Patent Application
20150071958
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), is a gram-positive, spore-forming, noninvasive enteric pathogen that is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in the developed world. No vaccine is currently available to prevent its infection. Life threatening manifestations of C. dificile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, often resulting in cardiotoxicity and heart failure. Mortality due to CDAD ranges from 6% to 30% in affected patients. More than 300,000 cases of CDAD are reported every year in the United States, and the incidence of CDAD is predicted to rise by at least 40% within the next several years. The annual cost for CDAD treatment in the U.S. is over $1.1 billion. Moreover, C. difficile is now recognized by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) as a Group II pathogen on the list of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (MAID). Vaccine efforts to combat C. difficile infection have been limited. Those few vaccines that have gone onto clinical trials have exhibited an inability to evoke rapid immune responses to important C. difficile antigens.
Therefore new compositions and methods for treating and inhibiting C. difficile infection are needed.
This invention relates to methods and compositions for treating and inhibiting C. difficile infection. In some embodiments, the methods and compositions can generate rapid immune responses that inhibit future infection, and/or neutralize the toxicity caused by C. difficile infection. Such compositions and methods could be utilized both to therapeutically inhibit the establishment and progression of disease in patients recently diagnosed with C. difficile, as well as a prophylactic inhibitor for use in at-risk patients. Accordingly, the constructs described herein that expressing the C-terminal, highly immunogenic region of the C. difficile toxin A are effective vaccines against C. difficile.
One aspect of the invention is a peptide antigen with an amino acid sequence comprising at least 15 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, and/or with an amino acid sequence comprising 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the peptide antigen can have an amino acid sequence comprising 95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18. In some embodiments, the peptide has 96%, or 97%, or 98% or 99% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18. The peptide antigen can also include a combination of any of these peptide sequences.
Another aspect of the invention is an immunological composition that includes an effective amount of:
Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating or inhibiting infection of Clostridium difficile in a mammal comprising administering a composition that includes an effective amount of:
Another aspect of the invention is an expression cassette that includes a nucleic acid encoding one of more of the peptides described herein operably linked to transcriptional regulatory element. For example, the transcriptional regulatory element can be selected from the group consisting of a promoter, an enhancer, a terminator of transcription, or a combination thereof. The expression cassette can be within a vector, such as an expression vector. The vector can be a viral vector, for example, a vector that includes a recombinant adenovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus, herpesvirus, poxvirus, papilloma virus, or adeno-associated virus. In some cases, the vector is replication incompetent viral vector such as an adenoviral vector. The vector can be incorporated into a composition.
The invention relates to immunological compositions and methods for treating and inhibiting Clostridium difficile infection.
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), is a gram-positive, spore-forming, noninvasive enteric pathogen that is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in the developed world. As explained above, life threatening manifestations of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (COAD) include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, often resulting in cardiotoxicity and heart failure. Mortality due to C. difficile-associated diarrhea ranges from 6% to 30% in affected patients, and more than 300,000 cases of C. difficile-associated diarrhea are reported every year in the United States. In addition, the incidence of C. difficile-associated diarrhea is predicted to rise by at least 40% within the next several years.
Mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic patients harboring C. difficile account for the majority of infectious spreading, resulting in new outbreaks. C. difficile spores can be found on environmental surfaces, equipment and clothing years after being deposited. Several host factors including advanced age, pre-existing severe illness, and broad-spectrum antibiotic usage predispose individuals to acute symptomatic C. difficile infection (Giannasca et al., Vaccine 22(7):848-56 (2004)). Recently, a new, highly virulent strain of C. difficile (BI/NAP1/r027) has been associated with outbreaks of severe nosocomial C. difficile-associated diarrhea (Ghose et al., Infect Immun. 75(6):2826-32 (2007)).
The main virulence factors of the C. difficile bacterium are the toxins A (TA) and B (TB). Both TA and TB are enteropathic and potent cytotoxic enzymes. TA and TB are also glucosyltransferases, which catalyze the inactivation of Rho proteins that are involved in cellular signaling. Together, this leads to cytotoxicity, including actin cytoskeleton depolymerization and cell death by apoptosis.
In addition, C. difficile infections induce massive cellular immune responses, including neutrophil and monocyte infiltrations, as well as cytokine and chemokine elevations, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFNγ (Aslam et al., The Lancet infectious diseases 5(9):549-57 (2005); Hookman & Barkin, World J Gastroenterol 15(13):1554-80 (2009); Savidge et al., Gastroenterology 125(2):413-20 (2003). Moreover, following damage of the intestinal mucosa, systemic release of TA and TB from the lumen of the gut are typically observed in severe life threatening cases of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, and is correlated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, liver damage, multiple organ failure and cardiopulmonary arrest (Hamm et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(38):14176-81 (2006); Johnson et al., Annals Intern Med 135(6):434-8 (2001); Jacob et al, Heart Lung 33(4):265-8 (2004)).
Clearly, the problem of C. difficile is a significant one, as C. difficile is now recognized by the CDC as a Group II pathogen on the NIAID list of Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (see website at niaid.nih.gov/topics/emerging/pages/list.aspx). A potent vaccine that can generate rapid immune responses against C. difficile infections is desirable. Such a vaccine could be utilized both as a therapeutic vaccine in patients recently diagnosed with C. difficile, as well as a prophylactic vaccine for use in at-risk patients. Vaccine efforts to combat C. difficile infection have been limited. A number of groups are working on vaccines against C. difficile infection including (Those et al., infect Immun. 75(6):2826-32 (2007); Penchine et al. Vaccine 25(20):3946-54 (2007); Sougioultzis et al. Gastroenterology 128(3):764-70 (2005); Gardiner et al., Vaccine 27(27):3598-604 (2009). However, prior to the invention, a highly efficacious vaccine has not yet been developed and such efforts do not evoke rapid immune responses to important C. difficile antigens.
Toxin A (TA) and toxin B (TB) belong to the large clostridial cytotoxin family and contain several distinct domains: (1) N-terminal enzymatic domain, (2) Central hydrophobic region, and (3) the C-terminal domain, which recognizes host cell surface carbohydrate receptors. A variety of sequences for C. difficile toxin A and toxin B are available in the database maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which is available at the website www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
One example of a C. difficile toxin A amino acid sequence is provided below as SEQ ID NO:1, and is available in the NCBI database as accession number P16154.2 (GI:1351266).
1881 KHFYFNNDGV MQLGVFKGPD GFEYFAPANT QNNNIEGQAI
1921 VYQSKFLTLN GKKYYFDNNS KAVTGWRIIN NEKYYFNPNN
1961 AIAAVGLQVI DNNKYYFNPD TAIISKGWQT VNGSRYYFDT
2001 DTAIAFNGYK TIDGKHFYFD SDCVVKIGVF STSNGFEYFA
2041 PANTYNNNIE GQAIVYQSKF LTLNGKKYYF DNNSKAVTGL
2081 QTIDSKKYYF NTNTAEAATG WQTIDGKKYY FNTNTAEAAT
2121 GWQTIDGKKY YFNTNTAIAS TGYTIINGKH FYFNTDGIMQ
2161 IGVFKGPNGF EYFAPANTDA NNIEGQAILY QNEFLTLNGK
2201 KYYFGSDSKA VTGWRIINNK KYYFNPNNAI AAIHLCTINN
2241 DKYYFSYDGI LQNGYITIER NNFYFDANNE SKMVTGVFKG
2281 PNGFEYFAPA NTHNNNIEGQ AIVYQNKFLT LNGKKYYFDN
2321 DSKAVTGWQT IDGKKYYFNL NTAEAATGWQ TIDGKKYYFN
2361 LNTAEAATGW QTIDGKKYYF NTNTFIASTG YTSINGKHFY
2401 FNTDGIMQIG VFKGPNGFEY FAPANTDANN IEGQAILYQN
2441 KFLTLNGKKY YFGSDSKAVT GLRTIDGKKY YFNTNTAVAV
2481 TGWQTINGKK YYFNTNTSIA STGYTIISGK HFYFNTDGIM
2521 QIGVFKGPDG FEYFAPANTD ANNIEGQAIR YQNRFLYLHD
2561 NIYYFGNNSK AATGWVTIDG NRYYFEPNTA MGANGYKTID
2601 NKNFYFRNGL PQIGVFKGSN GFEYFAPANT DANNIEGQAI
2641 RYQNRFLHLL GKIYYFGNNS KAVTGWQTIN GKVYYFMPDT
As described herein, the bold region of the SEQ ID NO:1 C. difficile toxin A protein (amino acids 1870-2680) is highly immunogenic. The sequence of this region is provided as SEQ ID NO:2.
The positions of two examples of toxin A peptides that exhibit good immunogenicity are identified in bold with underlining in the SEQ ID NO:2 sequence shown above. These two highly immunogenic peptides have the following sequences: VNGSRYYFDTDTAIA (SEQ ID NO:3) and YYFNTNTSIASTGYT (SEQ ID NO:4).
A nucleotide sequence for the SEQ ID NO:1 polypeptide is available in the NCBI database as accession number X51797.1 (GI:40439), which has SEQ ID NO:5 shown below.
One example of a C. difficile toxin B amino acid sequence is provided below as SEQ ID NO:6) and is available in the NCBI database as accession number CAJ67492.1 (GI:115249675).
1761 SQVKIRFVNV FKDKTLANKL SFNFSDKQDV PVSEIILSFT
1801 PSYYEDGLIG YDLGLVSLYN EKFYINNFGM MVSGLIYIND
1841 SLYYFKPPVN NLITGFVTVG DDKYYFNPIN GGAASIGETI
1881 IDDKNYYFNQ SGVLQTGVFS TEDGFKYFAP ANTLDENLEG
1921 EAIDFTGKLI IDENIYYFDD NYRGAVEWKE LDGEMHYFSP
1961 ETGKAFKGLN QIGDYKYYFN SDGVMQKGFV SINDNKHYFD
2001 DSGVMKVGYT EIDGKHFYFA ENGEMQIGVF NTEDGFKYFA
2041 HHNEDLGNEE GEEISYSGIL NFNNKIYYFD DSFTAVVGWK
2081 DLEDGSKYYF DEDTAEAYIG LSLINDGQYY FNDDGIMQVG
2121 FVTINDKVFY FSDSGIIESG VQNIDDNYFY IDDNGIVQIG
2161 VFDTSDGYKY FAPANTVNDN IYGQAVEYSG LVRVGEDVYY
2201 FGETYTIETG WIYDMENESD KYYFNPETKK ACKGINLIDD
2241 IKYYFDEKGI MRTGLISFEN NNYYFNENGE MQFGYINIED
2281 KMFYFGEDGV MQIGVFNTPD GFKYFAHQNT LDENFEGESI
2321 NYTGWLDLDE KRYYFTDEYI AATGSVIIDG EEYYFDPDTA
In some embodiments, the toxin B peptide can have the sequence in bold above (amino acids 1750-2360). The toxin B sequence has SEQ ID NO:7, and is Shown above.
The expression cassettes, expression vectors, compositions and methods provided herein can include a combination of C. difficile toxin A and toxin B peptides.
Vectors for C. difficile Peptide Expression and Delivery
Delivery vectors include, for example, viral vectors, liposomes and other lipid-containing complexes, and other macromolecular complexes capable of mediating delivery of a gene to a host cell. Vectors can also comprise other components or functionalities that further modulate gene delivery and/or gene expression, or that otherwise provide beneficial properties. Such other components include, for example, components that influence binding or targeting to cells (including components that mediate cell-type or tissue-specific binding); components that influence uptake of the vector by the cell; components that influence localization of the transferred gene within the cell after uptake (such as agents mediating nuclear localization); and components that influence expression of the gene. Such components can be provided as a natural feature of the vector (such as the use of certain viral vectors which have components or functionalities mediating binding and uptake), or vectors can be modified to provide such functionalities.
Such components also can include markers, such as detectable and/or selectable markers that can be used to detect or select for cells that have taken up and are expressing the nucleic acid delivered by the vector. Selectable markers can be encoded within a vector that expresses one or more C. difficile peptides, or such selectable markers can be encoded and/or expressed from a separate vector. Selectable markers can be positive, negative or bifunctional. Positive selectable markers allow selection for cells carrying the marker, whereas negative selectable markers allow cells carrying the marker to be selectively eliminated. A variety of such marker genes have been described, including bifunctional (i.e., positive/negative) markers (see, e.g., WO 92/08796; and WO 94/28143). Such marker genes can provide an added measure of control that can be advantageous in gene therapy contexts.
A large variety of vectors is available and can be used to express the peptides described herein. Vectors within the scope of the invention include, but are not limited to, isolated nucleic acid, vectors, e.g., recombinant adenovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus, herpesvirus, poxvirus, papilloma virus, or adeno-associated virus, including viral and non-viral vectors which are present in liposomes, e.g., neutral or cationic liposomes, such as DOSPA/DOPE, DOGS/DOPE or DMRIE/DOPE liposomes, and/or associated with other molecules such as DNA-anti-DNA antibody-cationic lipid (DOTMA/DOPE) complexes. Exemplary gene viral vectors are described below. Vectors may be administered via any route including, but not limited to, intramuscular, oral, buccal, rectal, intravenous or intracoronary administration, and transfer to cells may be enhanced using electroporation and/or iontophoresis.
In some embodiments, the vector is an adenoviral vector. Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped (naked) icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and linear, non-segmented double stranded (ds) DNA genome which is about 36 kb long. The genes of Adenovirus are often described in terms of their expression during two phases of the adenoviral life cycle, i.e., as early phase genes or late phase genes. Genes of early phase are E1, E2, E3 and E4. Genes of late phases are L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. The E1 gene products, including E1A and E1B, are involved in the replication of the virus. The E2 proteins provide the machinery for viral DNA replication and transcription of late genes. Most of the E3 proteins are involved in modulating the immune response of infected cells. The E4 gene products are involved in the metabolism of virus messenger RNA and provide functions that promote virus DNA replication and shut-off of host protein synthesis. One or more of these early phase genes can be deleted from an adenoviral vector employed for expression of one or more of the C. difficile peptides described herein. The virion uses its unique “spike” or fiber associated with each penton base of the capsid to attach the host cell via the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor on the surface of the host cell. There are more than fifty-three described serotypes of adenoviruses in humans.
Adenovirus type 5 has been extensively studied and can be adapted to be a vector for expression of one or more of the C. difficile peptides described herein. Recombinant adenoviral type 5 vectors usually have the E1 and E3 genes deleted from their genomes compared to wild type adenoviruses. Such deletion generates a vector that is replication defective so it can be safely used as transgene vector. For example, the E1 and E3 genes responsible for viral gene expression can be deleted from the genome to generate an adenoviral vector that is replication-incompetent. The E1 gene products, including E1A and E1B, are involved in the replication of the virus. The E3 region is not essential for in vitro viral growth. These vectors have the ability to transfect both replicating and nonreplicating cells. Adenoviral vectors can mediate transient expression of therapeutic genes in vivo, for example, peaking at seven days and lasting approximately 4 weeks. In addition, adenoviral vectors can be produced at very high titers.
The E1 plus E3 genes are about 8.0 kb and when deleted allow insertion of a nucleic acid segment that is about 8.0 kb. Hence, the coding region of the selected peptide(s), the promoter, poly A and other inserted sequences can be about 8 kb or less. For example, the promoter and poly A segments of the insert can be about 1 kb, so the maximum insert size of the segment encoding the peptide(s) may be about 7 kb. Due to higher transduction efficiency (almost 100%), higher level expression of transgene and broad range of tropism, adenovirus vector can be widely used for gene therapy, vaccine production, gene knockdown, production of membrane and hard-to-express proteins, and engineering of antibodies.
Several advantages are realized when using an Adenovirus type 5 vector with the E1 and E3 genes deleted. For example, an adenoviral vector system is a homologous system for human genes meaning that adenoviruses are human viruses, and as vectors human cells can be used as host cells. Therefore, human proteins have identical post-translational modifications as native proteins when produced be an adenoviral vector system. Adenoviral vectors have the ability to infect most mammalian cell types (both replicative and non-replicative). Adenoviral vectors accommodate reasonably large transgenes (up to 8 kb) and exhibit high expression of the recombinant protein. Adenoviral vectors can be grown at high titer (1010 viral particles/mL, which can be concentrated up to 1013 VP/mL). Adenoviral vectors are well tolerated, with post-infection viability of the host cells being almost 100%. Adenoviral vectors also remain epichromosomal, meaning that they do not integrate into the host chromosome and therefore do not inactivate genes or activate oncogenes. A number of vendors provide adenoviral vectors and services relating to adenoviruses such as Vector BioLabs (Philadelphia, Pa.), SignaGen Laboratories (Rockville, Md.), Microbix Biosystems Inc. (Mississauga, Ontario), and Cell Biolabs, Inc. (San Diego, Calif.).
In some embodiments, the immunological composition therefore includes C. difficile peptides encoded by and expressed from an Adenovirus (Ad) based vector. For example, the serotype 5 human adenovirus with mutations in the viral E1 and E3 genes can be used. Such an adenovirus is replication incompetent. It is a safe and highly immunogenic vector in studies with laboratory animals and early-phase human clinical trials. Wang L, et al. J Virol 83:7166-7175 (2009); Catanzaro A T, et al. Vaccine 25:4085-4092 (2007), which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
One aspect of the invention is an Adenovirus based construct expressing the C-terminal, highly immunogenic region of the C. difficile toxin A (amino acids 1870-2680, e.g. SEQ ID NO:2). The results described herein indicate even moderate doses of this construct are able to generate rapid and robust C. difficile specific humoral as well as T cellular immune responses in mice. For example, the Adenovirus based construct that expresses a portion of the Clostridium difficile toxin A polypeptide (having SEQ ID NO:2) provides 100% protection from lethal challenges with toxin A.
The Adenovirus based construct can also express a Clostridium difficile toxin B peptide (e.g., a peptide selected from a region of the SEQ ID NO:6 polypeptide). Alternatively, two Adenovirus based constructs can be employed, one to express the Clostridium difficile toxin A polypeptide, and the other to express the Clostridium difficile toxin B polypeptide.
In some embodiments, the C. difficile peptide(s) are subcloned into pShuttle-CMV using procedures described by Seregin et al. (Blood 2010 Sep. 9; 116(10):1669-77 (2010), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Recombination and viral propagation can be performed as described by Seregin et al., Blood 116(10):1669-77 (2010); Ng & Graham, Methods Molec. Med. 69:389-414 (2002); Seregin et al. Gene Ther. 16(10):1245-59 (2009), each of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The article by Seregin et al., Vaccine 30:1492-1501 (2012) provides further information and is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The amounts of vector(s) or peptides administered to achieve a particular outcome will vary depending on various factors including, but not limited to, the gene and promoter chosen, the condition, patient specific parameters, e.g., height, weight and age, and whether prevention or treatment is to be achieved. The vector or peptide may be amenable to chronic use.
The vectors and/or peptides described herein can be used to protect against or ameliorate the symptoms of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD). As illustrated herein, an immunological composition that includes the peptides and/or vectors described herein has efficacy for treating and inhibiting infection of C. difficile. For example, the vectors and/or peptides described herein can induce robust Toxin A-specific T cell responses. The Toxin A peptides described herein, whether injected as immunogens or administered and expressed from an expression vector, are immunogenic T cell epitopes. In addition, vaccination with the vectors and/or peptides described herein completely protects mammals from lethal exposure to Toxin A.
Vectors or peptides of the invention may conveniently be provided in the form of formulations suitable for administration. A suitable administration format may best be determined by a medical practitioner for each patient individually, according to standard procedures. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and their formulation are described in standard formulations treatises, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceuticals Sciences. Vectors or fusion peptides of the present invention may be formulated in solution at neutral pH, for example, about pH 6.5 to about pH 8.5, more preferably from about pH 7 to 8, with an excipient to bring the solution to about isotonicity, for example, 4.5% mannitol or 0.9% sodium chloride, pH buffered with art-known buffer solutions, such as sodium phosphate, that are generally regarded as safe, together with an accepted preservative such as metacresol 0.1% to 0.75%, more preferably from 0.15% to 0.4% metacresol. Obtaining a desired isotonicity can be accomplished using sodium chloride or other pharmaceutically acceptable agents such as dextrose, boric acid, sodium tartrate, propylene glycol, polyols (such as mannitol and sorbitol), or other inorganic or organic solutes. Sodium chloride is preferred particularly for buffers containing sodium ions. If desired, solutions of the above compositions can also be prepared to enhance shelf life and stability. Therapeutically useful compositions of the invention can be prepared by mixing the ingredients following generally accepted procedures. For example, the selected components can be mixed to produce a concentrated mixture which may then be adjusted to the final concentration and viscosity by the addition of water and/or a buffer to control pH or an additional solute to control tonicity.
The vectors or peptides can be provided in a dosage form containing an amount of a vector or peptide effective in one or multiple doses. For viral vectors, the effective dose may be in the range of at least about 107 viral particles, e.g., about 109 viral particles, 1011 viral particles or 1014 viral. As noted, the exact dose to be administered is determined by the attending clinician, but is may be in 1 mL phosphate buffered saline. For delivery of plasmid DNA alone, or plasmid DNA in a complex with other macromolecules, the amount of DNA to be administered will be an amount which results in a beneficial effect to the recipient. For example, from 0.0001 to 1 mg or more, e.g., up to 1 g, in individual or divided doses, e.g., from 0.001 to 0.5 mg, or 0.01 to 0.1 mg, of DNA can be administered. For delivery of the peptide, the amount administered is an amount which results in a beneficial effect to the recipient. For example, from 0.0001 to 100 mg or more, e.g., up to 1 g, in individual or divided doses, e.g., from 0.001 to 0.5 g, or 0.01 to 0.1 g, of peptide can be administered.
Administration of the vector or peptide in accordance with the present invention may be continuous or intermittent, depending, for example, upon the recipient's physiological condition, whether the purpose of the administration is therapeutic or prophylactic, and other factors known to skilled practitioners. The administration of the vector or peptide may be essentially continuous over a preselected period of time or may be in a series of spaced doses. Both local (e.g., intramuscular) and systemic administration is contemplated.
One or more suitable unit dosage forms comprising the vector or peptide, which may optionally be formulated for sustained release, can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, or parenteral, including by rectal, buccal, vaginal and sublingual, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, intrapulmonary and intranasal routes. In some embodiments, administration can be into the blood stream (e.g., in an intracoronary artery). The formulations may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete unit dosage forms and may be prepared by any of the methods well known to pharmacy. Such methods may include the step of bringing into association the vector or peptide with liquid carriers, solid matrices, semi-solid carriers, finely divided solid carriers or combinations thereof, and then, if necessary, introducing or shaping the product into the desired delivery system.
Pharmaceutical formulations containing the vector or peptide can be prepared by procedures known in the art using well known and readily available ingredients. For example, the agent can be formulated with common excipients, diluents, or carriers, and formed into tablets, capsules, suspensions, powders, and the like. The vectors or peptides of the invention can also be formulated as elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or as solutions appropriate for parenteral administration, for instance by intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous routes.
The pharmaceutical formulations of the vectors or peptides can also take the form of an aqueous or anhydrous solution or dispersion, or alternatively the form of an emulsion or suspension.
Thus, the vector or peptide(s) may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion containers or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The active ingredients may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
These formulations can contain pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles and adjuvants which are well known in the prior art. It is possible, for example, to prepare solutions using one or more organic solvent(s) that is/are acceptable from the physiological standpoint.
For administration to the upper (nasal) or lower respiratory tract by inhalation, the vectors or peptide(s) are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer or a pressurized pack or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, the composition may take the form of a dry powder, for example, a powder mix of the therapeutic agent (e.g., a vector or peptide) and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges, or, e.g., gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator, insufflator or a metered-dose inhaler.
For intra-nasal administration, the vectors or peptides may be administered via nose drops, a liquid spray, such as via a plastic bottle atomizer or metered-dose inhaler. Typical of atomizers are the Mistometer (Wintrop) and the Medihaler (Riker).
For topical administration, the vectors or peptides may be formulated as is known in the art for direct application to a target area. Conventional forms for this purpose include wound dressings, coated bandages or other polymer coverings, ointments, creams, lotions, pastes, jellies, sprays, and aerosols, as well as in toothpaste and mouthwash, or by other suitable forms. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents. The active ingredients can also be delivered via iontophoresis, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,140,122; 4,383,529; or 4,051,842. The percent by weight of a therapeutic agent of the invention present in a topical formulation will depend on various factors, but generally will be from 0.01% to 95% of the total weight of the formulation, and typically 0.1-25% by weight.
When desired, the above-described formulations can be adapted to give sustained release of the active ingredient employed, e.g., by combination with certain hydrophilic polymer matrices, e.g., comprising natural gels, synthetic polymer gels or mixtures thereof.
Drops, such as eye drops or nose drops, may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base also comprising one or more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents or suspending agents. Liquid sprays are conveniently delivered from pressurized packs. Drops can be delivered via a simple eye dropper-capped bottle, or via a plastic bottle adapted to deliver liquid contents drop-wise, via a specially shaped closure.
The vectors or peptides may further be formulated for topical administration in the mouth or throat. For example, the active ingredients may be formulated as a lozenge further comprising a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the composition in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; mouthwashes comprising the composition of the present invention in a suitable liquid carrier; and pastes and gels, e.g., toothpastes or gels, comprising the composition of the invention.
The formulations and compositions described herein may also contain other ingredients such as antiviral agents, antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents or preservatives.
The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of a dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal and the like. In many cases it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the vector or peptide in a selected amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the sterilized active ingredient into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preparation can be vacuum dried or freeze dried to yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from the previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
For purposes of topical administration, dilute sterile, aqueous solutions (usually in about 0.1% to 5% concentration), otherwise similar to the above parenteral solutions, are prepared in containers suitable for incorporation into a transdermal patch, and can include known carriers, such as pharmaceutical grade dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
The therapeutic vectors and/or peptides of this invention may be administered to a mammal alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. As noted above, the relative proportions of active ingredient and carrier are determined by the solubility and chemical nature of the compound, chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
The dosage of the present therapeutic agents which will be most suitable for prophylaxis or treatment will vary with the form of administration, and the physiological characteristics of the particular patient under treatment. Generally, small dosages will be used initially and, if necessary, will be increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached.
A “vector” refers to a macromolecule or association of macromolecules that comprises or associates with a polynucleotide, and which can be used to mediate delivery of the polynucleotide to a cell, either in vitro or in vivo. Illustrative vectors include, for example, plasmids, viral vectors, liposomes and other gene delivery vehicles. The polynucleotide to be delivered, sometimes referred to as a “target polynucleotide” or “transgene,” may comprise a coding sequence of interest in gene therapy (such as a gene encoding a protein of therapeutic interest), a coding sequence of interest in vaccine development (such as a polynucleotide expressing a protein, polypeptide or peptide suitable for eliciting an immune response in a mammal), and/or a selectable or detectable marker.
“Transduction,” “transfection,” “transformation” or “transducing” as used herein, are terms referring to a process for the introduction of an exogenous polynucleotide, e.g., a transgene in vector, into a host cell leading to expression of the polynucleotide, e.g., the transgene in the cell, and includes the use of recombinant virus to introduce the exogenous polynucleotide to the host cell. Transduction, transfection or transformation of a polynucleotide in a cell may be determined by methods well known to the art including, but not limited to, protein expression (including steady state levels), e.g., by ELISA, flow cytometry and Western blot, measurement of DNA and RNA by heterologous hybridization assays, e.g., quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Northern blots, Southern blots and gel shift mobility assays. Methods used for the introduction of the exogenous polynucleotide include well-known techniques such as viral infection or transfection, lipofection, transformation and electroporation, as well as other non-viral gene delivery techniques. The introduced polynucleotide may be stably or transiently maintained in the host cell.
“Gene expression” or “expression” refers to the process of gene transcription, translation, and post-translational modification.
The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, including deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof. A nucleic acid may comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated or capped nucleotides and nucleotide analogs, and may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The term nucleic acid, as used herein, refers interchangeably to double- and single-stranded molecules. Unless otherwise specified or required, any embodiment of the invention described herein that is a nucleic acid encompasses both the double-stranded form and each of two complementary single-stranded forms known or predicted to make up the double-stranded form.
A “transcriptional regulatory element” refers to a nucleic acid segment that controls the transcription of a gene or coding sequence to which it is operably linked. Transcriptional regulatory sequences of use in the present invention generally include at least one transcriptional promoter and may also include one or more enhancers and/or terminators of transcription (e.g., a CMV/CMV regulatory cassette).
“Operably linked” refers to an arrangement of two or more components, wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in a coordinated manner. By way of illustration, a transcriptional regulatory sequence or a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the transcriptional regulatory sequence or promoter promotes transcription of the coding sequence. An operably linked transcriptional regulatory sequence is generally joined in cis with the coding sequence, but it is not necessarily directly adjacent to it.
“Heterologous” means derived from a genotypically distinct entity from the entity to which it is compared. For example, a polynucleotide introduced by genetic engineering techniques into a different cell type is a heterologous nucleic acid (and, when expressed, can encode a heterologous polypeptide). Similarly, a transcriptional regulatory element such as a promoter that is removed from its native coding sequence and operably linked to a different coding sequence is a heterologous transcriptional regulatory element.
A “terminator” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that tends to diminish or prevent read-through transcription (i.e., it diminishes or prevent transcription originating on one side of the terminator from continuing through to the other side of the terminator). The degree to which transcription is disrupted is typically a function of the base sequence and/or the length of the terminator sequence. In particular, as is well known in numerous molecular biological systems, particular DNA sequences, generally referred to as “transcriptional termination sequences” are specific sequences that tend to disrupt read-through transcription by RNA polymerase, presumably by causing the RNA polymerase molecule to stop and/or disengage from the DNA being transcribed. Typical examples of such sequence-specific terminators include polyadenylation (“polyA”) sequences, e.g., SV40 polyA. In addition to or in place of such sequence-specific terminators, insertions of relatively long DNA sequences between a promoter and a coding region also tend to disrupt transcription of the coding region, generally in proportion to the length of the intervening sequence. This effect presumably arises because there is always some tendency for an RNA polymerase molecule to become disengaged from the DNA being transcribed, and increasing the length of the sequence to be traversed before reaching the coding region would generally increase the likelihood that disengagement would occur before transcription of the coding region was completed or possibly even initiated. Terminators may thus prevent transcription from only one direction (“uni-directional” terminators) or from both directions (“bi-directional” terminators), and may be comprised of sequence-specific termination sequences or sequence-non-specific terminators or both. A variety of such terminator sequences are known in the art; and illustrative uses of such sequences within the context of the present invention are provided below.
“Host cells,” “cell lines,” “cell cultures,” “packaging cell line” and other such terms denote higher eukaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells including human cells, useful in the present invention, e.g., to produce recombinant virus or recombinant peptide. These cells include the progeny of the original cell that was transduced. It is understood that the progeny of a single cell may not necessarily be completely identical (in morphology or in genomic complement) to the original parent cell.
“Recombinant,” as applied to a nucleic acid means that the nucleic acid is the product of various combinations of cloning, restriction and/or ligation steps, and other procedures that result in a construct that is distinct from a nucleic acid found in nature. A recombinant virus is a viral particle comprising a recombinant nucleic acid. The term includes replicates of the original polynucleotide construct and progeny of the original virus construct.
A “control element” or “control sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence involved in an interaction of molecules that contributes to the functional regulation of a nucleic acid, including replication, duplication, transcription, splicing, translation, or degradation of the polynucleotide. The regulation may affect the frequency, speed, or specificity of the process, and may be enhancing or inhibitory in nature. Control elements known in the art include, for example, transcriptional regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers. A promoter is a DNA region capable under certain conditions of binding RNA polymerase and initiating transcription of a coding region usually located downstream (in the 3′ direction) from the promoter. Promoters include adenovirus promoters, AAV promoters, e.g., P5, P19, P40 and AAV ITR promoters, as well as heterologous promoters.
An “expression vector” is a vector comprising a region which encodes a peptide or gene product of interest, and is used for effecting the expression of the peptide or gene product in an intended target cell. An expression vector also comprises control elements operatively linked to the encoding region to facilitate expression of the protein in the target. The combination of control elements and a gene or genes to which they are operably linked for expression is sometimes referred to as an “expression cassette,” a large number of which are available in the art or can be readily constructed from components that are available in the art.
The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, or conjugation with a labeling component.
An “isolated” product, e.g., plasmid, virus, nucleic acid, polypeptide or other substance refers to a preparation of the product devoid of at least some of the other components that are typically present when that product is in its natural form. Thus, for example, an isolated product may be prepared by using a purification technique to enrich it from a source mixture. Enrichment can be measured on an absolute basis, such as weight per volume of solution, or it can be measured in relation to a second, potentially interfering substance present in the source mixture. In some embodiments, increasing enrichments of a product are more preferred. Thus, for example, a 2-fold enrichment is preferred, 10-fold enrichment is more preferred, 100-fold enrichment is more preferred, 1000-fold enrichment is even more preferred.
The invention will be described by the following nonlimiting examples.
This Example describes some of the materials and methods that have been used in the development of the invention.
Adenovirus Vector Construction, Production and Characterization:
All Adenoviruses utilized in this study were human Ad type 5-derived replication deficient vectors (deleted for the E1 and E3 genes). The Ad5-TA construct was made by specifically selecting a TA sequence that had not previously been tested, and optimizing the DNA encoding this TA sequence for human expression. The synthetic gene was obtained from GeneArt (Regensburg Germany, see website at geneart.com; now part of Life Technologies Corporation). The C-terminal region of TA (spanning amino acids 1870-2680) was subcloned into pShuttle-CMV using procedures described by Seregin et al. (Blood 116(10):1669-77 (2010)). This C terminal domain of TA is non-toxic and lacks enzymatic activity. Recombination and viral propagation were completed as described by Seregin et al. (2010); Ng & Graham, Methods Molec. Med. 69:389-414 (2002); Seregin et al. Gene Ther. 16(10):1245-59 (2009)). An Ad5-Null vector was constructed by recombining pShuttle (with no transgene) with pAdEasyl and purifying the vector construct as described by Ng & Graham (Methods Molec. Med. 69:389-414 (2002)). Propagation and characterization of all Ads was performed as previously described by Seregin et al. (Blood 116(10):1669-77 (2010)). All viruses were found to be free of replication-competent adenoviruses (RCA) both by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a RCA-specific region (E1 region amplification) and direct sequencing methods as previously described in Seregin et al., (Mol Ther 17(4):685-96 (2009)). All Ads were also tested for the presence of bacterial endotoxin as previously described by Seregin et al., (Mol Ther 17(4):685-96 (2009)), and were found to contain <0.15 EU endotoxin per ml.
Animal Procedures:
Adult BALB/c WT mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). Ad5 vectors were injected intramuscularly (IM), into the tibialis anterior of the right hindlimb, total volume 25 μl) into 8 weeks old male mice after performing proper anesthesia with isofluorane. A total of 1×1010 virus particles per mouse were administered IM. The number of animals used for each experiment was noted and is specified in the description of the figure(s). Toxin A challenge experiments were performed at 14 days post-injection as previously described by Gardiner et al. (Vaccine 27(27):3598-604 (2009)). In particular, 300 ng of freshly reconstituted toxin A (List Biological Laboratories Inc., Campbell, Calif. or Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.) in 100 μl (in PBS) was injected intraperitoneally per mouse. After challenge the mice were carefully and routinely monitored every 6 hours by lab personnel and by technicians from MSU animal core facility for mortality and other parameters, all in accordance with MSU ORCBS and IACUC. Plasma and tissue samples were collected and processed at the indicated time points in accordance with Michigan State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All procedures with recombinant Ads and TA were performed under BSL-2, and all vector-treated animals were maintained in ABSL-2 conditions. All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the Michigan State University ORCBS and IACUC. Care for mice was provided in accordance with PHS and AAALAC standards.
Antibody Titering Assay:
ELISA based titering experiments were essentially completed as previously described by Gardiner et al. (Vaccine 27(27):3598-604 (2009); Seregin et al. Gene Ther. 16(10):1245-59 (2009); and Hensley et al. Mol. Ther. 15(2):393-403 (2007)). Briefly, 50-100 ng of purified toxin A (diluted in PBS) was used to coat wells of a 96 well plate overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS-Tween (0.05%) solution, and blocking buffer (3% BSA in PBS) was added to each well and incubated for 1-3 hours at room temperature. Total IgG antibodies, were measured in plasma samples collected from naïve, Ad5-Null or Ad5-TA injected mice. Collection of plasma samples was performed at 3, 7 or 14 dpi. Dilutions were made in blocking buffer (1:10 to 1:40,000). Following dilution, plasma was added to the wells, and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Wells were washed using PBS-Tween (0.05%) and HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibodies (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) were added at a 1:5000 dilution in PBS-Tween. TMB (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) substrate was added to each well, and the reaction was stopped with 2 N sulfuric acid. Plates were read at 450 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer.
ELISpot Analysis:
96-well Multiscreen high protein binding Immobilon-P membrane plates (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) were pre-treated with ethanol, coated with mouse anti-IFNγ (or IL-4, or IL-2) capture antibody, incubated overnight, and blocked with RPMI medium (with 10% FBS, 1% PSF) prior to the addition of 1.0×106 splenocytes/well (see, Seregin et al., Blood 116(10):1669-77 (2010); Weaver & Barry, Hum Gene Ther (September 2008)). Ex vivo stimulation included the incubation of splenocytes for 18-24 hours in a 37° C., 5% CO2 incubator in 100 μL of media alone (unstimulated), or in 100 μL media containing:
(1) 2 μg/well of single peptides from a 15-mer-peptide library, spanning the C. difficile TA region, encoded by Ad-TA vaccine (15 amino acid peptides overlapping by 5 amino acids on both N- and C-termini); or
(2) a pool of 12 peptides from the library (each peptide 0.2 μg/well); or
(3) 0.2 μg/well of single most immunogenic peptides from the library; or
(4) Ad5-null vector inactivated at 56° C. for 45 min (100 viral particles/cell).
The library was produced by JPT Peptide Technologies (Berlin, Germany; see website at jpt.com). Ready-set Go IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-4 mouse ELISpot kits were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, Calif.) Staining of plates was completed per the manufacturer's protocol. Spots were counted and photographed by an automated ELISpot reader system (Cellular Technology, Cleveland, Ohio).
Cell Staining and Flow Cytometry:
Splenocytes from immunized mice were ex vivo stimulated with peptide #63 (2 μg/well) or with mixture of peptides (#9, #13, #51, #55, #63, all 0.4 μg/well) where the sequences of peptides are shown in Table. Following stimulation splenocytes were stained with the following antibodies: PerCpCy5.5-CD3, Alexa Floure700-CD8a, PE-Cy7-CD4, FITC-IFNγ, PE-IL2, Alexa Fluor647-IL4 (4 μg/ml), all obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, Calif.). Cells were incubated on ice with the respective antibodies for surface staining for 30 min. After washing, intracellular staining was performed: cells were fixed with 2% formaldehyde (Polysciences, Warrington, Pa.), permeabilized with 0.2% Saponin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), and stained. The violet fluorescent reactive dye (ViViD, Invitrogen) was included as a viability marker to exclude dead cells from the analysis. Cells were sorted using an LSR II instrument and analyzed using FlowJo software (Aldhammen et al., J Immunol 186((2):722-32 (January 2011)).
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining (Hepatic Inflammation):
Upon sacrifice, liver tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for 12 hours, washed in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and 6-μm sectioned were stained with H&E, exactly as previously described (Seregin et al., Mol Ther 17(4):685-96 (2009); Hu et al., Hum Gene Ther 10(3):355-64 (1999)). The inventors adapted a previously developed semi-quantitative scoring system, which allows the level of hepatic pathology between different liver sections to be quantified and statistically compared (Seregin et al., Mol Ther 17(4):685-96 (2009); Hu et al., Hum Gene Ther 10(3):355-64 (1999)). For every mouse, liver sections obtained at different portions of the liver (0-1000 μm from liver surface) were analyzed and given a numerical score (0-3) for three different categories of liver pathology (portal, periportal, lobular) for at least 15 fields per mouse. A qualified pathologist was consulted prior to performing scoring in blind manner (performed by 2 researchers with similar results). The sum of scores (all fields) for each mouse was taken and individual category scores were averaged for each group. Total inflammation index was computed by averaging the sum of all three individual category scores for each mouse (Seregin et al., Mol Ther 17(4):685-96 (2009); Hu et al., Hum Gene Ther 10(3):355-64 (1999)).
Statistical Analysis:
For every experiment, pilot trials were performed with N=3 per group. This allowed us to determine effect size and sample variance so that Power Analysis could be performed to correctly determine the number of subjects per group required to achieve a statistical Power >0.8 at the 95% confidence level. Statistically significant differences in Clostridium difficile specific adaptive immune responses were determined using statistical analyses specified in figure legends. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed for challenge experiments. Graphs in this paper are presented as Mean of the average±SD, unless otherwise specified. GraphPad Prism software was utilized for statistical analysis.
This Example illustrates the immunogenicity of the toxin A peptides with a SEQ ID NO: 2 sequence, including peptide sequences VNGSRYYFDTDTAIA (SEQ ID NO:3) and YYFNTNTSIASTGYT (SEQ ID NO:4).
As described in Example 1, a recombinant, E1 and E3 gene deleted Ad based construct was modified to express the C-terminal, highly immunogenic region of C. difficile toxin A (amino acids 1870-2680; e.g., SEQ ID NO:2). This vaccine construct is referred to herein as Ad5-TA (or Ad5-C. difficile-T A). Humoral responses are important for protection from C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD1 To investigate if an Ad5-TA vaccine construct is able to induce C. difficile specific humoral responses, the Ad5-TA construct was intramuscularly (IM) injected into adult BALB/c mice. A with moderate dose (1010 viral particles/mouse) of Ad5-TA or a control construct was employed. The control construct is referred to as Ad5-Null and is also described in Example 1. Elevated plasma levels of TA-specific antibodies were detected at 3, 7 and 14 days post injection (dpi) of the Ad5-TA construct. More specifically, significant (p<0.05) IgG titers were present as early as 3 dpi (
To examine if T cell responses to C. difficile Toxin A can be elicited by the potent Ad5-TA construct, cellular immune responses to peptides within the Ad5-TA construct were analyzed by ELISPOT assays. A 15-mer-peptide library was employed that spanned both N- and C-terminal portions of the C. difficile TA protein encoded by the Ad5-TA vaccine construct, where each peptide overlapped with its neighbor by 5 amino acids. Several clusters of immunogenic epitopes in the Toxin A non-enzymatic region were identified, with two being major immunodominant epitopes: VNGSRYYFDTDTAIA (SEQ ID NO:3) and YYFNTNTSIASTGYT (SEQ ID NO:4) (>400 IFNγ SFCs per 106 splenocytes), (
Administration of the Ad5-TA construct and analysis of splenocytes from immunized mice in an ELISPOT assay identified several other epitopes as also being highly immunogenic, including 3 epitopes yielding 150-400 SFCs, 4 yielding 100-150 SFCs and 2 epitopes yielding 50-100 SFCs per 106 splenocytes in the IFNγ ELISpot (
C. difficile toxin A-
The data in Table 1 were generated using an ELISPOT assay of splenocytes derived from Ad5-TA vaccinated BALB/c mice. The splenocytes were stimulated with 15-mer library spanning the C. difficile Toxin A region that is encoded by Ad-TA vaccine construct, followed by ELISPOT assay. In an EPISPOT assay, a peptide with high numbers of spot forming cells is an immunogenic epitope. Therefore, Table 1 provides the sequences of the peptides with the highest numbers of spot forming cells. The bold and underlined peptide sequences in peptides #13 and #63 were also identified by H2Kd (9-mers) epitope prediction (www.syfpeithi.de/scripts/MHCServer.dll/) as being good yields derivatives of peptides #13 and #63 as 2 top hits (highlighted in bold and underlined).
To further characterize T cell responses induced by the Ad5-TA C. difficile construct, splenocytes derived from Ad5-TA vaccinated (at 14 dpi) or naive mice were stimulated with peptide pools each containing twelve Toxin A-specific peptides. Utilizing these peptide pools, IFNγ or IL-2 based ELISPOT analyses were performed as well. As shown in
To assess the potential, non-specific Ad-mediated effects of vaccination, these responses were similarly analyzed after administration of an Ad5-Null control construct. An IFNγ ELISpot assay revealed a lack of any significant responses in both Ad-naïve and Ad5-Null injected mice, relative to the robust TA-specific T cell responses exhibited by Ad5-TA vaccinated mice (
Significant Ad5-specific T cell responses were detected in Ad5-Null and Ad5-TA injected mice, which were identical between the two groups of Ad5-injected animals, indirectly confirming that both the Ad5 control and Ad5-TA vaccinations were performed identically and therefore C. difficile TA-specific T cell responses are truly derived only from the adenoviral-mediated expression of the Toxin A protein (
Ad5 vaccines typically induce CD8 specific effector T cell responses, however, CD4 responses can also be induced by Ad based vaccines (Appledorn et al., PLoS One 5(3):e9579 (2010); Seregin et al. Hum Gene Ther (April 2011), which are specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. IL-4 and IL-2 Toxin A-specific ELISpot assays confirmed that a robust CD4 T cell response to Toxin A also occurred in Ad5-TA vaccinated mice. These data indicate that Ad5-TA administration induces robust pleiotropic CD8 and CD4 responses as well as potentially providing Th1/Th2 immunity to the C. difficile Toxin A protein (
Ad5-TA C. difficile Administration Completely Protects Mice from Lethal TA Challenge.
To determine if the rapid and robust induction of humoral and T cell responses elicited by vaccination with Ad-TA is clinically meaningful, mice were challenged with 300 ng (6×LD50) of purified Toxin A 14 days after administration of the Ad5-TA construct.
It was unclear, however, why some of Ad5-Null injected mice had survived the challenge, since similar challenges previously published resulted in 100% death of unvaccinated mice (Gardiner et al., Vaccine 27(27):3598-604 (2009)). The experiment was repeated using a Toxin A preparation from a source identical to the one used by Gardiner et al. (2009). Similar results to the first experiment were observed. While 100% of the Ad5-TA vaccinated mice survived Toxin A challenge, only about 50 percent of the Ad5-Null challenged mice survived while about 30% of naïve unvaccinated mice survived. Thus, the Ad5-TA vaccinated mice again exhibited significantly increased incidence of survival (p<0.05) as compared to unvaccinated mice (
The severity of hepatic inflammation in Ad5-TA vaccinated mice after TA challenge was also significantly reduced.
Recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) is associated with a lack of protective immunity to C. difficile toxins Toxin A and Toxin B. The incidence of CDAD reoccurrence ranges from 8 to 50% of cases with a trend to increase (Adam et al., The Lancet infectious diseases 5(9):549-57 (2005)). Patients developing high serum IgG antibodies titers against Toxin A during their first episode of CDAD are 48-fold less likely to develop recurrent CDAD (Ghose et al. Infect Immun 75(6):2826-32 (2007); Giannasca & Warny, Vaccine 22(7):848-56 (2004); Sougioultzis et al., Gastroenterology 128(3):764-70 (2005); Kyne et al., The New Eng J Med 342(6):390-7 (2000)).
The results described herein indicate that an immunological composition that includes the SEQ ID NO:2 antigen, or peptide antigens from within the SEQ ID NO:2 polypeptide has efficacy for treating and inhibiting infection of C. difficile. The dose regimen utilized in these studies (1010 viral particles/mouse) is a moderate adenoviral vector dose (Weaver et al., PLoS One 4(3):e5059 (2009); Gabitzsch et al., Vaccine (June 2009)). At least 20-fold higher doses have been utilized in mice for intramuscular immunizations (Pichla-Gollon et al., J Virol 83(11):5567-73 (2009)). Moreover, a dose of 1011 viral particles/person is a currently FDA approved dose for Ad5-based vectors, and is a dose that has been utilized in clinical trials (see website at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01147965). Even at these moderate dosages the Ad5-TA C. difficile construct disclosed here induced rapid (detectable as early as 3 days post-injection) and robust humoral and robust specific T cell responses to the C. difficile TA antigen. For example, T cell responses against the Ad5-TA construct were detectable as early as three days post injection.
The potency of this Ad5-TA C. difficile construct facilitated identification of important C. difficile TA specific immunogenic T cell epitopes, including those exhibited by the SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4 peptides. Furthermore, the data described herein confirm that the Toxin A specific immune responses induced by the Ad5-TA construct positively correlate with full protection of mice against C. difficile Toxin A challenge, which typically causes significant mortality. Moreover, such protections against C. difficile Toxin A challenge was provided by the Ad5-TA construct, even when the challenge is performed as early as 14 days after a single, Ad5-TA vaccination, which is a time point much earlier than expected (see, e.g., Gardiner et al., Vaccine 27(27):3598-604 (2009)).
Therefore, an efficacious, Adenovirus based construct described herein can be used to treat and inhibit infection of C. difficile, as well as the side effects of C. difficile infection (e.g., inflammation-induced hepatic tissue damage). The Adenovirus based construct described herein encodes the C-terminal, highly immunogenic non-enzymatic region of the toxin A protein expressed by C. difficile (the SEQ ID NO:2 peptide). Even moderate doses of this construct result in rapid and robust inductions of both humoral and cellular C. difficile specific immune responses in mice. T cell responses were also observed and characterized. The data relating to T cell responses indicates that the clusters of immunogenic T cell epitopes described herein may contribute significantly to immunity against C. difficile.
All patents and publications referenced or mentioned herein are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, and each such referenced patent or publication is hereby specifically incorporated by reference to the same extent as if it had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually or set forth herein in its entirety. Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into this specification any and all materials and information from any such cited patents or publications.
The specific methods, devices and compositions described herein are representative of preferred embodiments and are exemplary and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Other objects, aspects, and embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of this specification, and are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, or limitation or limitations, which is not specifically disclosed herein as essential. The methods and processes illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in differing orders of steps, and the methods and processes are not necessarily restricted to the orders of steps indicated herein or in the claims.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a bioreactor” or “a nucleic acid” or “a polypeptide” includes a plurality of such bioreactors, nucleic acids or polypeptides (for example, a solution of nucleic acids or polypeptides or a series of nucleic acid or polypeptide preparations), and so forth. In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated.
Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited to the specific examples or embodiments or methods specifically disclosed herein. Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited by any statement made by any Examiner or any other official or employee of the Patent and Trademark Office unless such statement is specifically and without qualification or reservation expressly adopted in a responsive writing by Applicants.
The terms and expressions that have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intent in the use of such terms and expressions to exclude any equivalent of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention as claimed. Thus, it will be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims and statements of the invention.
The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
The following statements of the invention are intended to describe certain features of the invention.
Other embodiments are described within the following claims.
This application claims benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/564,999, filed Nov. 30, 2011, the contents of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This invention was made with government support under National Cancer Institute Grant No. U01 ES/CA 12800 awarded by the National Institutes of Health; and by the Department of Defense Grant Nos. W81XWH-07-1-0502 and W81XWH-11-1-0108 awarded by the Department of Defense. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2012/067091 | 11/29/2012 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61564999 | Nov 2011 | US |
