A high Q on-chip inductor includes a primary winding and an auxiliary winding that is coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation of an input of the primary winding. Further, the auxiliary winding has an admittance that is greater than the admittance of the primary winding thereby yielding an asymmetry in the admittances. As such, a push/pull mechanism is obtained in a 2-port system (e.g., 1st and 2nd nodes of the primary winding) that produces a large Q factor for an on-chip inductor.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to integrated circuits and more particularly to on-chip inductors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As is known, wireless communications standards place stringent requirements on a wireless communication device's dynamic range of operation because the signal strength of received signals may vary by many orders of magnitude. To meet these requirements, wireless communication devices are designed using radio frequency (RF) integrated circuits (IC) that consume low power and produce little noise. As is also known, on-chip inductors are significant components of RF integrated circuits and are used in oscillators, impedance matching networks, emitter degeneration circuits, filters, and/or baluns. Thus, it is desirable to use on-chip inductors that consume as little power as possible and produce as little noise as possible.
As is further known, inductor performance is expressed as a quality factor (Q-factor), which is associated with the resonance of the inductor and describes both the ability of the inductor to produce a large output at the resonant frequency and the selectivity (i.e., the power ratio in decibels versus frequency) of the inductor. As such, the Q-factor is a key component in determining power dissipation and phase noise of integrated circuits. In general, inductors having a high Q-factor dissipate less power and thus improve the achievable gain. Further, high Q inductors allow an oscillating circuit to perform with minimal power injection from the driving transistor and hence minimize noise.
In addition, high Q inductors minimize the power leaking into adjacent channels that corrupts a receiver performance in nearby channels of communication chips, which degrade a receiver's sensitivity. Furthermore, higher dynamic range of wireless communication devices is obtained due to the intrinsic linearity of passive devices.
Not surprisingly, high Q inductors are a key element for RF integrated circuits to have low power consumption and to achieve the desired noise performance. While performance of wireless communication devices is a critical design issue it is typically balanced with manufacturing costs of the devices.
As is known, CMOS technology is widely used for cost effective fabrication of integrated circuits, including RF integrated circuits. However, on-chip inductors using CMOS technology are known to have a modest quality factor in the range of 5 to 10, which limit their usefulness is applications that require a high Q inductor, including some wireless communication applications.
Therefore, needs exist for a high quality factor on-chip inductor for use in many applications including wireless communication applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The high Q on-chip inductor of the present invention substantially meets these needs and others. In general, the high Q on-chip inductor includes a primary winding and an auxiliary winding that is coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation of an input of the primary winding (i.e., reversed biased). Further, the auxiliary winding has a real part of its admittance greater than the real part of the admittance of the primary winding thereby yielding an asymmetry in the admittances. As such, a push/pull mechanism is obtained in a 2-port system (e.g., 1 st
and 2 nd
nodes of the primary winding) that produces a large Q factor (e.g., at least 30) for an on-chip inductor.
Another embodiment of a high Q on-chip inductor includes the primary winding, the auxiliary winding, and a poly-silicon shield. The primary and secondary winding are as described in the preceding paragraph and are fabricated proximally located to a poly-silicon shield such that the quality factor of the primary winding increases at least 15 times that of the quality factor of current on-chip inductors (e.g., the quality factor is at least 150).
A further embodiment includes a primary winding, a primary auxiliary winding, a secondary winding, and a secondary auxiliary winding thus producing a high quality factor on-chip transformer. The secondary auxiliary winding is coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation of the signal of the secondary winding. Further, the secondary auxiliary winding has a real part of its admittance greater than the real part of the admittance of the secondary winding thereby yielding an asymmetry in the admittances.
In any of the embodiments, the number of turns comprising the winding (e.g., primary, auxiliary, secondary, and/or secondary auxiliary) may vary depending on the inductance needed, a desired Q factor, various winding shapes (e.g., square, rectangular, spiral, etc.) and/or a desired turns ratio. In addition, the number of layers on which the windings are created may also vary depending on the inductance needed, a desired Q factor, and/or a desired turns ratio.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
illustrates a schematic block diagram of a high Q on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B
illustrate a top and side view of an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 3A and 3B
illustrate a top and side view of an altering embodiment of an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 4A
, 4
B and 4
C illustrate another embodiment of an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 5A
, 5
B and 5
C illustrate yet another embodiment of an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 6A and 6B
illustrate a further embodiment of an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 7
illustrates a logic diagram of a method for manufacturing an on-chip inductor in accordance with the present invention.
DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1
illustrates a schematic block diagram of a high Q (i.e., quality factor) on-chip inductor 10
that includes a primary winding 12
and an auxiliary winding 14
, which may be fabricated using CMOS technology, gallium arsenide technology, silicon germanium technology, or any other type of integrated circuit technology. The primary winding 12
includes a 1 st
node 16
and a 2 nd
node 18
. The auxiliary winding 14
includes a 1 st
node 20
and a 2 nd
node 22
. As shown, the 2 nd
node 18
of primary winding 12
is coupled to the 2 nd
node 22
of the auxiliary winding 14
. The 1 st
node 16
and 2 nd
node 18
of primary winding 12
are operably coupled to receive a 1 st
leg 26
and 2 nd
leg 28
of an input 24
, respectively. As such, a current (I PRI
) flows through the primary winding 12
based on the magnitude of the input 24
imposed across the 1 st
node 16
and 2 nd
node 18
and the inductance value of the primary winding. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the input 24
may be a voltage input or a current input.
The 1 st
node 20
of auxiliary winding 14
is operably coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation 30
of the 1 st
leg 26
of input 24
(i.e., is reversed biased with respect to the primary winding). As such, the auxiliary winding 14
has a current (I AUX
) that is proportionally opposite to the current through the primary winding 12
. If the proportionally opposite representation 30
is of the same magnitude as the 1 st
leg of input 24
and the auxiliary winding 14
includes the same number of turns as primary winding 12
, the auxiliary current will have the same magnitude as the primary current. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, by scaling the magnitude of the proportionally opposite representation 30
and/or by changing the number of turns in the auxiliary winding 14
with respect to the number of turns in primary winding 12
, the auxiliary current may be greater than or less than the primary current.
As configured, the auxiliary winding 14
is asymmetrical with respect to the primary winding 12
and has a greater real part admittance (i.e., the inverse of impedance of the winding at an operating frequency) than the real part of the admittance of the primary winding 12
. The asymmetry between the primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
may be achieved by one or more of: asymmetrical electromagnetic coupling between the primary winding and auxiliary winding; an asymmetrical number of turns between the primary winding and auxiliary winding; an asymmetrical geometric configuration of the primary and auxiliary windings.
The admittances of both the primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
include self-admittance and coupled-admittance. The magnitude of the admittances is dependent on the proximal location of the auxiliary winding to the primary winding and the asymmetry between the windings. Accordingly, the more closely coupled the auxiliary winding 14
is to the primary winding 12
and the more asymmetrical the windings are, the greater the difference will be in the real parts of the admittances of the primary winding 12
and the auxiliary winding 14
. Such a difference effectively decreases the real part of the primary winding's admittance at an operating frequency (e.g., 2.5 gigahertz to 6 gigahertz), which increases the quality factor of the primary winding. For example, the primary winding 12
may have a quality factor of at least 30 using CMOS technology.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the high quality factor on-chip inductor 10
may be a differential inductor having an imbalanced differential input, wherein one half of the differential inductor functions as the primary winding and the other half functions as the auxiliary winding.
FIGS. 2A and 2B
illustrate a top and side view of the high Q on-chip inductor 10
. As shown, the primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
are deposited and/or etched on dielectric layer 40
. The 2 nd
node of primary winding 12
is operably coupled to the 2 nd
node of auxiliary winding 14
via a bridge 42
. The bridge may be formed on a 2 nd
dielectric layer 44
. In this configuration, the asymmetrical coupling of the auxiliary winding 14
to the primary winding 12
creates at least a part of the asymmetry between the admittance of the windings 12
and 14
.
FIGS. 3A and 3B
illustrate a top and side view of a high Q on-chip inductor that includes a multi-layered and multi-winding primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
. As shown in this configuration, the primary winding 12
includes a plurality of windings, which may have one or more turns, on multiple dielectric layers. As shown, the primary winding includes three layers of one turn, on dielectric layer 40
, dielectric layer 44
and dielectric layer 46
. Dielectric layer 48
supports bridge 42
, which couples the primary winding 12
to auxiliary winding 14
. In this instance, the asymmetry is generated not only by reversed biased electromagnetic coupling but also by an asymmetry in the number of turns between the primary and secondary windings. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the primary winding 12
may have one or more turns on each of the dielectric layers. In addition, the number of dielectric layers and/or turns may vary from those illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B
.
FIGS. 4A
, B, and C illustrate an alternate embodiment of an on-chip inductor that includes the primary winding 12
on dielectric layer 40
and auxiliary winding 14
on a 2 nd
dielectric layer 44
. In this instance, the electromagnetic coupling between the auxiliary winding 14
and primary winding 12
is increased. Such an increase in reverse biased electromagnetic coupling, increases the asymmetry, and thus increases the quality factor of primary winding 12
. Note that the primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
may each include one or more turns and may be implemented on one or more layers.
FIGS. 5A through 5C
illustrate a top, side and bottom view of another alternate embodiment of a high Q on-chip inductor. In this illustration, the primary winding 12
includes multiple turns on dielectric layer 40
. On dielectric layer 54
, metal bridges 52
are placed to provide coupling within the primary winding 12
. The auxiliary winding 14
is on dielectric layer 44
. As such, the asymmetry is at least partially achieved via the differing number of turns as well as the reversed biased electromagnetic coupling. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the primary winding may include more or less turns than shown in FIG. 5
A and may be included on one or more layers. In addition, the auxiliary winding 14
may include more than one turn and may be implemented on more than one dielectric layer.
FIGS. 6A and 6B
illustrate yet another alternate embodiment of a high Q on-chip inductor. In this embodiment, the primary winding 12
and auxiliary winding 14
are on dielectric layer 40
. The bridge 42
connects the primary winding 12
to the auxiliary winding 14
. In this embodiment, underneath dielectric layer 44
is a poly-silicon shield 56
. The poly-silicon shield 56
is configured in a stacked geometry and further increases the quality factor. For example, in one embodiment of an on-chip inductor using CMOS technology, the quality factor may be increased to as much as 150. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the number of turns of the primary windings 12
and of the auxiliary windings 14
may vary from the one turn as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B
. In addition, the number of layers used to implement the primary winding 12
and/or auxiliary winding 14
may vary from the one shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B
.
FIG. 7
illustrates a logic diagram of a method of manufacturing a high quality on-chip inductor. The process begins at Step 60
where a primary winding is created to have a 1 st
admittance and to include a 1 st
and 2 nd
node on a dielectric layer. The creation of the primary winding may be done by depositing, etching and/or any other method for obtaining a metal layer on a dielectric layer in an integrated circuit fabrication process. The process then proceeds to Step 62
where auxiliary winding is created to have a 2 nd
admittance and to include a 1 st
and 2 nd
node. The 2 nd
node of the primary winding is coupled to the 2 nd
node of the auxiliary winding. In addition, the creation of the real part of the 2 nd
admittance is done to be greater than the real part of the admittance of the primary winding. The primary winding is operably coupled to receive an input, while the auxiliary winding is operably coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation of the input.
The admittance of the primary winding includes both self-admittance and coupled-admittance. Similarly, the admittance of the auxiliary winding includes self-admittance and coupled-admittance. The difference in the real parts of the admittance of both windings is dependent on the proximal location of the auxiliary winding to the primary winding and the asymmetry between the windings. The greater the coupling and asymmetry between the auxiliary winding and primary winding, the lower the real portion of the primary winding admittance will be, thus increasing the quality factor for the primary winding.
The asymmetry between the auxiliary winding the primary winding may be done by asymmetrical electrical coupling between the primary winding and auxiliary winding, differing number of turns in the primary winding versus the number of turns in the auxiliary winding, and/or by creating the primary winding to have a different geometric configuration than that of the auxiliary winding.
The quality factor of the primary winding may be enhanced by creating a poly-silicon shield that is operably coupled to the primary winding and the auxiliary winding. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the primary winding and/or auxiliary winding may be created to have multiple turns on multiple layers and/or a single turn on a single layer and/or any combination thereof.
The preceding discussion has presented a high quality on-chip inductor. Such a high quality on-chip inductor dramatically increases the quality factor of inductors thus making it very applicable for a wide variety of circuit applications including radio frequency integrated circuits, on-chip filters, et cetera. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, other embodiments may be derived from the teachings of the present invention, without deviating from the scope of the claims.
Claims
1. A high-Q on-chip inductor comprises:primary winding including a first node and a second node, wherein the primary winding has a first admittance; and auxiliary winding including a first node and a second node, wherein the auxiliary winding has a second admittance, wherein the second node of the primary winding is coupled to the second node of the auxiliary winding, wherein the second admittance is greater than the first admittance, wherein the first node of the primary winding is operably coupled to receive a first leg of an input, wherein the second node of the primary winding is coupled to receive a second leg of the input, and wherein the first node of the auxiliary winding is coupled to receive a proportionally opposite representation of the first leg of the input such that the first admittance is effectively decreased at operating frequencies thereby increasing a quality factor of the primary winding.
2. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 1, wherein the first admittance includes first self admittance and first coupled admittance and wherein the second admittance includes second self admittance and second coupled admittance.
3. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 2, wherein the auxiliary winding is proximally located to the primary winding to at least partially establish the first and second coupled admittances.
4. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 2, wherein the auxiliary winding is asymmetric with respect to the primary winding to at least partially establish the second admittance being greater than the first admittance.
5. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 4, wherein the asymmetry is achieved by at least one of: asymmetrical electromagnetic coupling between the primary winding and the auxiliary winding, asymmetrical number of turns between the primary winding and the auxiliary winding, and asymmetrical geometric configuration of the primary and auxiliary windings.
6. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 1 further comprises a poly-silicon shield operably coupled to the primary winding and to the auxiliary winding.
7. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 1 further comprises:the primary winding including a plurality of turns on multiple dielectric layers of an integrated circuit, wherein the plurality of turns are operably coupled via bridges on differing dielectric layers of the integrated circuit; and the auxiliary winding including at least one turn on at least one of the multiple dielectric layers of the integrated circuit.
8. The high-Q on-chip inductor of claim 1 further comprises:the primary winding including at least one turn on a first dielectric layer of an integrated circuit; and the auxiliary winding including at least one turn on a second dielectric layer of the integrated circuit, wherein the at least one turn of the primary winding is stacked with respect to the at least one turn of the auxiliary winding.
Patent Grant
6809623
