Patent Grant
10500105
The present disclosure relates to incontinence detection systems and particularly, to incontinence detection systems that use a pad beneath a person lying in a hospital bed. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to incontinence detection systems that are able to communicate wirelessly.
Good medical practice dictates that patients who are incontinent should be removed from the wet environment as soon as possible to avoid skin breakdown which can potentially lead to pressure ulcers. Prior art incontinent detection systems that generate an alarm when wetness is detected are known. False alarms are sometimes generated in such systems due to perspiration rather than biofluids from incontinent events. Thus, incontinence detection systems that reduce the number of false alarms would be appreciated caregivers. Also, caregivers will appreciate incontinence detection systems that communicate with other healthcare information systems due to the enhanced alerting and data collection that such systems will permit.
The present application discloses one or more of the features recited in the appended claims and/or the following features which, alone or in any combination, may comprise patentable subject matter:
According to the present disclosure, an incontinence detection system for monitoring an area for the occurrence of incontinent events in the area may be provided. The incontinence detection system may include a substrate having a length and width defining a monitoring area. A sensor may be coupled to the monitoring area and may have a transmitter configured to transmit a wireless signal. The sensor may include a plurality of electrically conductive traces that may be coupled to inputs of the transmitter. Each trace of the plurality of electrically conductive traces may be arranged at measureable distances from each of the other traces of the plurality of traces on the substrate. A controller may be configured to determine a fluid volume in the substrate based on the wireless signal transmitted by the transmitter and the distances between the electrically conductive traces.
In some embodiments, the distances between each trace of the plurality of electrically conductive traces may correlate to predetermined volumes of moisture. Alternatively or additionally, the distances between each trace of the plurality of electrically conductive traces may be predetermined based on the area of the substrate and the absorption properties of the substrate. The plurality of electrically conductive traces includes may include at least three electrically conductive traces, for example. In some embodiments, the at least three electrically conductive traces may be positioned in predetermined parallel distances from each other in order to detect 50 mL and 100 mL moisture volumes. The transmitter may include a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit.
In some embodiments, a fluid volume threshold may be variable among a plurality of fluid volume thresholds so that the controller may generate an alarm if the fluid volume exceeds a selected fluid volume threshold and so that the controller may not generate the alarm if the fluid volume is below the selected fluid volume threshold. The plurality of electrically conductive traces may be laid out in a grid pattern to define a plurality of sensing blocks and wherein the fluid volume may be estimated by the controller based on how many sensing blocks of the plurality of sensing blocks have been exposed to fluid. The selected fluid volume threshold may be selected automatically by the controller based on information received from a remote computer relating to a condition of a patient. For example, the selected fluid volume threshold may be smaller if the condition of the patient indicates that the patient may be at risk of developing pressure ulcers than if the condition of the patient indicates that the patient may not be at risk of developing pressure ulcers.
In some embodiments, first and second fluid volume thresholds may be selectable from among more than two fluid volume thresholds. The controller may generate a first alarm if the first fluid volume threshold is sensed and the controller may generate a second alarm if the second fluid volume threshold is sensed. The first alarm may be different than the second alarm. For example, the first alarm may include a visual alarm and the second alarm may include an audible alarm. Alternatively or additionally, the first alarm may include an audible alarm at a first volume of loudness and the second alarm may include an audible alarm at a second volume of loudness. The first volume of loudness may be different than the second volume of loudness.
In some embodiments, at least one of the first alarm and the second alarm may include a transmission to a nurse call system. Alternatively or additionally, the first alarm may include a first textual message presented on a display and the second alarm may include a second textual message presented on the display. Thus, the first alarm may include a first visual alarm and the second alarm may include a second visual alarm.
Further according to the present disclosure, a controller for an incontinence detection system may be provided and may include a processor and a memory that may have stored therein a plurality of instructions that when executed by the processor may cause the controller to: receive sensed data from a sensor that may include a plurality of electrically conductive traces; determine if incontinence is detected based on the received sensed data; determine a number of the electrically conductive traces that may have been exposed to a fluid based on the received sensed data; determine a volume of fluid based on the determined number of electrically conductive traces exposed to fluid; select an appropriate alert from a plurality of alerts based on the computed fluid volume; and transmit the appropriate alert.
In some embodiments, the appropriate alert may be a patient-specific alarm dependent on a patient condition. Alternatively or additionally, the appropriate alert may be a patient-specific alarm dependent upon a pre-defined moisture volume. The plurality of alerts may include a plurality of visual alerts indicative of no moisture, moisture volume up to a predefined threshold, and a moisture volume above the predefined threshold. Thus, the plurality of visual alerts may include a plurality of pre-assigned colors.
Also according to the present disclosure, an incontinence event communication system may include an antenna that may be configured to wirelessly receive a sensor signal that may be emitted by a sensor. The sensor signal may be indicative of a moisture event. A scanner may be configured to detect the physical presence of a caregiver in proximity to a patient. A controller may be configured to power the antenna to receive the sensor signal in response to detection of the caregiver in proximity to the patient by the scanner to cause the antenna to receive signals from the sensor.
In some embodiments, the scanner and controller may be integrated into a mobile device. The scanner may be further configured to scan a barcode. The barcode may be associated with one of the sensor, the patient, a location of the patient, and equipment holding the patient. The scanner may be configured to actively or passively detect the proximity of the caregiver to the patient. For example, the scanner may detect the caregiver by sensing the proximity of a caregiver access card or identification card. Upon detection of the caregiver in proximity to the patient by the scanner, the controller may provide power to the antenna and may report an incontinence status to the caregiver.
Further according to the present disclosure, an incontinence detection system for monitoring an area for the occurrence of moisture events in the area may be provided and may include a substrate having a length and width defining a monitoring area and a passive sensor that may include a first connection trace, a second connection trace, and a plurality of electrically conductive sensing traces that may be spaced apart from each other by measureable distances. Some of the sensing traces of the plurality of sensing traces may be coupled to the first connection trace and others of the sensing traces of the plurality of sensing traces may be coupled to the second connection trace. A shield may cover the first and second connection traces to prevent exposure of the first and second connection traces to moisture. The plurality of electrically conductive sensing traces may be arranged at measureable distances from one another on the substrate. A controller may be configured to detect moisture in the substrate based on a signal received from the wireless sensor in response to fluid bridging a space between at least one of the sensing traces coupled to the first connection trace and one of the sensing traces coupled to the second connection trace.
In some embodiments, the substrate is wearable. Each of the plurality of electrically conductive sensing traces may extend in substantially perpendicular relation from its respective first and second connection trace. The measurable distance between adjacent sensing traces may be such that the minimum volume of moisture detected is 150 mL.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection system may include a pad having a plurality of layers including a top non-woven layer configured to be contacted by a user of the pad and a sensor grid that may be printed onto one of the plurality layers of the pad and that may be configured to detect moisture in the pad. The sensor grid may be printed onto one of a barrier layer, a non-woven substrate layer, and a film substrate layer.
In some embodiments, the sensor grid may be printed on a layer positioned beneath an absorbent layer having a super absorbent polymer. The sensing grid may be printed on a surface of the non-woven substrate that contacts the absorbent layer. The sensing grid may be printed on a surface of the non-woven substrate that contacts the barrier layer. The sensor grid may be printed on the barrier layer. For example, the sensing grid layer may be printed on the film substrate layer of the barrier layer.
According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection system may include at least one RFID sensor that may have a trace fluid detection grid that may be configured to detect a moisture event. A reader may be configured to poll the at least one sensor for detection of the moisture event. A controller may communicate the moisture event with one or more remote alert systems in response to a signal from the reader that a moisture event took place.
In some embodiments, the at least one RFID sensor may include two RFID sensors. Each sensor may include a fluid detection grid, a tuning circuit and a communications circuit, that may be mounted to a substrate for positioning beneath a user. The controller may communicate the moisture event to at least one of a nurse call system, an electronic medical record (EMR) system, an alert light, or a caregiver's mobile device.
In some embodiments, the incontinence detection system may include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that may be coupled to the sensor. The ADC may have an output that may provide an indication if the trace fluid detection grid is broken. The ADC may be included as part of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for example. The incontinence detection system may also have an RF suppressor that may be coupled to the trace fluid detection grid and that may be coupled to the ADC. The trace fluid detection grid may form a loop. A resistance of the loop may change depending upon an amount and location of moisture on the loop. The ADC may have an output that correlates to the resistance of the loop.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a patient support apparatus may include a frame that may include a patient support deck that may have a plurality of deck sections. A first deck section of the plurality of deck sections may be movable relative to at least a second deck section. A mattress may be supported by the patient support deck. The mattress may have a portion that moves with the first deck section. The patient support apparatus may further include an incontinence detection pad for placement on an upper surface of the mattress. The incontinence detection pad may have a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. A reader may be coupled to the frame and may be operable to read data from the RFID tag. A first antenna may coupled to an upper surface of the first deck section to move therewith. A second antenna may be coupled to an upper surface of the second deck section. The RFID tag may be excited by energy emitted from at least one of the first and second antennae through the mattress and data from the RFID tag of the incontinence pad may be reflected back to at least one of the first and second antennae through the mattress.
In some embodiments, the patient support deck may have a first side that may extend in a longitudinal dimension of the patient support apparatus and a second side that may extend in the longitudinal dimension of the patient support apparatus. The incontinence detection pad may be configured so that, when the incontinence detection pad is properly oriented on the mattress, the RFID tag may be closer to the first side of the patient support deck than the second side. The first and second antennae may be each positioned closer to the first side of the patient support deck than the second side.
It is contemplated that the frame may have a head end and a foot end. The incontinence detection pad may be generally quadrilateral in shape. In some embodiments, the incontinence detection pad may have first indicia indicating that a first edge of the quadrilateral should be oriented toward the head end of the frame. Alternatively or additionally, the incontinence detection pad may have second indicia indicating that a second edge of the quadrilateral, opposite the first edge, should be oriented toward the foot end of the frame. Stated another way, the incontinence detection pad may be generally quadrilateral in shape and may have first indicia indicating that a first edge of the quadrilateral should be oriented toward the foot end of the frame.
In some embodiments, the first and second deck sections each may have a hole therethrough. A first cable may couple the first antenna to the reader and a second cable may couple the second antenna to the reader. The first cable may be routed through the hole of the first deck section and/or the second cable may be routed through the hole of the second deck section.
In some embodiments, the second deck section may be movable relative to a third deck section. The third deck section may be situated between the first and second deck sections. For example, the first deck section may support a torso of a patient located on the mattress, the second deck section may support thighs of the patient located on the mattress, and the third deck section may support a buttocks of the patient located on the mattress. It is contemplated that a first gap may be defined between the first deck section and the third deck section and a second gap may be defined between the second deck section and the third deck section. A first cable may couple the first antenna to the reader and a second cable may couple the second antenna to the reader. The first cable may be routed through the first gap and the second cable being may be routed through the second gap.
In some embodiments, the frame may have a head end and a foot end and the patient support apparatus may further include an indicator unit that may be attached to the frame adjacent the foot end. The indicator unit may be signaled by the reader to provide a visual indication that the incontinence detection pad has detected incontinence. The indicator unit may have a light that is illuminated a first color in response to the incontinence detection pad detecting wetness, for example. The light may be illuminated a second color when the incontinence detection pad is in communication with the reader and the incontinence detection pad has not detected wetness. In some embodiments, the light may flash in response to the incontinence detection pad detecting wetness. The first color may comprise amber or yellow and the light may be illuminated green when the incontinence detection pad is in communication with the reader and the incontinence detection pad has not detected wetness. The light may be illuminated a third color when the reader is not in communication with the incontinence detection pad. For example, the first color may be amber or yellow, the second color may be green, and the third color may be white.
In some embodiments of the patient support apparatus, the first deck section may include a stationary portion and a translating portion that translates relative to the stationary portion as the first deck section is raised and lowered relative to at least one other portion of the frame. The first antenna may be coupled to the translating portion of the first deck section. The patient support deck may have a first side extending in a longitudinal dimension of the patient support apparatus. The first antenna may be located a first distance from the first side and the second antenna may be located a second distance from the first side. For example, the second distance may be larger than the first distance or vice versa.
The first deck section may support a torso of a patient located on the mattress. The second deck section may be a movable section that supports thighs of the patient located on the mattress. In some embodiments, the patient support deck may include stationary portions situated along opposite sides of the second section such that the second section may nest between the stationary portions when the second section is in a lowered position. The stationary portions of the patient support deck may be included as part of a seat section of the patient support deck, for example. The seat section may have a connecting portion that interconnects the stationary portions. Thus, the connecting portion may be located between the first and section sections of the patient support deck.
The patient support apparatus may further include an output port that is wired to the reader. The frame may have a head end and a foot end and the output port may be located adjacent the head end of the frame. In some embodiments, the frame may include a base frame and an upper frame that may support the patient support deck for upward and downward movement relative to the base frame. The reader may be coupled to the upper frame and the output port may be coupled to the base frame. The upper frame may include a longitudinally extending frame member and the reader may be coupled to the longitudinally extending frame member about midway between the head end and foot end of the frame, for example. In some embodiments, the output port comprises a female receptacle for a ¼ inch jack.
The patient support apparatus may further include bed circuitry that may be coupled to the frame and operable to control bed functions. The bed circuitry may have an output port through which bed data is transmitted. The reader may be coupled to the bed circuitry. Thus, in some embodiments, the reader may send to the bed circuitry detection information that may indicate whether the incontinence detection pad has detected wetness or has not detected wetness. The bed circuitry may transmit the detection information through the output port of the bed circuitry. For example, the detection information may be transmitted in one or more data packets that also include the bed data. Alternatively or additionally, the detection information may be transmitted in one or more data packets that do not include the bed data. In some embodiments, the reader may be configured to communicate wirelessly with a receiver of a network of a healthcare facility. Such wireless communication capability of the reader may be in lieu of, or in addition to, wired communication capability.
Accordance to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection system may be provided for use with a patient support apparatus that may have a head end and a foot end. Thus, the incontinence detection system may retrofit onto existing beds. The incontinence detection system may include an incontinence detection pad that may have a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The incontinence detection may also have a reader that may be attachable to the patient support apparatus and that may bed operable to read data from the passive RFID tag. A first antenna may be attachable to the patient support apparatus. A second antenna may be housed separately from the first antenna and may be attachable to the patient support apparatus at a location spaced from the first antenna.
The first and second antenna may be electrically coupled to the reader. The passive RFID tag may be excited by energy emitted from at least one of the first and second antennae and the data from the RFID tag of the incontinence pad may be reflected back to at least one of the first and second antennae. The incontinence detection system may further include a visual indicator that may be electrically coupled to the reader by a first cable that may have sufficient length to permit the visual indicator to be mounted adjacent the foot end of the patient support apparatus. The incontinence detection system may also have an output port that may be electrically coupled to the reader by a second cable that may have sufficient length to permit the output port to be mounted adjacent the head end of the patient support apparatus. In some embodiments, one or more of the visual indicator, the first cable, the visual indicator, and the second cable may be omitted from the incontinence detection system.
In some embodiments, the reader may be operable to write data to the passive RFID tag via the first and second antenna. A first bit of the data stored in the passive RFID tag may be set in response to the incontinence detection pad detecting wetness, for example. The first bit may not be set if the incontinence detection pad does not detect wetness. The first bit may change from being set to not being set in response to the incontinence detection pad becoming sufficiently dry after the incontinence detection pad has detected wetness. In some embodiments, a second bit of data stored in the passive RFID tag may be set in response to the incontinence detection pad detecting wetness and the second bit of data may remain set even after the incontinence detection pad becomes sufficiently dry after the incontinence detection pad has detected wetness to cause the first bit to change states back to not being set. Under such circumstances, the second bit may serve as a kill bit that indicates to the reader that the incontinence detection pad cannot be used again once it becomes dry after having been wet.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the data transferred between the passive RFID tag and the reader may be encrypted. The incontinence detection pad may include a top sheet, a backsheet having a pair of electrodes that are printed on the backsheet and that are electrically coupled to the passive RFID tag, and an absorbent core sandwiched between the top sheet and the backsheet.
According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, an antenna for use in an incontinence detection system may be provided. The antenna may include a housing and a ground plate that may be coupled to the housing and that may have a perimetral edge that has generally the same shape as is defined by a perimeteral side wall of the housing such that the ground plate may nest within the housing with minimal clearance between the perimetral edge and the perimetral side wall. For example, about one millimeter (mm) or less is within the scope of the term “minimal clearance” according to this disclosure.
The antenna may include a nonconductive substrate that may carry an antenna plate thereon. A set of spacers may support the nonconductive substrate in substantially parallel spaced relation with the ground plate to form a gap therebetween. A cable may extend through the perimetral side wall of the housing and into the gap in substantially parallel relation with the ground plate and the nonconductive substrate. The cable may have at its terminal end at least one first conductor that may be routed so as to be coupled to the antenna plate carried by the nonconductive substrate and at least one second conductor that may be routed so as to be coupled to the ground plate.
In some embodiments, the antenna plate carried by the nonconductive substrate may be substantially the same shape as the nonconductive substrate and may be located in the central region of the nonconductive substrate such that perimetral portions of the nonconductive substrate may extend beyond a perimeter of the antenna plate. The set of spacers may be attached to the perimetral portions of the nonconductive substrate and may be oriented in perpendicular relation therewith. Each spacer of the set of spacers may comprise a tubular member. A set of bolts may extend through respective apertures formed in the ground plate, through respective bores of the tubular members, through respective holes formed in the nonconductive substrate, and into threaded holes formed in the housing. The antenna may have a ground spacer that may extend between central regions of the nonconductive substrate and the ground plate in substantially perpendicular relation therewith. The ground spacer may be cylindrical and may be smaller in diameter than each spacer of the set of spacers.
In some embodiments, the shape defined by the perimetral side wall of the housing may be generally square. Alternatively or additionally, the shape of the ground plate may be generally square. Thus, the shape of the nonconductive substrate may be generally square and the shape of the antenna plate carried by the nonconductive substrate may be generally square. In some embodiments, a first length and a first width of the ground plate may be larger than a second length and a second width, respectively, of the nonconductive substrate. Optionally, the second length and the second width of the nonconductive substrate may be larger than a third length and a third width, respectively, of the antenna plate carried by the nonconductive substrate. If desired, the nonconductive substrate may be centered with respect to the ground plate. Alternatively or additionally, the antenna plate may be centered with respect to the nonconductive substrate.
In some embodiments, the antenna plate may be shaped as an elongated hexagon that may have first and second spaced apart side edges that are substantially parallel and that may be longer than four end edges of the elongated hexagon. Opposite pairs of the end edges may define opposite ends of the elongated hexagon. Such an antenna plate may have first and second elongated notches that may extend from the end edges of the elongated hexagon toward a central region of the antenna plate. For example, the first and second elongated notches may be substantially parallel with the first and second spaced apart side edges of the elongated hexagon. The notches may be open at the end edges of the elongated hexagon about midway between the first and second spaced apart side edges of the elongated hexagon. It is contemplated by this disclosure that the first and second notches may act as an electronic band gap.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection pad may include a top sheet that may be made of a fluid permeable material and a backsheet that may have a first layer of fluid impermeable material. A conductive ink pattern may be provided on the first layer and may be configured to form a first electrode trace and a second electrode trace. A passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag may be attached to the first layer and may have electrical contacts that couple to respective ends of the first and second electrode traces. An absorbent core may be situated between the top sheet and the backsheet. Wetness bridging between the first and second electrode traces may be detectable by the passive RFID tag in response to the passive RFID tag being excited by external energy.
In some embodiments, the first layer may comprise a low density polyethylene (LDPE) film. The backsheet may include a second layer which may comprise a polypropylene spunbond nonwoven layer to which the LDPE film may be adhered. In some embodiments, the LDPE film has a weight of about 18 grams per square meter (gsm). In some embodiments, the polypropylene spunbond nonwoven layer may have a weight of about 22 gsm. The LDPE film may be adhered to the polypropylene spunbond nonwoven layer with hot melt adhesive that may coat substantially an entirety of adjacent surfaces of the LDPE film and the polypropylene spunbond nonwoven layer. In some embodiments, a laminate formed by the first and second layers of the backsheet has a weight of about 48 to about 55 gsm.
In some embodiments, a minimum perpendicular distance between centerlines of straight line segment portions of the first electrode trace and the second electrode trace may be about 190 millimeters (mm). Alternatively or additionally, a centerline of a first straight line segment portion of the first electrode trace may be spaced by a perpendicular distance from a second straight line segment portion of the second electrode trace by a distance of about 200 mm. In some embodiments, a space between the first straight line segment portion and the second straight line segment portion may lack any further electrode trace portions such that small amounts of fluid deposited in between the first and second straight line portions may not bridge the space between the first and second straight line segments unless the amount of fluid exceeds about 120 milliliters (mL).
In some embodiments, the first electrode trace may have first and second straight line segment portions that may be oriented in a machine direction of the incontinence detection pad and the second electrode trace may have third and fourth straight line segment portions that may be oriented in the machine direction of the incontinence detection pad. A first wicking rate of fluid in the machine direction may be greater than a second wicking rate of fluid in a cross direction of the incontinence detection pad. The first straight line segment portion of the first trace and the third straight line segment portion of the second trace may extend all the way to a first peripheral edge of the backsheet.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink pattern may include a sacrificial trace segment from a second, next adjacent incontinence detection pad that was attached to incontinence detection pad during a manufacturing process prior to the incontinence detection pad being detached from the second, next adjacent incontinence detection pad. The sacrificial trace segment may have a pair of ends terminating at a second peripheral edge of the of the backsheet. The second peripheral edge may be spaced from and parallel with the first peripheral edge. The sacrificial trace segment may be somewhat U-shaped.
If desired, a tag footprint may be printed on the first layer of the backsheet to indicate a boundary within which location of the passive RFID may be assured to result in electrical coupling between the electrical contacts of the passive RFID tag and the respective ends of the first and second electrode traces. In some embodiments, the passive RFID tag may be generally rectangular and the tag footprint may be generally rectangular in shape. A foam pad may be situated between the passive RFID tag and the absorbent core and the foam pad may be sized to fit within the tag footprint. The foam pad may be adhered to the passive RFID tag with hot melt adhesive.
In some embodiments, the backsheet may be generally rectangular and the first and second electrode traces may have rounded corner portions spaced from diagonally opposite corners of the backsheet. A radius defined by a rounded centerline of the rounded corner portions of the first and second electrode traces may be about 190 mm. In some embodiments, the LDPE film is corona treated prior to the conductive ink pattern being printed on the LDPE film. The absorbent core may comprise an airlaid material. Optionally, the airlaid material may have a weight of about 135 gsm.
The backsheet may be rectangular in shape and the absorbent core may be rectangular in shape with the absorbent core having a smaller surface area than the backsheet such that peripheral portions of the backsheet may extend beyond the absorbent core around a periphery of the absorbent core. For example, end edges of the absorbent core may be spaced inwardly from end edges of the backsheet by about 55 mm+/− about 10 mm and wherein side edges of the absorbent core may be spaced inwardly from side edges of the backsheet by about 45 mm+/− about 10 mm.
In some embodiments, the backsheet may contain a registration mark that is used during manufacturing. Optionally, the absorbent core may be adhered to the top sheet but not to the backsheet. For example, the absorbent core may be adhered to the top sheet with hot melt adhesive that may coat substantially an entirety of adjacent surfaces of the absorbent core and the top sheet.
In some embodiments, the top sheet may be approximately the same size as the backsheet and may be adhered to the backsheet at peripheral regions of the top sheet and backsheet. The top sheet and backsheet may each be rectangular in shape. The peripheral regions at the ends of the top sheet and backsheet may be adhered by hot melt adhesive that may be slot coated onto the backsheet. The peripheral regions at the sides of the top sheet and backsheet may be adhered by hot melt adhesive that may be sprayed onto the backsheet. In some embodiments, the top sheet may comprise a polypropylene spunbond nonwoven material. A weight of the polypropylene spunbond nonwoven material may be about 17 gsm, for example.
In some embodiments, the top sheet may be generally quadrilateral in shape and the top sheet may have first indicia indicating that a first edge of the quadrilateral should be oriented toward a head of a patient under which the incontinence detection pad may be located. Alternatively or additionally, the top sheet may have second indicia indicating that a second edge of the quadrilateral, opposite the first edge, should be oriented toward feet of the patient. Thus, the top sheet may be generally quadrilateral in shape and the top sheet may have first indicia indicating that a first edge of the quadrilateral should be oriented toward feet of a patient under which the incontinence detection pad is located.
In some embodiments, the conductive ink pattern may be printed on the backsheet and then cured in line during manufacture of the incontinence detection pad. In some embodiments, additional reinforcement strips may be attached to the backsheet adjacent to sides or ends or both thereof. Alternatively or additionally, additional reinforcement strips may be attached to the top sheet adjacent to sides or ends or both thereof. In some embodiments, portions of the backsheet and top sheet adjacent to sides or ends or both of the incontinence detection pad may be folded over and adhered to the backsheet to create double thickness reinforced regions of the incontinence detection pad. In other embodiments, portions of the backsheet and top sheet adjacent to sides or ends or both of the incontinence detection pad may be folded over and adhered to the top sheet to create double thickness reinforced regions of the incontinence detection pad.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing an incontinence detection pad is provided. The method may include unrolling a continuous roll of backsheet material that may have a series of electrode traces printed thereon. Each electrode trace on the continuous roll may have a sacrificial trace portion. The method may further include attaching an RFID tag to a pair of terminal ends of a first trace electrode of the series of electrode traces and testing the first electrode trace by exciting the RFID tag with energy to confirm that the first electrode trace forms a completed short circuit between the terminal ends of the first electrode trace. The method also may include cutting the backsheet material at a location which severs the sacrificial trace portion from the rest of the first electrode trace, thereby leaving a pair of spaced moisture detection electrode traces on a first backsheet for a first incontinence detection pad and leaving the sacrificial trace portion behind on a trailing, second backsheet for a second incontinence detection pad.
In some embodiments, the method further includes laminating an absorbent core to a top sheet to form a laminate and attaching the laminate to the backsheet to sandwich the absorbent core between the top sheet and the backsheet. The laminate may be attached to the backsheet after testing the first electrode trace by exciting the RFID tag with energy. Alternatively, the laminate may be attached to the backsheet before testing the first electrode trace by exciting the RFID tag with energy. In some embodiments, attaching the RFID tag to the pair of terminal ends of the first trace electrode of the series of electrode traces may include removing the RFID tag from a roll of material carrying a series of RFID tags and adhering the RFID tag to the backsheet material. In some embodiments, laminating the absorbent core to the top sheet may include using a lined, combed, slot coating process to deposit glue in substantially parallel rows on the top sheet. For example, the substantially parallel rows of glue deposited on the top sheet may each be about 1 mm wide with a spacing between the parallel rows of about 4 mm.
In some embodiments, the method may include storing an identifier of the RFID tag of any incontinence pad for which the first electrode trace does not form a completed short circuit between the terminal ends of the first electrode trace as determined by the testing, whereby the identifier may indicate a rejected incontinence detection pad. The method may further include exciting the RFID tag with energy a second time to read the identifier of the rejected incontinence detection pad and scrapping the rejected incontinence detection pad by removing it from a manufacturing line.
In some embodiments, the method further include folding the backsheet, the absorbent core, and the top sheet before exciting the RFID tag with energy the second time. Cutting the backsheet material at the location which severs the sacrificial trace portion from the rest of the first electrode trace may occur after the backsheet, absorbent core, and top sheet are folded and before exciting the RFID tag with energy the second time.
In some embodiments, the method may include adding a mark to any incontinence pad for which the first electrode trace does not form a completed short circuit between the terminal ends of the first electrode trace as determined by the testing, whereby the mark indicates a rejected incontinence detection pad. For example, the mark may become visible when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection pad may include a substrate and a conductive electrode on the substrate. The electrode may have a pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions and a plurality of angled trace portions that may bridge the space between the pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions. The angled trace portions each may be non-parallel with and non-perpendicular to either of the pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions.
In some embodiments, spaces between adjacent pairs of the plurality of angled traces may be shaped as rhomboids. Optionally, the spaced and parallel elongated trace portions and the angled trace portions may have substantially equal widths. For example, the widths of the elongated trace portions and the angled trace portions each may be about 1 mm. A distance between outside boundaries of the parallel elongated trace portions may be about 3 mm.
In some embodiments, an RFID tag may be attached to the substrate and an electrical contact of the RFID tag electrically may couple with a terminal end of the electrode. If desired, the incontinence detection pad may further have a second electrode that may have a second pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions and a second plurality of angled trace portions that may bridge the space between the second pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions. The second angled trace portions each may be non-parallel with and non-perpendicular to either of the second pair of spaced and parallel elongated trace portions. The RFID tag may have a second electrical contact that may electrically couple with a second terminal end of the second conductive trace.
The substrate may comprise a sheet or film of polyethylene and the conductive electrode may be printed on the sheet or film of polyethylene. The substrate may further comprise a layer of nonwoven material adhered to the sheet or film of polyethylene.
According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, an incontinence detection pad may include a substrate, a first electrode on the substrate and a second electrode on the substrate. The first electrode may be spaced from the second electrode. A first RFID chip may be coupled to respective terminal ends of the first and second electrodes. The first RFID chip may sense an open circuit between the first and second electrodes in the absence of any fluid bridging a space between the first and second electrodes. The incontinence pad may have a sentinel electrode on the substrate and routed alongside the first and second conductive electrodes in close proximity thereto. A second RFID chip coupled to first and second ends of the sentinel electrode, the sentinel electrode may form a continuous loop between the first and second ends. The second RFID chip may sense that the sentinel electrode forms a closed circuit. If the sentinel trace becomes broken, the second RFID chip may sense an open circuit in the sentinel electrode and a signal may be sent by the second RFID chip to indicate that the incontinence pad should not be used because of the likelihood that at least one of the first and second conductive electrodes is also broken.
In some embodiments, the first and second RFID chips may be located on the substrate in side-by-side relation. The first and second RFID chips may be mounted on a common inlay which may permit the first and second RFID chips to be mounted to the substrate substantially simultaneously. The common piece of material may comprise a piece of foam, for example. The inlay may include a first pair of electrical contacts and a first antenna that may be coupled electrically to the first RFID chip and a second pair of electrical contacts and a second antenna that may be coupled electrically to the second RFID chip.
In some embodiments, the first and second antennae may be located on the inlay in a space defined between the first and second pairs of electrical contacts. Alternatively, the first and second pairs of electrical contacts may be located on the inlay in a space defined between the first and second antennae. In another variant, only one pair of the first and second pair of electrical contacts may be located on the inlay in a space defined between the first and second antennae. In some embodiments, the first pair of electrical contacts may couple to the terminal ends of the first and second electrodes and the second pair of electrical contacts may couple to the first and second ends of the sentinel electrode.
According to yet a further aspect of the pressing disclosure, a dressing for attachment to a patient having a wound is provided. The dressing may include a base sheet that may be made of fluid impermeable material. The base sheet may have a first surface and a second surface facing away from the first surface. A first moisture detection sensor may be provided on the first surface of the base sheet and a second moisture detection sensor may be provided on the second surface of the base sheet. A first fluid permeable cover sheet may cover the first moisture detection sensor and may be attached to the first surface of the base sheet. A second fluid permeable cover sheet may cover the second moisture detection sensor and may be attached to the second surface of the base sheet. A first layer of absorbent material may be sandwiched between the first surface and the first cover sheet. A second layer of absorbent material may be sandwiched between the second surface and the second cover sheet. The base sheet may be attachable to a patient such that the first surface faces toward the wound of the patient. The first moisture detection sensor may transmit a first signal if the first moisture detection sensor detects moisture from the wound. The second moisture detection sensor may transmit a second signal if the second moisture detection sensor detects incontinence from the patient.
In some embodiments, the base sheet may comprise polyethylene. If desired, the base sheet may be triangular in shape. A periphery of the base sheet may have adhesive for attachment of the dressing to the patient. Optionally, a peripheral region of the base sheet may extend beyond boundaries of the first and second cover sheets.
In some embodiments, the first moisture detection sensor may include a pair of spaced apart first electrodes and a first RFID tag that may be coupled to respective first ends of the first electrodes. The second moisture detection sensor may include a pair of spaced apart second electrodes and a second RFID tag that may be coupled to respective first ends of the second electrodes. The first RFID tag and the second RFID tag may have random delay times in connection with transmission of data in response to being excited with energy. At least one of the first and second RFID tags may be configured to receive a wireless message that may command the respective first or second RFID tag not to transmit any data in response to a next excitation of energy.
In some embodiments, the first electrodes and the second electrodes comprise conductive ink that may be printed on the respective first and second surfaces of the base sheet. A first peripheral region of the first cover sheet may extend beyond a first outer periphery of the first layer of absorbent material and a second peripheral region of the second cover sheet may extend beyond a second outer periphery of the second layer of absorbent material. The base sheet may be sized and configured to cover a sacral region of the patient.
In some embodiments, the base sheet may include a first base sheet layer and a second base sheet layer that may be removably coupled to the first base sheet layer. The first base sheet layer may carry the first moisture detection sensor, the first layer of absorbent material, and the first cover sheet. The second base sheet layer may carry the second moisture detection sensor, the second layer of absorbent material, and the second cover sheet. The first base sheet layer along with the first moisture detection sensor, the first layer of absorbent material, and the first cover sheet may be removable from the second base sheet layer to permit replacement of the first base sheet layer along with the first moisture detection sensor, the first layer of absorbent material, and the first cover sheet after an incontinence event without the need to replace the second base sheet layer carrying the second moisture detection sensor, the second layer of absorbent material, and the second cover sheet.
According to still a further aspect of the present disclosure, a method may include providing reconfigurable devices in a plurality of patient rooms, configuring a portable computer as a WiFi hotspot, programming the portable computer to transmit a service set identifier (SSID), transporting the portable computer into communicative proximity of a first reconfigurable device so that the reconfigurable device may be able to detect the SSID included in a transmission from the portable computer, detecting the SSID in the first reconfigurable device, ceasing communications, in the first reconfigurable device, with a network of a healthcare facility, using the portable computer to establish a secure shell (SSH) connection with the first reconfigurable device, and reconfiguring the reconfigurable device via the SSH connection.
In some embodiments, the method may further include checking, in the reconfigurable device, to determine if a signal strength of the transmission from the portable computer having the SSID meets a threshold signal strength prior to ceasing communications with the network of the healthcare facility. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further include transporting the portable computer out of communicative proximity of the first reconfigurable device and, in response, the first reconfigurable device may automatically reconnect to the network of the healthcare facility. For example, automatically reconnecting to the network may occur only after a threshold amount of time has passed after the portable computer is transported out of communicative proximity of the first reconfigurable device. The threshold amount of time may be about ten seconds in some embodiments.
In some embodiments, the portable computer and the first reconfigurable device may communicate via wireless transmissions. The portable computer and the first reconfigurable device may communicate according to the TCP/IP protocol. Alternatively or additionally, the first reconfigurable device may communicate via wireless transmissions with the network of the healthcare facility. The plurality of reconfigurable devices may include hospital beds. Alternatively or additionally, the plurality of reconfigurable devices may include incontinence detection systems.
Additional features, which alone or in combination with any other feature(s), such as those listed above and/or those listed in the claims, may comprise patentable subject matter and will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the embodiments as presently perceived.
The foregoing and other features of the various embodiments of the methods and apparatuses described herein will become more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for detecting incontinence or other moisture caused events associated with a person being monitored. Thus, it should be appreciated that the systems described herein are able to detect biofluids such as blood, urine, fecal matter, interstitial fluid, saline, or any other fluid having a large concentration of ions that easily conduct electricity. The term “incontinence” as used herein is intended to cover all of these biofluids. The present disclosure further describes systems and methods for reporting detected incontinence events to hospital caregivers, a nurse call system, or an EMR (electronic medical record) system to allow patients to be quickly removed from the soiled environment.
The illustrative system 6400 for detecting a volume of moisture on the occupant support 6402 includes a plurality of sensor traces 6408. The plurality of sensor traces 6408 in the illustrative example includes sensing traces 0-8. It is contemplated that there are more or fewer sensor traces in other embodiments. The sensor traces are placed at predetermined distances 6412 from one another and portions or segments of the traces lie in parallel. It should be understood, however, that while the segments (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) are shown in
In the illustrative example, sensor traces 0-7 are generally Z-shaped, each with a first end segment coupled to an RFID tag 6410, a second end segment spaced from the first segment and generally parallel therewith, and a middle segment interconnecting the end segments and oriented in substantially perpendicular relation with the end segments. The first segments of traces 0-7 are of decreasing length from trace 0 (i.e., the longest first segment) to trace 7 (i.e., the shortest first segment). The second segments of traces 0-7 are of increasing length from trace 0 (i.e., the shortest second segment) to trace 7 (i.e., the longest second segment). The middle segment of each trace 0-7 is approximately the same length as each of the other middle segments of each of the other traces 0-7. Trace 8 is generally L-shaped in the illustrative example having a first segment coupled to the RFID circuit in substantially parallel relation with the middle segments of traces 0-7 and a second segment that is substantially perpendicular to the first segment of trace 8 and substantially parallel with the first and second end segments of traces 0-7. The length of the first segment of trace 8 is approximately equal to the lengths of the middle segments of traces 0-7.
In some embodiments, the distance 6412 between each of the adjacent traces 0-8 is the same for each segment of each trace 0-8. In other embodiments, the distance 6412 between each of the sensor traces 0-8 is different. It is also contemplated by this disclosure that, in some embodiments, the distance 6412 between middle segments of traces 0-7 and between the middle segment of trace 7 and the first segment of trace 8 is different than the distance 6412 between respective first end segments of traces 0-7, respective second end segments of traces 0-7, and the second segment of trace 8 and the second end segment of trace 7 of other traces. The distance 6412 between each sensor trace is defined by one or more moisture management criteria, for example.
The moisture management criterion includes a moisture-related property of the substrate pad 6404 in some instances. For example, a moisture management criterion may be a moisture-related property of the moisture absorbent material of the incontinence pad (such as, for example, a wicking or absorption property).
In an illustrative example, the distance 6412 is in the range of about 4 inches, based on a desired moisture sensitivity in the range of about 50 milliliters (e.g., 6412 is the distance that 50 ml of liquid travels in the specified type of material forming the substrate 6404 or a layer of an incontinence pad in which the substrate 6404 is integrated). Thus, a notification is issued by a notification device as described elsewhere herein, when the sensor traces 6-7 are exposed to moisture indicating an amount of moisture in the range of about 50 milliliters (i.e., enough moisture to bridge two adjacent traces 6408). In another illustrative example, if moisture is exposed to sensing traces 6, 7, 8, a signal is generated indicating an amount of moisture in the range of 100 milliliters (i.e., enough moisture to bridge three adjacent traces 6408). Likewise, if sensing traces 5, 6, 7, 8 are exposed to moisture, a signal is generated indicating an amount of moisture in the range of 150 milliliters (i.e., enough moisture to bridge four adjacent traces). Thus, system 6400 is a high resolution incontinence detection system in that it is able to determine how much biofluid is being sensed by traces 6408. The sensor traces 6408 are connected to a passive RFID tag 6410 in the illustrative example. RFID tag 6410 is excited by a controller 6406 which transmits an electromagnetic signal and receives the response from the RFID tag 6410.
Referring now to
According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, RFID tags 6410, 6454 or the controllers, such as controller 6406, that read these tags 6410, 6454, are programmable such that subsets of traces 0-8 of
The plurality of electrically conductive traces of systems 6400, 6450 are, therefore, laid out in a grid pattern to define a plurality of sensing blocks (e.g., the spaces between the traces). The fluid volume being sensed by systems 6400, 6450 is estimated by the RFID tag 6410, 6454 and/or the associated controller 6406 based on how many sensing blocks of the plurality of sensing blocks have been exposed to fluid. In some embodiments, the selected fluid volume threshold is selected automatically by the controller 6406 based on information (e.g., a patient's Braden score) received from a remote computer relating to a condition of a patient. For example, the selected fluid volume threshold is smaller if the condition of the patient indicates that the patient is at risk of developing pressure ulcers than if the condition of the patient indicates that the patient is not at risk of developing pressure ulcers.
In some embodiments of systems 6400, 6450, as well as in other embodiments disclose herein, first and second fluid volume thresholds are selectable from among more than two fluid volume thresholds. The system controller 6406, such as a controller of a reader, generates a first alarm if the first fluid volume threshold is sensed by the respective incontinence detection pad, such as pad 6404 or pad 6452, and the controller 6406 generates a second alarm if the second fluid volume threshold is sensed. The first alarm is different than the second alarm in some embodiments. For example, the first alarm may be a visual alarm and the second alarm may be an audible alarm. As another example, the first alarm may be an audible alarm at a first volume of loudness and the second alarm may be an audible alarm at a second volume of loudness that is different than the first volume. Alternatively of additionally, at least one of the first alarm and the second alarm may include a transmission to a nurse call system. Further alternatively or additionally, the first alarm may include a first textual message presented on a display and the second alarm may include a second textual message presented on the display. Thus, the first alarm may include a first visual alarm and the second alarm may include a second visual alarm.
Referring now to
First and second sets of sensor traces 6506, 6508 extend from respective connector traces 6504A, 6504B in a direction substantially perpendicular to traces 6504A, 6504B. Traces 6506, 6508 extend across the moisture zone 6516 but terminate prior to reaching the opposite trace 6504A, 6504B. Thus, in the illustrative example, traces 6506 each extend from trace 6504B and terminal ends of traces 6506 are spaced from trace 6504A. Similarly, traces 6508 each extend from trace 6504A and terminal ends of traces 6508 are spaced from trace 6504B. A distance 6518 (shown in
The first 6506 and second traces 6508 are arranged in an alternating pattern along the length of the diaper 6514. Thus, trace 6504 and its accompany traces 6508 form a first comb-like pattern and trace 6506 and its accompanying traces 6506 form a second comb-like pattern. The comb-like patterns are arranged to that traces 6506 are interdigitated with traces 6508. The spacing distance 6518 is smaller than a spacing 6512 between adjacent traces 6506, 6508. Because of the shielding 6510 covering traces 6504A, 6504B, moisture that would otherwise make an electrical connection between terminal ends of traces 6506, 6508 and the traces 6504A, 6504B spaced therefrom by distance 6518, is unable to do so. Instead, an electrical connection is made between only when sufficient moisture is present to expose a first and second sensor trace 6506, 6508 to moisture across distance 6512. For example, in some embodiments contemplated herein, distance 6512 between first and second sensor traces 6506, 6508 requires that 150 milliliters (ml) of moisture be present within moisture zone 6516 before an electrical connection is made between adjacent traces 6506, 6508. Thus, the distance 6512 is selected in the illustrative example so that a signal from RFID tag 6502 is generated in response to moisture contacting one first sensing trace 6506 and one second sensing trace 6508 which occurs when about 150 milliliters (ml) of moisture is present in the moisture zone 6516.
By shielding connecting traces 6504A, 6504B with moisture resistant layers (not shown) that comprise shields 6510, oversensitivity may be avoided such that a signal may only be generated when a prescribed fluid volume is present in the moisture zone 6516. This prevents, for example, incontinence signals being sent by RFID tag 6502 in response to perspiration or other moisture that bridges across any of spaces 6518. Alternatively, connecting traces 6504A, 6504B are positioned outside of moisture zone 6516 as mentioned above to achieve a similar result. The first sensing traces 6506 and second sensing traces 6508 are spaced apart by a predetermined distance 6512 that is based on a desired moisture sensitivity which also takes into account the wicking and absorbency properties of the diaper or other wearable pad 6514 within zone 6516. According to the present disclosure, shielded connector traces, similar to traces 6504A, 6504B, and unshielded sensor traces, similar to traces 6506, 6508, also may be used in non-wearable pad embodiments, such each of the other pad embodiments disclosed herein.
According to this disclosure, tuning circuit 320 on sensor 310 may determine moisture presence by analog, digital or hybrid mechanisms. In one method of analog operation, as shown in
The current source 910 may be configured to selectively test the various trace pairs 316, 318 and/or multiple sources current 910 may be connected to multiple trace pairs 316, 318 in order to determine the reach of the conductive moisture.
In another approach, a completely digital implementation is used to determine the resistance, and therefore the amount of biofluid spilled, using a resistive voltage divider and a MOSFET coupled at the gate of a transistor to the center of a voltage divider. The output of the MOSFET indicates WET or DRY. The MOSFET may further be used as an active load and negate the need for the external voltage divider resistor to couple to adjacent conductive traces. An alternative digital implementation may include a standard cell analog to digital converter relying on the fluid signal not changing quickly or often. A low resolution ADC (6 bit or less) could be implemented as a resistive divider ladder on the ASIC die. Rudimentary comparators may be used to determine the value of the digital bit outputs. Still further, the sensor may be implemented as a switch.
In still another approach a hybrid circuit implementation, such as a coulomb meter, is used. The coulomb meter is used to estimate resistance by integrating the charge using a capacitor or other charge storage element that passes through the conductive strips embedded in the incontinence device (e.g., pad, brief, diaper, etc.) in a given time interval, and regularly resetting the charge on the capacitor and determining whether the voltage on the capacitor meets or exceeds a specific threshold. The voltage on the capacitor relates to the charge as Q=CV, where Q is in Coulombs, V is in Volts and C is in Farads.
Further according to this disclosure, it is desirable to know when an incontinence detection conductor (e.g., trace 316 or trace 318) has been broken, usually through mechanical forces. This broken wire or trace detection may be accomplished by measuring the voltage at the end of all of the incontinence traces on the device and ensuring they are at ground potential. These traces may be connected to inputs on the ASIC and the voltage determined using any of the methods outlined above (analog comparator, etc). Any trace that measures above ground potential can be assumed to be broken. A broken trace signal or data can be communicated to the ASIC and over the RF channel of the RFID chip.
According to some embodiments contemplated herein, RFID chip 322 operates at about 915 MegaHertz (MHz) and has a tamper evident, binary input into the RFID chip 322 which is normally (e.g., in other applications) used to detect if a package has been opened, but in the incontinence detection systems contemplated herein, this tamper detection input is used instead to report the “switch closure” caused by an incontinence event. In some embodiments, including those disclosed herein, the RFID chips used in the incontinence pads are passive chips that communicate with an associated reader by using the electromagnetic field generated by the reader to power the chip and communicate via so-called “backscatter” techniques. In other embodiments, semi-passive or active RFID chips are used.
Upon moisture detection, the tamper evident input of the RFID chip has an electrical signal applied thereto which sets a status bit in the RFID chip. When the RFID chip is interrogated by the associated reader, the RFID chip sends stored data including the status bit state (e.g., logic 1 or logic 0). The reader or other processing circuitry determines whether the incontinence pad is wet or dry by evaluating the tamper evident status bit that has been received by the reader. Discrete circuit components are used to match the impedance of the sensor traces and the RFID chip in some embodiments. Other embodiments may use RFID chips operating at high frequency (HF) (13.56 MHz), ultra high frequency (UHF)(800 MHz-1 Giga Hertz (GHz)) or microwave (2.4 GHz-5 GHz).
Referring now to
Sensor 1000 is illustratively a detection grid that is fashioned from a conductive ink which has several kilo Ohms (kΩ)/meter (m) resistance. Because sensor 1000 forms a complete loop, it is possible to detect a broken detection grid while still being able to sense conductive fluids introduced into the associated incontinence pad of which sensor 1000 is a part. When sensor 1000 is broken, an open circuit results and the resistance is effectively infinite. When moisture or liquid is present on sensor 1000, the wet part of the sensor 1000 is essentially a short circuit having zero resistance and the dry portion of sensor 100 is the only portion that contributes to the overall resistance of the sensor 1000. Thus, the sensor 1000 or detection grid divides into two parts, the wet part and the dry part. As such, the resistance of the loop of sensor 1000 changes depending upon an amount and location of moisture on the loop. The ADC 1004 has an output that correlates to the resistance of the loop of sensor 1000.
The RF suppressor 1002 located between sensor 1000 and ADC 1004 is a feature that is either printed on the associated incontinence pad or is on a circuit inlay. The RF suppressor 1002 excludes the RF voltage at the tamper evident input (see above discussion) of the associated RFID tag or chip. There is a limit for RF voltage that most RFID tags at their input terminals, such as the tamper evident input, which could be exceeded with the sensor 1000 detection grid and level of electromagnetic fields that may be generated by the associated antenna/reader combination with the expected power output on the order of 1 Watt (W) and antenna gain. The RF suppressor can take a number of forms such as a common mode choke formed by having serpentine lines right at the input terminals for the RFID inlay or, alternatively, by having tuned stubs to create an RF short and reflect the incident RF energy back into the sensor 1000 detection grid while still providing DC connectivity for conductive liquid detection.
Referring now to
In some embodiments, the sensor system or incontinence pad 300 and communication system 400 are implemented as part of a remote alert system 500 as shown in
Upon detection of a moisture event the controller 416 in housing 508 communicates with circuitry of bed 520 to activate one or more in-room alerts such as indicators or illuminating devices 510 that are located on bed 520 and that are easily viewed by a caregiver. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 416 communicates the event to devices for remote alerting such as a status board 512 or other visual display of a hospital information system, a hallway call light 514 such as a light in a dome light or alert light assembly, a computer monitor 516 of a nurse call system and/or an electronic medical records (EMR) system, or even a caregiver's mobile device 518.
The controller 416 communicates the moisture event via Wi-Fi antenna 418 or other known wireless communication equipment and protocols in some embodiments. Alternatively or additionally, controller 416 communicates the moisture event via a wired connection, such as a 37-pin nurse call cable. It will be appreciated that a healthcare facilities' network infrastructure, represented diagrammatically by arrow 524 in
In some embodiments, information indicating that the pad is dry or that no moisture event has occurred is communicated by controller 416 to one or more remote computer devices, such as an EMR computer, for storage in a patient's EMR. Such information is communicated at pre-set intervals, such as every hour or every half hour or more or less frequently, for example. The interval for communicating such information is programmable by caregivers in some embodiments. Further alternatively or additionally, a caregiver selects a user input such as an icon on a graphical display of a patient bed or at remote computer to command the reader to poll the incontinence pad to obtain information regarding the wet/dry status of the pad. By permitting the caregiver to determine when the incontinence pad status information is received, alert fatigue is avoided because the caregiver receives the information when the caregiver is able to act on it.
Referring now to
In some embodiments such as the illustrative embodiment, the processor 6614 of controller 6604 is communicatively coupled to one or more other computing systems, such as a hospital information system 6636 (e.g., a nurse call system and/or an electronic medical records (EMR) system), by one or more networks 6634 or other communication links. As such, occurrences of moisture detection events detected by the processor 6614 executing the moisture detection logic 6608 is communicated to one or more other electronic devices, as described above.
Memory 6612 may be pre-programmed with instructions for the processor to generate specific alerts based on one or more of moisture detection and a particular threshold of a volume of moisture being detected. For instance, the alerts illuminate one or more indicators that are color coded to indicate different levels of volume. In some examples, a first color, such as green, is used to indicate the substrate is dry; yellow indicates slight moisture or low severity notification such as 50 milliliters to 100 milliliters range; and red indicates a large amount of moisture such as greater than 150 milliliters which corresponds to the substrate 6624 being soaked and needing to be changed. The alerts can be further customized to individual patients depending on time of day, activity/mobility, age, weight, and type of incontinence. For instance, at nighttime the threshold for a severe alert may be higher so as to not unnecessarily disturb a patient's sleep.
As an alternative to continuously monitoring and instant notification of the moisture state of the patient, device 6602 can be handheld and incorporated in a mobile device such that a caregiver can “spot check” the patient while making patient rounds or while otherwise in the patient's room. This cuts down on the amount that system 6400 is continuously monitoring for events and reduces the amount of continuously generated data for system 6400 to handle. The terms “continuously monitoring” and “continuously generated” as used herein is intended to mean multiple times per second (e.g., every 50 milliseconds or every 200 milliseconds) or multiple times per minute if the polling cycle from transceiver 6616 is longer than one second, as well as including polling cycles that are longer than one minute. The term “instant notification” is intended to mean as soon as the system 6400 is able to process the information and activate a notification (e.g., turn on a light, display information on a screen, send a message to a mobile device, etc.) during its normal operation and so is intended to account for the inherent processing time in the system 6400.
For example, in the illustrative embodiment, device 6602 includes a reader 6618 with an antenna 6620 and communications circuitry 6622. Reader 6618 may be a barcode scanner in some embodiments. The caregiver carrying device 6602 uses the reader 6618 to scan a tag or token 6640 having a barcode or other ID information associated with a patient (such as a hospital ID bracelet) or associated with medical equipment used by the patient (such as a bed) or associated with the caregiver (e.g., the caregiver's own ID tag). In response to this scanning of ID information, the reader 6618 sends a signal to the processor 6614 via communications subsystem 6615 and, in turn, processor 6614 triggers the transceiver 6616 to interrogate the wireless sensor 6626 of the patient. If an incontinence event has occurred, as determined by processor 6614 based on the information sent back to transceiver 6616 from wireless sensor 6626, an alert is then shown on a display 6638 on the handheld device 6602 so that the caregiver can take appropriate actions while present with the patient.
As mentioned above, in some embodiments, device 6602 is attached to or coupled to patient equipment, such as a bed or chair on which the patient is supported. In such embodiments, the reader 6618 may activate the system 6400 to interrogate the sensor 6626 automatically in response to detection of the caregiver. For example, in some embodiments, the reader 6618 senses the presence of a caregiver tag 6640 using RFID or infrared (IR) technology when the caregiver is within reception range of reader 6618 which generally corresponds to the caregiver being within proximity of the patient on device 6602. If there has been an incontinence event, then the associated alert is shown on display 6638 of device 6602 so that the caregiver can take appropriate actions while present with the patient.
Referring now to
If incontinence is detected at block 6706 of algorithm 6700, the controller 6604 determines the number of traces exposed to fluid as indicated at block 6710. Based on the number of traces exposed to fluid, a predetermined distance between the traces, and the wicking properties of a substrate that holds the traces, the controller 6604 then computes a fluid volume detected as indicated at block 6712. The volume is compared to predefined alert thresholds by controller 6604 to determine if an alert (e.g., yellow for medium amount of fluid; red for a larger amount of fluid) is necessary as indicated at 6714 and, if so, the corresponding coded alert message is sent to display 6638 by processor 6614 of controller 6604 as indicated at block 6718. If the fluid volume detected does not meet any of the predefined alert thresholds, no alert may be generated as indicated at block 6716.
Referring now to
Sensing grids 814 include conductive ink traces as well as an RFID chip or tag as described above in connection with the embodiments of
In another exemplary embodiment pad 800B, as shown in
In another exemplary embodiment pad 800C, as shown in
In another exemplary embodiment, as shown in
In the illustrative examples of pads 800A-800D, each of layers 810, 812816, 818, 820, 822, 824, to the extent present, are generally rectangular in shape. However, layers 812, 818 are slightly smaller in length and width dimensions than layers 810, 816, 820, 822, 824. The larger-sized layers 810, 816, 820, 822, 824 are attached at their peripheries (again, to the extent present in any particular pad 800A-D) such as by sewing, sonic or RF welding, adhesive or other laminating technique. Thus, the periphery of the absorbent material layers 812, 818 is inset by a small amount from the overall periphery of pads 800A-D. The sensing grids 814 are within the periphery of the absorbent layers 812, 818 and so are also inset from the overall periphery of pads 800A-D. In other embodiments, the layers 810, 812816, 818, 820, 822, 824 are attached to each other across their entire widths and not just at the peripheries.
In the illustrative examples, incontinence pad 300 includes two sensors 310, 312 and incontinence pads 800A-D each include two sensors 814. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure for only a single sensor, with a single RFID tag or chip, to be used in pads that are generally the same size as pads 300, 800A-D or even larger. The use of two sensors in the illustrative examples was dictated by the equipment available to screen print the traces (e.g., traces 316, 318) of the sensors. Thus, use of larger screen printing equipment permits the traces to be made larger and therefore, permits a single-sensor pad to be manufactured.
In a prototype embodiment, the sensor traces were printed using a standard screen printer. Individual sheets of PE were manually placed on the printer. After printing, the individual PE sheets were manually placed on a rack to separate each sheet. The rack of sensors was placed into an oven and the ink (silver in the prototype) of the sensors was thermally cured. An RFID label that used an existing RFID chip from Convergence Systems Limited of Hong Kong was then attached to PE sheet having the cured traces. The RFID label was printed and cured on an existing high volume roll-to-roll system. An adhesive was applied to the RFID label and the label was manually attached to the printed sensor. Copper rivets were then use to electrically attach the label to the sensor traces. The pad of the prototype was a standard pad available from Principle Business Enterprises, Inc. (PBE) of Bowling Green, Ohio. The pad was slit along one of its edges. Adhesive was applied to the back of each sensor. Two sensors were then manually inserted between the middle absorbent layer and the bottom PP layer of the pad. The slit through which the sensors were inserted was then glued shut.
The present disclosure contemplates systems that are able to estimate the type of biofluid present on the incontinence pads, the quantity of biofluid released onto the pads, and the integrity of the interdigitated conductive fingers (or other patterns of traces). Biofluid volume estimation is accomplished, for example, using multiple sensors in multiple zones with outputs from the sensors feeding into multiple inputs of an RFID chip. The volume is estimated based on the number of inputs into the RFID chip that are active.
Another way to estimate biofluid volume is to provide a current source with the RFID chip, along with an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The current source forces current to the conductive traces and when biofluid is present between them, the current flowing between the traces produces a voltage that is read by the ADC. By using calibration data, the volume and fluid type may be estimated based on the measured voltage. The time rate of change in the voltage produced also can be used to estimate the rate at which fluid is being introduced onto the incontinence pad.
Various alerts are generated based on type of biofluid on the pad and/or volume of biofluid on the pad and/or the rate at which the biofluid was delivered to the pad. Thus, variable alarm thresholds are contemplated by this disclosure. For example, an alert is generated for a lower volume of blood than it may take for an alert to be generated for urine. As another example, if the rate of biofluid delivery is too high, an alert may be generated.
The type of biofluid present on the pad can be estimated using methods such as sensing the conductivity and/or resistance of the biofluid on the pad. Urine is relatively conductive (in the range of 0.06 to 0.1 siemens per meter (S/m)) but blood is much more conductive (in the range of 1.18 to 3.35 S/m). So, even for small amounts of blood, it is able to be distinguished from urine based on a conductivity measurement. Fecal conductivity is typically much lower, but more variable depending upon ion content. Values of 0.06 S/m are typical. Measurement of the actual value of conductivity of the biofluid is not necessary. Instead, the relative or indicated conductivity is suitable for measurement. In some embodiments, other types of fluids found in a healthcare environment may be detected in a similar manner, such as indicating that a patient has spilled a drink or meal on the bed.
Determining conductivity of a biofluid may be accomplished by having a current source with the RFID tag, and forcing a current between the two traces or electrodes, and then estimating the voltage drop across the two electrodes. This may be accomplished by an ADC or a series of comparators effectively operating as an ADC. Measuring across successive pairs of conductors may yield an estimate of the volume or biofluid and provide an indication as to the type of biofluid.
Referring now to
With the exception of bed 1110 of
Bed 1110 of
Bed 1110 of
Still referring to
Antenna 1114 is mounted to head section 1132 closer to the left side of bed 1110 than to the right side. Similarly, antenna 1124 is mounted to thigh section 1134 closer to the left side of bed 1110 than to the right side. The left and right sides of bed 1110 correspond to left and right sides of a patient lying in bed 1110 in a supine position. Due to the dished shape of deck sections 1132, 1134, the angled side walls of the deck sections 1132, 1134 that angle upwardly from the bottom panel of deck sections 1132, 1134 limit how close to the left side of bed 1110 antennae 1114, 1116 can be placed. Suffice it to say that antennae 1114, 1116 are located on the bottom panels of respective sections 1132, 1134 as close to the angled sidewalls of deck sections 1132, 1134 on the left side of bed 1110 as is practical. In some embodiments, strips of hook and loop fasteners (not shown) are used to hold antennae 1114, 1116 in place on the respective deck sections 1132, 1134.
The reason for locating antennae 1114, 1116 closer to the left side of bed is twofold. First, the thickness of each antenna 1114, 1116 is in the range of about one inch, give or take a ½ inch or so, and therefore, by placing the antennae 1114, 1116 closer to the left side of deck 1130, a patient positioned on a mattress supported by deck 1130 is less likely to “feel” the antennae 1114, 1116 through the mattress. Second, incontinence detection pads contemplated by this disclosure have RFID tags situated near the left side of the pads. Thus, the antennae 1114, 1116 which emit or radiate energy to power the RFID tags and to read the data sent or reflected back from the RFID tags operate more efficiently when they are closer to the RFID tags. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments of incontinence detection system 1100, antennae 1114, 1116 may be located closer to the right side of bed 1110 if the incontinence pads of such alternative embodiments have their respective RFID tags situated near the right sides of the pads rather than the left sides. Alternatively or additionally, deck sections 1132, 1134 may be formed with recesses in which respective antennae 1114, 1116 are received so that upper surfaces of antennae 1114, 1116 are generally flush with upper surfaces of the bottom panel of deck sections 1132, 1134.
Cables 1122, 1124 are routed from respective antennae 1114, 1116 to reader 1112 through a gap or space 1154 defined between a foot end of head section 1132 and a head end of thigh section 1134. The manner in which cables 1122, 1124 are routed in the illustrative
Cable 1126 is routed from reader 1112 to visual indicator 1118 along an underside of thigh section 1134 and foot section 1136. Because visual indicator 1118 is mounted to the portion of foot section 1136 that extends and retracts, cable 1126 is provided with sufficient slack to permit the extension and retraction of foot section 1136 through its full range of movement. Cable 1128 is routed from reader 1112 to output port 1120 along portions of deck 1130 and frames 1138, 1140 as desired. Because output port 1120 is mounted to upstanding portion 1150 of base frame 1140 and because reader 1112 is mounted to deck 1130 or frame 1138, as the case may be, which are able to be raised, lowered and tilted relative to base frame 1140, cable 1128 is provided with sufficient slack to permit the upper frame 1138, along with deck 1130, to be raised, lowered and tilted relative to base frame 1140 through its full range of movement.
Suitable cable management devices such as zip ties, hooks, clips, straps, bands, and the like are provided in some embodiments to attach cables 1122, 1124, 1126, 1128 to portions of bed 1110 at various locations to prevent unwanted sagging or movement of cables 1122, 1124, 1126, 1128. However, as suggested above, some portions of cables 1122, 1124, 1126, 1128 should be sufficiently slack to permit movement of the various portions of bed 1110 without stretching, pinching or binding the respective cable 1122, 1124, 1126, 1128.
Referring now to
Deck 1130 of
In some embodiments, a pivot axis about which head section 1132 of bed 1110 of
A seat section 1133 of deck 1130 of bed 1110 can be seen in
In alternative embodiments, antenna 1116 is mounted to seat section 1133 near the left edge thereof. In other embodiments, antenna 1116 is mounted such that a portion of antenna 1116 is supported by the panel 1135 and another portion of antenna 1116 is supported by seat section 1133. In still other embodiments, antenna 1114 is mounted to seat section 1133 or to a combination of panel 1135 and seat section 1133 as just described. In further embodiments, antennae 1114, 1116 are mounted at these various locations on the right side of deck 1130 rather than the illustrative left side.
In the illustrative
Foot section 1136 of bed 1110 of
Referring now to
Seat section 1133 of
In the illustrative
Bed 1110 of
Bed circuitry 1302 is operable to output bed data, including data detected by the incontinence detection system 1100, through a nurse call output port 1310 shown diagrammatically in
Referring now to
Referring now to
A head section motor 1514 for pivotably raising and lowering head section 1132 and a thigh section motor 1516 for pivotably raising and lowering thigh section 1134, such as through flanges, brackets, and/or linkages attached to frame 1138 and sections 1132, 1134, are shown diagrammatically in
As indicated diagrammatically in
If reader 1112 determines that pad 1510 is wet, a second bit (aka a kill bit) is set in RFID tag 1512 by reader 1112 via one or both of antennae 1114, 1116. Once the kill bit is set in RFID tag 1512, it remains unchanged thereafter. If pad 1510 dries out after having been wet, reader 1512 will see that the kill bit is still set when it receives subsequent data from RFID tag 1512 such that the particular pad 1510 should not be re-used. In some embodiments, reader 1512 sends an alert to indicate that the pad is a “bad” pad that should not be used because it has been previously soiled with wetness. In other embodiments, reader 1112 simply causes visual indicator 1118 to emit white light indicating that a “good” pad is not being read by the reader.
In some embodiments, reader 1112 energizes antennae 1114, 1116 to scan for RFID tag 1512 using a linear frequency hopping scheme that cycles through fifty frequencies between a lower frequency limit and an upper frequency limit via one of antennae 1114, 1116 and then cycles through the fifty different frequencies between the lower frequency limit and the upper frequency limit via the other of antennae 1114, 1116. The frequency hopping scheme is non-consecutive and the hops are arranged near the bottom of the frequency band and hop in approximately 5 Megahertz (MHz) jumps to near the top of the frequency band, then the hops go back near the bottom of the frequency band until all fifty frequencies are used.
In some embodiments, the lower frequency limit is about 902 Megahertz (MHz) and the upper frequency limit is about 928 MHz. Each antenna 1114, 1116 is used for a limited number of frequency transmissions, typically nine in some instances but could be fifteen or more in other instances. Thus, one of antenna 1114, 1116 is used for a set of frequency transmissions and then the sequence continues using the other antenna 1114, 1116. Thus, after a block set of scans using one of antenna 1114, 1116, the next block of scans is emitted from the other of antenna 1114, 1116. Thus, the block of scans alternate back and forth between antennae 1114, 1116.
The frequency transmissions are of different classes which, in some embodiments, comprise filter transmissions of about 8 milliseconds, inventory transmissions of about 37 milliseconds, select transmissions of about 15 milliseconds and read tag transmissions of about 15 milliseconds. The transmission timing is variable and can be adjusted depending upon the circumstances and conditions in the field. In some embodiments, there is a delay period of about 185 milliseconds between every pair of transmissions, resulting in a more uniform duty cycle and a total pause of two seconds for each complete cycle on one antenna.
To give one example, the block scans may include five frequencies that are spread out over a wide range between the upper and lower frequency limits. For example, if a first scan is at 902 MHz, the next successive scans in the block of five scans may increment by 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the 26 MHz spread between the upper and lower limits. Thus, each successive scan is at an additional increment of 5.2 MHz as compared to the previous scan. Thus, the last scan in the block of five scans is 20.8 MHz larger than the first scan in the block of five scans. The next block of five scans, from the other one of antennae 1114, 1116 which was dormant during the first scan, uses a different starting frequency such as 902.52 MHz and then proceeds with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% incrementing scheme from that starting frequency. To have 50 frequencies scanned between the limits 902 MHz and 928 MHz, inclusive thereof, the increment is 0.52 (i.e., 928 MHz-902 MHz=26 Hz/50=0.52 MHz). Each of the 50 different frequencies are required by regulations to be scanned before a scanning frequency may be repeated, as noted above.
By providing a delay period, such as 185 milliseconds in the illustrative example, and only scanning a limited number of frequencies in succession at a time, heating of the patient's tissue is avoided and is kept within U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits. The MPE limits specified by the FCC are dependent upon frequency and power density limits which are specified as an average value over a six minute period. In the 902 MHz-928 MHz frequency band, the power density limit is 0.601 milliWatts (mW)/cm2 over any six minute period of time. In some embodiments, the duty cycle of frequency transmissions is 11.5% and so, with the 185 millisecond delay, each cycle of transmissions and delay is about two seconds in length.
As further indicated diagrammatically in
As shown diagrammatically in
In some embodiments, such as the illustrative embodiments of
Referring now to
In the illustrative embodiment, a distance between a plane defined by the upper surface of top wall 1608 and a plane defined by the bottom edge of perimetral side wall 1610 (e.g., the height of housing 1600 when supported on a horizontal deck section 1132, 1334, for example) is about 19.0 mm. The junction between top wall 1608 and perimetral side wall 1610 is rounded and in some embodiments the rounding is radiused at about 5.0 mm. Top wall 1608 and side walls 1610 each have thicknesses of about 3.0 mm. The rounding at corner regions defined by the junction of adjacent side walls 1610 is about 13.4 mm in some embodiments.
Antenna 1114 includes a coaxial cable 1612 that extends through side wall 1610 and enters into a space defined between ground plate 1602 and PCB 1606. Sidewall 1610 is formed to include a notch 1614 that receives cable 1612 therein. In the illustrative embodiment, PCB 1606 is an FR-4 printed circuit board which is made of a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant. Also in the illustrative embodiment, antenna plate 1606 comprises a ½ ounce (oz.) copper cladding on PCB 1606. Such ½ oz. copper cladding is about 17.5 μm (or 0.7 mils) thick according to industry standards.
A perimetral edge 1616 of PCB 1606 defines the overall square shape of PCB 1606 and antenna plate 1604 is also square shaped, but with a smaller length dimension than PCT 1606. Antenna plate 1604 is centered on PCB 1606 such that edges 1618 of plate 1604 are parallel with associated edges 1616 of PCB 1606. In the illustrative embodiment, PCB 1606 has a length of about 184.2 mm per side and antenna plate 1604 has a length of about 117.0 mm per side. Thus, perimetral portions of PCB 1606 defined between edges 1618 of plate 1604 and edges 1616 of the PCB 1606 extend beyond the perimeter of the antenna plate 1604 defined by edges 1618.
Ground plate 1602 also comprises an FR-4 printed circuit board and has ½ oz. copper cladding thereon which extends over the entire surface that faces toward PCB 1606. PCB 1606 and the PCB of ground plate 1602 serve as nonconductive substrates on which the conductive copper cladding is carried. A perimetral edge 1620 of ground plate 1602 defines the overall square shape of plate 1602. In the illustrative example, plate 1602 has a length of about 203.2 mm per side.
As shown in
As shown in
Antenna 1114 also has a ground spacer 1632 which extends between a center of ground plate 1602 and a center of PCB 1606. Spacer 1632 has includes a cylindrical main body portion having an outside diameter of about 6.0 mm and a cylindrical stepped down end portion which has an outside diameter of about 4.5 mm. PCB 1606 and antenna plate 1604 have a central hole 1634 formed therethrough which receives the stepped down end portion of spacer 1632 therein. The main body portion of spacer 1632 is about 12.0 mm in length, which matches the length of spacers 1630, and the stepped down end portion has a length of about 2.0 mm. Thus, PCB 1606 rests upon an annular shoulder of spacer 1632, the annular shoulder being defined as the surface extending between the stepped down end portion and the main body portion of spacer 1632. Spacer has a threaded bore extending axially therethrough. In the illustrative example, spacer 1632 is made from a suitable metal material such as AISI 1018 cold drawn steel, for example.
Ground plate 1602 nests within a bottom region of perimetral side wall 1610 of housing 1600 such that the surface of ground plate 1602 having the copper cladding abuts some or all of bosses 1622, 1624, 1626 and spacers 1630, 1632. Ground plate 1602 has a set of bolt-receiving apertures 1634 (not all of which are numbered in
Ground plate 1602 has a pair of spaced ground wire through holes 1638 and PCB 1606 and antenna plate 1604 has a coax wire through hole 1640. The copper cladding on ground plate 1602 and antenna plate 1604 coats the respective through holes 1638, 1640. An end of coaxial cable 1612 extends through perimetral side wall 1610 of housing 1600 and into the gap between PCB 1606 and ground plate 1602 in substantially parallel relation with ground plate 1602 and PCB 1606. Cable 1612 has at its terminal end a first conductor 1642 (e.g., a coax wire) that is routed so as to be coupled to antenna plate 1604 carried by PCB 1606 and a pair of second conductors (e.g., ground wires from the sheathing of coaxial cable 1612) that are routed so as to be coupled to ground plate 1602. In the illustrative embodiments, first conductor 1642 is inserted into through hole 1640 and soldered in place and second conductors 1644 are inserted into respective through holes 1638 and soldered in place.
In the illustrative example, at one terminal end of cable 1612, conductors 1642, 1644 are generally perpendicular to ground plate 1602 and PCB 1606, as well as antenna plate 1604 carried by PCB 1606. At an end of cable 1612 opposite of the end having conductors 1642, 1644, a coax connector 1646 that couples to circuitry of reader 1112 or to an extension cable that, in turn, couples to the circuitry of reader 1112. The extension cable (not shown) is used if cable 1612 does not have sufficient length to reach reader 1112 from the location at which antenna 1114 is mounted to the respective hospital bed 1110.
Referring now to
The first and second elongated notches 1705 that extend from the end edges 1718c, 1718d, 1718e, 1718f of the elongated hexagon toward a central region of the antenna plate 1704. In the illustrative example, notches 1705 are substantially parallel with the first and second spaced apart side edges 1718a, 1718b of the elongated hexagon. Notches 1705 are open at the end edges 1718c, 1718d, 1718e, 1718f of the elongated hexagon about midway between the first and second spaced apart side edges 1718a, 1718b. According to the present disclosure, the first and second notches 1705 act as an electronic band gap.
As shown in
Antenna 1714 has a set of five cylindrical spacers 1730 that mount over portions of respective bosses 1724 that project from holes 1728 beyond antenna plate 1704. Ground plate 1702 includes a set of bolt-receiving apertures 1734 that receive respective screws or bolts 1736. Bolts 1736 extend through apertures 1734 of ground plate 1702 and thread into respective threaded bores of bosses 1722, 1724, 1726 thereby to couple ground plate 1702 to housing 1700. Ground plate 1702 includes a nonconductive substrate with a metallic plate or cladding carried by the substrate. A first conductor 1742, such as a coax wire shown in
If desired, the various components of antenna 1714 are made from the same type of materials described above in connection with the various like components of antenna 1114 shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
As compared to antenna 2000 of
The shape of antenna 1714 contributes to its enhanced performance, as compared to antenna 2000, in a couple of ways. First, the tapered shape of edges 1718c, 1718d, 1718e, 1718f allows a range of wavelengths to resonate at various points along these edges 1718c, 1718d, 1718e, 1718f. This helps broaden the frequency range of antenna 1714 but does not reduce the intensity of the resonance, which is why the reflection S-parameter, S11, is broader but somewhat shallower in the center. Second, notches 1705 at each end of antenna 1714 acts as an electronic band gap structure of a simple type, which allows lower frequencies for the same distance. This allows the vertical spacing between ground plate 1702 and antenna plate 1704 of antenna 1714 to be less than the vertical spacing between ground plate 2002 and antenna plate 2004 of antenna 2000 for comparable performance in the frequency range of interest.
Referring now to
Reader 1112 includes a second printed circuit board (PCB) assembly 2220, which in the illustrative embodiment comprises a Variscite System on Module (SOM), model no. VAR-SOM-AM43, available from Variscite Ltd. of Lod, Israel. Reader 1112 further has an electrical connector 2222 which electrically interconnects PCB assembly 2212 and PCB assembly 2220. In some embodiments, connector 2222 is an EMBOSS TAPE DDR3 204P 5.2H STDR connector available from TE Connectivity Ltd. of Schaffhausen, Switzerland as part number 2-2013289-1. Reader 1112 further includes a patch 2224 of double sided tape which is used to couple an antenna plate 2226 to an interior surface of top wall 2208. Antenna 2226 is coupled to one or both of PCB assemblies 2212, 2220 and is used for bidirectional wireless communications, such as WiFi communications, with external devices, such as wireless access point 1518, shown diagrammatically in
Still referring to
In the illustrative
A block diagram of the circuitry of PCB assemblies 2212, 2220 is shown in
As shown in
Referring now to
Visual indicator 1118 further includes a gasket 3012 that abuts back wall 3004 of bracket 3000, a circuit board 3014 that couples to a pedestal 3016 of gasket 3012, a cover 3018 having a back edge 3020 that is received in a groove 3022 of gasket 3012, and a transparent or translucent label or lens 3024 that covers an opening 3026 of a front wall 3028 of cover 3018. In some embodiments, indicia such as any of those shown in
Back wall 3004 has a pair of holes 3028 and gasket 3012 has a pair of holes 3030, only one of which can be seen in
Referring now to
Portion 3120 of trace 3104 is substantially parallel with, and situated between, portions 3106, 3112 of trace 3102. Rounded portion 3110 of trace 3102 interconnects portions 3108 and 3112 and extends over an arc of about 90°. Rounded portion 3118 of trace 3104 interconnects portions 3116, 3120 and extends over an arc of about 180°. Electrodes 3102, 3104 are printed on backsheet 3100 and comprise a conductive ink such as carbon ink, silver ink, or the like. In some embodiments, the thickness of traces 3102, 3104 is about 3.0 mm+/−0.5 mm. Rounded portions 3110, 3118 have radii 3124 of about 190.0 mm in the illustrative example. The radius 3124 of portion 3110 of electrode 3102 is centered on a terminal end of portion 3120 of electrode 3104. The radius 3124 of portion 3118 is centered on a terminal end of portion 3106 of electrode 3102.
Perpendicular distances 3126 between portion 3106 of electrode 3102 and portion 3116 of electrode 3104 and between portion 3112 of electrode 3102 and portion 3120 of electrode 3104 is about 190.0 mm in the illustrative example. A perpendicular distance 3128 between portion 3106 of electrode 3102 and portion 3120 of electrode 3104 is about 200.0 mm in the illustrative example. Radii 3124 and distances 3126, 3128 are measured based on centerlines of the respective traces 3102, 3104. Side edges 3130 of backsheet 3100 have lengths of about 900.0 mm and end edges 3132 have lengths of about 750.0 mm in the illustrative example. The long dimension of backsheet 3130 is sometimes referred to as the machine direction (MD) and the short dimension of backsheet 3100 is sometimes referred to as the cross direction (CD).
Backsheet 3100 includes a sacrificial trace 3134 in an end region adjacent to one of edges 3132. Sacrifical trace 3134 is left over from an electrode trace of a next adjacent backsheet 3100 during a manufacturing process as will be described below in further detail in connection with
Still referring to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Absorbent core 3154 is adhered to top sheet 3156 and the perimetral edge portions of top sheet 3156 are adhered to edge regions of backsheet 3100. As shown in
Referring now to
Layer 3168 of adhesive has a weight of 2 gsm in some embodiments. Layer 3168 is a lined, combed, slot coated layer having adhesive applied in rows along the machine direction of top sheet 3156 that are about 1 mm wide and that are spaced apart by about 4 mm. Such lined, combed, slot coating of adhesive 3168 results in incontinence detection pad 1510 having a ribbed or furrowed upper surface texture. This texture can be seen in the digital photos of
Referring now to
After the short circuit test of block 3204 is conducted, the roll of material 3200 is cut at a location that severs sacrificial trace portion 3134 from the rest of the associated trace 3202 as indicated diagrammatically at block 3206. After the cut, a single backsheet 3100 is formed with spaced apart traces 3102, 3104 thereon. The sacrificial trace portion 3134 associated with the cut backsheet 3100 is left behind on the next adjacent backsheet 3100 which has not yet been cut. The backsheet 3100 is cut at the leading end of roll 3200. In some embodiments, material 3200 is folded in the machine direction along one or more of the fold lines 3142 shown in
Later in the manufacturing process, the tag 1512 of each incontinence detection pad 1510 is read again, as indicated at block 3208 in
In some embodiments, when RFID tag 1512 is read at block 3208, data from tag 1512 is analyzed to confirm that traces 3102, 3104 form an open circuit. This open circuit test is performed to confirm that sacrificial trace portion 3134 has successfully been severed from the associated electrode traces 3102, 3104. If the roll of material 3200 becomes out of registry with the manufacturing equipment doing the cutting, it would be possible for the cut to miss the sacrificial trace portion 3134 and leave a short circuit electrode trace 3202 on the backsheet 3100 after the cutting operation. Thus, the open circuit test at block 3208 monitors for this out of registry situation.
It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the tests at one or both of blocks 3204, 3208 are performed after the absorbent core 3154 and top sheet 3156 are attached to backsheet 3100. The cutting operation 3206 is performed after such attachment of the core 3154 and top sheet 3156 to the backsheet material of roll 3200 in some embodiments. In such embodiments, the short circuit test at block 3204 can be performed before or after the attachment of core 3154 and top sheet 3156 to the leading end material of roll 3200.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
It should be appreciated that RFID tags 1512 of pads 1510 also are provided on rolls 3236 of release liner 3237 for manufacture. One such RFID tag 1512 on release liner 3237 is shown in
RFID tag 1512 includes an RFID chip which is very small and that electrically couples to traces 3268, 3270. One suitable RFID chip is a model no. SL3S1003_1013 UCODE G2iM 2015 chip available from NXP Semiconductors N.V. of Eindhoven, Netherlands. The dimensions of this RFID chip are 1 mm by 1.45 mm by 0.5 mm. This RFID chip used in RFID tag 1512 has memory with a tamper evident status bit that is used to indicate with the pad is wet or not wet and a kill bit to indicate whether the pad has been wet previously. The tamper evident status bit and the kill bit have already been discussed herein.
As shown in
Referring now to
As best shown in
By having spaces, illustratively shaped as rhomboids, between trace portions 3306, 3308, less conductive ink is needed to print the electrodes 3302, 3304 than if these traces were 3 mm wide solid lines. Thus, the design of trace portions 3306, 3308 represents a manufacturing cost savings. Also, the thinner widths of trace portions 3306, 3308 allows for faster drying times and/or use of lower curing temperatures due to the increased edge surface area. Thus, less damage to the trace and to the thin backsheet substrate as compared to solid traces of the same width is realized with the trace design of
Referring now to
Sentinel trace 3410 provides a means for testing for breaks in traces 3402, 3404. In particular, sentinel trace 3410 is tested from time to time to confirm that a short circuit exists between terminal ends 3416, 3418 of trace 3410. If sentinel trace 3410 passes the short circuit test, the assumption is that electrodes 3402, 3404 are not broken at any point because the sentinel trace 3410 is not broken. However, if sentinel trace 3410 fails the short circuit test, then a break has developed in sentinel trace 3410 which causes the trace 3410 to become an open circuit (assuming there is no wetness on the associated incontinence detection pad that would bridge the break in trace 3410). If trace 3410 fails the short circuit test, then the assumption is that at least one of electrodes 3402, 3404 has also developed a break at an adjacent location to the break in trace 3410.
Referring now to
The end portions of electrodes 3402, 3404, 3410 are routed appropriately in each of embodiments 3420a, 3420b, 3420c so that terminal ends 3412, 3414, 3416, 3418 reach the respective electrical contacts 3428, 3430, 3432, 3434 without any-portions of electrodes 3402, 3404, 3410 extending over any portions of antenna 3424, 3426. Antennae 3424, 3426 each include a pair of spaced apart end patches, 3436, a central patch 3438, and a pair of undulated segments 3440 that interconnect respective patches 3436 with patch 3438. A pair of RFID chips such as those discussed above are included in each of tags 3420a, 3420b, 3420c and interconnect respective pairs of electrical contacts 3428, 3430, 3432, 3434 with the associated antennae 3424, 3436.
Tags 3420a, 3420b, 3420c are configured so that when the pair of RFID chips are interrogated or irradiated with energy, they respond after a random delay period such that the responses occur at different times. This permits the reader to take an inventory to identify the pair of RFID chips included in tags 3420a, 3420b, 3420c. Once the chips are identified by the reader, the reader is able to dictate which chip of the pair of chips of tags 3420a, 3420b, 3420c are to respond to the next successive interrogations. Thus, a single reader is used to read the RFID chip coupled to electrodes 3402, 3404 separately from reading the RFID chip coupled to sentinel electrode 3410. Accordingly, collisions and overlap of the transmissions from the RFID chips of tags 3420a, 3420b, 3420c are avoided.
Referring now to
Electrodes 3454, 3456 and RFID tag 3468 on the bottom surface of base sheet 3452 serve as a first moisture detection sensor that transmits a first signal in response to detecting moisture, such as blood or wound exudate, from the wound of the patient. Electrodes 3454, 3456 and RFID tag 3466 on the top surface of base sheet 3452 serve as a second moisture detection sensor that transmits a second signal in response to detecting incontinence from the patient. In some embodiments, the base sheet comprises polyethylene. Optionally, a periphery of the base sheet 3452 has adhesive for attachment of the dressing to the patient. Alternatively or additionally, medical tape is used to attach dressing 3450 to the patient. In either case, a peripheral region of the base sheet 3452 extends beyond boundaries of the first and second cover sheets 3458, 3464. Furthermore, a first peripheral region of the first cover sheet 3458 extends beyond a first outer periphery of the first layer of absorbent material 3460 and a second peripheral region of the second cover sheet 3464 extends beyond a second outer periphery of the second layer of absorbent material 3462.
According to this disclosure, the first RFID tag 3466 and the second RFID tag 3468 have random delay times in connection with transmission of data in response to being excited with energy. At least one of the first and second RFID tags 3466, 3468 is configured to receive a wireless message commanding the respective first or second RFID tag 3466, 3468 not to transmit any data in response to a next excitation of energy. In some embodiments, the first electrodes 3454 on the top and bottom surfaces of base sheet 3452 and the second electrodes 3456 on the top and bottom surfaces of base sheet 3452 include conductive ink printed on the respective top and bottom surfaces of the base sheet 3452.
In some embodiments, the base sheet 3452 is made from a single layer of material. In other embodiments, the base sheet 3452 includes a first base sheet layer and a second base sheet layer removably coupled to the first base sheet layer. The first base sheet layer may carry the one of the moisture detection sensors 3454, 3456, 3466, the first layer of absorbent material 3460, and the first cover sheet 3458. The second base sheet layer may carry the other moisture detection sensor 3454, 3456, 3468, the second layer of absorbent material 3462, and the second cover sheet 3464. The first base sheet layer along with the associated moisture detection sensor 3454, 3456, 3466, the first layer of absorbent material 3460, and the first cover sheet 3458 are removable from the second base sheet layer to permit replacement of the first base sheet layer along with the first moisture detection sensor 3454, 3456, 3466, the first layer of absorbent material 3460, and the first cover sheet 3458 after an incontinence event without the need to replace the second base sheet layer carrying the second moisture detection sensor 3454, 3456, 3468, the second layer of absorbent material 3463, and the second cover sheet 3464.
Referring now to
When technician 3502 carries computer 3504 in a hallway 3506 of healthcare facility 3500, such as shown in
After computer 3504 and the bed 1110 in room 105 have automatically established wireless communications, which occurs within just a few seconds of computer 3504 being brought in close enough proximity to bed 1110, the portable computer 3504 transmits a service set identifier (SSID) to bed 1110 which, in turn, detects the SSID included in the transmission from the portable computer 3504. Once the SSID is detected by bed 1110, the bed disconnects from the hospital network thereby ceasing communications with the network of healthcare facility 3500. The portable computer 3504 then establishes a secure shell (SSH) connection with the bed 1110 in room 105. After the SSH connection is established, computer 3405 or another remote computer of a service network then reconfigures the bed 1110 via the SSH connection. Such reconfiguring includes downloading additional software modules to bed 1110 thereby to provide the bed 1110 with additional or enhanced functionality, replacing existing software modules of bed 1110 with new software modules 1110, and/or replacing all of the software of bed 1110 with new software.
After bed 1110 of room 105 has been reconfigured and the technician 3502 carries computer 3504 away from the bed 1110 by a sufficient distance, bed 1110 of room 105 then automatically reconnects with the network of the healthcare facility. As shown in
Referring now to
If at block 3514 the circuitry of bed 1110 does detect computer 3504, the algorithm proceeds to block 3518 to determine whether the signal strength of the transmission(s) from computer 3504 is adequate. If the signal strength is not adequate, the algorithm proceeds back to the wait time block 3516 and proceeds from there. If at block 3518 the circuitry of bed 1110 does determine that the signal strength is adequate, the circuitry of bed 1110 proceeds to connect to the service network (illustratively indicated as being a portion of network 1518 in the
During the reconfiguring process and thereafter, the circuitry of bed 1110 monitors the signal strength of the communications between the bed 1110 and the service network and/or computer 3504 as indicated at block 3520. If the signal strength is not adequate at block 3520, then the circuitry of bed 1110 disconnects from the service network and/or computer 3504 as indicated at block 3522, after which the algorithm proceeds back to the time delay block 3516 and the proceeds from there.
Based on the foregoing, it should be understood that a method according to this disclosure includes providing reconfigurable devices, such as beds 1110 and/or incontinence detection systems 1100, in a plurality of patient rooms, configuring a portable computer 3504 as a WiFi hotspot, programming the portable computer 3504 to transmit a service set identifier (SSID), transporting the portable computer into communicative proximity of a first reconfigurable device so that the reconfigurable device is able to detect the SSID included in a transmission from the portable computer 3504, detecting the SSID in the first reconfigurable device, ceasing communications, in the first reconfigurable device, with network 1518 of healthcare facility 3500, using the portable computer 3504 to establish a secure shell (SSH) connection with the first reconfigurable device, and reconfiguring the reconfigurable device via the SSH connection.
In some embodiments, the method may further include checking, in the reconfigurable device, to determine if a signal strength of the transmission from the portable computer 3504 having the SSID meets a threshold signal strength prior to ceasing communications with the network 1518 of the healthcare facility 3500. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further include transporting the portable computer out of communicative proximity of the first reconfigurable device and, in response, the first reconfigurable device may automatically reconnect to the network 1518 of the healthcare facility 3500. For example, automatically reconnecting to the network 1518 may occur only after a threshold amount of time has passed after the portable computer 3504 is transported out of communicative proximity of the first reconfigurable device. The threshold amount of time may be about ten seconds in some embodiments.
In some embodiments, the portable computer 3504 and the first reconfigurable device communicate via wireless transmissions. The portable computer 3504 and the first reconfigurable device may communicate according to the TCP/IP protocol, for example. Alternatively or additionally, the first reconfigurable device may communicate via wireless transmissions with the network 1518 of the healthcare facility 3500. The plurality of reconfigurable devices may include hospital beds 1110. Alternatively or additionally, the plurality of reconfigurable devices may include incontinence detection systems 1100.
Network 1518 may have, therefore, a first set of computer devices (e.g., a regular hospital network) with which the bed 1110 communicates in the absence of computer 3504 and a second set of computer devices (e.g., a service network) with which bed communicates when computer 3504 is present in the respective room and in close enough proximity to the bed 1110 for successful wireless communications. Software to reconfigure each bed 1110 is stored on computer 3504 and transmitted directly to the bed 1110 from computer 3504 in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the software to reconfigure each bed is transmitted from a remote computer device of the service network to bed 1110 via computer 3504. In further embodiments, the software to reconfigure each bed is transmitted from a remote computer device of the service network to bed 1110 via a wireless access point of the network 1518, for example, without involving computer 3504 in the communication path. However, in such embodiments, computer 3504 is required to be in communicative proximity with the bed 1110 even though it is not in the communication path to the bed 1110 for the software with which the bed 1110 is to be reconfigured.
The bed software reconfiguration system and method disclosed herein is an improvement over reconfiguration systems and methods of the prior art requiring a direct wired connection between beds and a reconfiguration computer such as a lap top. In the contemplated system, service technicians use a tablet PC 3504 with a built-in wireless access point, or “hotspot”. This portable PC 3504 gives a lot of mobility to the technician. By utilizing the wireless capabilities of both the tablet PC 3504 and the medical devices, such as beds 1110 and/or incontinence detection systems 1110, a wireless relationship between the clients (the devices) and the service administrative tools (the tablet PC) is formed. By eliminating the need for a physical connection to a device, bed reconfiguration requires less time than when physically interfacing with a device is required. Thus, the contemplated bed reconfiguration system and method permits faster configuration and lower field service cost. In some embodiments, service logic is abstracted from the product and placed onto the configuration device, thereby reducing project costs tied to implementation of service logic. After a device is reconfigured, there is a quick return to standard operation for the reconfigured devices.
To achieve the benefits of the disclosed system and method, a reconfiguration software module is programmed into the reconfigurable device at manufacturing. Such a software module includes a specific, secured wireless profile with the SSID (broadcasted wireless network name), for instance, “HR_Config.” A simple script (i.e., software code of the reconfiguration software) checks for the presence of the “HR_Config” SSID at a set interval. If the SSID is detected, the reconfiguration software then checks for the “strength” of the signal. If the strength is acceptable, meaning that the access point 3504 is nearby, it will connect to it. If the reconfigurable device is already connected to the HR_Config SSID, it can monitor the strength of the broadcasted signal and if it becomes too weak, it will disconnect from the HR_Config wireless network and resume normal operation.
By using the strength of the signal of a broadcasted wireless network, decisions can be made as to whether the strength is strong enough that the module should connect to the network, and vice versa, if the strength is weak, to disconnect from the network. What this achieves is, in essence, a controlled “sphere of influence” that surrounds the technician as they navigate a facility with computer 3504. The devices within this sphere of influence are capable of being configured. As soon as the technician 3502 navigates to a new area, and the device is no longer within the sphere of influence, it will automatically disconnect and resume standard operation.
Some of the above embodiments may be described in terms of functional block components and various processing steps. Such functional blocks may be realized by any number of hardware and/or software components configured to perform the specified functions. For example, embodiments may employ various integrated circuit components, e.g., memory elements, processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, and the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more processors, microprocessors or other control devices. Similarly, where the elements of the above embodiments are implemented using software programming or software elements the embodiments may be implemented with any programming or scripting language such as C, C++, Java, assembler, or the like, with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements. Furthermore, the embodiments could employ any number of conventional techniques for electronics configuration, signal processing and/or control, data processing and the like. The word “mechanism” may be used broadly and is not limited to mechanical or physical embodiments, but can include software routines in conjunction with processors, etc.
The particular implementations shown and described herein are illustrative examples and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the claims in any way. For the sake of brevity, conventional electronics, control systems, software development and other functional aspects of the systems (and components of the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines, or connectors shown in the various figures presented are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships, physical connections or logical connections may be present in a practical device. Moreover, no item or component disclosed herein is intended to be an essential element. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments.
The order of execution or performance of the operations in embodiments illustrated and described herein is not essential. That is, the operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and embodiments as described may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the present disclosure.
Embodiments may be implemented with computer-executable instructions. The computer-executable instructions may be organized into one or more computer-executable components or modules. Aspects of the disclosure may be implemented with any number and organization of such components or modules. For example, aspects of the disclosure are not limited to the specific computer-executable instructions or the specific components or modules illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Other embodiments may include different computer-executable instructions or components having more or less functionality than illustrated and described herein.
Although certain illustrative embodiments have been described in detail above, variations and modifications exist within the scope and spirit of this disclosure as described and as defined in the following claims.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/708,589, filed Sep. 19, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,159,607, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2016/062167, which was filed Nov. 16, 2016, which claimed the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/255,592, which was filed Nov. 16, 2015, and each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1772232 | Guilder | Aug 1930 | A |
| 2127538 | Seiger | Aug 1938 | A |
| 2644050 | Seiger | Jun 1953 | A |
| 2668202 | Kaplan | Feb 1954 | A |
| 2726294 | Kroening et al. | Dec 1955 | A |
| 2907841 | Campbell | Oct 1959 | A |
| 3199095 | Ashida | Aug 1965 | A |
| 3971371 | Bloom | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4069817 | Fenote et al. | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4106001 | Mahoney | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4163449 | Regal | Aug 1979 | A |
| 4191950 | Levin et al. | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4212295 | Snyder | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4228426 | Roberts | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4347503 | Uyehara | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4539559 | Kelley et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4747166 | Kuntz | May 1988 | A |
| 4965554 | Darling | Oct 1990 | A |
| 5081422 | Shih | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5086294 | Schwab, Jr. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5137033 | Norton | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5144284 | Hammett | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5291181 | De Ponte | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5438721 | Pahno et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5459452 | DePonte | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5491609 | Dankman et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5537095 | Dick et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5675854 | Zibelin | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5760694 | Nissim | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5790035 | Ho | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5824883 | Park et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5910080 | Sefton | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5947943 | Lee | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6028241 | Armstead | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6047419 | Fergusaon | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6104311 | Lastinger | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6292102 | Smith | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6340932 | Rodgers et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6341393 | Votel | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6351215 | Rodgers et al. | Feb 2002 | B2 |
| 6362737 | Rodgers et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6384728 | Kanor et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6544200 | Smith et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6552661 | Lastinger et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6583722 | Jeutter et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6603403 | Jeutter et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6621410 | Lastinger et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6639517 | Chapman et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6774800 | Friedman | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6831562 | Rodgers et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6832507 | van de Berg et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6876303 | Reeder et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6933849 | Sawyer | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6948205 | Van Der Wurf et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6982646 | Rodgers et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7017213 | Chisari | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7030731 | Lastinger et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7071830 | Sahlberg et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7120952 | Bass et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
| 7181206 | Pedersen | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7250547 | Hofmeister et al. | Jul 2007 | B1 |
| 7253729 | Lastinger et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7274944 | Lastinger et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7302278 | Lastinger et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7305246 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7308270 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7348930 | Lastinger et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7349701 | Lastinger et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7355090 | Ales, III et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7359675 | Lastinger et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7400860 | Lastinger et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7424298 | Lastinger et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7489252 | Long et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7489282 | Lastinger et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7498478 | Long et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7551089 | Sawyer | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7586385 | Rokhsaz | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7595734 | Long et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7595756 | Lastinger et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7598853 | Becker et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7598862 | Lastinger et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7599699 | Lastinger et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7616959 | Spenik et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7633378 | Rodgers et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7649125 | Ales, III et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7663483 | Spenik et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7667600 | Woodbury et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7812731 | Bunza et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7822386 | Lastinger et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7834234 | Roe et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7834235 | Long et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7834765 | Sawyer | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7834766 | Sawyer | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7838720 | Roe et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7849544 | Flocard et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7873319 | Lastinger et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7977529 | Bergman et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8009646 | Lastinger et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8073386 | Pedersen | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8081043 | Rokhsaz | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8102254 | Becker et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8104126 | Caminade et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8106782 | Fredriksson et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8111165 | Ortega et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8111678 | Lastinger et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8121856 | Huster et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8181290 | Brykalski et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8191187 | Brykalski et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8196809 | Thorstensson | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8237572 | Clement et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8248249 | Clement et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8270383 | Lastinger et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8279069 | Sawyer | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8319633 | Becker et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8325695 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8332975 | Brykalski et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8345651 | Lastinger et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8395014 | Helmer et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8428039 | Lastinger et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8428605 | Pedersen et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8461982 | Becker et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8482305 | Johnson | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8487774 | Reeder et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8502684 | Bunza et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8628506 | Ales, III et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8674826 | Becker et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8742929 | Sawyer | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8749319 | Rokhsaz et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8766804 | Reeder et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8842013 | Sawyer | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8855089 | Lastinger et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8866615 | Sawyer | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8878557 | Kristiansen et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8878676 | Koblasz | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8896449 | Sawyer | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8914923 | Smith | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8933292 | Abraham et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8962909 | Groosman et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8978452 | Johnson et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9048819 | Rokhsaz et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9107776 | Bergman et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9160054 | Yu et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9323797 | Acree | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9366644 | Lastinger et al. | Jun 2016 | B1 |
| 9506886 | Woodbury et al. | Nov 2016 | B1 |
| 9649230 | Li | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9719951 | Woodbury et al. | Aug 2017 | B1 |
| 10022277 | Heil et al. | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10159607 | Monson et al. | Dec 2018 | B2 |
| 20020011932 | Rodgers et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020033757 | Rodgers et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020145525 | Friedman et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020145526 | Friedman et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030030568 | Laslinger et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20050003763 | Laslinger et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050003865 | Laslinger et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050046578 | Pires | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050052282 | Rodgers et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050060246 | Lastinger et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050174246 | Picco et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050242946 | Hubbard, Jr. et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050250453 | Lastinger et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050277441 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050282545 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050282553 | Lastinger et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060164320 | Lastinger | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060270351 | Lastinger et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070159332 | Koblasz | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070202809 | Lastinger et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270774 | Bergman et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080116990 | Rokhsaz | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080204245 | Blair et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080262376 | Price | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080263776 | O'Reagan et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300559 | Gustafson et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090160648 | Rokhsaz | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090289743 | Rokhsaz | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090292265 | Helmer et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090315728 | Ales, III et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090326417 | Ales, III et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100043143 | O'Reagan et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20110025458 | Rokhsaz et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110025473 | Rokhsaz et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110092890 | Stryker et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110115635 | Petrovski et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110263952 | Bergman et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110283459 | Essers | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110291810 | Rokhsaz et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110295619 | Tough | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110300808 | Rokhsaz et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110302720 | Yakam et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110309937 | Bunza et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120092027 | Forster | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120105233 | Bobey et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120119912 | Ortega et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120130330 | Wilson et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120165772 | Groosman et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120216607 | Sjoholm et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120217311 | Rokhsaz et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120268278 | Lewis et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20130019405 | Flanagan et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130079590 | Bengtson | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130109929 | Menzel | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130123726 | Yu et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130254141 | Barda et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20140120836 | Rokhsaz et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140148772 | Hu et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140152442 | Li | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140200538 | Euliano et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140236629 | Kim et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140244644 | Mashinchi et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140247125 | Barsky | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140266735 | Riggio et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140276504 | Heil et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140296808 | Curran et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140358099 | Durgin et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150080819 | Charna et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150080834 | Mills | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150087935 | Davis et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20160267769 | Rokhsaz et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20170098044 | Lai et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20180021184 | Monson et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190091074 A1 | Mar 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62255592 | Nov 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15708589 | Sep 2017 | US |
| Child | 16202672 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2016/062167 | Nov 2016 | US |
| Child | 15708589 | US |
