The present invention is directed to implantable medication delivery devices useful for delivering prescribed medication doses to targeted body sites.
Commercially available implantable medication delivery devices are exemplified by a Synchromed product marketed by Medtronic (of Minneapolis, Minn., USA) and a MIP product manufactured by Minimed, now a division of Medtronic. Both of these devices employ a medication reservoir comprising a bellows that contracts as medication is extracted by a pump mechanism. The reservoir volume change is accommodated by a second chamber which contains a propellant such as Freon in a gas/liquid equilibrium. The propellant functions to maintain a constant absolute pressure at body temperature. In the case of the MIP product, the propellant is a liquid at body temperature creating a negative pressure reservoir. In the case of the Syncromed product, the propellant is a gas at body temperature creating a positive pressure reservoir. In both cases, the medication reservoir is maintained at a constant absolute pressure by the propellant. Although the reservoir, and therefore the inlet side of the pump mechanism are at a constant absolute pressure, the tip of an output catheter and thus the outlet of the pump mechanism, are at ambient pressure. Ambient pressure typically varies as a function of environmental conditions including local barometric pressure and altitude, etc. In addition, variations in temperature can produce variations in reservoir pressure. The combined effect of these conditions can produce pressure differences in excess of 500 millibars across the pump mechanism. In order to seal and pump across a pressure difference of this magnitude, these exemplary systems require pumps of a size which are not well suited for implantation in space limited sites, e.g., the brain, eye, or ear.
The present invention is directed to a medication delivery device comprising an ambient reservoir and housing integrated so as to be highly space efficient for reliably and safely delivering controlled medication doses to a target body site. Devices in accordance with the invention include a mounting structure for supporting a reservoir peripheral wall which includes a movable, e.g., flexible, portion. The reservoir wall has an outer surface exposed to an ambient pressure (equal to the pressure at the tip of an output catheter) which establishes the same pressure within the reservoir interior volume. As a consequence of the reservoir and catheter tip being at the same pressure, the pump size and energy requirements are reduced as compared to the aforementioned exemplary prior art systems.
In accordance with the invention, the reservoir wall encloses a variable volume for storing medication. The movable reservoir wall portion can be formed of flaccid nonextensible nonporous material or, alternatively, can be formed by a bellows or telescoping tubular sections. The mounting structure for supporting the reservoir wall preferably incorporates a pump/valve subassembly operable to draw medication from the reservoir via a fluid inlet and force medication along a fluid transfer passageway to an outlet port adapted to be coupled to the output catheter.
In order to reliably use an ambient pressure reservoir, a device in accordance with the invention is configured to prevent medication leakage (or flowthrough), i.e., unintended medication discharge through the outlet port, as a result of reservoir overfill and/or a pressure or force being applied to the reservoir. More particularly, it is unacceptable for medication to be discharged as a result of the reservoir wall being pressed, e.g., as a consequence of the patient being bumped. Thus, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment, the aforementioned pump/valve subassembly incorporates a safety mechanism which functions to normally block unintended fluid flow to the outlet port. One preferred safety mechanism in accordance with the invention uses a balanced valve which responds to a difference between the reservoir pressure and a pump chamber pressure. That is, an increase in reservoir pressure acts in a direction to seal closed the safety mechanism valve whereas an increase in pump chamber pressure acts to open the valve to effectively disable its normal blocking function.
In accordance with an alternative and/or additional feature for preventing medication flowthrough, a protective substantially rigid shell is mounted around the reservoir wall to prevent the inadvertent application of a force thereto. In order to maintain ambient pressure in the reservoir, the shell is configured to allow body fluid to enter and exit the shell to enable the reservoir to expand (when being filled with medication) and contract (as medication is being discharged). In accordance with a second preferred embodiment, the shell includes a diffusive membrane (e.g., cellulose acetate membrane) that permits body fluid to flow slowly into the shell interior volume but prevents undesirable tissue growth therein. The shell preferably also includes a check valve which permits relatively rapid fluid outflow to permit the reservoir to fill and expand within the shell interior volume.
A preferred mounting structure in accordance with the invention supports the reservoir wall and functionally integrates the pump/valve subassembly. The pump/valve subassembly includes an inlet port and a fluid passageway extending to an outlet port. A first check valve, permitting fluid inflow only is included in the passageway downstream from the fluid inlet. A pump chamber is included in the passageway between the first check valve and a safety mechanism located upstream from the outlet port. A pump element coupled to the pump chamber is operable to produce (1) a suction for drawing medication past the first check valve into the pump chamber and (2) a pressure for expelling medication from the pump chamber toward said safety mechanism.
As previously mentioned, the safety mechanism is provided to prevent unintended medication flow to the outlet port. The safety mechanism includes a valve element movable between (1) a flow position and (2) a flow-block position. In a preferred embodiment, the safety valve element is normally in the flow-block position. However, a pressure increase in the pump chamber produced by the pump element acts to move the safety valve element to the flow position thus temporarily disabling the flow blocking function.
Attention is initially directed to
The variable volume reservoir 24 is comprised of a wall 42 including at least a portion supported for movement to enable the reservoir interior volume 44 to expand and contract. Although the reservoir 24 is most simply formed of flexible, or flaccid, nonextensible nonporous material forming a sack, it can also be provided in various alternative configurations. For example, the reservoir 24 can be configured as a bellows, telescoping tubular sections, or as a shaped rubber boot having a stiffened base such that the base lifts and the boot's sidewall rolls upon itself, as the reservoir interior volume changes.
The reservoir outlet 46 is coupled via a fluid passageway 48 to a system output port 50. The system output port 50 is typically coupled to a catheter 52 whose downstream end, or tip 54, is intended to infuse medication into targeted body tissue, e.g., brain tissue, blood or intraperitoneal space. The fluid passageway 48 is comprised of a first, or upstream, check valve 56 which leads to an entrance port 58 of a pump chamber 60. A pump chamber exit port 62 is coupled to a second, or downstream, check valve 64 which leads to the aforementioned system output port 50.
The pump chamber 60 is defined by a peripheral wall 68 including a movable portion, e.g., a piston or diaphragm 70. The diaphragm 70 is coupled to an actuator 72 configured to displace the diaphragm 70 reciprocally between a first position which contracts the volume of the pump chamber 60 and a second position which expands the volume of the chamber 60. Thus, when the diaphragm 70 moves downwardly as represented in
A system of the type represented in
In order to use an ambient pressure reservoir in the medication delivery system exemplified by
Thus, preferred embodiments of the invention, as detailed in
Attention is now directed to
The medication delivery device depicted in
The housing 120 and subassembly 140 together form a mounting structure for supporting a reservoir wall 144 of nonextensible nonporous material which extends loosely over the subassembly 140. The peripheral edge 146 of wall 144 is preferably sealed to the under surface of flange 128 to thus form a closed reservoir volume 148 above the upper surface of subassembly 140 for storing fluid medication.
The pump/valve subassembly 140 preferably comprises a thin flat structure formed by laminating two or more plates 152, 154. The laminated plates can be formed and assembled using a variety of materials, e.g., titanium, stainless steel, silicon, plastic, etc. and known fabrication techniques appropriate to the materials and the desired dimensions and tolerances.
With continuing reference to
The pump diaphragm 178 is mounted for movement, as by coupling it to a stem 188 of the linear actuator 138. When the actuator 138 pulls the stem downward (as viewed in
The outlet of check valve 180 opens via port 194 to safety valve 196, analogous to safety mechanism 110 of
Under normal conditions with the actuator 138 dormant, ambient reservoir pressure is applied to both faces of valve disc 198 and it remains in a flow-block position sealed against valve seat 200 so as to block outflow from check valve 180 to output port 164. If the reservoir pressure increases, e.g., attributable to the patient being bumped or pressing the reservoir wall, the pressure will increase equally on both faces of the valve disc 198, thereby leaving the disc 198 seated. Thus, the inclusion of safety valve 196 upstream from outlet port 164 prevents a failure mode which could, in the absence of the safety valve, unintentionally force medication out through the outlet port 164. When the actuator 138 is activated, however, the upward movement of diaphragm 178 forces medication from the pump chamber 176 past the check valve 180 to the upper face of valve disc 198. The resulting unbalanced pressure on valve disc 198 unseats the disc thereby disabling its flow blocking function to permit medication to flow therepast to the outlet port 164.
Attention is now directed to
In order to expose the reservoir wall 144 to ambient pressure and permit it to expand and contract within the shell interior volume 252, means are provided to allow body fluid to enter into and exit from the interior volume 252. More particularly, a diffusive membrane 258 preferably formed of a cellulose acetate or similar material, is mounted between the hub 244 and outer ring 248. The diffusive membrane material is preferably selected to permit slow diffusion of body fluids into the volume 252 while preventing the in-growth of body tissue. A slow rate of fluid inflow is acceptable because, in typical applications, the reservoir will contract at a maximum rate of only about 40 milliliters per month.
On the other hand, when the reservoir is refilled via fill nipple 206, a greater rate of outflow from the volume 252 is required. Accordingly, an outflow check valve 264 is preferably mounted in the hub 244 to allow the reservoir to expand relatively rapidly and force fluid out of the volume 252. Check valve 264 is comprised of a stem 266 carrying a retention rod 268 on its lower end and a sealing disc 270 on its upper end. When the reservoir expands, it increases the pressure in volume 252 to lift disk 270 permitting the outflow of fluid through opening 272 around stem 266.
Attention is now directed to
The spaced plates 304, 306 support a reservoir fill port 324 which includes a self healing septum 326. The reservoir volume 320 can be filled by a hypodermic needle (not shown) penetrating the septum 326 and discharging medication through chamber 328 and ports 329 formed in plate 306.
The plate 306 functions as part of a pump/valve subassembly 330 which includes a fluid transfer passageway for coupling reservoir volume 320 to outlet port 332. More particularly, plate 306 defines inlet port 336 opening via check valve 338 into pump chamber 340. Pump chamber 340 exits past outlet check valve 342 to safety valve 348. Safety valve 348 includes a valve element or diaphragm 350 having one face 352 exposed via port 354 to the pressure in reservoir volume 320. A second face 354 of diaphragm 350 is exposed via check valve 342 to the pressure produced in pump chamber 340.
When the reservoir pressure exceeds the pump chamber pressure, it forces diaphragm 350 in a direction to seal against valve seat 360 to thereby block unintended fluid flow from the reservoir to the outlet port 332. On the other hand, when it is intended to flow fluid from the reservoir to the outlet port, the pump chamber pressure is increased to unseat diaphragm 350. When diaphragm 350 is unseated, medication is able to flow through the passageway from the pump chamber 340 to the outlet port 332.
From the foregoing, it should now be apparent that an implantable ambient pressure medication delivery system has been described including means for preventing the unintended discharge of medication into the patient's body. The described means includes a safety mechanism depicted primarily in the embodiments of
It should also be understood that although specific implementations have been described herein, it is recognized that variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art coming within the spirit and intended scope of the invention. Thus, for example only, it is pointed out that the check valves and safety valve illustrated could take many alternative forms using different valve elements and different mechanisms for producing the seating force, e.g., magnetic.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application 60/383,237 filed on 22 May 2002.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/US03/16329 | 5/20/2003 | WO | 00 | 12/19/2005 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO03/099351 | 12/4/2003 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4265600 | Mandroian | May 1981 | A |
4265601 | Mandroian | May 1981 | A |
4548607 | Harris | Oct 1985 | A |
4594058 | Fischell | Jun 1986 | A |
4668231 | de Vries et al. | May 1987 | A |
5704520 | Gross | Jan 1998 | A |
5954058 | Flaherty | Sep 1999 | A |
5957890 | Mann et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
6280416 | Van Antwerp et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6656158 | Mahoney et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
WO 9938551 | Aug 1999 | WO |
WO 0158506 | Aug 2001 | WO |
Entry |
---|
D Accoto, et al., Modelling of micropumps using unimorph piezoelectric actuator and ball valves, J. Micromech. Microeng, 10 (2000) 277-281, IOP Publishing Ltd, UK. |
Supp. Search Report Dated Jul. 23, 2008 in EPO App. Ser. No. 03 755 456.5. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20060122578 A1 | Jun 2006 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
60383237 | May 2002 | US |