Patent Application
20180142553
This application claims foreign priority benefits under U.S.C. § 119 to German Patent Application No. 10 2016 223 307.6 filed on Nov. 24, 2016, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a hydraulic axial piston unit of the swashplate construction type, preferably a hydraulic axial piston unit of the variable displacement type. The present invention relates in particular to a hold down device holding down the piston slippers on the swashplate.
For setting the displacement of a hydraulic axial piston unit of the above mentioned type—fixed or variable—an inclined or inclinable swashplate is used. On this non-rotating inclined, swashplate a plurality of working pistons are mounted slide-able in piston slippers which rotate circumferentially on the swashplate. The pistons are movable reciprocally in cylinder bores relative to a cylinder block. Therewith the cylinder block is able to rotate, driving or being driven by a drive shaft defining the rotational axis of the hydraulic axial piston unit. In a preferred case of a variable adjustable hydraulic axial piston unit the swashplate is pivot-able in order to adjust the stroke of the pistons within the cylinder bores. For preventing the slippers from lifting-off from the swashplate a hold down device is provided to hold down the piston slippers in a sliding manner on a sliding surface of the swashplate. Thereby the slipper hold down device is in contact with a radial inner surface with a corresponding matching surface of a guide ball rotatable but fixed, however axially moveable relative to the drive shaft and the cylinder block. Usually the guide ball is mounted pre-stressed in axial direction such that the guide ball presses the hold down device of the piston slippers towards the sliding surface of the swashplate.
At standstill of the hydraulic axial piston unit the piston slippers—in the following only “slippers”—are pressed by the pre-stressing forces of the guide ball on the swashplate thereby having physical contact with the sliding surface of the swashplate. With a rise in the rotational speed of the cylinder block the slippers are lifted-off from the sliding surface, wherein the lifting-off forces which lift-off the slippers from the sliding surface of the swashplate increase with the rotational speed due to the gyroscopic effect. Naturally, the sliding contact between the slippers and the sliding surface of the swashplate must be lubricated in order to reduce friction and wear and to provide a proper function of the hydraulic axial piston unit. In a preferred embodiment the sliding bearing between the slippers and the swashplate is designed as a hydrodynamic bearing which is fed by the working fluid through central bores within the pistons and slippers. In other embodiments this sliding bearing is lubricated by leakage fluid or an oil sump in which the driving unit of the hydraulic axial piston unit rotates.
Irrespective of the kind of the slide bearing, a minimum gap between the sliding surfaces of the slippers and the swashplate must be provided, especially in the case of a hydrodynamic bearing. This means that when the rotation of the driving unit starts the lift-off forces lifting-off the slippers from the sliding surface counteracts against the guide ball forces pressing the slippers onto the sliding surface of the swashplate. These lifting-off forces should already enable low friction conditions at low rotational speeds and should avoid wear and damages to the involved parts and furthermore, should allow a quick response in the rise of the rotational speed of the driving unit. These aspects are favoured when the guide ball forces are low such that friction between the slippers and sliding surface decreases rapidly when the driving unit of the hydraulic axial piston unit starts to rotate.
On the other hand the guide ball pressing forces on the hold down device have to be relatively high if the driving unit of the hydraulic axial piston unit is at high rotational speeds, as the lifting-off forces increase with rising rotational speeds of the driving unit. If at high rotational speeds the pre-stressing forces are too low, the hold down device allows the slippers to lift-off of the sliding surface of the swashplate too much such that the gap between the slippers and the sliding surface is getting too big for a proper sliding bearing. Furthermore, in hydraulic axial piston units with hydrodynamic bearings if the gap between the slippers and the sliding surface is too big the leakage between the slippers and the swashplate increases to an undesired manner.
Furthermore, in the case that the slippers are mounted hydro-dynamically on the sliding surface of the swashplate the lifting-off forces increase with the working pressure too, i.e. with high work load conditions on the driving unit the distance/the gap between the slippers and the sliding surface increases with the increasing working pressure. Therefore the hold down forces of the guide ball must be high enough to maintain the gap small enough for the proper operation of a hydrodynamic bearing and hence to avoid excess of leakage through this gap. In case of hydrodynamic bearing of the slippers, the lifting-off forces caused by the rotational speed augment the lifting-off forces generated by the working pressure. This means, low speed with high working pressure has to be considered when designing the hold down forces generated by the pre-stressed mounting of the guide ball.
In the state of the art there has been a compromise made between these aforementioned opposing requirements, thereby, accepting frequently higher hold down forces at the beginning of rotation in order to keep the gap between the slippers and the swashplate within acceptable limits at high rotational speeds and/or at high work load, i.e. high working pressure. In DE 10 2012 110 853 A1 (JP 2014-095 384 A) a disc spring element is used for this purpose as a hold down device to generate the hold down forces onto the slippers. Thereby, the disc spring element abuts on the guide ball being designed integral with the cylinder block. In DE 1 453 639 C (U.S. Pat. No. 3,191,543 A) a spherical collar is pressed by compression springs against a hold down ring holding down the piston slippers thereby exerting forces of a min. 300 pounds up to 860 pounds are suggested in order to hold the slippers in sliding contact on the sliding surface of the swashplate. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,103 a hold down ring is fixed to the swashplate at the radial outer edge of a slipper plate and is used to hold the slipper plate at a fixed distance to the swashplate, thereby allowing the same leakage gap at any operational state of the hydraulic axial piston unit. This gap is previously defined and adjustable by a shim between the slipper plate and the swashplate.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a slipper hold down device for hydraulic axial piston units of the swashplate construction type, which enables reduced friction at the beginning of rotation of the driving unit in order to prevent the slippers and the swashplate from wear and damage and to allow a quick rise of rotational speed of the driving unit. At the same time it is an object of the invention to provide optimal lubrication and sliding conditions between the slippers and the swashplate at high rotational speeds and/or high workload on the driving unit, i.e. when the working pressure in the cylinder bores is high. Simultaneously it is an object of the invention to keep any loss due to leakage at a minimum. Thereby the inventive device should be simple in design and simple to place inside any hydraulic axial piston units, nonetheless if these are existing or to be manufactured. Further, the inventive solution should be easy to mount in the unit and should constitute a cost effective and robust solution, wherein the construction of the inventive solution should need a minimum of parts and space.
The object of the invention is achieved by a hydraulic axial piston unit of the swashplate construction type having a drive shaft adapted to drive or be driven by a cylinder block having a plurality of cylinder bores, in which several pistons are moveable in general along the rotational axis of the drive shaft and relative to the cylinder bores, wherein first ends of the pistons protrude outside of the cylinder bores and are slidable fixed by means of slippers to a swashplate, wherein the slippers are held down in a sliding manner on a sliding surface of the swashplate by means of a slipper hold down ring arranged parallel to the sliding surface, and wherein the slipper hold down ring is in a sliding contact with its radial inner surface with a matching surface on a guide ball rotationally fixed on the drive shaft and axially moveable in direction of the rotational axis towards the cylinder block against resilient forces of springs wherein a mounting ring is attached to the cylinder block in order to limit the axial movement of the guide ball towards the cylinder block.
The inventive axial piston unit of the swashplate construction type comprises a drive shaft adapted to drive or to be driven by a cylinder block. The cylinder block comprises a plurality of cylinder bores in which working pistons are movable reciprocally in general along the rotational axis of the drive shaft and relative to the cylinder bores. First ends of the pistons protrude outside of the cylinder bores and comprise commonly a spherical form. These first ends of the pistons are slide-able fixed by means of piston slippers to a swashplate, wherein these slippers are held down in a sliding manner on a sliding surface of the swashplate by means of a slipper hold down ring. This slipper hold down ring is arranged parallel to the sliding surface wherein an inner radial surface is in physical contact with a corresponding matching surface on a guide ball. The guide ball holds down the slipper hold down ring on the slippers and is rotationally fixed on the drive shaft. The guide ball can be moved axially with respect to the drive shaft and the cylinder block in the direction of the rotational axis. Thereby the guide ball is mounted axially pre-stressed by means of springs that abut on the cylinder block, for example, and presses the guide ball towards the swashplate. According to the invention a mounting ring is attached to the cylinder block limiting the relative axial movement of the guide ball towards the cylinder block. The guide ball permanently contacts with its spherical surface the hold-down ring whereas at standstill and/or at low rotational speeds and/or at low working pressure of the drive unit of the hydraulic axial piston unit on the opposite end of the guide ball a gap to the mounting ring is present. Therewith, in operating conditions the size of the gap between the slippers and the swashplate is limited by a physical stopper, here the mounting ring, when the guide ball moves towards the cylinder block. The gap is limited preferably to a distance which allows optimum lubrication either hydro-dynamically or by internal or external lubrication.
Advantageously the maximum size of the gap is limited by a physical stop by means of the mounting ring. Due to this, the spring forces for holding down the hold down ring at standstill and/or at low rotational speeds and/or at low working pressure can be reduced significantly, therewith enabling low friction and low wear conditions and allowing a steep ramp for accelerating the driving unit. At the same time assembly forces are reduced, making the assembly process of the driving unit into hydraulic axial piston unit easier.
Preferably the maximum size of the gap between the slippers and the swashplate can be defined in the design phase of the hydraulic axial piston unit to a size being optimum for lubrication or the creation of a hydrodynamic bearing with a minimum of leakage. Furthermore, preferably the position of the mounting ring can be adjusted according to production and/or assembly tolerances of the hydraulic axial piston unit. Further, preferably the mounting ring distance to the guide ball is adjustable when putting the hydraulic axial piston unit into service and/or in maintenance or service procedures during the life span of the hydraulic axial piston unit.
In a preferred embodiment of the inventive hydraulic axial piston unit a gap between the mounting ring and the guide ball is present, when the hydraulic axial piston unit is at standstill and/or at low rotational speeds and/or at a low working pressure. In this case the guide ball which is moveable relatively to the cylinder block is mounted pre-stressed in axial direction to the cylinder block in such a way that the guide ball is pushed away from the cylinder block. Thereby the spring stroke is limited by the slipper hold down ring abutting with its inner radial surface on the matching surface of the guide ball.
At the same time a minimum force sufficient to reach force balance between the slipper hold down force and a resultant slipper lift-off force is reached already at low pressures and/or low rotational speed conditions. Hence, lubrication conditions as well as friction conditions are optimized compared to the state of the art. This also enables a better response of the hydraulic axial piston unit to a change in working conditions, especially to increasing working pressure and rotational speed requirements.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pistons comprise longitudinal bores for guiding working fluid from the cylinder bores to the slippers in order to create a hydrodynamic bearing between the slippers and the swashplate. In operation of the hydraulic axial piston unit, hydraulic fluid is fed over the longitudinal piston bores onto the sliding surface of the swashplate, i.e. between the slippers and the swashplate. Depending on the working pressure, the slippers are lifted from the swashplate sliding surface according to the force generated by the working pressure and the centrifugal and gyroscopic forces. It is object of the slipper hold down ring to limit the distance/the gap between the slippers and the swashplate. Therefore, in the art, on the radial outer side of the slipper the hold down ring is fixed directly with a gap to the swashplate or large spring forces at the radial inner side are provided to hold down the slippers on the swashplate against the lifting hydrodynamic gyroscopic forces. However, as already mentioned above, if the working pressure and the rotational speed of the hydraulic axial piston units are rising, the hydrodynamic gyroscopic forces and the rotational gyroscopic forces lifting-up the slippers from the swashplates rise too and the gap between the slippers and the swashplate become bigger. This will be prevented by the additional mounting ring on the cylinder block proving a physical stop for the guide ball in its movement towards the cylinder block. Consequently the gap between the swashplate and the slippers is limited in size. Due to this a minimum amount of working fluid get lost only due to leakage, as the gaps between the single sliding surfaces of the slippers and the swashplate are retained at a minimum for ensuring good lubrication conditions at low friction and wear conditions.
On the other hand, the forces holding down the slippers on the swashplate are low enough to ensure as well good lubrication at low working pressure and/or at low rotational speed conditions. This provides for high efficiency of the hydraulic axial piston unit in low pressure and/or low speed conditions. Finally the contradictory hold down force requirements—high hold down forces at high rotational speed and/or high working pressure and low hold down forces at low rotational speed and/or high working pressure—are fulfilled by the inventive slipper hold down device comprising an additional mounting ring fixed to the cylinder block. By means of the mounting ring a physical stopper at the desired end of the moving distance of the guide ball defines the sliding conditions under which high rotational speed and/or high working pressure conditions can be achieved. By means of decoupling the means for holding down the hold down ring from the spring forces pressing the guide ball onto the hold down ring at high workload conditions these spring forces can be reduced to minimum in order to ensure a low friction sliding contact of the slippers on the sliding surface of the swashplate, in low working pressure and/or low rotational speed conditions.
The mounting ring for limiting the axial movement of the guide ball with respect to the cylinder block can be attached to the cylinder block by press fitting, clueing, welding, heating, clamping, crimping or by plastic deformation. Another preferred possibility is to form a shoulder on the cylinder block onto which the mounting ring can abut. In this case, the mounting ring can be secured in axial direction by press fitting or heat shrinking. Nonetheless an axial freely abutting against the shoulder of the mounting ring is possible as well, this however may generate noise during the operation of the hydraulic piston unit. It can be possible as well that a non-fixed mounting ring in axial direction get wedged with the cylinder block, thereby reducing the moveable distance of the guide ball with respect to the cylinder block and thereby reducing the possible gap between the slippers and the swashplate. Reducing this gap endangers the lubrication film between the slippers and the swashplate. However, the mounting ring defines and maintains the maximum permitted moveable axial distance for the guiding ball, which can be set in this shoulder-based-embodiment by selecting mounting rings with different widths depending upon product and assembly tolerances. These tolerances, for instance, are measured before the final assembly and putting into operation of the hydrostatic axial piston unit or during maintenance of a hydraulic axial piston unit. With the latter wear of the involved parts could also be taken into account.
In another embodiment of the invention during the assembly process of the hydraulic axial piston unit a shim (spacer) is placed between the guide ball and the mounting ring, wherein the thickness of the shim corresponds to the size of the gap calculated/predetermined in the design phase of the hydraulic axial piston unit. Consequently the shim (spacer) has to be removed after assembly to guarantee the gap and mobility of the guide ball in axial direction. In a further embodiment the axial position of the mounting ring with respect to the cylinder block or the hold down ring can be adjusted by measuring the involved parts and/or their axial position relative to each other.
The mounting ring is preferably made of metal, rubber or plastic material or of a combination of these materials. The selection of which material should be used for the mounting ring depends upon the hydraulic axial piston unit characteristics, like volumetric size, applicable speed range and/or maximum working pressure, etc. Where appropriate, there is a preferred use of a rubber material in combination with metal or plastic material, for instance, for achieving a resilient characteristic for the axial abutment of the guide ball on the mounting ring, at least in the area onto which the guide ball strokes against the mounting ring. This may be advantageous with hydraulic axial piston pumps which are operated with quickly and frequent changing working pressure and/or with quickly changing rotational speeds.
One can imagine the design of the mounting ring with an resilient material thick enough to push the guide ball in axial direction away from the cylinder block such that the resilient forces for maintaining the sliding contact of slippers onto the swashplate are provided by the mounting ring. In this case, springs or other elastic parts between the guide ball and cylinder block can be omitted, this can lead to an even more cost effective construction.
For a person skilled in the art it is obvious that the cross section of the mounting ring can be selected to any suitable cross section which fits best with the abutment area of the guide ball and which fits best to the design of the cylinder block. There is no limitation for designing the cross section of the mounting ring, however, simple cross sections, as a general rectangular or circular cross section is preferred with regard to cost aspects.
For a person with relevant skills in the art it is obvious that the inventive hydraulic axial piston unit can be of a constant displacement construction type or a variable displacement construction type, i.e. with a fixed inclined swashplate or with a pivot-able swashplate for adjusting the displacement volume of the hydraulic axial piston unit. Also variable displacement units in which the swashplate can be swivelled to positive and negative angles are covered by the inventive idea.
An embodiment of a hydraulic axial piston pump according to the invention is depicted in more detail in the appended drawings which do not delimit the scope of the inventive idea. All features of the disclosed and illustrated embodiment may be combined in any desired combination with one other within the scope of the invention. It is shown in:
In operation of the hydraulic axial piston unit 1—working exemplarily as a hydraulic axial piston pump as shown in
In operation conditions of the hydraulic axial piston unit 1 the gap between the guide ball 24 and the mounting ring 30 can be closed partially, or completely, thereby enabling a corresponding gap between the slippers 14 and the sliding surface 18 on swashplate 16. In this gap between the slippers 14 and the swashplate 16 a lubrication means can enter, preferably hydraulic working fluid under pressure. Mounting ring 30 limits the gap between the slippers 14 and the sliding surface 18 on swashplate 16 by forming a physical stop for the guide ball 24 movement in axial direction towards the cylinder block 4. Hydrostatic and rotational gyroscopic forces lift the slippers 14 from the sliding surface 18 of swashplate 16 and push the hold down ring 20 with its inner radial surface 22 on the matching surface 26 on guide ball 24 and push therewith guide ball 24 towards the mounting ring 30. Finally, in operational conditions of the hydraulic axial piston unit 1 the slippers 14, the slipper hold down ring 20, the guide ball 24, the mounting ring 30, the cylinder block 4 and a valve plate 32 at the opposite end of cylinder block 4 are in continuous physical contact to each other. Furthermore, the mounting ring 30 can be positioned adequately in axial direction of the cylinder block 4 such that the width of the gap between the slippers 14 and the swashplate 16 is optimized for forming optimum lubrication and operational conditions for the drive unit of the hydrostatic axial piston unit 1.
In
It can be easily derived, in particular from
In particular from
Finally, a hydraulic axial piston unit 1 is provided in which optimum lubrication conditions between the slippers (piston slide shoes) and the swashplate 16 at any operational conditions of the hydraulic axial piston unit 1 is achieved in a simple, cost effective and robust manner.
While the present disclosure has been illustrated and described with respect to a particular embodiment thereof, it should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications to this disclosure may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2016 223 307.6 | Nov 2016 | DE | national |
