Human lymphotoxin

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a new gene, a part of which encodes a polypeptide having a lymphotoxin activity, a method for the production of the gene, and a human lymphotoxin produced from the gene by using genetic engineering technology.
The present invention also relates to an antitumor composition comprising the lymphotoxin as an active ingredient.
2. Description of the Background Art
Lymphotoxin (hereinafter referred to as LT) is known to be a kind of lymphokine which is specifically or non-specifically released from lymphocytes or established lymphoid cell lines and which has a cytotoxic activity. LT not only has a cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells but also an activity for intensifying the cytotoxic activity of certain kinds of carcinostatics or interferons, and it is expected to be usable as a tumoricidal agent or as other types of medicinal agents. (Refer to Granger G. A. et al., "International Congress of Chemotherapy", Kyoto, Japan, Jun. 23-28, Abstracts, p. 15; and Matsunage K. et al., ibid, p. 352.)
For the production of a human LT, a variety of methods have been known where human-derived cells or human-derived tumor cells are cultured and the cultured supernatant liquid is purified to obtain the human LT. For instance, a method is known wherein tonsil cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes are cultured together with a phytohemagglutinin (hereafter referred to as PHA) and the human LT is isolated from the cultured supernatant liquid (refer to Peter, T. B. et al., J. Immunol., 111, 770 (1973); Walker, S. M. and Lucas, Z. J., J. Immunol., 109, 1233 (1972)). Another method is known wherein lymphoid tumor cells are cultured and the human LT is isolated from the cultured supernatant liquid (refer to Yamamoto, R. S. et al., J. Biol. Response Modifiers, 3, 76 (1984); European Patent Application No. 0100641). Yet another method is known wherein T-cell hybridomas are cultured in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate (hereinafter referred to as PMA) and/or concanavalin A (hereinafter referred to as Con A) and the human LT is isolated from the cultured supernatant liquid (refer to Asada, M. et al., Cell. Immunol., 77, 150 (1983)).
These known methods, however, have problems in that the content of LT contained in the culture supernatant solution is extremely small and the nutrient sources to be used in the cultivation (for example, fetal calf serum) are expensive. Therefore, economical production of LT of high purity is difficult by the known methods.
For the production of human LT, it would be desirable to have a means employing genetic engineering technology, wherein a gene corresponding to LT is inserted into a vector and the resulting recombinant plasmid is replicated, transcribed and translated in bacteria, fungi, yeasts or animal cells in order to obtain the desired human LT as produced in these cells.
The present inventors have previously obtained an LT-producing human T-cell hybridoma clone A-C5-8 cell line by the use of a human T-cell hybridization method (emetine/actinomycin-D method). (Refer to Asada, M., et al., Cell Immunol., 77, 150 (1983).) However, when the A-C5-8 cell line was cultured in the presence of Con A and PMA under the optimum LT-producing condition (incubation period of 30 hours or more), the messenger RNA (hereinafter referred to as mRNA) corresponding to LT could not be obtained, and therefore, the gene corresponding to LT could not be obtained. Thus, a need continues to exist for a method of producing LT by way of genetic engineering technology.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a gene encoding a polypeptide with LT activity as produced from an mRNA corresponding to LT.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for producing an LT gene encoding a polypeptide with LT activity.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide large amounts of LT, which is produced from the LT gene encoding a polypeptide having LT activity.
These and other objects of the present invention as will hereinafter become more readily apparent have been accomplished by the studies of the present inventors.
The present inventors have investigated the conditions for obtaining the mRNA corresponding to LT, and as a result, have found that the mRNA corresponding to LT can be obtained by the incubation of A-C5-8 cell line together with PMA and/or Con A within 24 hours, preferably within 4 hours, and further have achieved the cloning of a new gene encoding a human LT-polypeptide by the application of the mRNA via genetic engineering technology and additionally have achieved the production of a new LT by the use of the cloned gene.
The present inventors further conducted intensive investigations and succeeded in producing the LT polypeptide in microorganisms transformed with a phenotypic expression vector with the cloned gene (cDNA) coding for the LT polypeptide being inserted therein. They further succeeded in recovering the human LT polypeptide substantially free of impurities from the thus-obtained human LT polypeptide-containing cultivation product. They confirmed that this human LT polypeptide can serve as an excellent therapeutic agent for malignant tumors.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a gene encoding a polypeptide with LT activity, a method for the production of the same and a new LT as obtained by the use of the gene.
More precisely, the present invention relates to a gene encoding a polypeptide with LT activity as produced from an mRNA which is isolated from a lymphokine-producing human T-cell hybridoma obtained by the incubation of the A-C5-8 cell line in a medium solution containing PMA and/or Con A within 24 hours, the mRNA being obtained as 12.6S to 14.6S fractions in the fractionation of sucrose density gradient centrifugation method, as well as mutants of the said gene including those of allele mutation, gene code degeneracy or partial modification, and a method for the production of the said gene. Mutants of the LT gene which fall within the scope of the present invention are especially those wherein the base sequence of Table 1 is altered such that the encoded amino acid sequence is not changed. Also included within the scope of the invention are genes including altered codons which encode polypeptides retaining the activity of LT. Such altered codons may encode conservative substitutions of amino acids (e.g. Ala for Gly, Ser for Thr, Leu for Val, etc.), or may be a small number (e.g. 1 to 3) of deleted codons.
The present invention is further concerned with a human LT polypeptide substantially free of impurities as obtained by cleaving the cDNA (Table 1) coding for the LT polypeptide with a restriction enzyme, ligating the cleaved cDNA with a phenotypic expression vector having a translation initiation site incorporated therein and cleaved beforehand with the same restriction enzyme, introducing the resulting phenotypic expressiion vector into an appropriate host, for example Escherichia coli, cultivating the thus-obtained transformant, and extracting and purifying the human LT polypeptide from the culture thus obtained.
The present gene has a nucleotide sequence as represented by Table 1:
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR1## ##STR2## ##STR3## ##STR4## ##STR5## ##STR6## ##STR7## ##STR8## ##STR9## ##STR10## ##STR11## ##STR12## ##STR13## ##STR14## ##STR15## ##STR16## ##STR17## ##STR18## ##STR19## ##STR20##__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR21##

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an outline showing the restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the working example of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an outline showing the restriction endonuclease-cleaved sites as used for the determination of the nucleotide sequence and the directions and ranges for the determination of the base sequence in the working Example of the present invention.
In these drawings, B represents BamHI, E represents EcoRI, P represents PstI.
FIG. 3 shows steps for the formation of the tac promoter-containing phenotypic expressing plasmid pLT13tac6 in Example 5, where the arrows designate the direction of the action of the promoter.
FIG. 4 shows steps for the formation of tac promoter-containing phenotypic expressing plasmid pDK10 in Example 9, where the arrows designate the direction of the action of the promoter.
FIG. 5 shows steps for the formation of tac promoter-containing phenotypic expressing plasmid pDK11 in Example 9, where the arrows designate the direction of the action of the promoter.
FIG. 6 shows steps for the formation of tac promoter-containing phenotypic expressing plasmid pDK12 in Example 9, where the arrows designate the direction of the action of the promoter.
FIG. 7 shows steps for the formation of plasmid pSV2-LT/MMTV-LTR to be expressed in animal cells in Example 13, where the arrows designate the direction of the action of the promoter.
FIG. 8 shows the construction scheme for an expression vector pDK101, which contains a gene coding for the amino acid sequence of the LT polypeptide of Example 15, where the arrow indicates the direction of the action of the promoter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
There are some reports by Gray, P. W. et al (Nature, 312, 721 (1984)) and by Nedwin, G. E. et al (Nucleic Acids Research, 13, 6361 (1985)) on the base sequence of the gene encoding the polypeptide with human LT-activity. Gray et al. formed LT-cDNA, using mRNA as extracted and purified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hereinafter referred to as PBMC) as activated with PMA, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B and thymosin .alpha..sub.1 for 48 hours. Nedwin et al. obtained a PBMC gene capable of being hybridized with Gray et al's gene, by screening a recombinant human-.lambda. library by means of hybridization method using .sup.32 P-labeled DNA encoding the 34 amino-terminal residues of Gray et al's LT. As shown in the following Table 2, the LT-gene of the present invention differs from Gray et al's PBMC-cDNA by 14 nucleotides in four positions and differs from Nedwin et al's PBMC-gene by 9 nucleotides in two positions. In addition, it is noted that Nedwin et al's PBMC-gene contains an intron of 247 nucleotides between the 267th base and the 268th base.
Regarding the method for the production of the gene, Gray et al. extracted and purified the mRNA from the cells as obtained by the incubation of non-adhesive cells of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of PMA, staphylococcal enterotoxin B and thymosin .alpha..sub.1 for 48 hours and produced the gene from the resulting mRNA; while the present inventors extracted and purified the mRNA from the cells as obtained by the incubation of LT-producing human T-cell hybridoma in the presence of PMA and/or Con A for 0.5 to 5 hours and produced the gene from the resulting mRNA.
TABLE 2______________________________________Comparison of base sequences in LT-gene of the presentinvention, PBMC-derived LT-gene and recombinanthuman-.gamma. library-derived LT-gene:A-C5-8 cDNA.sup.a PBMC cDNA.sup.b PBMC gene.sup.c______________________________________ ##STR22## ##STR23## ##STR24##______________________________________ .sup.(a) Present Invention .sup.(b) Gray et al. .sup.(c) Nedwin et al.
For the confirmation of the LT-activity expression of the gene (A-C5-8 cDNA) of the present invention, the cloned DNA was treated with restriction enzymes and then inserted into a pertinent phenotypic expression vector to obtain an LT-producing plasmid the resulting plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli and animal cells for the transduction thereof and the production of LT by these cells was confirmed.
______________________________________Amino acid sequence (I):______________________________________MET ASP PRO ALA GLN THR ALA ARG GLN HISPRO LYS MET HIS LEU ALA HIS SER ASN LEULYS PRO ALA ALA HIS LEU ILE GLY ASP PROSER LYS GLN ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALAASN THR ASP ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLYPHE SER LEU SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VALPRO THR SER GLY ILE TYR PHE VAL TYR SERGLN VAL VAL PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SERPRO LYS ALA THR SER SER PRO LEU TYR LEUALA HIS GLU VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLNTYR PRO PHE HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SERGLN LYS MET VAL TYR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLUPRO TRP LEU HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALAALA PHE GLN LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEUSER THR HIS THR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEUVAL LEU SER PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLYALA PHE ALA LEU______________________________________Amino acid sequence (II)______________________________________MET HIS LEU ALA HIS SER ASN LEU LYS PROALA ALA HIS LEU ILE GLY ASP PRO SER LYSGLN ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALA ASN THRASP ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLY PHE SERLEU SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VAL PRO THRSER GLY ILE TYR PHE VAL TYR SER GLN VALVAL PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SER PRO LYSALA THR SER SER PRO LEU TYR LEU ALA HISGLU VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLN TYR PROPHE HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SER GLN LYSMET VAL TYR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLU PRO TRPLEU HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALA ALA PHEGLN LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEU SER THRHIS THR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEU VAL LEUSER PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLY ALA PHEALA LEU______________________________________Amino acid sequence (III)______________________________________1 10MET HIS LEU ALA SER ASN LEU LYS PRO ALA 20ALA HIS LEU ILE GLY ASP PRO SER LYS GLN 30ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALA ASN THR ASP 40ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLY PHE SER LEU 50SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VAL PRO THR SER 60GLY ILE TYR PHE VAL TYR SER GLN VAL VAL 70PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SER PRO LYS ALA 80THR SER SER PRO LEU TYR LEU ALA HIS GLU 90VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLN TYR PRO PHE 100HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SER GLN LYS MET 110VAL TYR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLU PRO TRP LEU 120HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALA ALA PHE GLN 130LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEU SER THR HIS 140TYR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEU VAL LEU SER 150PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLY ALA PHE ALALEU______________________________________
The A-C5-8-cDNA (see the above Table 1) is cleaved with restriction enzymes. On the other hand, a phenotypic expression vector to which a translation-initiation site has been introduced is cleaved with the same restriction enzymes. These are ligated to obtain a phenotypic expression plasmid for LT-production, and the resulting plasmid is introduced into a pertinent host such as Escherichia coli to obtain a transformant. The resulting transformant is cultured and culture broth or transformant is extracted and purified to obtain the desired LT, which does not contain substantial amounts of any impurities.
As shown in the following Table 3, both the LT(I) and LT(II) of the present invention are different from the known LT (Gray, P. W. et al., Nature, 312, 721 (1984)) in the molecular structures thereof, in that the LT(I) is lacking in 10 N-terminal amino acids in the known LT but is bonded with Met-Asp-Pro-bond and that the LT(II) is lacking in 19 N-terminal amino acids in the known LT.
Also, Aggarwal, B. B. et al �Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 2334 (1985)! described that two LTs derived from the human lymphoblast cell line RPMI 1788 have molecular weights of 20,000 and 25,000, respectively. The 6th amino acid residue (ASN) in the amino acid sequence (III) and the N-terminal amino acid composition of the LT polypeptide according to the invention differ from those in said two LTs. Thus, in the above-mentioned LT having a molecular weight of 20,000, the terminal amino acid HIS is the counterpart of the N-terminal amino acid sequence ET-HIS-LEU-LA in amino acid sequence (III). In the LT having a molecular weight of 25,000, the counterpart to the N-terminal amino acid sequence ET-HIS-LEU-LA in sequence (III) is LEU-PRO-GLY-VAL-GLY-LEU-THR-PRO-SER-ALA-ALA-GLN-THR-ALA-ARG-GLN-HIS-PRO-LYS-MET-HIS-LEU-ALA-HIS. The three LT polypeptides thus differ from one another on the molecular level.
When a gene is expressed in Escherichia coli, an extra methionine residue addition to the N-terminus generally occurs, and this may cause adverse effects, such as antigenicity, in applying the expression product as a drug. In accordance with the invention, the 222nd to 224th nucleotides (ATG) shown in Table 1 are used as the initiation codon, so that an extra methionine residue addition can be avoided.
The known lymphotoxins are disadvantageous in that the N-terminal portion is unstable and readily undergoes cleavage during cultivation, purification and/or storage and, therefore, further purification is required for obtaining an LT polypeptide having the desired amino acid sequence although the cleavage product polypeptide retains LT activity. In other words, it is difficult to obtain them as homogeneous products. Presumable causes for such cleavage in the N-terminal portion are cleavage due to a protease which is secreted intracellularly during cultivation and/or cell harvesting and cleavage due to various factors present during purification steps and storage, for example proteases, heat, pH, ionic strength, interaction with resin, solvent and mechanical shearing force. Therefore, an LT polypeptide stable to the cleavage factors mentioned above and having no sign of cleavage in the N-terminal portion is desired.
As compared with a different LT (EP-application 0100641) obtained by incubation of lymphoid tumor cells followed by isolation from the cultured supernatant liquid, LT(I) is superior as having a higher pH stability and in addition, has a different isoelectric point.
TABLE 3______________________________________Comparison between LT of the present invention andknown LT in N-terminal amino acid-sequences:Amino acid Amino acid Amino acidsequence (I) sequence (II) sequence (III) Gray, et al.______________________________________ (MET) Leu Pro Gly Val Gly Leu(N-terminal) ThrMet ProAsp SerPro AlaAla AlaGLN GlnThr ThrAla AlaArg ArgGln GlnHis HisPro ProLys LysMet Met MetHis His Met HisLeu Leu His LeuAla Ala Leu AlaHis His Ala HisSer Ser Ser SerAsn Asn Asn ThrLeu Leu Leu Leu______________________________________
In general, when a genetic product is obtained by the use of recombinant microorganisms, the product obtained has a structure containing an unnecessary methionine at the the N-terminal of the product obtained from a natural type gene. However, the LT(II) of the present invention does not contain any unnecessary methionine, and therefore, it has structure which is very similar to the natural type product. Moreover, LT(II) is very safe to use.
The present invention will be explained in greater detail hereinafter.
(1) Selection of cells of high LT-productivity
As the LT-producing cells, there can be used normal human lymphocytes, established human T-lymphoid cell lines such as CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4F and JURKAT and cloned cell lines thereof as well as established human B-lymphoid cell lines such as RPMI-1788. In particular, an LT-producing human T-cell hybridoma as obtained by cell fusion of normal human T-lymphocytes and established human T-lymphoid cells are preferably used, as these have high LT-productivity and subcultivation of the cells is possible. The LT-producing human T-cell hybridomas have a higher LT-productivity than the parent cells of established human T-lymphoid cells, and therefore, a large amount of mRNA may be extracted and isolated from the cells.
The analysis to measure the LT activity was carried out in accordance with the method of Kobayashi Y., et al. (J. Immunol., 122, 791 (1979)). In this measurement, the cytotoxic activity of a sample from a supernatant of cultured cells or an extract from cultured cells against mouse L.multidot.P3 cells (sub-line of L-cells) was defined as an index. One unit/ml of LT was designated by the concentration thereof to kill 50% of the target cells.
The LT-producing human T-cell hybridoma can be obtained by a known method (Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 72520/83). (The term "OPI" as used herein means an "unexamined and published application".)
For instance, the human T-lymphoid tumor cells are treated with a protein synthesis-inhibitor or with a combination of the inhibitor and an RNA synthesis inhibitor, and on the other hand, human T-lymphocytes are stimulated with a mitogen or an antigen, and then both are hybridized in the presence of a hybridization-accelerator (such as polyethylene glycol), and the resultant hybridized cells (human T-cell hybridoma cells) are isolated. The thus obtained human T-cell hybridomas are incubated in a culture medium (for example, a culture medium obtain by adding 10% of fetal calf serum, 5.times.10.sup.-5 M of 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM of glutamine to a minimal medium of RPMI 1640, which is hereinafter referred to as RPMI medium) at 37.degree. C. under an atmosphere of CO.sub.2 (5%)air(95%), and then, the above-mentioned LT-producing human T-cell hybridomas are screened.
(2) Incubation of cells
In order to obtain mRNA from the LT-producing human T-cell hybridomas, at least 10.sup.9 or more cells are required, and these cells are generally obtained by incubation of the resulting hybridomas. For instance, the cells are put in a nutrient medium in an amount of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.7 cells/ml, and these are incubated in a laboratory dish as set in a flask-rotatory incubator for tissue-incubation (spinner flask) at 37.degree. C. in an atmosphere of CO.sub.2 (5%)-air(95%).
The incubation time varies, depending upon the composition of the medium and the initial cell concentration, and is, in general, appropriately 1 to 5 days. After incubation, the culture solution is centrifuged to isolate the cells.
The nutrient medium can be selected from a minimal medium containing one or more ingredients selected from saccharides, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, proteins, antibiotics, growth factors and inorganic bases or a medium comprising the minimal medium and an animal serum added thereto.
Commercial RPMI 1640 medium, MEM medium, Dulbecco's modified MEM medium, etc. can also be used as the minimal medium.
Regarding the animal serum, a fetal calf serum, a calf serum, a horse serum, a human serum or the like can be added to the minimal medium in an amount of 1 to 20% of the medium.
In addition, the cells can be proliferated in nude mouse, hamster or other warm blood animals except human.
(3) Propagation of mRNA
The LT-producing human T-cell hybridomas obtained in (2) above are put in a nutrient medium in an amount of 10.sup.6 to 10.sup.7 cells/ml and PMA and/or Con A is(are) added thereto and thus, when the cells are incubated they produce a larger amount of mRNA corresponding to LT. The preferred concentration of PMA is 20 to 200 ng/ml, and the preferred concentration of Con A is 5 to 50 .mu.g/ml.
The incubation time is within 24 hours, preferably within 8 hours. This is because the content of mRNA corresponding to the LT activity in the cultured cells decreases with the lapse of time. In particular, if the incubation time exceeds 24 hours, the best period for the recovery of LT from the supernatant of the culture medium after the incubation of the LT-producing human T-cell hybridomas therein is 24 to 72 hours, and the amount of the mRNA corresponding to the LT in the cultured cells becomes extremely small in such period, and thus, the recovery of the mRNA is difficult. The method for establishing of the cell line of the LT-producing human T-cell hybridoma A-C5-8 cell line to be used in the present invention and the properties thereof are described in known publications. (Refer to Asada, M. et al., Cellular Immunology, 77, 150 (1983).)
(4) Extraction of total cellular RNA from cells
The extraction of the total cellular RNA from the cells obtained in (3) above can be carried out in accordance with a guanidine hydrochloride method (Deeley, R. G. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 252, 8310 (1977)) or a similar known method.
For instance, the cells (10.sup.9 or more cells) as obtained in (3) above are suspended in a homogenate-buffer (containing 8M of guanidine hydrochloride, 5 mM of dithiothreitol and 20 mM of sodium acetate, and regulated to have pH of 7 with NaOH) and homogenized in a homogenizer or the like. A complete nucleic acid fraction is extracted from the resulting homogenate material by ethanol-precipitation or phenol-extraction, and then the total cellular RNA recovered therefrom by lithium chloride-precipitation. In the extraction operation, it is preferred that the pieces of equipment to be used are dry-heated or treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate and then sterilized in an autoclave and that the operators have vinyl plastic gloves on their hands during the operation, in order to prevent the decomposition of the RNA by the action of RNase.
(5) Isolation of mRNA from total cellular RNA
Isolation of the desired mRNA from the complete RNA can be carried out by means of conventional methods including sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method, gel-filtration method, electrophoresis method, membrane-filter method or oligo-dT-cellulose chromatography method, or by a combination of these methods.
For the confirmation of the mRNA thus obtained to be the desired LT-encoding mRNA, the obtained mRNA is translated into a protein and the biological activity thereof is checked. For instance, the mRNA is injected into or added to a pertinent protein-synthesis system such as oocytes of Xenopus laevis, reticulocyte lysates or wheat germs to be translated thereby into the protein, and the resulting protein is checked to see whether or not it has a cytotoxic activity against mouse L.multidot.P3 cells. More precisely, the method for the confirmation by the use of oocytes of Xenopus laevis is carried out, for example, as follows:
The mRNA is injected into the oocytes in an amount of about 50 to 100 ng per oocyte by a micro-injection method, and 20 oocytes are incubated in 200 .mu.l of a modified Barth salt solution (containing 0.13 g of NaCl, 0.075 g of KCl, 0.2 g of NaHCO.sub.3, 0.2 g of MgSO.sub.4 7H.sub.2 O, 0.08 g of Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2.4H.sub.2 O, 0.09 g of CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O, 2.38 g of HEPES, 100 mg of streptomycin and 100,000 units of penicillin G dissolved in 1 liter of the solution at a pH of 7.4, which solution is hereinafter referred to as MBS) at 23.degree. C. for 48 hours. The supernatant liquid of the cultured solution is used as a sample, and the LT-activity of the sample is measured on the basis of the index of the L.multidot.P3 cytotoxic activity.
The LT-encoding mRNA of the present invention has the following characteristics:
(i) it has an S-value of 12.6S to 14.6S;
(ii) it has a polyadenylic acid structure at the 3'-terminal;
(iii) it encodes an LT-polypeptide.
(6) Cloning of lymphotoxin-cDNA
The mRNA obtained in step (5) above is used as a template and oligo(dT) is used as a primer, and a single-stranded cDNA which is complementary to the mRNA is synthesized with a reverse transcriptase (such as avian myeloblastosis virus-derived reverse transcriptase) in the presence of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP, and the template mRNA is denaturated by heat-treatment. Next, this single-stranded cDNA is used as a template and a double-stranded DNA is synthesized by the use of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) derived from Escherichia coli. This double-stranded DNA is isolated from the denatured mRNA and protein by alkali-treatment and phenol-extraction. This double-stranded DNA is reacted with the reverse transcriptase thereby to obtain a more complete double-stranded DNA. The thus obtained DNA has a hair-pin loop structure, and the hair-pin loop structure is cleaved by the use of S.sub.1 -nuclease (Aspergillus oryzae-derived S.sub.1 nuclease), to obtain a DNA with a complete double-stranded structure. The DNA thus obtained is inserted, for example, into the restriction enzyme PstI-cleaved site of plasmid pBR322 in a conventional manner such as poly(dG)-poly(dC)- or poly(dA)-poly(dT)-homopolymer extension method (Noda, M. et al., Nature, 295, 202 (1982); Maniatis, T. et al., Molecular Cloning (a laboratory manual), 217 (1982), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York). The resulting recombinant plasmid is introduced into a host such as E. coli HB101 strain for the transformation, in accordance with the method by Perbal, B. (A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, 268 (1984), John Wiley & Sons Inc., Canada), a tetracycline-resistant strain is selected and a cDNA library is formed.
The cDNA library is subjected to the colony-hybridization test utilizing a synthetic probe (Montgomery, D. L. et al., Cell, 14, 673 (1978); Goeddel, D. V. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 8, 4057 (1980)), to screen for the desired clone. For instance, two oligonucleotides are chemically synthesized, which corresponds to 18 nucleotides from the 404th to 421st nucleotides and complementary 18 bases from the 500th to 517th bases in the lymphotoxin gene as reported by Gray, et al. in Nature, 312, 721 (1984), and .gamma.-phosphate of .gamma.-.sup.32 P-ATP is transferred to the hydroxyl group in the 5'-terminal of the probe with a polynucleotide kinase (T4 phage-infected E. coli-derived T4 polynucleotide-kinase), so that two kinds of .sup.32 P-labeled probes are formed. From the above-mentioned cDNA library is selected a clone capable of strongly binding with both probes. Plasmid DNA is isolated from the thus obtained clone, and this is changed into a single-stranded DNA by heating or alkali-denaturation, which is fixed on a nitrocellulose filter. To this is added a lymphotoxin mRNA-containing mRNA-fraction for hybridization, and then the bound mRNA is recovered by elution. This is injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis, and the recovered mRNA is checked as to whether or not it encodes lymphotoxin. (This is hereinafter referred to as "hybridization-translation test".) According to the above-mentioned method, a cloned DNA into which has been inserted a DNA fragment containing a base sequence which is complementary with the mRNA of lymphotoxin can be obtained.
In addition, the cloned DNA fragment of the transformant strain is cleaved with pertinent restriction enzymes and labeled with .sup.32 P, and this is used as a probe for re-screening the above-mentioned cDNA library so that a cDNA fragment of a larger size can be selected.
A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the cloned DNA fragment thus obtained is formed, the fragment is cloned with M13-phage, the base sequence thereof is analyzed in accordance with the dideoxy-sequence method by Sanger F. et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 5463 (1977)), the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the lymphotoxin which has already been determined is traced, and finally, the cDNA containing the base sequence (that is, the base sequence from the 165th to 677th bases in the above-mentioned Table 1) which corresponds to the complete translation range of lymphotoxin is selected out, whereby the cloned DNA (Table 1) having the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide containing the LT amino acid sequence can be obtained.
The plasmid pBR322 into which has been inserted the cloned DNA which encodes the polypeptide containing LT amino acid sequence as shown in the Table 1 was called pLT13. E. coli HB101 strain was transfected with the pLT13 to obtain a recombinant strain, and this was deposited in Fermentation Research Institute (Bikoken), Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan under deposit number FERM-BP No. 1226 on Nov. 29, 1986 under the Budapest Treaty.
The cDNA as shown in Table 1, which is obtained by the present invention, differs from the known LT gene as shown in the above-mentioned Table 2, and it was not clear initially whether or not the product of the cDNA of the present invention (as shown in the Table 1) had LT-activity. This is because a difference of only one amino acid between proteins can result in an extreme difference in the properties between the two proteins.
Accordingly, the present inventors made another trial, where the pLT13 is cleaved with pertinent restriction enzymes, the cleaved fragment is inserted into a phenotypic expressing vector and the resulting plasmid is introduced into E. coli or animal cells for the transfection, and these are checked as to whether or not they can express LT activity. As a result, both the transfected bacteria and animal cells were confirmed to express LT activity, and thus, it is concluded that the cDNA shown in Table 1 actually is the cDNA encoding the amino acid sequence of LT, as mentioned in the following (7) and in the working examples to follow.
(7) Preparation of phenotypic expressing vector which contains the nucleotide sequence encoding LT(I)
(a) Cleavage of cDNA encoding the amino acid sequence of LT-polypeptide with restriction enzymes:
For the preparation of DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of the present invention, the complete cDNA as shown in Table 1 is cleaved with restriction enzymes PvuII and EcoRI in a conventional manner fractionated by agarosegel electrophoresis to extract the cDNA fragment comprising about 650 base pairs (hereinafter abbreviated as "bp"), and the cDNA fragment is recovered. This cDNA fragment contains the 193rd to 840th bases in the complete cDNA as shown in Table 1.
(b) Cleavage of the polylinker site of phenotypic expressing vector with restriction enzymes:
The polylinker site of phenotypic expressing vector pKK223-3 (by Pharmacia Co.) is first completely cleaved with EcoRI and then partially cleaved with BamHI, and both the vector which is partially cleaved with the BamHI and the vector which is not cleaved with the BamHI are recovered by agarosegel electrophoresis. In addition, the mixed vectors are completely cleaved with SmaI. Thus, the vector in which the cleaved site is an EcoRI-BamHI site and the vector in which the cleaved site is an EcoRI-SmaI site are formed.
(c) Ligation of translation-initiating site and EcoRI-BamHI site-cleaved pKK223-3:
The EcoRI-BamHI site-cleaved vector of pKK223-3 and a portable translation-initiating site having the following structure (which is formed by annealing a terminal EcoRI site-containing top chain and a terminal BamHI site-containing bottom chain, both chains being commercial products by Pharmacia Co.) are reacted in the presence of T4 DNA ligase, to again obtain a vector having a circular structure. ##STR25## The thus re-formed vector is introduced into E. coli for transformation, and the strain containing the reformed vector is selected as an ampicillin-resistant strain, and the re-formed vector is recovered from the cultured bacteria.
(d) Insertion of the LT cDNA fragment formed in (a) into the re-formed vector prepared in (c):
The re-formed vector prepared in the (c) above is partially cleaved with BamHI and then the 5'-terminal thereof is dephosphorylated with bovine intestine mucosa-derived alkaline phosphatase, and further, the cohesive end is converted to a blunt end with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). On the other hand, the PvuII-EcoRI cleaved site of the LT-cDNA as formed in (a) above is modified to have a blunt end and this is subjected to blunt end ligation with the above-mentioned blunt end-containing open circular vector. After the reaction, the closed circular vector is recovered in a conventional manner and it is introduced into E. coli for transformation.
(e) Screening with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe:
The .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe shown in (6) above and the transformant E. coli strain formed in (d) above are subjected to colony hybridization, and the strain capable of being hybridized with the synthetic oligonucleotide probe is selected. Next, a vector is prepared from the colony and cleaved with restriction enzymes, and thus, the desired vector containing cDNA fragments of about 650 bp and about 250 bp is obtained by agarosegel electrophoresis.
(8) Production of LT(I) in E. coli
The transformant E. coli obtained in (e) above are incubated in a medium containing isopropyl-.beta.-D-thiogalactopyranoside (hereinafter referred to as IPTG) until the O.D. 550 nm reaches about 1.
After the incubated bacteria are collected, they are lysed by ultrasonic wave-treatment, extracted with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) and filtered under germ-free conditions, and then, the LT-activity is measured whereby the transformant strain which expresses the largest amount of LT-polypeptide is screened.
(9) Incubation and purification of LT(I)-producing E. coli
The transformants (LT-producing E. coli) obtained in (8) above are incubated in an IPTG-containing medium until a sufficient amount of the LT-polypeptide is produced. Next, the incubated material is disintegrated by a method such as lysozyme-digestion, freezing and thawing method, ultrasonic disintegration, French press, Dinor mill, etc., and the extract solution is collected by centrifugation or filtration. The resulting extract solution is purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate salting-out, ultra-filtration, ion exchange-chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel-filtration and SDS14 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereby LT-polypeptide can be obtained in the form of a substantially pure product.
(10) The LT(I) as obtained in (9) above was analyzed to determine the amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence, and as a result, the values measured by the analysis were the same as those as assumed from the amino acid sequence (I), as shown in the working example to follow. The isoelectric point was 7.6.+-.0.3.
The DNA encoding amino acid sequence (I) and its corresponding the nucleotide sequence (I) are shown hereinbelow:
______________________________________Amino acid sequence (I):______________________________________MET ASP PRO ALA GLN THR ALA ARG GLN HISPRO LYS MET HIS LEU ALA HIS SER ASN LEULYS PRO ALA ALA HIS LEU ILE GLY ASP PROSER LYS GLN ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALAASN THR ASP ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLYPHE SER LEU SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VALPRO THR SER GLY ILE TYR PHE VAL TYR SERGLN VAL VAL PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SERPRO LYS ALA THR SER SER PRO LEU TYR LEUALA HIS GLU VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLNTYR PRO PHE HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SERGLN LYS MET VAL THR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLUPRO TRP LEU HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALAALA PHE GLN LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEUSER THR HIS THR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEUVAL LEU SER PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLYALA PHE ALA LEU______________________________________Nucleotide sequence (I):______________________________________ ATG GAT CCT GCC CAG ACT GCC CGTCAG CAC CCC AAG ATG CAT CTT GCC CAC AGCAAC CTC AAA CCT GCT GCT CAC CTC ATT GGAGAC CCC AGC AAG CAG AAC TCA CTG CTC TGGAGA GCA AAC ACG GAC CGT GCC TTC CTC CAGGAT GGT TTC TCC TTG AGC AAC AAT TCT CTCCTG GTC CCC ACC AGT GGC ATC TAC TTC GTCTAC TCC CAG GTG GTC TTC TCT GGG AAA GCCTAC TCT CCC AAG GCC ACC TCC TCC CCA CTCTAC CTG GCC CAT GAG GTC CAG CTC TTC TCCTCC CAG TAC CCC TTC CAT GTG CCT CTC CTCAGC TCC CAG AAG ATG GTG TAT CCA GGG CTGCAG GAA CCC TGG CTG CAC TCG ATG TAC CACGGG GCT GCG TTC CAG CTC ACC CAG GGA GACCAG CTA TCC ACC CAC ACA GAT GGC ATC CCCCAC CTA GTC CTC AGC CCT AGT ACT GTC TTCTTT GGA GCC TTC GCT CTG-(3'-)______________________________________
(11) The LT(I) of the present invention was stable to pH variation, and even when incubated in a Britton-Robinson buffer solution in a broad range of pH's of 4-10 for 24 hours, the LT-activity persisted.
(12) Preparation of phenotypic expressing vector which contains the nucleotide sequence to encode LT(II)
(a) Cleavage of cDNA to encode LT(II) with restriction enzymes:
For the preparation of DNA to encode the amino acid sequence of the present invention, the complete cDNA as shown in the Table 1 is cleaved with restriction enzymes PvuII and EcoRI in a conventional manner and fractionated by agarosegel electrophoresis to extract the cDNA fragment comprising about 650 base pairs (bp), and the cDNA fragment is recovered. This cDNA fragment contains the 225th to 840th bases in the complete cDNA as shown in Table 1.
(b) Ligation of synthetic oligonucleotide and LT-cDNA fragment:
The synthetic oligonucleotide having the following structure: ##STR26## and the LT-cDNA fragment obtained in (a) above are ligated and then digested with EcoRI and the EcoRI fragment of 623 bp is recovered in a conventional manner.
(c) Insertion of the LT-cDNA into expressing vector:
Expressing vector pKK223-3 (obtained from Pharmacia Co.) is digested with EcoRI and then the 5'-terminal is dephosphorylated with bovine intestine mucosa-derived alkaline phosphatase. The EcoRI fragment obtained in (b) above and the above-mentioned open circular vector are ligated. After the reaction, the closed circular vector is recovered in a conventional manner, and this is inserted into E. coli for transformation.
(d) Screening by a synthetic oligonucleotide probe:
The .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic oligonucleocide probe shown in (6) above and the transformant E. coli strain formed in (c) above are subjected to colony hybridization, and the strain capable of being hybridized with the synthetic oligonucleotide probe is selected. Next, a vector is prepared from the colony and cleaved with restriction enzymes, and thus, the desired vector containing a cDNA fragment of 623 bp is obtained by agarosegel electrophoresis.
(13) Preparation of vector where the 3'-terminal non-coding region of LT-cDNA has been removed
(a) Removal of 3'-terminal non-coding region of LT-cDNA:
The vector obtained in (12) above is converted into a linear DNA by the use of HindIII, and then the 3'-terminal non-coding region of LT-cDNA is removed with BAL31-nuclease. Next, the terminal is made blunt with DNA-polymerase-1 (Klenow fragment) and then the vector is digested with EcoRI and thereafter fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to recover a fragment of about 460 bp.
(b) Ligation of LT-cDNA and linker:
The 460 bp fragment obtained in (a) above and a HindIII-linker (made by Takara Shuzo Co.) are ligated and then digested with HindIII.
(c) Ligation of LT-cDNA and expressing vector:
pKK223-3 is digested with EcoRI and HindIII to obtain a fragment of 4555 bp. Next, the EcoRI-HindIII fragment of about 465 bp obtained in (b) above is linked with the fragment, and the resulting fragment is inserted into E. coli for transformation in a conventional manner, to obtain a vector having LT-cDNA fragment of about 465 bp.
(14) Formation of multiple copy-expressing vector
pAT153 (made by Amersham Co.) is digested with BamHI and PvuI and fractionated by agarosegel electrophoresis, to obtain a fragment of 2655 bp. On the other hand, the vector as obtained in (13) above is also digested with BamHI and PvuI to obtain a fragment of about 980 bp, analogously. These two BamHI-PvuI fragments are ligated, to obtain a vector having an LT-cDNA fragment.
(15) Expression of LT-cDNA in E. coli
The transformant E. coli obtained in (14) above are incubated in a medium containing IPTG until the O.D. 550 nm reaches about 1.
After the incubated bacteria are collected, these are disintegrated by ultrasonic wave-treatment, extracted with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) and filtered under germ-free conditions, and then, the LT-activity is measured whereby the transformant strain which expresses the largest amount of LT-polypeptide is screened.
(16) Incubation and purification of LT-polypeptide-producing E. coli
The transformant (LT-producing E. coli) obtained in (14) above are incubated in an IPTG-containing medium until a sufficient amount of LT-polypeptide is produced. Next, the incubated material is disintegrated by a method such as lysozyme-digestion, freezing and thawing method, ultrasonic disintegration, French press, Dinor mill, etc., and the extract solution is collected by centrifugation or filtration. The resulting extract solution is purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate salting-out, ultrafiltration, ion exchange-chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel-filtration and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereby LT-polypeptide can be obtained in the form of a substantially pure product.
(17) The LT(II) as obtained in (16) above was analyzed to determine the amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence, and as a result, the values measured by the analysis were same as those assumed from the amino acid sequence (II), as shown in the working example to follow.
The DNA encoding the amino acid sequence (II) and its corresponding nucleotide sequence (II) are shown hereinbelow:
______________________________________Amino acid sequence (II)______________________________________MET HIS LEU ALA HIS SER ASN LEU LYS PROALA ALA HIS LEU ILE GLY ASP PRO SER LYSGLN ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALA ASN THRASP ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLY PHE SERLEU SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VAL PRO THRSER GLY ILE TYE PHE VAL TYR SER GLN VALVAL PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SER PRO LYSALA THR SER SER PRO LEU TYR LEU ALA HISGLU VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLN TYR PROPHE HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SER GLN LYSMET VAL TYR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLU PRO TRPLEU HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALA ALA PHEGLN LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEU SER THRHIS THR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEU VAL LEUSER PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLY ALA PHEALA LEU______________________________________Nucleotide sequence (II)______________________________________ (5')-ATG CAT CTT GCC CAC AGCAAC CTC AAA CCT GCT GCT CAC CTC ATT GGAGAC CCC AGC AAG CAG AAC TCA CTG CTC TGGAGA GCA AAC ACG GAC CGT GCC TTC CTC CAGGAT GGT TTC TCC TTG AGC AAC AAT TCT CTCCTG GTC CCC ACC AGT GGC ATC TAC TTC GTCTAC TCC CAG GTG GTC TTC TCT GGG AAA GCCTAC TCT CCC AAG GCC ACC TCC TCC CCA CTCTAC CTG GCC CAT GAG GTC CAG CTC TTC TCCTCC CAG TAC CCC TTC CAT GTG CCT CTC CTCAGC TCC CAG AAG ATG GTG TAT CCA GGG CTGCAG GAA CCC TGG CTG CAC TCG ATG TAC CACGGG GCT GCG TTC CAG CTC ACC CAG GGA GACCAG CTA TCC ACC CAC ACA GAT GGC ATC CCCCAC CTA GTC CTC AGC CCT AGT ACT GTC TTCTTT GGA GCC TTC GCT CTG-(3'-)______________________________________
(18) Preparation of phenotypic expression vector which contains gene encoding amino acid sequence of LT (III)
For causing expression of the gene coding for the amino acid sequence of the LT polypeptide shown in sequence (III) in a microorganism, for example Escherichia coli, it is necessary to insert the LT cDNA gene, together with the initiation codon (ATG) added thereto, downstream from a pertinent promoter such as the tac (trc) promoter or trp promoter. A ribosome binding site is also required 5 to 15 bases upstream from the initiation codon.
Generally, when a mammalian gene is caused to be expressed in a microorganism, for example, Eschericha coli, the yield is sometimes low. Presumably, the causes are concerned with, for example (1) the transcription efficiency of the promoter, (2) the nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of the ribosome binding site and the vicinity of ATG, (3) the codon frequencies and (4) degradation of the product. As far as point (1) is concerned, the tac (lac series) promoter or trp promoter is in general use. As regards point (2), an optimum one should be searched for among various ribosome binding sites. As for point (3), mammals differ in codon frequencies from Escherichia coli and, therefore, changes to codons used in Escherichia coli are desirable in some instances. Regarding point (4), introduction into various strains of Escherichia coli and/or incorporation, for more complete control, of a repressor gene into the expression vector is important. It is also important to substitute or delete those bases that correspond to amino acid residues readily cleavable with proteases. It is an effective means as well to fuse the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the signal peptide with the LT cDNA so that the expression product can be secreted into the periplasm or culture medium.
In practicing the invention, it is recommended that the LT expression vector should be constructed while paying particular attention to points (1), (3) and (4). Thus, trc (a kind of tac promoter) is employed, and the synthetic DNA portion corresponding to the N terminus of LT is modified, for facilitating the subsequent gene manipulation procedure, such that it contains those codons that are best suited for Escherichia coli except for restriction enzyme recognition site introduction. Furthermore, for host screening and for efficient induction, a repressor gene is introduced into the expression vector.
For expression of cDNA encoding LT polypeptide according to the present invention, the known strain of Escherichia coli such as HB101 (Bethesda Research Laboratories), JM105 (Pharmacia) W3110 (ATCC 27325) and Y1089 (ATCC 37196) can be used as a host. The strain W3110 can be preferably used due to high LT-productivity.
The medium for use in cultivating Escherichia coli transformants harboring the LT expression vector constructed in the above-mentioned manner may be a natural medium or a synthetic medium.
As far as the cultivation conditions are concerned, it is necessary to search for each of the incubation temperature, pH, rate of stirring and rate of aeration which are suited for LT production.
(19) Cultivation of LT polypeptide-producing Escherichia coli and purification of LT polypeptide
The transformant (LT-producing Escherichia coli) obtained in step (18) is cultivated in an IPTG-containing medium until a sufficient amount of the LT polypeptide is produced. The incubated material is then disintegrated by sonication, by means of an APV Gaulin high-pressure homogenizer, or by a similar means, and the disintegrated matter or the supernatant obtained by centrifugation of the same is subjected to a combination of salting out with ammonium sulfate, ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, heat treatment, reversed phase chromatography and chelete resin chromatography, whereby the LT polypeptide can be obtained as a substantially pure product.
The LT polypeptide obtained in step (18) was analyzed for amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence. The data obtained were in agreement with the values estimated from sequence (III), as shown in the relevant working example.
The DNA nucleotide sequence coding for the amino acid sequence (III) and its corresponding nucleotide sequence (III) is shown below.
______________________________________Amino acid sequence (III)______________________________________1 10MET HIS LEU ALA SER ASN LEU LYS PRO ALA 20ALA HIS LEU LIE GLY ASP PRO SER LYS GLN 30ASN SER LEU LEU TRP ARG ALA ASN THR ASP 40ARG ALA PHE LEU GLN ASP GLY PHE SER LEU 50SER ASN ASN SER LEU LEU VAL PRO THR SER 60GLY ILE TYR PHE VAL TYR SER GLN VAL VAL 70PHE SER GLY LYS ALA TYR SER PRO LYS ALA 80THR SER SER PRO LEU TYE LEU ALA HIS GLU 90VAL GLN LEU PHE SER SER GLN TYR PRO PHE 100HIS VAL PRO LEU LEU SER SER GLN LYS MET 110VAL TYR PRO GLY LEU GLN GLU PRO TRP LEU 120HIS SER MET TYR HIS GLY ALA ALA PHE GLN 130LEU THR GLN GLY ASP GLN LEU SER THR HIS 140THR ASP GLY ILE PRO HIS LEU VAL LEU SER 150PRO SER THR VAL PHE PHE GLY ALA PHE ALALEU______________________________________Nucleotide sequence (III)______________________________________ (5')-ATG CAT CTG GCT TCTAAC CTG AAA CCC GCG GCT CAC CTG ATC GGTGAC CCG TCT AAA CAG AAC TCT CTG CTG TGGCGT GCT AAC ACG GAC CGT GCC TTC CTC CAGGAT GGT TTC TCC TTG AGC AAC AAT TCT CTCCTG GTC CCC ACC AGT GGC ATC TAC TTC GTCTAC TCC CAG GTG GTC TTC TCT GGG AAA GCCTAC TCT CCC AAG GCC ACC TCC TCC CCA CTCTAC CTG GCC CAT GAG GTC CAG CTC TTC TCCTCC CAG TAC CCC TTC CAT GTG CCT CTC CTCAGC TCC CAG AAG ATG GTG TAT CCA GGG CTGCAG GAA CCC TGG CTG CAC TCG ATG TAC CACGGG GCT GCG TTC CAG CTC ACC CAG GGA GACCAG CTA TCC ACC CAC ACA GAT GGC ATC CCCCAC CTA GTC CTC AGC CCT AGT ACT GTC TTCTTT GGA GCC TTC GCT CTG-(3'-)______________________________________
(20) Antitumor activity of LT polypeptide
It has been revealed that the LT polypeptide according to the present invention is cytocidal to animal tumor cells in vitro and in vivo and can be used as an antitumor agent. An antitumor composition according to the present invention comprises a tumor treating effective amount of the LT polypeptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The antitumor composition of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the LT polypeptide with a pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizer such as gelatin, serum albumin or maltitol and an appropriate excipient, if desired. The dosage varies dependent on the route of administration, the kind of cancer and the body weight of the patient. The nontoxic amount of the LT polypeptide for a mouse is 1.times.10.sup.3 to 5.times.10.sup.7 units/kg/day in the case of intravenous injection (i.v.) or intratumoral injection (i.t.).
The present invention will be explained in greater detail by reference to the following examples, which, however, are not intended to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
(1) Preparation of lymphotoxin-producing human T-cell hybridoma
10.sup.6 /ml of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hereinafter referred to as PBL) were treated with 20 .mu.g/ml of Con A in RPMI-medium for 2 days, and then, the Con A as bonded with the cells was removed as much as possible by the use of 0.2M of .alpha.-methyl-D-mannoside.
On the other hand, human T-lymphoid tumor cells CCRF-CEM (hereinafter referred to as CEM) which were in a growing stage in RPMI-medium were collected by centrifugation, and these were suspended in RPMI 1640/10 mM-HEPES medium in an amount of 2.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml. To this were added emetine hydrochloride (made by Nakarai Chemical Co.) and actinomycin-D (made by PL Biochemicals Co.) in an amount of 5.times.10.sup.-5 M and 0.25 .mu.g/ml, respectively, and this was treated at 37.degree. C. for 2 hours. Then, the emetine hydrochloride and acitnomycin D in the cultured solution were removed by centrifugation.
PBL and CEM thus prepared were mixed in a ratio of 10:1 and centrifuged to obtain cell pellets, and to this were added 0.5 ml of 46% polyethylene glycol (PEG-1540, made by Wako Junyaku KK) and MEM-medium containing 5 .mu.g/ml of poly-L-arginine and 15%-dimethylsulfoxide and slowly stirred for 45 seconds at 37.degree. C. for hybridization. Thereafter, 10 ml of MEM-medium buffered with HEPES (25 mM, pH 7.2) was gradually added thereto and the mixture was centrifuged.
RPMI-medium was added to the cell pellets, and the cell number was regulated to be 10.sup.6 /ml. 100 .mu.l of the resulting cell-containing medium was mixed with 100 .mu.l of RPMI-medium containing mitomycin C-treated CEM (4.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml) as feeder cells, and the resulting mixture was put in 96-well culture plate and incubated at 37.degree. C. under atmosphere of CO.sub.2 (5%)-air(95%) for about 3 to 4 weeks. After the incubation, the grown hybridoma cells were cloned by limiting dilution-culture method using the above-mentioned mitomycin C-treated CEM as feeder cells. After the growth of each clone, the lymphotoxin-activity was measured.
The incubation hereinafter was carried out under an atmosphere of CO.sub.2 (5%)-air(95%) at 37.degree. C., unless otherwise specifically indicated.
The lymphotoxin-producing cloned human T-cell hybridoma A-C5-8 strain of the present invention, which was in the form of a solution of a cell concentration of 2.5.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml, was stimulated with 20 .mu.g/ml of of ConAA and 20 ng/ml of PMA and incubated for 24 hours, and as a result, the lymphotoxin-activity was 250 units/ml. On the other hand, the nonstimulated A-C5-8 strain had a lymphotoxin-activity of 4 units/ml.
EXAMPLE 2
Isolation and purification of mRNA fraction from lymphotoxin-producing human T-cell hybridoma (A-C5-8)
(1) Incubation of lymphotoxin-producing human T-cell hybridoma (A-C5-8):
A-C5-8 cell line, which was in the form of a suspension having a cell concentration of 5.times.10.sup.6 to 10.sup.7 /ml, was incubated for 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours, while PMA and Con-A were added thereto in a final concentration of 100 ng/ml and 20 .mu.g/ml, respectively,
(2) Preparation of total cellular RNA:
The extraction of the total cellular RNA of the A-C5-8 cell line was essentially carried out by the guanidine hydrochloride method. More precisely, after incubating the A-C5-8 cell line for the same time periods as in (1) above, the cells were collected by centrifugation (1000 rpm, 5 minutes) and were suspended in PBS (containing 5 mM of phosphate buffer and 0.15M of NaCl and having pH of 7.4), and the resulting suspension was further centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm and the collected cells were washed.
The cells (in an amount of 4.times.10.sup.8, 6.times.10.sup.8, 3.2.times.10.sup.8, 1.8.times.10.sup.9 and 2.times.10.sup.9 in each incubation period in step (1), respectively) were suspended in a homogenate-buffer (containing 8M of guanidine hydrochloride, 5 mM of dithiothreitol and 20 mM sodium acetate and having pH 7.0); and homogenized therein. To the resulting homogenate were added 0.025 equivalent of 1M-acetic acid and 1.5 times the amount of cold ethanol (at -20.degree. C.) and the mixture was blended. Then, the resulting mixture was kept at -20.degree. C. for 3 hours or more. Next, this was centrifuged at -10.degree. C. for 30 minutes at 15000 rpm by the use of Hitachi's RPR 18-2 Rotor. To the resulting precipitate was added a washing buffer (made by adding 20 nM of EDTA.2Na to the homogenate-buffer, which is hereinafter referred to as WB) and uniformly dissolved by pipetting. Then, 1M of acetic acid was added thereto to regulate the pH value thereof to 5, and thereafter, 1.5 times the amount of cold ethanol was added thereto and the whole was kept at -20.degree. C. for 3 hours or more. This was centrifuged at -10.degree. C. for 30 minutes at 15000 rpm, the resulting precipitate was dissolved in WB. The pH regulation with 1M-acetic acid and the cold ethanol-precipitation were repeated three times.
A small amount of 0.1%-SDS was added to the ethanol-precipitate to make a suspension, and to this were added one equivalent of an extraction-buffer (containing 0.5% of SDS, 0.1M of NaCl, 50 mM of sodium acetate and 5 mM of EDTA.2Na and having pH of 5.2) and two equivalents of water-saturated phenol (containing 0.1%-8-quinolinol and saturated with 100 mM-Tris-HCl buffer of pH 8.0)/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol solution (volume ratio of 50:50:1). The mixture was shaken for 10 minutes, and then the resulting mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. After the centrifugation, the mixture was divided into three layers, and the lowest layer was removed. The equivalent amount of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol solution (volume ratio of 50:1) was added to each of the top layer and the middle layer and the mixture was shaken for 10 minutes, and then, the resulting mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm and the lowest layer was removed. The extraction with the chloroform/isoamyl alcohol solution was repeated three times. 0.1 equivalent amount of 3M-sodium acetate (pH 5.2) was added to the upper layer containing DNA, RNA and saccharides, and then, two equivalents of cold ethanol was added thereto and the whole was kept at -20.degree. C. for 3 hours or more and thereafter centrifuged for 30 minutes at 15000 rpm (RPR 18-2 Rotor). A small amount of germ-free distilled water was added to the resulting precipitate and dissolved, and then, the equivalent amount of cold 4M-lithium chloride was added thereto and kept at 0.degree. C. for one night. Thereafter, the mixture was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 15000 rpm. The resulting precipitate was washed with a small amount of 2M-lithium chloride, and then, a germ-free distilled water was added thereto and dissolved, and, after 1/10 equivalent amount of 3M-sodium acetate (pH 5.2) was added thereto, two equivalents of cold ethanol was added thereto, and the whole was kept at -20.degree. C. for 3 hours or more. This was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 15000 rpm, and the resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.01M of Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.5M of NaCl, 0.1% of SDS and 1 mM of EDTA.sub.3NA and having a pH of 7.5). Next, 3 ml of oligo(dT).sub.12-18 -cellulose (made by PL Biochemicals Co.) which had previously been buffered with the same buffer was filled in a column having a diameter of 1 cm, and the total cellular RNA fraction was fed into the column. This was washed with the same buffer until the absorbance of 260 nm reached 0.05 or less, and then, elution with 0.01M of Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.5M of NaCl, 0.1% of SDS and 1 mM of EDTA.3Na and having pH of 7.5) was begun and the column was washed until the absorbance at 260 nm reached 0.05 or less. In the end, 0.01M of Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.1% of SDS and 1 mM of EDTA.3Na and having pH of 7.5) was passed through the column for elution to dissolve the polyadenylic acid-bonded RNA (mRNA) therefrom, which was collected with a fraction collector, and the fraction having a detectable absorbance of 260 nm was collected. Thus, 58 .mu.g, 130 .mu.g, 180 .mu.g, 120 .mu.g and 258 .mu.g of mRNA were recovered from the A-C5-8 cells as incubated for 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours, respectively.
(3) Confirmation of the translation of LT-corresponding mRNA in oocytes:
A pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (veterinary Peamex injection, by Sankyo Co.) was injected into Xenopus laevis of about 2 years (female, weight: 50 g or more, commercial products by Japan Biological Material Center), in the thigh by intramuscular injection, in an amount of 200 U/animal. The next day, the animals were anesthetized by dipping in ice-water, whereupon the abdomen was dissected and oocytes were taken out and these were isolated in MBS. The mRNA obtained in step (2) above was dissolved in germ-free distilled water to form a solution of 1 mg/ml, and the resulting solution was injected into the oocytes having a diameter of 1 mm or more in an amount of 50 nl (50 ng) per oocyte by the use of a microcapillary and a microinjector (made by Narishage Scientific Instruments Co.) under observation with a practical microscope. 20 oocytes thus treated were incubated in 0.2 ml of MBS at 23.degree. C. For a control test, 20 oocytes treated with only 50 nl of a germ-free distilled water were analogously incubated in 0.2 ml of MBS at 23.degree. C.
After incubation for 24 hours or 48 hours, the LT-activity of the supernatant liquid of the culture solution was measured, and as a result, it was confirmed that incubation for 48 hours is the optimum condition for the incubation of the oocytes. Regarding the incubation time of the A-C5-8 cells as stimulated with Con-A and PMA, the LT-activity as translated from the mRNA in the cells incubated for 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours was 7.8, 4.6, 4.1, 2.7 and 0 unit/ml, respectively, and therefore, the best incubation time of the A-C5-8 cells for obtaining mRNA was found to be 2 hours. No LT-activity was detected in the corresponding control test, and therefore, it was confirmed that the mRNA of LT was translated in the oocytes.
(4) Mass-incubation of A-C5-8 cells and production of mRNA:
The A-C5-8 cells were incubated under the best condition (under stimulation with Con A and PMA) as determined in the above step (3) and 3.times.10.sup.9 cells were collected. The mRNA was isolated and purified from these cells in accordance with step (2) above, to obtain 512 .mu.g of the mRNA fraction.
(5) Fractionation of mRNA by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method and determination of LT-corresponding mRNA sedimentation coefficient:
512 .mu.g of the mRNA as obtained in the above step (4) was dissolved in 0.01M of Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.01M of EDTA.sub.2Na and 0.2% of SDS and having pH of 7.5), and this was put over 5 ml of 5 to 30%-sucrose density-gradient solution as dissolved in the same buffer and then centrifuged for 16 hours at 15.degree. C. at 28000 rpm by the use of RPR 55T-Rotor (by Hitachi Co.). Next, the content was fractionated into 25 vials (each having a capacity of 216 .mu.l). 1/10 equivalent of 3M-sodium acetate and two equivalents of cold ethanol were added to each fraction and kept at -20.degree. C. for one night, to thereby recover mRNA.
The mRNA thus recovered was dissolved in germ-free distilled water (0.5 mg/ml), and 100 nl of the resulting solution was injected into 20 cocytes in the same manner as step (3) above. The oocytes were incubated for 48 hours with 0.2 ml of MBS and then, the LT-activity in the supernatant liquid in the cultured solution was measured. As a result, fraction No. 13 was found to have the maximum LT-activity. Accordingly, the sedimentation coefficient of the mRNA corresponding to LT was confirmed to be 12.6S to 14.6S on the basis of the calibration curve formed by the use the sedimentation coefficient standard markers (5S, 18S, 28S).
The purified mRNA as obtained in this example was used in the following experiment.
EXAMPLE 3
(1) Synthesis of cDNA
Using 5 .mu.g of the pure mRNA, the reverse transcriptase system �.sup.32 P! (by New England Nuclear Co.) was partly modified to obtain cDNA. More precisely, a system containing 20 .mu.l of reverse transcriptase reaction buffer, 10 .mu.l of deoxynucleoside triphosphate mixture, 20 units of ribonuclease A inhibitor, 10 .mu.g of oligo(dT).sub.12-18 ' primer, 5 .mu.l of 600 mM-.beta.-mercaptoethanol, �.beta.-.sup.32 P!dCTP (relative activity: 800 Ci/mmol (100 .mu.Ci)), 5 .mu.g of mRNA and 50 units of avian myeloblastosis virus-derived reverse transcriptase was reacted in a volume of 100 .mu.l, at 42.degree. C. for 1 hour, and then, the whole was cooled with ice to terminate the reaction. After centrifugation, the hybrid of mRNA and cDNA were heat-treated in a boiling water bath for 3 minutes for separation, then rapidly cooled in an ice bath for 5 minutes.
The denatured protein was subjected to centrifugation (12000.times.g, 2 minutes) to form pellets, which were again cooled with ice. To 99 .mu.l of the reaction solution were added, after the termination of the reaction, 16.2 .mu.l of germ-free distilled water, 46.8 .mu.l of DNA polymerase I reaction buffer, 10.4 .mu.l of deoxynucleoside-triphosphate mixture, �.alpha.-.sup.32 P!dCTP (800 Ci/mmol (100 .mu.Ci)) and 15.6 .mu.l of E. coli-derived DNA polymerase I (8000 units/ml), while being cooled with ice, to make the total volume of the resulting mixture 198 .mu.l. This was well stirred and centrifuged and then reacted for 20 hours at 15.degree. C. After the reaction, 39.4 .mu.l of 0.2M-EDTA.sub.2Na was added to 197 .mu.l of the reaction solution to terminate the reaction, and 1N-NaOH (49.25 .mu.l) was added thereto for alkaline-heat treatment at 65.degree. C. for 1 hour to decompose the mRNA, and after being cooled with ice and centrifuged, 1M of Tris-HCl buffer (49.25 .mu.l, pH 8.0) and 1N-HCl (49.25 .mu.l) were added thereto for neutralization.
This was extracted with 1/2 equivalent of water-saturated phenol and 1/2 equivalent of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (50:1), and, after being centrifuged, the upper separated layer was taken out. One equivalent amount of 10 mM-Tris-HCl buffer (containing 100 mM-NaCl and 1 mM-EDTA.sub.2Na and having a pH of 8.0) was added to the lower layer for re-extraction, and the upper layer as separated was also taken out. The two upper layers thus taken out were combined and extracted with one equivalent amount of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol and centrifuged, and the lower layer (organic layer) as separated was removed. This extraction was repeated four times, and then, the resulting extract was further extracted with one equivalent amount of water-saturated ethylether three times and the organic layer was removed. Afterwards, the remaining extract was heat treated in a hot water-bath at 60.degree. C. to remove the ethylether therefrom.
The resulting aqueous layer was concentrated with sec-butanol, and MgCl.sub.2 having a final concentration of 0.01M and two equivalents of cold ethanol (-20.degree. C.) were added thereto and kept at -80.degree. C. for one night. The resulting mixture was subjected to centrifugation (12000.times.g) for 10 minutes, and the resulting precipitate was dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in 50 .mu.l of germ-free distilled water. To the resulting solution were added 20 .mu.l of reverse transcriptase reaction buffer, 5 .mu.l of 600 mM-.beta.-mercaptoethanol, 10 .mu.l of deoxynucleoside-triphosphate mixture and �.alpha.-.sup.32 P!dCTP (800 Ci/mmol (100 .mu.Ci)) and the mixture was well stirred, and after being centrifuged, 5 .mu.l of the above-mentioned reverse transcriptase was added thereto and reacted for 1 hour at 42.degree. C. The reaction was terminated under cooling with ice, to obtain the complete cDNA having a hair-pin loop structure.
To 99 .mu.l of the above-mentioned reaction solution were added 92.1 .mu.l of germ-free distilled water, 23.4 .mu.l of the above-mentioned DNA polymerase I reaction buffer, 55 .mu.l of S.sub.1 nuclease reaction buffer and 5.5 .mu.l of Aspergillus oryzae-derived S.sub.1 nuclease (50 units/ml) and the mixture was reacted for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C. to cleave the hair-pin loop structure of the cDNA to obtain a double-stranded cDNA. To this solution was added 46 .mu.l of 0.1M-tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.1H-EDTA.sub.2Na and having a pH of 7.5), and the resulting solution was fed into Sephacryl S-200 column (size: 1.0.times.25 cm) having a bed capacity of 20 ml and subjected to elution with 10 mM-Tris-HCl buffer (containing 0.1M-NaCl and 1 mM-EDTA.sub.2Na and having a pH of 7.5). The fractionation was carried out to obtain fractions each having a volume of 300 .mu.l, and the fraction which dissolved out near the void volume was concentrated with sec-butanol, and it was subjected to ethanol-precipitation to recover cDNA.
(2) Preparation of oligo(dC)tail-added cDNA
To the double-stranded cDNA obtained above was added 160 .mu.l of a reaction buffer having the following composition, and the mixture was reacted for 5 minutes at 37.degree. C., whereby the oligo(dC)tail was added to the double-stranded cDNA.
The reaction buffer is 0.2M-potassium cacodylate/25 mM-Tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.9) containing 2 mM of DTT, 5 mM of CoCl.sub.2, 0.25 mg/ml of BSA, 5 .mu.M of dCTP, .sup.3 H-labeled dCTP (25 Ci/mmole (15 .mu.Ci)) and 30 units of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
The reaction was terminated by cooling with ice, and one equivalent of water-saturated phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (50:50:1) was added to the reaction solution for extraction. The resulting extract was again extracted with chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (50:1), and 40 .mu.g of E. coli-derived ribosome RNA and 1/50 equivalent of 5M-NaCl were added to the extract, and thereafter 2 equivalents of cold ethanol were added thereto and kept at -80.degree. C. for one night. The oligo(dC)tail-added cDNA was recovered by centrifugation and dissolved in germ free distilled water to obtain a solution having a concentration of 0.5 ng/.mu.l.
(3) Formation of recombinant plasmid
1.375 ng of the oligo(dC)tail-added cDNA and 10 ng of oligo-(dG).sub.10-20 tail-added pBR322 DNA (made by Amersham) were incubated in 25 .mu.l of annealing solution (10 mM-Tris-HCl buffer containing 100 mM of NaCl and 0.1 mM of EDTA.sub.2Na and having pH of 7.8), at 65.degree. C. for 15 minutes, and then, the incubator was regulated at 45.degree. C. and the whole was further incubated for 2 hours at 45.degree. C. Afterwards, this was cooled with ice for annealing, to obtain a recombinant plasmid-containing solution.
(4) Selection of transformant
The recombinant plasmid solution as obtained in the above was applied to E. coli HB101 strain for transformation. More precisely, E. coli HB101 strain was incubated in 10 ml of L-broth containing 0.1% of glucose at 37.degree. C. until the absorbance of the cultured medium (650 nm) reached 0.05, and 5 ml of the cultured solution was added to 500 ml of 0.1%-glucose-containing L-broth and further incubated until the absorbance (650 nm) reached 0.3. After cooling with ice for 30 minutes, this was centrifuged at 4.degree. C. for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm (with RPR 9-2 Rotor by Hitachi Co.) to collect the grown bacteria. The bacteria were dispersed in 250 ml of a cold 50 mM-CaCl.sub.2 and cooled for 15 minutes with ice. This was subjected to centrifugation by the use of RPR 9-2 Rotor (4.degree. C., 5 minutes, 2500 rpm), and the collected bacteria were dispersed in 25 ml of 50 mM-CaCl.sub.2 containing 20% glycerol, and the resulting dispersion was divided into vials each having a content of 1 ml and freeze-dried with a dry-ice powder and then preserved at -80.degree. C. The preserved bacteria dispersion was thawed while being cooled with ice, and 0.3 ml of the thus thawed bacteria dispersion was blended with 0.15 ml of the above-mentioned recombinant plasmid solution and 0.15 ml of 20 mM-CaCl.sub.2 /60 mM-MnCl.sub.2 /20 mM-RbCl solution and kept still at 0.degree. C. for 20 minutes and then at room temperature for 10 minutes. Afterwards, 2.4 ml of 0.1%-glucose-containing L-broth which had previously been warmed at 37.degree. C. was added thereto and blended, and the whole was incubated for 1 hour at 37.degree. C. while being shaken. A part of the thus incubated solution was taken out, and this was spread over L-broth/agar plate containing 15 .mu.g/ml of tetracycline in addition to the above-components and incubated thereon at 37.degree. C. for about 12 hours, and tetracycline-resistant bacteria were selected to form a cDNA library.
(5) Hybridization test
In order to screen the transformant having the plasmid containing the LT-encoding cDNA, the above-mentioned cDNA library was subjected to a colony-hybridization test using .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic cDNA-probes. For the formation of the synthetic cDNA probes, 18 bases (404th to 421st base) (5'-GTCTACTCCCAGGTGGTC-3') and the complementary base sequence (5'-CACATGGAAGGGGTACTG-3') corresponding to 18 bases (500th to 517th base) in the LT-gene reported by Gray, et al. (Nature, 312, 721 (1984)) were chemically synthesized, and 16.6 pmol thereof was reacted with 5 units of T4 phage-infected E. coli-derived polynucleotide-kinase and �.gamma.-.sup.32 P!ATP (5 .mu.Ci/pmole (20 .mu.Ci)) in 50 mM-Tris-HCl buffer (containing 10 mM of MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM of DTT, 0.1 mM of spermidine and 0.1 mM of EDTA.sub.2Na and having pH of 7.6), at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
The reaction was terminated by adding EDTA solution to the reaction solution and cooling the same with ice at 0.degree. C. These two kinds of .sup.32 P-Iabeled cDNA probes were used in the hybridization test, and the transformants having a recombinant plasmid capable of being hybridized with both of the two probes under weak conditions were selected. Thus, 6 colonies were selected out from about 10,000 colonies.
Next, the recombinant plasmid was separated out from the thus selected 6 strains, and this was cleaved with restriction enzyme HindIII, subjected to agarose-electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose filter and then again hybridized with the .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic cDNA probes under a severe condition. As a result, one clone was selected out.
Next, the thus selected strain was subjected to a hybridization-translation test, in accordance with the method described in Maniatis T, et al., Molecular Cloning, 329 (1980) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). The plasmid DNA was extracted out from the transformant strain and, after being heated and denatured, it was fixed on a nitrocellulose filter, and the LT mRNA-containing mRNA fraction obtained in the previous Example 2-(4) was added thereto and reacted for 3 hours at 50.degree. C. for hybridization. The bonded mRNA was recovered by elution, and then, it was injected into oocytes in the same manner as the previous Example 2-(3), and then, the recovered mRNA was checked as to whether or not it was LT-mRNA.
As a result, 10 U/ml of LT was detected in the case of the pLT13, whereas no LT-activity was detected in the control case of pBR322.
This cDNA was cleaved with restriction enzyme HindIII, and the size thereof was measured by agarose-gel electrophoresis, and as a result, it was confirmed to contain a cDNA part of about 1.35 Kbp.
The transformant containing this cDNA (Strain Number: LT 13, Cloned DNA Number: pLT 13) was treated for the isolation of the cloned DNA, and the base sequence thereof was determined by the method mentioned below.
EXAMPLE 4
Determination of nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA
(1) Formation of restriction endonuclease cleavage map:
The strain (LT 13) obtained in the previous Example 3-(5) was incubated in L-broth containing 0.1% glucose and 15 .mu.g/ml tetracycline to obtain bacteria. Plasmid DNA was recovered from the bacteria, and the restriction endonuclease cleavage map thereof was obtained with restriction enzymes EcoRI, SmaI, BamHI, PstI, SalI and HindIII which can be introduced into M13mp 8, 9 to be mentioned in the following item. (See FIG. 1.)
(2) Determination of nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA
For the determination of the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA, the cDNA fragment was sub-cloned with M13mp 8 or mp 9 in accordance with the method of Messing et al. (Gene, 19, 269 (1982)) and then processed in accordance with the method of Sanger et al., the dideoxy chain termination method (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 74, 5463 (1977); J. Mol. Biol., 162, 729 (1982)) for annealing of primer, synthesis of complementary chain with Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (as labeled with .alpha.-.sup.32 P-labeled dCTP (800 Ci/mmol (20 .mu.Ci)), gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.
FIG. 2 shows the restriction enzyme-cleaved sites as used for the determination of the nucleotide sequence, the direction for the determination of the nucleotide sequence and the range thereof being designated by arrows therein. The part designated by the rectangle therein shows the part encoding the translation range of LT.
The nucleotide sequence is as shown in the previous Table 1. There are 16 G-linkage tail in the upstream of the first C and 18 C-linkage tail in the downstream of the 1310th T, and these are homopolymers synthesized when added to the vector. The 63 to 677th bases form a nucleotide sequence which is assumed to encode the necessary polypeptide for constituting the LT-precursor.
Among these bases, those from the 165th base are considered to encode LT, and the nucleotide sequence is different from that of LT as reported by Gray P. W. et al. (Nature, 312, 721 (1984)) in that the 26th amino acid is Asn(AAC) in the former while the amino acid is Thr(ACC) in the latter. The present sequence has the terminal codon (TAG) following the C-terminal amino acid (leucine). In addition, the present sequence is further different from Gray et al's sequence in parts other than the peptide-encoding part, in that the 1st to 4th bases are CGGG in place of GGTC, that the 862th to 865th bases are ACAC in place of CACA and that the 1306th to 1310th bases are CCCCT in place of TGAAA.
EXAMPLE 5
(1) Cleavage of cDNA fragment of pLT 13 with restriction enzymes
Based upon the structure of the complete cDNA, the restiction enzymes PvuII (190th base) and EcoRI (838th base) were used. pLT13 was cleaved with the said restriction enzymes in a conventional manner and subjected to 1.5% agarosegel electrophoresis, whereby a cDNA fragment of about 650 bp was then extracted out from the agarosegel. This cDNA fragment was subjected to water-saturated phenol-extraction and chloroform/isoamyl alcohol-extraction, followed by ethanol-precipitation, to recover the cDNA fragment. This cDNA fragment lacks 28 bases at its N-terminal end as compared with the from C which N-terminal of LT, and therefore, this fragment contains up to 164 bases downstream of the stop codon.
(2) Cleavage of polylinker site of phenotypic expressing vector pKK223-3 (obtained from Pharmarcia Co.) with restriction enzymes
The polylinker site of pKK223-3 (4585 bp) was initially completely cleaved with EcoRI and then partially cleaved with BamHI. The DNA fragment of the pKK223-3 which was completely cleaved with BamHI was isolated by 1.5% agarosegel electrophoresis, and the remaining parts were subjected to agarosegel extraction, phenol extraction, chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction and ethanol precipitation in this order. Thus the plasmid, partially cleaved with BamHI, and the vector, which was not cleaved with BamHI, were recovered. Next, these plasmids were completely cleaved with SmaI, to obtain the cleaved EcoRI-BamHI site and EcoRI-SmaI site.
(3) Ligation of portable translation initiating site (PTIS: top chain (EcoRI): bottom chain (BamHI), by Pharmarcia co.) and EcoRI-BamHI site cleaved pKK223-3
The EcoRI-BamHI site-cleaved vector of pKK223-3, as obtained in (2) above, and PTIS (in which the top chain and the bottom chain had previously been heated at 65.degree. C. for 5 minutes in 0.01M-Tris-HCl buffer, containing 0.1M NaCl and 0.1 mM EDTA.sub.2Na and having pH 7.8, transferred to a water bath at 37.degree. C. for 1 hour, followed by incubation at room temperature for 20 minutes for annealing and then successively preserved at -20.degree. C.) were reacted for one night at 14.degree. C. in 50 mM-Tris-HCl buffer (containing 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, .sub.10 mM dithiothreitol and 1 mM ATP, pH 7.6) with T4 phage-infected E. coli-derived DNA ligase, in order to reform a vector having a circular structure. This reformed plasmid was introduced into E. coli strain JM 105 in a conventional manner for transformation, and the resulting transformant strains were spread over ampicillin-containing LB-agar medium. The bacteria containing the thus re-formed plasmid were then selected as ampicillin-resistant bacteria, and the plasmid was then obtained in a conventional manner. This plasmid was called PP-3.
(4) Cleavage of PP-3 with restriction enzymes and blunt end ligation thereof with cDNA fragment
Initially, PP-3, as obtained in (3) above, was partially cleaved with BamHI and then reacted with bovine intestine mucosa-derived alkaline phosphatase (obtained from Pharmacia Co.) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (containing 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.1 mM ZnCl.sub.2 and 1 mM spermidine, pH 9.0), at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes for 5'-terminal dephosphorylation. Extractions followed with water saturated phenol, and with CIA (chloroform/isoamyl alcohol). Precipitation with ethanol was then carried out to recover the open circular plasmid, and the cohesive end thereof was then converted to a blunt end by the use of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). This plasmid having a blunt end was then recovered by extraction with water-saturated phenol, extraction with CIA and precipitation with ethanol.
The EcoRI-PvuII-fragment of pLT13, as obtained in (1) above, was treated with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment), which produced a blunt end, and the fragment was then recovered by extraction with phenol, extraction with CIA and precipitation with ethanol in this order. The recovered fragment was then ligated with the blunt end-containing open circular PP-3 plasmid in the presence of DNA ligase at 16.degree. C. for 20 hours. After the reaction, the closed circular plasmid was recovered by extraction with water-saturated phenol, extraction with CIA and precipitation with ethanol in this order, and the plasmid was introduced into E. coli strain JM 105 in a conventional manner for transformation. By the use of an ampicillin-containing LB medium, 5300 transformants were selected.
(5) Screening with synthetic cDNA probe
The transformants as obtained in the (4) above, were screened by a colony-hybridization test using a .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic cDNA probe, in the same manner as. in Example 3-(5), in which 100 colonies were selected. A plasmid was prepared from 20 colonies in a conventional manner, and this plasmid was cleaved with restriction enzymes (BamHI and HindIII) and then subjected to agarosegel electrophoresis. The desired plasmid containing DNA fragments of about 650 bp and about 250 bp was located. As a result, the desired three colonies were selected.
(6) Expression of LT in E. coli
One of the three transformants as obtained in (5) above, was used for the LT-expression. The tac promoter of the plasmid as inserted into the host bacteria of E. coli strain JM 105 was suppressed in the said host bacteria, but the suppression can be eliminated by the addition of IPTG. The transformants were incubated in LB-medium (composition: 10 g bactotryptone, 5 g bacto-yeast extract and 10 g NaCl in one liter, pH 7 to 7.5, containing 25 mg of ampicillin) which contained 0 to 1 mM of IPTG, until an O.D. (550 nm) of 1.1 to 1.2 was reached. The bacteria thus incubated were collected by centrifugation and washed with a physiological salt solution, buffered with a phosphate buffer (hereinafter referred to as PBS). The bacteria were again collected by centrifugation and then suspended in PBS such that O.D. (550 nm) was 1.0. The resulting suspension was treated with ultrasonic waves to disintegrate the bacteria therein. The suspension was filtered under germ-free conditions, and the LT-activity was measured. In the case of no addition of IPTG, the LT-activity was 0.26.times.10.sup.4 U/ml; upon the addition of IPTG at concentrations of 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM and 1 mM, the LT-activity was 11.times.10.sup.4, 10.times.10.sup.4 and 15.times.10.sup.4 U/ml, respectively. However, when the same test was carried out using pKK223-3-inserted bacteria as a control, no LT-activity was detected. Thus, the expression of the LT-activity was demonstrated to result from the the insertion of the recombinant plasmid into the host bacteria. The strain number of the transformant as used herein was called LT13tac6, and the plasmid as inserted thereinto was called pLT13tac6. FIG. 3 shows the process for the formation of pLT13tac6.
EXAMPLE 6
The transformant LT13tac6-strain was incubated in M9-minimal medium containing 19 essential amino acids (except proline) overnight, and the cultured solution was inoculated into 10 times the amount of LB-medium. After 2.5 hours, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.1 mM, and the incubation was continued for an additional 3 hours. The bacteria were then collected by ultra-filtration and centrifugation. 90 g (wet weight) of the bacteria were suspended in 300 ml of 50 mM-Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 30 mM NaCl and 0.01 mM p-APMSF (p-aminophenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, made by Wake Junyaku KK) and were disintegrated by ultrasonic treatment. The resulting suspension was subjected to centrifugation to remove residual bacteria, and the supernatant liquid was a crude extract. The total LT-activity of 347.5 ml of the crude extract was 12.2.times.10.sup.8 U, and the relative activity thereof was 9.times.10.sup.4 U/mg protein.
EXAMPLE 7
Purification of LT-polypeptide
(1) Ammonium sulfate salting-out:
Ammonium sulfate was added to 347 ml of the crude extract to produce a 40%-saturated solution at 50.degree. C. After incubation at 5.degree. C. for 30 minutes, the solution was subjected to centrifugation. The precipitate formed was dissolved in 100 ml of 5 mM-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (hereinafter referred to as 5 mM-PB), and the resulting solution was subjected to dialysis against 4 liter volumes of PB with four changes. After dialysis, the solution was used as the ammonium sulfate salted-out sample. The total LT-activity of 117 ml of the sample was 11.7.times.10.sup.8 U, and the relative activity thereof was 4.6.times.10.sup.5 U/mg (protein).
(2) Anionic exchange chromatography:
116 ml of the ammonium sulfate salted-out sample was loaded onto a column (2.6.times.34cm) of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (made by Pharmacia Co.) which had previously been equilibrated with 5 mM of PB (pH 7.4). The column was then washed with 400 ml of 5 mM-PB (pH 7.4) and the sample in the column was eluted with an increasing salt gradient, the concentration of which increased from 0 to 0.3M. The resulting eluent was collected in of 25 ml aliquots, and the LT-activity of each fraction was measured. By this means, the fractions having the LT-activity were recovered. About 1000 ml of the recovered solution was concentrated on an ultrafiltration membrane (fractionating molecular weight: 10,000, made by Millipore Co.) to 88 ml. The concentrated solution was labelled as the DEAE fraction solution. The total LT-activity of the DEAE fraction solution was 4.4.times.10.sup.8 U, and the relative activity thereof was 8.27.times.10.sup.6 U/mg protein.
(3) Hydrophobic chromatography: 85 ml of the DEAE fraction solution was adsorbed to a column (2.6.times.14 cm) of phenyl-Sepharose CL-6B (made by Pharmarcia Co.) which had previously been equilibrated with PBS and then washed with 150 ml of 10 mM-PB (pH 7.4) containing 30% of ethylene glycol. The column was then eluted with ethylene glycol, the concentration of the ethylene glycol eluate being continuously elevated from 30% to 70%. The resulting eluent was fractionated into 15 ml aliquots, the functions were then dialyzed against PBS, and the LT-activity of each fraction, was measured. The fractions having the LT-activity were thus recovered. 308 ml of the recovered solution was concentrated by the above-mentioned ultrafiltration to 9.4 ml, and the thus concentrated solution was named as the phenyl fractionated solution. The total LT-activity of the phenyl-fractionated solution was 3.94.times.10.sup.8 U, and the relative activity thereof was 5.63.times.10.sup.7 U/mg protein.
The resulting fraction was treated with Britton-Robinson buffer of a broad concentration range (Britton and Robinson; J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 458, 1456) to regulate the pH value to a determined value and then incubated for 24 hours at 4.degree. C. The thus incubated solution was subjected to dialysis against PBS for 24 hours, and the LT-activity thereof was measured, whereupon the LT-concentration in each buffer was 4.6 .mu.g/ml. As a result, 98% or more of the LT-activity was lost at pH 2, while no deterioration of the LT-activity occurred in pH range 4 to 10. The phenyl-fractionated solution was analyzed by 0.1% SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). (Refer to Laemmli, U.K. Nature, 227, 680 (1970).) The LT-activity appeared in a protein peak corresponding to a molecular weight of about 17,500; as determined by silver-staining. The molecular weight markers used on the SDS-PAGE were:
Phosphorylase B; MW 94,000, BSA: MW 67,000, Ovalbumin: MW 43,000, Carbonic anhydrase: MW 30,000, Soybean trypsin inhibitor: MW 20,000, .beta.-lactalbumin: MW 14,400.
EXAMPLE 8
The phenyl-fractionated solution was further concentrated to 1/4 the original volume by ultrafiltration, and 0.5 ml of the concentrated solution was fractionated on SDS-PAGE (gel plate: 1.5 mm.times.16 cm.times.14 cm). The gel fraction corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,500 was cut out and extracted with trisacetate buffer (pH 8.6). This operation was repeated, and the resulting extracts were combined and concentrated by ultrafiltration on a membrane having a fractionating molecular weight of 5,000 (made by Amicon Co.) and then subjected to dialysis. This was a purified LT-polypeptide LT(I). The amino acid composition, the N-terminal amino acid sequence and the isoelectric point of the purified LT-polypeptide LT(I) were measured, as follows:
(1) Amino acid composition
LT(I) was dried to a solid under reduced pressure. 6N-HCl was added to this solid and the mixture was hydrolyzed at 110.degree. C. for 6 hours. Next, this was reacted with phenyl-isothiocyanate to obtain PTC-amino acid, and then, the composition thereof was analyzed by the use of an amino acid analyzer (reverse phase partition method, by Waters Co.). The tryptophan and cysteine were quantitatively determined by the method of Inglis (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 91, p. 26, edited by Hirs, C. H. W. et al, Academic Press, 1983). The result is given in Table 4.
The analyzed data corresponds well with the amino acid composition as obtained from the nucleotide sequence of DNA encoding LT-polypeptide.
TABLE 4______________________________________Amino acid composition of Lt(I) Amino acid composition obtained fromAmino acid Analyzed data (mol) nucleotide sequence (mol)______________________________________ILE 2.8 3VAL 9.1 9LEU 21.5 21PHE 9.9 10CYS <0.1 0MET 3.9 4ALA 15.0 15GLY 8.6 9THR 7.7 8TRP 1.6 2SER 20.5 20TYR 6.8 27PRO 12.4 13HIS 10.3 10 GLU 2 14.4GLN 12 ASP 5 10.1ASN 5LYS 6.1 6ARG 2.7 3______________________________________
(2) N-terminal amino acid sequence
The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman's method (Edman P.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 22, 475 (1949)).
LT(I) (about 100 .mu.g) was reacted with phenylisothiocyanate by a coupling reaction, and then, the N-terminal amino acid was cleaved in the form of a 2-anilino-5-thiazolinone derivative, which was further converted into a phenylthiohydantoin- amino acid. This was identified by the use of HPLC (made by Waters Co.) using a C18-reversed phase column to determine the N-terminal amino acid. This operation was repeated in order that the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part was determined. The resulting amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part of LT(I) was as follows: ##STR27## (3) Measurement of isoelectric point:
The isoelectric point of LT(I) was measured by means of isoelectrophoresis using a flat gel containing Pharmalite (by Pharmacia Co.) and 5%-polyacrylamide and having a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0. The resulting isoelectric point of LT(I) was 7.6.+-.0.3.
The electrophoresis was carried out at 2000 V, for 4.5 hours. The gel was cut into 3 mm pieces and extracted with PBS (pH 7.4), and the LT-activity was measured. LT-activity occurred in the pH range of 7.6.+-.0.3. The calibration curve was formed by using .beta.-lactoglobulin-A (pI 5.20), bovine carbonic anhydrase-B (pI 5.85), human carbonic anhydrase-B (pI 6.55), horse myoglobin-acid side band (pI 6.85) and horse myoglobin-base side band (pI 7.35) as pH markers.
EXAMPLE 8
Balb/c mice (8 weeks old females; purchased from Nippon Charles River) were inoculated, by subcutaneous injection into the right inguinal region, with Meth A mouse tumor cells at an inoculum size of 1.times.10.sup.5 cells per animal (day 0). On day 7, the tumor size was 40 to 60 mm.sup.2. An LT preparation prepared by diluting the phenyl fractionated fraction obtained in Example 7 with PBS containing 100 .mu.g/ml of gelatin was administered to the mice either intraveneously (i.v.) or intratumorally (i.t.) for consecutive 5 days beginning with day 7. Complete tumor disappearance was attained on day 25 in the i.v. group and on day 20 in the i.t. group at an LT dose of 1.times.10.sup.4 units/mouse/day and of 5.times.10.sup.2 units/mouse/day, respectively.
EXAMPLE 9
(1) Cleavage of cDNA fragment of pLT13 with restriction enzymes
From among the restriction enzymes which are considered usable for the cleavage of the cDNA fragment of pLT13 in view of the structure of the complete cDNA thereof, NsiI (222nd base) and EcoRI (838th base) were selected, and the pLT13 was cleaved with the thus selected restriction enzymes in a conventional manner and subjected to 1.5% Agarose gel electrophoresis and a cDNA fragment of 616 bp was extracted from the Agarose gel. The cDNA fragment was purified in a conventional manner. This cDNA fragment is lacking 60 bases corresponding to 20 amino acid residues in the N-terminal side of LT.
(2) Ligation of synthetic oligonucelotide and LT-cDNA
A synthetic oligonucleotide having the following structure (made by Applied Biosystem Co., as synthesized by the use of 381A-DNA Synthesizer) and the LT-cDNA fragment as obtained in the above step (1) were reacted by the use of T4-DNA ligase, in 66 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), 6.6 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DDT and 1 mM ATP, at 16.degree. C. for one night, whereby the synthetic oligonucleotide was linked with the LT-cDNA fragment.
Structure of synthetic oligonucleotide: ##STR28##
The reaction product was purified in a conventional manner and then digested with EcoRI to recover the EcoRI fragment of 623 bp.
(3) Introduction of LT-cDNA fragment into expressing vector
An expressing vector pKK223-3 (made by Pharmacia Co.) was digested with EcoRI and then reacted with a bovine intestine mucosa-derived alkaline phosphatase (made by Pharmacia Co.) in 50 mM Tris HCl buffer (pH 9.0), 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.1 mM ZnCl.sub.2 and 1 mM spermidine, at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes for 5'-terminal dephosphorylation and thereafter purified in a conventional manner. The vector thus treated was linked with the EcoRI fragment of 623 bp, as obtained in (2) above, and then, the resulting product was introduced into E. coli strain JM 105 in a conventional manner for transformation. By use of an ampicillin-containing LB medium, 8700 transformants were obtained.
(4) Screening with synthetic cDNA probe
The transformants as obtained in (3) above, were screened by a colony-hybridization test using .sup.32 P-labeled synthetic cDNA-probe, in the same manner as the previous Example 3-(5), whereby 150 colonies were selected. 24 colonies were sampled at random from among these colonies, and a plasmid was prepared therefrom in a conventional manner. The plasmid was cleaved with the pertinent restriction enzymes and was then subjected to agarose-gel electrophoresis, whereby the desired fragment and the direction thereof were detected. As a result, seven desired colonies were selected and the plasmid was called pDK10. The step for the formation of the pDK10 is shown in FIG. 4.
(5) Removal of 3'-terminal non-coding region of LT-cDNA
The plasmid pDK10 as obtained in (4) above, was digested with HindIII and then reacted with BAL31-nuclease (made by Takara Shuzo Co.) in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 12 mM CaCl.sub.2, 12 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM EDTA and 600 mM NaCl, for 10 to 60 minutes at 30.degree. C., in order to remove the DNA-terminal. Next, this plasmid was treated with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) to make the terminal smooth and then digested with EcoRI and fractionated by 5%-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to recover the fragment of about 480 bp or so (preferably 460 bp).
(6) Ligation of LT-cDNA and linker
The DNA fragment as obtained in (5) above and HindIII-linker (made by Takara Shuzo Co.) were linked and then digested with HindIII and purified in a conventional manner.
(7) Ligation of LT-cDNA and expressing vector
pKK223-3 was digested with EcoRI and HindIII, and then, the fragment of 4555 bp was isolated by 0.7% Agarose gel electrophoresis and purified in a conventional manner. This was linked with the EcoRI-HindIII-DNA fragment as obtained In (6) above, to form a vector containing LT-cDNA fragment. (This plasmid was called pDK11.) The step for the formation of the pDK11 is shown in FIG. 5.
(8) Introduction of LT-cDNA into multi-copy vector
The plasmid as obtained in (7) above, was digested with BamHI and PvuI, and then, a fragment containing LT-cDNA was isolated and purified by Agarose gel electrophoresis. A plasmid pAT153 (commercial product by Amersham Co.) was also digested with BamHI and PvuI in the same manner and then, a fragment containing a DNA-replication initiating point was frationated and purified. These two kinds of BamHI-PvuI fragments were ligated and then introduced into E. coli JM 105 in a conventional manner for transformation. By use of ampicillin-containing LB medium, 4300 transformants were selected. 24 colonies were sampled at random from among them, and a plasmid DNA was purified in a conventional manner. The plasmid was cleaved with pertinent restriction enzymes, whereby the number of the desired LT-cDNA fragments and the direction thereof were detected. As a result, 24 desired colonies were selected. (The plasmid was called pDK12.) The step for the formation of the plasmid pDK12 is shown in FIG. 6.
EXAMPLE 10
E. coli JM 105 transformed with pDK12 were pre-incubated in M9-medium containing 50 .mu.g/ml of ampicillin and 19 amino acids (except proline) overnight. The next day, the pre-incubated solution was inoculated in LB-medium (comprising 10 g bacto-tryptone, 5 g bacto-yeast extract and 10 g NaCl in one liter, pH 7 to 7.5) containing 25 .mu.g/ml ampicillin, the medium being diluted to 1/10 concentration because of the addition of the pre-incubated solution. After OD.sub.550 nm reached 0.3, IPTG was added thereto to a final concentration of 1 mM, and when, the bacteria were further incubated until OD.sub.550 nm reached 1. The cultured material was disintegrated by ultrasonic treatment and the LT-activity of the cell extract was measured. As a result, the LT-activity was about 3.5.times.10.sup.5 units per ml of the cultured material.
EXAMPLE 11
E. coli JM 105 as transformed with pDK12 were incubated in M9-medium containing 50 .mu.g/ml ampicillin and 19 amino acids (except proline) for one night, and then the cultured solution was further incubated in 20 times the volume of a medium comprising the composition shown below.
______________________________________Components g/lit.______________________________________Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 7.0KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 3.0(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 5.0Sodium citrate 1.0MgSO.sub.4 0.1Glucose 25.0Casamino acid 4.0Yeast extract 4.0Thiamine 0.1Ampicillin 0.2 pH 7.5______________________________________
After OD.sub.550 nm of the medium reached about 10, IPTG was added to the medium to a final concentration of 5 mM, and then, the bacteria were further incubated until OD.sub.550 nm reached 30. The cultured solution was recovered by ultrafiltration and centrifugation, and thus, 750 g (wet weight) of bacteria were recovered. The bacteria were suspended in 2000 ml of a mixture comprising 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 30 mM NaCl and 0.01 mM (p-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (made by Wako Junyaku Co.) and disintegrated by the use of a Dinor-mill, and then, subjected to centrifugation to obtain a crude extract solution. The total LT-activity of the crude extract solution (3700 ml) was 6.0.times.10.sup.12 units, and the relative activity thereof was 5.times.10.sup.5 units/mg protein.
EXAMPLE 12
(1) Ammonium sulfate fractionation
Ammonium sulfate was added to 3700 ml of the crude extract solution as obtained in Example 11 to 40% saturation at 5.degree. C. After 30 minutes of incubation at 5.degree., the solution was subjected to centrifugation. The precipitate formed was dissolved in 500 ml of 5 mM-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) (which is hereinafter referred to as PB), and the resulting solution was repeatedly subjected to concentration followed by dilution for salt removal, to obtain an ammonium sulfate salted-out sample. The total LT activity of 185 ml of the sample was 5.2.times.10.sup.12 units and the relative activity thereof was 3.7.times.10.sup.6 units/mg protein.
(2) Anionic exchange chromatography
184 ml of the ammonium sulfate salted-out sample was loaded onto a column (4.5 cm.times.50 cm) of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (made by Pharmarcia Co.) which had previously been equilibrated with 5 mM PB (pH 7.8). The column was washed with 3.0 l of 5 mM PB and the sample was eluted with a salt gradient, the concentration of the eluate solution being continuously increased from 0 to 0.3M. The resulting eluent was fractionated into 100 ml aliquots, and the LT-activity of each fraction was measured. The resultant fractions having the LT-activity were recovered. About 3.0 l of the recovered solution was concentrated on an ultrafiltration membrane (fractionating molecular weight: 10,000, made by Millipore Co.) to 170 ml. The concentrated solution was named as DEAE-fractionated solution. The total LT-activity of the DEAE-fractionated solution was 2.9.times.10.sup.12 units, and the relative activity thereof was 2.4.times.10.sup.7 units/mg protein.
(3) Hydrophobic chromatography
169 ml of the DEAE-fractionated solution was adsorbed to the content of a column (5.0 cm.times.15 cm) of phenyl-Sepharose CL-6B (made by Pharmarcia Co.) which had previously been equilibrated with a physiological salt solution as buffered with 10 mM PB and then washed with 600 ml of 10 mM PB (pH 7.8) containing 30% of ethylene glycol. The column was eluted with ethylene glycol, the concentration of the ethylene glycol eluate being continuously elevated up to 70%. The ethylene glycol was removed from the recovered solution by the above-mentioned ultrafiltration. The eluent solution was then concentrated to 63 ml, and the concentrated solution was named as phenyl fractionated solution. The total LT-activity of the phenyl-fractionated solution was 2.3.times.10.sup.12 units, and the relative activity thereof was 7.3.times.10.sup.7 units/mg protein. The phenyl-fractionated solution was analyzed by means of 0.1%-SDS-containing polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). (Refer to Laemmli U.K. Nature, 227, 680 (1970).) As a result, one band in the position of a molecular weight of 17,000 was identified by silver-dyeing. The molecular weight markers of SDS-PAGE were as follows:
Phosphorylase B: MW 94,000, BSA: MW 67,000, Ovalbumin: MW 43,000, Carbonic anhydrase: MW 30,000, Soybean trypsin inhibitor: MW 20,000, .alpha.-lactalbumin: MW 14,400.
EXAMPLE 13
The phenyl-fractionated solution was further concentrated to 1/3 by ultrafiltration, and 0.5 ml of the concentrated solution was fractionated by the use of SDS-PAGE (gel plate: 1.5 mm.times.16 cm.times.14 cm), and then the gel fragment corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,000 was cut out and extracted with tris-acetate buffer (pH 8.6). This operation was repeated, and the resulting extracts were combined and concentrated by the use of an ultrafiltration membrane having a fractionating molecular weight of 5,000 (made by Amicon Co.) and then subjected to dialysis. This was a purified LT-polypeptide LT(II). The amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified LT-polypeptide LT(II) were measured, as follows:
(1) Amino acid composition
The purified LT(II) was dried to a solid under reduced pressure. 6N-HCl was added thereto and the mixture was hydrolyzed at 110.degree. C. for 6 hours. This mixture was then reacted with phenyl-isothiocyanate to obtain PTC-amino acid, and the composition thereof was analyzed by an amino acid-analyzer (reversed phase partition method, by Waters Co.). The tryptophan and cysteine were quantitatively determined in accordance with A. S. Inglis' method (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 91, p. 26, edited by C. H. W. Hirs, et al, Academic Press, 1983). The result is given in Table 5.
The analyzed data corresponds well to the amino acid composition as determined from the nucleotide sequence of DNA encoding LT-polypeptide.
TABLE 5______________________________________Amino acid composition of LT(II) Amino acid composition obtained fromAmino acid Analyzed data (mol) nucleotide sequence (mol)______________________________________ILE 2.8 3VAL 8.9 9LEU 22.0 21PHE 10.1 10CYS <0.1 0MET 3.1 3ALA 11.8 12GLY 9.1 9THR 7.3 7TRP 1.7 2SER 19.4 20TYR 6.8 7PRO 12.2 11HIS 10.1 9 GLU 2 12.0GLN 10 ASP 5 9.9ASN 5LYS 5.0 5ARG 1.9 2______________________________________
(2) N-terminal amino acid sequence
The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman's method (Edman P.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 22, 475 (1949)).
LT(II) (about 100 .mu.g) was reacted with phenylisothiocyanate by a coupling reaction, and then, the N-terminal amino acid was cleaved off in the form of a 2-anilino-5-thiazolinone derivative, and was further converted into a phenylthiohydantoin-amino acid. This was identified by the use of HPLC (made by Waters Co.) using a C18-reversed phase column to determine the N-terminal amino acid. This operation was repeated and the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part was thus determined. The resulting amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part of LT(II) was as follows: ##STR29##
EXAMPLE 13
Antitumor activity of LT(II) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 8' using the phenyl fractionated solution obtained in Example 13. As a result, tumor disappeared completely on day 25 in the i.v. group and on day 20 in the i.t. group at an LT dose of 1.times.10.sup.4 units/mouse/day and of 5.times.10.sup.2 units/mouse/day, respectively.
EXAMPLE 14
Expression of LT gene in animal cells
(1) Preparation of cDNA fragment:
The strain LT13 as obtained in the previous Example 3-(5) was incubated in an L-broth medium to obtain grown bacteria. Plasmid DNA (pLT13) was recovered from the bacteria and cleaved with restriction enzyme XhoII and subjected to 1.5%-Agarose gel electrophoresis to recover a DNA fragment of about 940 bp in the same manner as the previous Example 5-(1). This DNA fragment is one containing 24th to 969th bases of the cDNA as shown in Table 1.
The cohesive end of this DNA fragment was converted into a blunt end by the use of a DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and the fragment was recovered by phenol-extraction and CIA-extraction followed by ethanol-precipitation. This DNA fragment was ligated with BamHI linker d(CGGATCCG) (made by Takara Shuzo Co.), and thus, the DNA was recovered by phenol/CIA-extraction, CIA-extraction followed by ethanol-precipitation. This DNA was cleaved with restriction enzyme BamHI and subjected to 0.8% Agarose gel electrophoresis to recover DNA fragments of about 940 bp in the same manner as in Example 5-(1). These are considered to comprise a DNA fragment having BamHI linker-derived BamHI-cleaved terminal and a DNA fragment not having the same.
(2) Preparation of expressing vector (pSV2-Ecogpt-MMTV-LTR):
The cloning of MMTV-LTR was carried out in accordance with J. E. Majors and H. E. Varmus' method (Science, 289, 253 (1981)) or N. Fesel's method (EMBO J, 1, 3 (1982)).
Initially, a gene containing Ecogpt in the .lambda.-phage was cloned in the form of EcoRI fragment of about 9 kb, and then, the PstI fragment which was a fragment of about 1.3 kb in the PstI site of pBR322 was subcloned. After the sub-cloning, the pBR322-MMTVLTR was partially digested with PstI and subjected to Agarose gel electrophoresis to recover the linear plasmid of about 6 kb in a conventional manner. The thus recovered plasmid was subjected to S.sub.I -nuclease digestion, and the cohesive end thereof was converted into a blunt end, and then this was again recovered by Agarose gel electrophoresis. Further, this was ligated with a BamHI linker and then completely digested with BamHI and PstI. Afterwards, fragments of about 1.3 kb were isolated and recovered by Agarose gel-electrophoresis. The thus isolated fraction is considered to contain two kinds of DNA having a cohesive end of PstI-BamHI.
The pSV2-Ecogpt was prepared in accordance with Mulligan, R. C. and Berg, R. (Science, 209, 1422 (1980); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 78, 2072 (1981)). This plasmid is one containing a fragment of 2.3 kb which contains pBR322-derived replication origin and Amp.sup.R gene and SV40-derived early region promoter polyadenylation side and small antigen intron and containing XGPRT gene of E. coli (Ecogpt). This pSV2-Ecogpt was partially digested with PstI and completely digested with BamHI and then subjected to agarose gel-electrophoresis to recover a fragment of about 4.9 kb. This fragment and the above-mentioned MMTV-LTR-containing PstI-BamHI fragment were ligated in a conventional manner, and then, transfected into HB101. These were selected under Amp.sup.R condition to obtain a desired transformant. A plasmid was recovered from the transformant in a conventional manner and this was digested with HindIII and SstI, and the resulting fragments were analyzed by Agarose gel-electrophoresis to obtain the desired plasmid pSV2-Ecogpt-MMTV-LTR capable of forming fragments of about 4 kb and about 2.2 kb.
(3) Preparation of pSV2-MMTV-LTR with LT-cDNA fragment:
The cDNA fragment as obtained in step (3) and the pSV2-MMTV-LTR as obtained in step (2) were ligated by utilizing the blunt end of BamHI in the presence of T4 phage-infected E. coli-derived DNA ligase for transfection into E. coil HB101 strain. The bacteria were incubated in an ampicillin-containing L-broth agar-medium to obtain 300 transformant colonies. 20 colonies were picked up at random from among them, and these were pre-incubated in 1 ml of L-broth, and glycerin was added thereto and the thus incubated bacteria were preserved at -20.degree. C. Seven from among these 20 stock strains were inoculated in 10 ml of L-broth medium and incubated for one night at 37.degree. C., and then the plasmids were recovered therefrom in a conventional manner. As a result of 0.8% agarose gel-electrophoresis, three clones were found to contain LT-cDNA fragment. These plasmids were further cleaved with a restriction enzyme EcoRI, and as a result, two clones containing LT-cDNA fragment as normally inserted into the lower flow of MMTV-LTR in the 5'- to 3'- direction and one clone containing the said fragment reversely inserted thereinto were obtained. The former plasmid was called pSV2-LT/MMTV-LTR. The step for the formation of the plasmid is shown in FIG. 7.
(4) Transfection of pSV2-LT/MMTV-LTR into Cos 1 cells and LT-expression:
The transfection was carried out by utilizing a DNA calcium phosphate coprecipitation method, as follows:
24 hours prior to transfection, Cos 1 cells (0.5.times.10.sup.6 cells/5 ml(MEM-10%FCS medium)) were put in a disposable laboratory dish having a diameter of 6 cm and Incubated at 37.degree. C. under condition of 5% (CO.sub.2)-95(air) atmosphere. 4 hours prior to the transfection, the medium was exchanged and the cells were further incubated. Solution (A) (comprising 500 .mu.l of 2.times.HBS (containing 10 g/l HEPES and 16 g/l NaCl pH 7.10) and 10 .mu.l of 100.times.PO.sub.4 (comprising an equivalent mixture solution of 70 mM Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 and 70 mM NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4)) was prepared, and while air was being introduced thereinto, solution (B) (comprising 60 .mu.l of 2M CaCl.sub.2 and 440 .mu.l of carrier DNA (salmon sperm-DNA)-containing plasmid aqueous solution having a final concentration of 20 .mu.g/ml)) was dropwise added thereto and the mixture was kept at room temperature for 20 minutes for coprecipitation, 500 .mu.l of the coprecipitated deposited was added to the above-mentioned Cos 1 cells-incubated solution and the cells were further incubated for 16 hours at 37.degree. C. under the condition of 5%(CO.sub.2)-95%(air) atmosphere. The medium was exchanged, and dexamethasone was added thereto to final concentration of 1.times.10.sup.-6 M, and the incubation was further continued at 37.degree. C. under the condition of 5%(CO.sub.2)-95%(air) for 24 and 48 hours. After the incubation, the supernatants were collected in each case. In the present test, the use of the plasmid DNA containing the LT-cDNA fragment in the normal direction in an amount of 2 .mu.g, 1 .mu.g and 200 ng for the transfection results in the yield of the LT-activity of 5.5, 2.3 and 1.9 U/ml, respectively. On the other hand, the use of the other plasmid DNA containing the said fragment in the reverse direction results in no yield of the LT-activity. From these results, the expression of the LT-cDNA in animal cells was confirmed.
EXAMPLE 15
(1) Cleavage of LT cDNA with restriction enzymes
The cloned DNA (pLT13) obtained in Example 3 was introduced into Escherichia coli SK383 (a dam.sup.- strain; available from Tokyo University) because of the restriction enzyme BclI being sensitive to dam, and the plasmid DNA was prepared.
This pLT13 was digested with BclI and dephosphorylated at the 5' ends with bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP; Bethesda Research Laboratories).
The following HindIII linker was prepared: ##STR30## The two oligonucleotides were phosphorylated at the 5' end with T4 DNA kinase (Takara Shuzo) and then annealed to give the double-stranded DNA.
The BclI digest to pLT13 and the HindIII linker were ligated together in the presence of T4 DNA ligase and the ligation product was introduced into Eschericha coil HB101. A plasmid, pLT13H, with the HindIII linker incorporated therein was obtained. pLT13H was digested with RsrII and HindIII and the digest was fractionated in a conventional manner by 4% acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a fragment of 502 bp was recovered.
(2) Synthesis of oligonucleotides
Two oligonucleotides respectively having the structures shown below, namely L1 (88 mer) and L2 (87 mer), were synthesized by the .beta.-cyanoethylphosphamide method (Biosearch model 8600). The synthetic oligonucleotides were purified by reversed phase chromatography (C18 column; Waters) in accordance with the Biosearch protocol. After phosphorylation at the 5' end, they were annealed to give a double-stranded DNA. ##STR31## (3) Introduction of LT cDNA fragment into expression vector
The expression vector pKK233-2 (Pharmacia) was digested with NcoI and HindIII, the digest was fractionated in a conventional manner by 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the vector was recovered. The DNAs prepared in step (1) and step (2) and the above vector were ligated together, the ligation product was introduced into Escherichia coli JM105, and selection was performed in LB medium containing ampicillin. About 2,500 transformants were obtained.
(4) Screening with synthetic Probe
The transformants obtained in step (3) were subjected to the colony hybridization test using, as a probe, the synthetic oligonucleotide L1 prepared in step (2) labeled with �.gamma.-.sup.32 P!ATP at the 5' end. Among the transformants that had hybridized, 24 clones were selected and digested with NsiI (Bethesda Research Laboratories) and RsrII (New England Biolabs). The digests were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and the desired fragment was searched for and the directionality thereof was determined. A plasmid, pDK100, was obtained as the desired one.
(5) Determination of Nucleotide Sequence of Synthetic DNA
The plasmid pDK100 obtained in step (4) was digested with NsiI and HindIII, the digest was fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the LT cDNA fragment was recovered. This fragment was inserted into M13mp19 between the PstI and HindIII sites, and the base sequence of the synthetic DNA portion was determined by the dideoxy method and found to be in agreement with the desired one.
(6) Introduction of repressor gene
The plasmid pMJR1560 (Amersham) was digested with HindIII, the 5' ends were made blunt with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment), the blunt-end digest was further digested with EcoRI, the digest obtained was fractionated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, and a 1,261-bp fragment containing the lac repressor (lac I.sup.q) gene.
The plasmid pDK100 obtained in step (4) was digested with EcoRI and PvuII, a fragment containing the LT gene was recovered and ligated with the lac repressor gene-containing fragment, and the ligation product was introduced into Escherichia coil HB101. Thus was obtained pDK101. The construction process including the above steps (1) to (6) is shown in FIG. 8.
(7) Introduction into Various Escherichia Coli Strains
The DNA of the plasmid pDK101 obtained in step (5) was purified and introduced into Escherichia coli JM105, W3110 (ATCC 27325) and Y1089 (ATCC 37196).
EXAMPLE 16
The Escherichia coli strains HB101, JM105, W3110 and Y1089 carrying the plasmid pDK101 obtained in step (6) of Example 15 were each cultured in LB-medium (see Note 1 given below) containing 50 .mu.g/ml of ampicillin until the O.D..sub.550 nm reached 0.5. Then, isopropyl-.beta.-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM, and incubation was continued for further 4 hours. Cells were harvested, washed, suspended in disintegration buffer �50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM EDTA.sub.2Na 30 mM NaCl, 0.01 mM (p-amidinophenyl) methanesulfonyl fluoride! and disintegrated by the lysozyme/freezing-thawing method, and the supernatant was assayed for LT activity. The activity data thus obtained are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________ Activity Specific activityStrain (plasmid) (units/ml) (units/ml OD.sub.550)______________________________________HB101 (pDK101) 230,000 4.4 .times. 10.sup.4JM105 (pDK101) 200,000 5.1 .times. 10.sup.4W3110 (pDK101) 500,000 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5Y1089 (pDK101) 210,000 4.6 .times. 10.sup.4______________________________________ Note 1: Composition of LBmedium, per liter:Bacto Tryptone 10 g, Bacto yeast extract 5 g, NaCl, 10 g; pH 7 to 7.5.
EXAMPLE 17
The Escherichia coli strain W3110 (pDK101) obtained in Example 16 was cultivated by the method of Example 16, and 10 liters of a culture was obtained. This was concentrated by ultrafiltration, and cells were disrupted by means of a high-pressure homogenizer (APV Gaulin). Polyethylenimine (final concentration 0.5%) was added to the homogenate for nucleic acid removal and, then, salting out with ammonium sulfate (40% saturation) was performed. The precipitate obtained was dissolved in 5 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8). The solution was heat-treated at 60.degree. C. for 30 minutes and applied to DEAE-Cellulofine AM column (Chisso Corp.; 9.times.50 cm) for adsorption. Elution was carried out on a concentration gradient of 0 to 0.2M NaCl. An active fraction was applied to a zinc chelate Sepharose column (Pharmacia; 1.6.times.20 cm) for adsorption, followed by elution on a concentration gradient of 0 to 0.2M imidazole (pH 7.5). An active fraction (S-200-fractionated fraction). The LT polypeptide in the S200-fractionated fraction had a specific activity of 7.times.10.sup.7 units/mg protein, and the activity recovery from the cell homogenate was 30%. The molecular weight of the LT polypeptide was determined by subjecting the S-200-fractionated fraction to electrophoresis on a 0.1% SDS-containing polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) �Laemmli, U.K., Nature, 227, 680 �(1970)! and was found to be about 16,000. Furthermore, no decomposition (decrease in molecular weight) of the LT polypeptide was observed in each purification step (SDS-PAGE analysis).
TABLE 7______________________________________Amino acid composition of LT polypeptide (III) Calculated value Measured value based on sequenceAmino acid (moles) (III) (moles)______________________________________ILE 2.9 3VAL 9.1 9LEU 21.5 21PHE 10.1 10CYS <0.1 0MET 2.9 3ALA 11.9 12GLY 9.0 9THR 7.1 7TRP 1.8 2SER 19.7 20TYR 6.7 7PRO 11.5 11HIS 8.5 8 GLU 2 11.8GLN 10 ASP 5 10.1ASN 5LYS 5.0 5ARG 2.1 2______________________________________
EXAMPLE 18
The S-200-fractionated fraction obtained in Example 17 was purified on C18 reversed-phase chromatography column (Waters; 0.39.times.30 cm) and the C18-fractionated fraction was submitted to analysis for amino acid composition and analysis for N-terminal amino acid sequence.
(1) Amino Acid Composition
The C18-fractionated fraction was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. On a work station (Waters), the solid obtained was hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid and the hydrolyzate was reacted with phenylisothiocyanate for conversion to PTC-amino acids, and composition analysis was performed using an amino acid analyzer (reversed phase petition method; Waters). Quantitative determination of tryptophan and cysteine was carried out by the method of Inglis, A.S. (Methods in Enzymology, vol. 91, page 26, edited by Hirs, C. H. W. et al., Academic Press, 1983). The results obtained are shown in Table 7.
(2) N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence
The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman's method �Edman, P., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 22, 475 (1949)! by using a gaseous phase protein sequencer (Applied Biosystems model 477A) and PTH analyzer (Applied Biosystems model 120A).
The thus-found N-terminal amino acid sequence of the LT polypeptide, namely
__________________________________________________________________________MET--HIS--LEU--ALA--SER--ASN--LEU--LYS--PRO--ALA--ALA--HIS--LEU--ILE--GLY--ASP--PRO--SER--LYS--GLN--ASN--__________________________________________________________________________
was in complete agreement with the sequence from the N-terminal amino acid to the 21st amino acid of sequence (III).
EXAMPLE 19
Antitumor activity of LT(III) was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 8' using the S-200-fractionated solution obtained in Example 19. As a result, the tumor disappeared completely on day 25 in the i.v. group and on day 20 in the i.t. group at an LT dose of 1.times.10.sup.4 units/mouse/day and of 5.times.10.sup.2 units/mouse/day, respectively.
The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Number	Date	Country
60-289249	Dec 1985	JPX
61-151772	Jun 1986	JPX
61-151773	Jun 1986	JPX
62-160115	Jun 1987	JPX

Human lymphotoxin

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