Patent Application
20100169386
Aspects of the disclosure relate to biometrics and databases.
Biometrics are methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.
Biometrics, to be useful, must be unique, universal, acceptable, and readily collectible. Biometrics should be readily recognized, authentication should be timely performable, and circumvention should be difficult.
Permanence may also be a key feature of biometrics, such that the unique quality of any given biometric should remain essentially unchanged throughout the life of the individual.
Fingerprints, for instance, are considered an example of a biometric, as are retinal scans.
For the purposes of this application, any set of biometrics belonging to a specific individual is termed a Biometric Data Set (BDS).
For instance, the fingerprints of one particular person are part of that person's BDS, and the retinal scan of that same person is part of that person's BDS.
More recently, iris recognition (IR) has emerged as a prevalent method of biometric authentication.
IR uses pattern recognition techniques based on high-resolution images of the irides of an individual's eyes.
IR uses camera technology, with subtle infrared illumination reducing specular reflection from the convex cornea, to create images of the detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris.
Converted into digital templates, these images provide mathematical representations of the iris that yield unambiguous positive identification of an individual.
IR efficacy is rarely impeded by glasses or contact lenses, and apparently has the smallest outlier group of currently prominent biometric technologies.
Biometrics, and particularly IR technology, are a factor in the potential solution to two significant security problems plaguing the world today.
The first problem is that of identity theft. Identity theft is a significant and growing problem, imposing costs on its victims, law enforcement, and society as a whole.
The second problem is that of establishing a person's location, and particularly establishing a person's location over time.
There are many situations in which it is beneficial to businesses, governments, law enforcement or other entities to establish a person's location.
Establishing a person's location may be useful for finding lost persons, or for locating criminals or terrorists.
Moreover, both of those purposes are served well where a person's location can be identified over time.
Under conventional biometric identification programs, biometric data is collected and stored in databases associating the biometric with an individual.
Conventionally, however, information about the circumstances surrounding the collection of the biometric data may be difficult to obtain.
Conventionally, then, using biometric data to identify a person's location over time may be impracticable.
It would be desirable, therefore, to provide a method or system for making biometric data susceptible to use in locating individuals and tracking the location of individuals over time.
It would be further desirable to provide a method or system for providing identification based at least in part on biometric data wherein an individual and/or entity could opt-in to the method or system in exchange for heightened security consideration and/or other suitable benefits.
It is an object of this invention to provide methods or systems for making biometric data susceptible to use in locating individuals and tracking the location of individuals over time.
It is a further object of this invention to provide methods or systems for providing identification based at least in part on biometric data wherein an individual and/or entity could opt-in to the method or system in exchange for heightened security consideration and/or other suitable benefits.
The methods and systems may encompass one or both of two general steps. First, elements of a BDS are initially collected and an association with a particular individual is established. Second, elements of a BDS are collected along with locational information about the collection, and that information is associated with the individual.
For purposes of this application, “locational” information may be information concerning the location of an event in time or space (or both). Locational information may include information about the date of an event, the time of an event, and/or the physical location of an event to varying degrees of specificity.
The information so collected may then further be entered into one or more databases. Information in those databases may then be accessed in order to facilitate the location of an individual or the tracking of an individual over time.
The objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
Methods or systems for making biometric data susceptible to use in locating individuals and tracking the location of individuals over time are provided.
As a first step, the elements of an individual's BDS are collected.
In some embodiments, this initial collection may occur as close to birth as is practical—e.g., within three (3) day of birth—or some other suitable period when the child is still under hospital care.
In some embodiments, the capture of an individual's BDS may be facilitated by other entities, such as bank branches, which might provide biometric capture devices as well as some type of identity confirmation or certification services. Such capture may be voluntary—i.e., on an opt-in basis—for individuals. Alternatively, such capture may be mandatory for individuals associated with selected entities. In yet other embodiments, such capture may be voluntary—i.e., on an opt-in basis—for certain entities.
It should be noted that, in return for voluntary capture of such information, an individual and/or an entity may be entitled to certain benefits such as heightened security consideration, which may manifest itself in express security check-in at public locations such as airports or train stations, or other suitable benefits.
The BDS is associated with identity information concerning that individual.
In some embodiments, the BDS may be so associated in an Identity Database (IDB) which may match the BDS to an individual's name and social security number or other pertinent information.
As a second step, an individual's biometric data may be captured at some physical location and point in time.
For instance, biometrics may be collected by law enforcement agencies, airport or border control agents, financial institutions, or merchants. Again, such collection may be implemented on a mandatory or a voluntary basis. Furthermore, the participation by institutions may be on an opt-in basis.
Biometrics may be collected passively, for instance by a passive iris scanner at a security checkpoint; biometrics may also be captured more actively, for instance by a law enforcement officer's taking of a person's fingerprints.
As mentioned above, biometrics may be collected with explicit consent. For instance, an individual may opt-in to have his biometric information stored in a database according to the invention. Alternatively, a merchant of particularly high-end goods may require a retina scan to confirm the identity of a buyer before accepting a credit card. In such a case, the buyer will also have agreed to the collection of biometrics. Such an agreement may extend to the buyer allowing his information to become part of a nationwide or other extended database.
Biometrics may be collected with only implicit consent. For instance, an entertainment venue may institute a passive iris scanning system to ensure the security and orderliness of its patrons.
Biometrics may, in some instances, be collected without consent. For instance, law enforcement may forcibly collect a suspect's or prisoner's fingerprints under certain legal circumstances.
For purposes of this application, captured biometrics and the associated locational information may be termed Biometric-Locational data (BLOC data).
BLOC data may then be associated with the BDS of a specific individual.
In some embodiments, that association may be accomplished by the inclusion of the BLOC data in a Location Information Database (LID).
BLOC data captured and sent to the LID that have no relevant entry in the IDB are stored separately, in what may be called the “orphan” database.
In some embodiments, BLOC data captured and sent to the LID that have no relevant entry in the IDB may force the creation of an entry in the IDB of a type as necessary to indicate that identity information is missing for that particular BDS.
Note that the initial collection of BDS for inclusion in the IDB will also have a locational aspect, and that collection may also serve as BLOC data for inclusion in the LID.
In some embodiments, on the capture of any new BDS (and entry of same into the IDB), the orphan database may be checked for BLOC data correlating to the new BDS. If a match is found, the orphan data may then be ported to the LID.
Systems and methods according to the invention may thus protect individuals from identity theft in a number of ways. One immediate benefit that may be obtained by an individual opting in to a database according to the invention may be that an individual's financial and personal transactions can be readily authenticated against that individual's BDS. As such, institutions that are adapted to access such a database according to the invention may preferably provide preferred and/or otherwise beneficial treatment to authenticated individuals.
At a more sophisticated level, the BLOC data available in the LID will make it possible for an entity such as a credit card company to recognize as suspicious transactions that are inconsistent with the BLOC data.
Law enforcement interests in protecting against terrorism and crime may be served by this invention as well.
For instance, law enforcement agencies may, within legal limits, access the LID to determine the historical locations and patterns of travel of an individual suspect of a crime or potential terrorist.
The purpose of assisting in finding lost or kidnapped persons may be served as well.
That purpose may be served by allowing law enforcement to track the location of an individual and to track the locations over time of other individuals nearby at the time of the person's disappearance or abduction.
That purpose may also be served in a more straightforward fashion, where passive collection of biometric data identifies the missing, lost, or abducted person.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the figures.
In the following description of the various embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration various embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art upon reading the following disclosure, various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, a data processing system, or a computer program product. Accordingly, those aspects may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects.
Furthermore, such aspects may take the form of a computer program product stored by one or more computer-readable storage media having computer-readable program code, or instructions, embodied in or on the storage media. Any suitable computer readable storage media may be utilized, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, and/or any combination thereof. In addition, various signals representing data or events as described herein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conducting media such as metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmission media (e.g., air and/or space).
Input/output (“I/O”) module 109 may include a microphone, keypad, touch screen, and/or stylus through which a user of device 101 may provide input, and may also include one or more of a speaker for providing audio output and a video display device for providing textual, audiovisual and/or graphical output. Software may be stored within memory 115 and/or storage to provide instructions to processor 103 for enabling server 101 to perform various functions. For example, memory 115 may store software used by server 101, such as an operating system 117, applications 119, and an associated database 121. Alternatively, some or all of server computer executable instructions may be embodied in hardware or firmware (not shown). As described in detail below, database 121 may provide storage for BDSs, IDBs, BLOCs, LIDs, and any other suitable information.
Server 101 may operate in a networked environment supporting connections to one or more remote computers, such as terminals 141 and 151. Terminals 141 and 151 may be personal computers or servers that include many or all of the elements described above relative to server 101. The network connections depicted in
Additionally, applications 119, which may be used by server 101, may include computer executable instructions for invoking user functionality related to communication, such as email, short message service (SMS), and voice input and speech recognition applications.
Computing device 101 and/or terminals 141 or 151 may also be mobile terminals including various other components, such as a battery, speaker, and antennas (not shown).
Terminal 151 and/or terminal 141 may be portable devices such as a laptop, cell phone, blackberry, or any other suitable device for storing, transmitting and/or transporting relevant information.
BDSs, IDBs, BLOCs, LIDs, and any other suitable information may be stored in memory 115.
One or more of applications 119 may include one or more algorithms that may be used to perform the creation and manipulation of IDBs or LIDs, the evaluation of search queries put to IDBs or LIDs, and any other suitable tasks related to the creation, analysis, or processing of FTAMs.
The invention may be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, mobile phones and/or other personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
Biometric data associated with a particular individual is collected at initial collection events 202, such as collection as close to birth as practical 204 or collection later in time.
Banks or financial institutions may provide biometric data capture 206 to customers who choose to opt-in in exchange for enhanced security or other benefits.
The biometric information gathered at the initial collection events may be stored in the IDB 208.
At other points in time, other agencies or institutions may passively capture 210 biometric information along with locational information.
That biometric information and the locational information may be stored in the LID 212.
In some instances, individuals already in the IDB may encounter transaction-based voluntary uses and collection events 214.
For instance, individuals who have opted-in with financial institutions may require biometric identification prior to certain financial transactions 216. At the time of such transactions the financial institution may collect biometric information 218, verify that information against the IDB 208, and also collect locational information and make an entry into the LID 212.
When an entity needs to track an individual's location, access is made to the LID 212. For instance, law enforcement agencies, within legal limits, can access the LID 212 to track criminals or locate missing persons 220.
Thus, systems or methods for making biometric data susceptible to use in locating individuals and tracking the location of individuals over time are provided. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration rather than of limitation, and that the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow.
