser.
LTK63 is an excellent mucosal adjuvant, although the activity is reproducibly reduced in comparison with LT (Giuliani et al. 1998; Barchfeld et al. 1999). Interestingly, LTK63 is consistently a better immunogen than LTB (Douce et al. 1998; Giuliani et al. 1998), suggesting an important role for the enzymatically inactive A subunit in the induction of an immune response. LTK7 (amino acid change Arg7 to Lys in the LTA subunit) is also a LT derivative lacking ADP-ribosyltransferase activity with utility as a non-toxic mucosal adjuvant (Pizza et al. 1994; Douce et al. 1995). LTR72 (with an alanine to arginine substitution in position 72 of the A subunit), and CTS106 (with a proline to to serine substitution in position 106 of the A subunit) have about 1% of the wild-type ADP-ribosylation activity, and about 1% toxicity in vivo. Both LTR72 and CTS106 are excellent mucosal adjuvants, being as effective as LT and CT, respectively (Douce et al. 1997; Giuliani et al. 1998). The LTK63 is as good an immunogen as the wild-type LTwt protein (Rappuoli et al. 1999). Use of non-toxic LT mutants is exemplified here by the LTK63 mutant, which contains a serine to lysine substitution.
Acute gastroenteritis is second only to acute respiratory disease as a cause of death worldwide in human populations, and it is also a significant problem in farm animals and pets. Cholera, rotavirus and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are the three causative agents of acute infectious enteric disease. Antigens genetically fused to CTA and CTB subunit were found to stimulate strong immune response in orally immunized animals (Yu and Langridge 2001) (and references therein). Thus, transgenic tobacco plants expressing LTK63 may be utilized for large-scale production of purified LTK63, as an edible vaccine if expressed in an edible plant part or as a transmucosal carrier of peptides to which it is fused, either to induce oral tolerance to these peptides or enhance mucosal immunity.
The plant-produced LTK63 and similar non-toxic (or reduced toxicity) LT and CT derivatives will find broad applications in human healthcare, animal husbandry and veterinary applications. The immunogenic detoxified protein is useful as vaccine for Vibrio cholerae or an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli and is produced by recombinant DNA means by site-directed mutagenesis.
Vectors for LTK63 Expression in Chloroplasts
DNA sequence for several LT and CT isolates have been deposited in GenBank. Examples for LT are Accession Number AB011677, M28523, S60731, J01646, and M17894. Examples for CT are D30052, D30053 and E00132. The LTK63 mutant expressed in chloroplasts derives from a porcine (pig) LT gene. Wild type porcine LTA subunit (M15361, M15362) and LTB subunit (M15363, M17873, J01605) gene sequences have been deposited in GenBank. The LTK63 coding region, including the LTA and LTB coding regions (eltA and eltB genes) (Dallas and Falkow 1980; Spicer and Noble 1982), is included in a KpnI-XbaI fragment. Schematic map of the dicistronic operon with relevant restriction sites is shown in
The bacterial LTK63 operon (SEQ ID NO. 33) encodes the LTA and LTB pre-proteins, with the 18 and 21 amino acid signal sequence. Interestingly, chloroplasts have correctly processed a human cDNA signal peptide and folded the protein that normally requires passing through the ER (Staub et al. 2000). This may not be surprising, since chloroplasts have GTP-dependent signal recognition particle (SRP) systems of the ER and bacteria, and a chloroplast homologue of the mammalian SRP54 subunit. The SRP system in chloroplasts targets proteins to the thylacoid membrane (Keegstra and Cline 1999). Thus, the unmodified bacterial LT operon may be expressed and the encoded LTA and LTB pre-proteins properly processed in chloroplasts. The NdeI-XbaI fragment (SEQ. ID. NO:33) can be cloned directly into NdeI-XbaI digested pHK40 and pHK73 vectors (Example 5) for expression of the LT operon in chloroplasts.
A better control over LTA and LTB expression in chloroplasts may be obtained by expressing the mature proteins rather than the pre-proteins with the signal peptides. The signal sequence at the LTA N-terminus may be conveniently removed using a primer that includes KpnI and NdeI sites, a translation initiation codon (ATG) and the N-terminus of the mature LTA subunit, such as oligonucleotide ggtacccatATGAATGGCGACAGATTATACCGTGCTGACTC (SEQ. ID No.34) and a primer downstream of the unique BspEI site so that the KpnI-NdeI fragment in the LTK63 bacterial operon can be replaced with the truncated KpnI-NdeI PCR fragment. Translation of the truncated LTA coding region will yield the mature LTA with the N-terminal amino acid sequence MNGDRLYRAD. Alternatives to using an NdeI site for conveniently linking the 5′-regulatory cassette upstream of LTA are the NcoI and NcoI-NheI restriction sites. To obtain an NcoI site including the translation initiation codon, oligonucleotide ggtaccATGgggAATGGCGACAGATT ATACCGTGCTGACTC (SEQ. ID No.35) may be used (NcoI underlined), so that the N terminus will be MGNGDRLYRAD (G inserted between M and N). If both NcoI and NheI sites (underlined) are included at the N-terminus using oligonucleotide ggtaccATGgctagcAATGGCGACAGATTATACCGTGCTGACTC (SEQ. ID NO.36), so that the N-terminus will be MASNGDRLYRAD (A and S inserted between M and N). The availability of NcoI and NheI restriction sites would facilitate expression LTA in cassettes described in (Kuroda and Maliga 2001b; Kuroda and Maliga 2001a) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,402. If expression of LTA alone is the objective, a stop codon with an XbaI site can be conveniently introduced by using EcoRI-XbaI (underlined) adapter based on the sequence GAATTCGGGATGAATTATGAtctaga (SEQ. ID NO: 37).
Engineering of the LTB subunit for expression in plastids, with and without the signal sequence, is described in Example 7.
To beneficially exploit the translation control signals in the LTA C terminus, it is attractive to express the mature LTA and LTB subunits from a dicistronic mRNA. Truncation of the LTB signal peptide can be conveniently achieved by relying on the unique EcoRI and SacI sites in the LTA C-terminus and LTB N-terminus, respectively (
Expression of LTK63 in chloroplasts and testing for adjuvanicity and immunogenicity will be carried out as described for the recombinant bacterial CT in Example 5 and for the chloroplast produced LTB in Example 6. The constructs are designed to obtain maximum yield of assembled LT.
Production of a practical TetC vaccine and mutant LT as adjuvants may be accomplished in a low nicotine tobacco cultivar such as LAMD609, LAFC53, derivatives of the low nicotine Burley 21 which carry two recessive mutations controlling nicotine levels (Saunders and Bush 1979). The alkaloid content of some wild Nicotiana species even lower, ˜20–40 microgram/g dry weight (Saitoh et al. 1085). Thus, engineering will be carried out in N. tabacum cv. Petit Havana, used a model for plastid engineering, a low nicotine cultivar or species such as N. alata, N. forgetiana, N. longiflora or N. umbratica.
The tetC, LTK63 operon and aadA are introduced into the plastid genome as one operon as depicted in
Methods for plastid transformation, CRE-mediated excision of aadA and verification of biological activity has been Exemplified in the earlier examples.
While certain of the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described and specifically exemplified above, it is not intended that the invention be limited to such embodiments. Various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the escope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/088,634, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §371 to International Application No. PCT/US00/25930 filed Sep. 21, 2000, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Applications 60/155,007 and 60/211,139 filed Sep. 21, 1999 and Jun. 13, 2000, respectively. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Applications 60/335,699, filed Oct. 25, 2001, and 60/279,591, filed Mar. 29, 2001.
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