Patent Grant
9441467
The present invention relates to tools used in oil and gas wells and, more particularly to improved indexing sliding sleeve valves, plugs, and methods of using such tools. The novel valves and methods are particularly suited for use as stimulation valves and plugs in completing oil and gas wells and in methods of fracturing hydrocarbon bearing formations and in other methods for stimulating production of hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, may be recovered from various types of subsurface geological formations. The formations typically consist of a porous layer, such as limestone and sands, overlaid by a nonporous layer. Hydrocarbons cannot rise through the nonporous layer, and thus, the porous layer forms a reservoir in which hydrocarbons are able to collect. A well is drilled through the earth until the hydrocarbon bearing formation is reached. Hydrocarbons then are able to flow from the porous formation into the well.
In what is perhaps the most basic form of rotary drilling methods, a drill bit is attached to a series of pipe sections referred to as a drill string. The drill string is suspended from a derrick and rotated by a motor in the derrick. A drilling fluid or “mud” is pumped down the drill string, through the bit, and into the well bore. This fluid serves to lubricate the bit and carry cuttings from the drilling process, back to the surface. As the drilling progresses downward, the drill string is extended by adding more pipe sections.
When the drill bit has reached the desired depth, larger diameter pipes, or casings, are placed in the well and cemented in place to prevent the sides of the borehole from caving in. Cement is introduced through a work string. As it flows out the bottom of the work string, fluids already in the well, so-called “returns,” are displaced up the annulus between the casing and the borehole and are collected at the surface.
Once the casing is cemented in place, it is perforated at the level of the oil bearing formation to create openings through which oil can enter the cased well. Production tubing, valves, and other equipment are installed in the well so that the hydrocarbons may flow in a controlled manner from the formation, into the cased well bore, and through the production tubing up to the surface for storage or transport.
This simplified drilling and completion process, however, is rarely possible in the real world. Hydrocarbon bearing formations may be quite deep or otherwise difficult to access. Thus, many wells today are drilled in stages. An initial section is drilled, cased, and cemented. Drilling then proceeds with a somewhat smaller well bore which is lined with somewhat smaller casings or “liners.” The liner is suspended from the original or “host” casing by an anchor or “hanger.” A seal also is typically established between the liner and the casing and, like the original casing, the liner is cemented in the well. That process then may be repeated to further extend the well and install additional liners. In essence, then, a modern oil well typically includes a number of tubes wholly or partially within other tubes.
Moreover, hydrocarbons are not always able to flow easily from a formation to a well. Some subsurface formations, such as sandstone, are very porous. Hydrocarbons are able to flow easily from the formation into a well. Other formations, however, such as shale rock, limestone, and coal beds, are only minimally porous. The formation may contain large quantities of hydrocarbons, but production through a conventional well may not be commercially practical because hydrocarbons flow though the formation and collect in the well at very low rates. The industry, therefore, relies on various techniques for improving the well and stimulating production from formations. In particular, various techniques are available for increasing production from formations which are relatively nonporous.
One technique involves drilling a well in a more or less horizontal direction, so that the borehole extends along a formation instead of passing through it. More of the formation is exposed to the borehole, and the average distance hydrocarbons must flow to reach the well is decreased. Another technique involves creating fractures in a formation which will allow hydrocarbons to flow more easily. Indeed, the combination of horizontal drilling and fracturing, or “frac'ing” or “fracking” as it is known in the industry, is presently the only commercially viable way of producing natural gas from the vast majority of North American gas reserves.
Fracturing typically involves installing a production liner in the portion of the well bore which passes through the hydrocarbon bearing formation. In shallow wells, the production liner may actually be the casing suspended from the well surface. In either event, the production liner is provided, by various methods discussed below, with openings at predetermined locations along its length. Fluid, most commonly water, then is pumped into the well and forced into the formation at high pressure and flow rates, causing the formation to fracture and creating flow paths to the well. Proppants, such as grains of sand, ceramic or other particulates, usually are added to the frac fluid and are carried into the fractures. The proppant serves to prevent fractures from closing when pumping is stopped.
A formation usually is fractured at various locations, and rarely, if ever, is fractured all at once. Especially in a typical horizontal well, the formation usually is fractured at a number of different points along the bore in a series of operations or stages. For example, an initial stage may fracture the formation near the bottom of a well. The frac job then would be completed by conducting additional fracturing stages in succession up the well.
Some operators prefer to perform a frac job on an “open hole,” that is without cementing the production liner in the well bore. The production liner is provided with a series of packers and is run into an open well bore. The packers then are installed to provide seals between the production liner and the sides of the well bore. The packers are spaced along the production liner at appropriate distances to isolate the various frac zones from each other. The zones then may be fractured in a predetermined sequence. The packers in theory prevent fluid introduced through the liner in a particular zone from flowing up or down the well bore to fracture the formation in areas outside the intended zone.
Certain problems arise, however, when an open hole is fractured. The distance between packers may be substantial, and the formation is exposed to fluid pressure along that entire distance. Thus, there is less control over the location at which fracturing of a formation will occur. It will occur at the weakest point in the frac zone, i.e., the portion of the well bore between adjacent packers. Greater control may be obtained by increasing the number of packers and diminishing their separation, but that increases the time required to complete the frac job. Moreover, even if packers are tightly spaced, given the extreme pressures required to fracture some formations and the rough and sometimes frangible surface of a well bore, it may be difficult to achieve an effective seal with a packer. Thus, fluid may flow across a packer and fracture a formation in areas outside the intended zone.
In part for such reasons, many operators prefer to cement the production liner in the well bore before the formation is fractured. Cement is circulated into the annulus between the production liner and well bore and is allowed to harden before the frac job is commenced. Thus, frac fluid first penetrates the cement in the immediate vicinity of the inner openings before entering and fracturing the formation. The cement above and below the liner openings serves to isolate other parts of the formation from fluid pressure and flow. Thus, it is possible to control more precisely the location at which a formation is fractured when the production liner is first cemented in the well bore. Cementing the production liner also tends to more reliably isolate a producing formation than does installing packers. Packers seat against a relatively small portion of the well bore, and even if an effective seal is established initially, packers may deteriorate as time passes.
There are various methods by which a production liner is provided with the openings through which frac fluids enter a formation. In a “plug and perf” frac job, the production liner is made up from standard lengths of casing. The liner does not have any openings through its sidewalls. It is installed in the well bore, either in an open bore using packers or by cementing the liner, and holes then are punched in the liner walls. The perforations typically are created by so-called perforation guns which discharge shaped charges through the liner and, if present, adjacent cement.
The production liner typically is perforated first in a zone near the bottom of the well. Fluids then are pumped into the well to fracture the formation in the vicinity of the perforations. After the initial zone is fractured, a plug is installed in the liner at a point above the fractured zone to isolate the lower portion of the liner. The liner then is perforated above the plug in a second zone, and the second zone is fractured. That process is repeated until all zones in the well are fractured.
The plug and perf method is widely practiced, but it has a number of drawbacks. Chief among them is that it can be extremely time consuming. The perf guns and plugs must be run into the well and operated individually, often times at great distance and with some difficulty. After the frac job is complete, it also may be necessary to drill out or otherwise remove the plugs to allow production of hydrocarbons through the liner. Thus, many operators prefer to fracture a formation using a series of frac valves.
Such frac valves typically include a cylindrical housing that may be threaded into and forms a part of a production liner. The housing defines a central conduit through which frac fluids and other well fluids may flow. Ports are provided in the housing that may be opened by actuating a sliding sleeve. Once opened, fluids are able to flow through the ports and fracture a formation in the vicinity of the valve.
The sliding sleeves in such valves traditionally have been actuated either by creating hydraulic pressure behind the sleeve or by dropping a ball on a ball seat which is connected to the sleeve. Typical multi-stage fracking systems will incorporate both types of valves. Halliburton's RapidSuite sleeve system and Schlumberger's Falcon series sleeves, for example, utilize a hydraulically actuated “initiator” valve and a series of ball-drop valves.
More particularly, the production liner in those systems is provided with a hydraulically actuated sliding sleeve valve which, when the liner is run into the well, will be located near the bottom of the well bore in the first fracture zone. The production liner also includes a series of ball-drop valves which will be positioned in the various other fracture zones extending uphole from the first zone.
A frac job will be initiated by increasing fluid pressure in the production liner. The increasing pressure will actuate the sleeve in the bottom, hydraulic valve, opening the ports and allowing fluid to flow into the first fracture zone. Once the first zone is fractured, a ball is dropped into the well and allowed to settle on the ball seat of the ball-drop valve immediately uphole of the first zone. The seated ball isolates the lower portion of the production liner and prevents the flow of additional frac fluid into the first zone. Continued pumping will shift the seat downward, along with the sliding sleeve, opening the ports and allowing fluid to flow into the second fracture zone. The process then is repeated with each ball-drop valve uphole from the second zone until all zones in the formation are fractured.
Such systems have been used successfully in any number of well completions. The series of valves avoids the time consuming process of running and setting perf guns and plugs. Instead, a series of balls are dropped into the well to successively open the valves and isolate downhole zones. It may still be necessary, however, to drill out the liner to remove the balls and seats prior to production. Unlike plug and perf jobs, there also is a practical limit to the number of stages or zones that can be fractured.
That is, the seat on each valve must be big enough to allow passage of the balls required to actuate every valve below it. Conversely, the ball used to actuate a particular valve must be smaller than the balls used to actuate every valve above it. Given the size constraints of even the largest diameter production liners, only so many different ball and seat sizes may be accommodated. Halliburton's RapidStage ball-drop valves, for example, only allow for fracking of up to twenty zones. While that capability is not insignificant, operators may prefer to perform an even greater number of stages using a single liner installation.
Thus, various systems have been proposed where a series of valves may be opened by dropping or pumping the same size ball through the valves, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,417 to G. Rytlewski et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,377,321 to G. Rytlewski. The valves disclosed therein essentially use hydraulic pressure diverted from a lower valve to actuate an upper valve, causing the upper valve to form a seat upon which a ball may be seated to open the valve. For example, Rytlewski '417 discloses valves 14 which have a valve sleeve 60 that initially covers ports 100, but may be shifted downward to uncover ports 100 and open the valve 14.
All valves 14 in a string are initially run into a well with their ports 100 closed. With the possible exception of the bottom valve 14N, none of the valves 14 are in a ball catching state when they are run into a well. The central passageway 24 of the valves 14 is not restricted, and free-falling and pumped balls are able to pass freely through the valves 14. When bottom valve 14N is opened, however, it places valve 14N-1, the next valve uphole from bottom valve 14N, in a ball catching state. Valve 14N-1, when it is placed in its ball catching state, forms a seat against which a ball may lodge. The other uphole valves 14 will allow the ball to pass unimpeded through them. Valve 14N-1, however, is able to catch a ball and, by applying hydraulic pressure behind the ball, it may be opened and the next uphole valve, valve 14N-2, may be placed in a ball catching state.
More specifically, valve 14 has a collet sleeve 30 which is connected at its upper end to the valve sleeve 60. Collet 30 has fingers that can be compressed to put valve 14 in a ball catching state. Initially, however, when valve 14 is run into a well, ports 100 are closed and collet 30 is in an expanded state leaving the central passageway 24 unobstructed.
A particular valve 14 is placed in its ball catching state by diverting hydraulic pressure from the valve 14 below it. For example, when bottom valve 14N is opened, fluid is allowed to flow out a fluid passageway 70 in valve 14N and, via hydraulic connections, into a fluid passageway 42 in valve 1414. That hydraulic pressure acts on a mandrel 40 in valve 14N-1, driving it downward. As mandrel 40 is driven downward, it drives a sleeve 48 over the expanded lower end 32 of collect 30, compressing it into a ball seat.
After a ball lodges against the compressed collet 30, fluid pressure may be built up behind the ball to cause the collet 30 and, in turn, the valve sleeve 60 to shift down and open ports 100. As sleeve 60 shifts downward, it allows fluid to flow out passageway 70 in valve 14N-1 and into passageway 42 of the next uphole valve, valve 14N-2, placing that next uphole valve in its ball catching state.
Rytlewski '417 also discloses valves 290 which function identically to valves 14, except that collet 30 in valve 14 is replaced in valve 290 with a C-ring 300. Like collet 30, C-ring 300 may be compressed by actuating a mandrel 302, thereby placing valve 290 in its ball catching state. Rytlewski '321 discloses valves suitable for drillstem testing. The valves disclosed therein are similar to the valves disclosed in Rytlewski '417, except that valves 106 also incorporate a flapper valve 212 which, when allowed to pivot shut, prevents the flow of fluid from lower zones as low pressure is created in the test zone.
At least in theory, a series of valves as disclosed in the Rytlewski patents may be opened in sequence with the same sized ball. As a practical, matter, such systems suffer from a number of flaws. Chief among them is that they rely on hydraulics to actuate the mechanism by which a valve is placed in it ball catching state. The hydraulic lines running between the valves are susceptible to damage as the liner is run into the well. If a hydraulic line is punctured or severed, all valves uphole from the severed line cannot be actuated, as fluid no longer may be diverted from downhole valves to place them in a state to catch a ball.
Various designs also have been proposed for “indexing” ball-drop frac valves. That is, ball-drop valves have been designed to allow an initial ball of a given size to be pumped through a particular valve in a production liner without actuating, the sliding sleeve to open the valve ports. The ball will exit the valve typically to actuate the sleeve and open the ports in another valve located downhole from the first valve. After one or more balls are pumped through an uphole valve, depending on the design, the uphole valve may be actuated by pumping another ball of the same size into the valve. Balls of the same size, therefore, may be used to actuate two or more valves in the production liner.
Examples of such indexing ball-drop frac valves are disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Publ. 2013/0,025,868 of C. Smith et al. (“Smith '868”), U.S. Pat. App. Publ. 2011/0,278,017 of D. Themig et al. (“Themig '017”), U.S. Pat. App. Publ. 2009/0,308,588 of M. Howell et al. (“Howell '588”), U.S. Pat. App. Publ. 2011/0,203,800 of D. Tinker et al. (“Tinker '800”); and U.S. Pat. App. Publ. 2013/0,299,199 of M. Naedler et al. (“Naedler '199”). Smith '868, for example, discloses an indexer which may be referred to as a traveling collet. The traveling collet indexes linearly, that is, it moves along the main axis running lengthwise through the tool from an initial position through a number of discrete positions. More specifically, the traveling collet indexes linearly down through a series of discrete positions in the central conduit of the valve as successive balls—all of the same size—are pumped through the valve. The collet catches and then releases each of the initial balls, indexing down one unit or position as each ball passes. When it is fully indexed, the travelling collet engages a sliding sleeve, driving it downward to open the ports.
More specifically, the traveling collet has an upper and a lower set of fingers. Each set of fingers undergo relative expansion and compression as protrusions on the fingers ride in and out of a series of annular recesses spaced out along the central conduit. When the fingers are riding out of a recess, they are compressed and will form a seat that can capture a ball. When they ride into a recess, the fingers relax, and the ball is able to pass through the fingers.
In the run-in position, the upper fingers on the travelling collet are riding out of a recess and are in their comprised state and form a ball seat. The lower fingers are resting in a recess. When a ball is dropped, therefore, it will land on the seat formed by the upper fingers and hydraulic pressure behind the ball will drive the collet downward. As the collet travels downward, the upper fingers will move into a recess, allowing the upper fingers to expand and release the ball. By this time, however, the lower fingers have been driven out of their recess, and now are compressed and form a ball seat. The ball which has just been released by the upper fingers, therefore, will land on the seat formed by the lower fingers and drive the travelling collet further down the main bore. That movement causes the upper fingers to ride out of their recesses—to reform a ball seat—and causes the lower fingers to ride into another, lower recess and release the ball.
The net effect of that catch-release-catch-release is that the first ball will pass through the valve without opening the ports, but will caused the travelling collet to index downward one unit. Successive balls of the same size then may be dropped through the valve until the travelling collet is fully indexed. The next ball that is dropped then will actuate the sleeve and open the ports.
Themig '017 discloses a similar travelling collet with a lower set of fingers (a “catcher”) and an upper set of fingers (a “ball stop”). The travelling collet, however, is not configured to index down multiple units. A first ball will pass through the ball stop and land on the catcher, shifting the collet down. As the collet moves down, the catcher ramps open and releases the ball while the ball stop is compressed. The next ball, therefore, passes through the catcher, lands on the ball stop, and actuates the sleeve to open the ports. Other types of catchers and ball stops are disclosed, such as a shear out actuation ring, radially compressible, resilient C-rings, and elastically deformable seats.
Themig '017 also discloses valves that may be indexed several times. Those valves have a reciprocating driver that rotates within the central conduit and indexes angularly about the tool's main axis as successive balls are passed through the valve. The driver catches and then releases each ball, reciprocating linearly and indexing angularly one unit. When it is fully indexed, the driver catches, but does not release the next ball pumped into the valve, and drives the sleeve to open the ports.
More particularly, the driver in the Themig '017 valve is spring-loaded and is mounted in the central conduit by cooperating pins and a walking-J keyway. The driver has a deformable ball seat as well as a C-ring that may be compressed to form a ball seat. The first ball will land on the deformable ball seat and urge the driver downward until the pin bottoms out in the keyway. Increasing pressure then forces the ball through the deformable ball seat. After the ball is released, the spring will urge the driver back upward. That reciprocating movement will cause the driver to rotate along the keyway and index angularly one unit. Successive balls will cause the driver to reciprocate and rotate angularly additional units until the driver has been fully indexed. Upon arrival of the next ball, the keyway allows the driver to move a further distance downward to open the ports, while at the same time driving the C-ring into a frustoconical area which forms C-ring into an isolation ball seat. Other seat configurations which may be used with angularly indexing drivers also are disclosed.
Howell '588 discloses a reciprocating driver which indexes angularly in a similar fashion. Instead of a compressible C-ring, however, the driver has a set of collet fingers that may be compressed to form a ball seat. The collet fingers first engage and then release successive balls until the driver has been fully indexed. Once the driver has been fully indexed, the next ball will land on the collet fingers, which are now prevented from expanding, and move the driver into engagement with the sleeve to open the ports.
Tinker '800 discloses indexing ball-drop valves, but unlike the valves disclosed in Smith '868, Themig '017, and Howell '588 as discussed above, the valves do not utilize a collet or other type of driver that indexes—either linearly or angularly—and then engages and drives a valve sleeve. Instead of ultimately being actuated by an indexing driver, the sliding sleeve in the Tinker '800 valves indexes down the valve. That is, the valve sleeve is spring loaded. A ball passing through the valve will land on a load pawl and ratchet pawl. Those pawls act as an indexing system. As the ball is blown through the pawls, they are deflected and allow the spring to index the sleeve downward one unit. Successive balls will index the sleeve additional units, until the sleeve uncovers the port.
Naedler '199 discloses an indexing sleeve assembly for an indexing ball-drop valve which in theory allows a series of valves to be actuated with the same sized ball. The sleeve assembly is mounted concentrically within the valve housing. It includes a sliding sleeve which can be actuated by a segmented seat. When the valve is run into the well, the seat is in a catch state. A ball will land on the seat, but it will expand and release the ball. As the seat expands to release the ball, it shifts a spring-loaded piston upward. A rotating counting ring is mounted in an annular space between the piston and the sliding sleeve. As the piston is shifted up, lower pins mounted on the piston rotate the counting ring, indexing it a half unit. When the ball is released, and the piston shifts back down, upper pins on the piston rotationally index the counting ring another half unit. The piston also will compress the seat as it shifts back down, again placing it in a ball-catch state.
The next balls through the valve will continue to rotationally index the counting ring additional units until it moves into alignment with a spring-loaded locking ring. When the counting ring and locking ring are aligned, the locking ring shifts upward, locking the counting ring and backing up the seat. The seat then is able to catch and hold the next ball and shift the sliding sleeve downward to open the valve.
Such designs, at least in theory, offer the promise of being able to selectively actuate a particular valve, and to actuate a series of valves in succession using a single-sized ball. At the same time, however, they suffer various shortcomings. For example, when a ball is pumped down a production liner, especially if the ball is relatively large, it will impact a ball seat with considerable force. Such force may be sufficient to cause a traveling, linearly indexing driver, such as the collets used in the Smith '868 valves, to index more than one unit. If that happens, the valve may be opened too soon and a downstream valve may never be opened. It may be opened with the initial ball, in which case none of the downstream valves will be opened. Alternately, if the valve was not supposed to open until the fourth ball was dropped, for example, it may instead open on the third or second ball pumped through the liner, again leaving one or more downstream valves unopened.
Valves that utilize a rotating, angularly indexing driver, such as the valves disclosed in Themig '017 and Howell '588, are not so susceptible to such problems. The driver must travel back upwards before it can index another unit. Rotating, angularly indexing drivers utilizing pins and keyways, however, are susceptible to jamming, especially when a valve is run into a horizontal well bore. Torque and friction can be created around the driver that may interfere with its operation.
Conventional valves, of both the linearly indexing and angularly indexing designs, also often are poorly suited for incorporation into a liner that will be cemented in place prior to fracturing the formation. Cement passing through the valve conduit when the casing is cemented may hang up in the valve and interfere with subsequent operation of the sleeve or travel of the driver. In addition, many such designs create restrictions through the bore that may undesirably limit the flow of production fluids from the formation to the surface.
It also will be appreciated that indexing valves, like basic ball drop valves, incorporate a seat upon which a ball may land so as to restrict flow of fluids through the valve, thereby allowing fluid flow to be directed out the housing ports once they have been opened. While such isolation seats necessarily must capture a ball after the ports have been opened, they must allow the balls that are used to index the valve before the ports are opened to pass through the valve. In addition, once a ball has landed on the isolation seat and fracturing has been completed, the ball must be released or otherwise removed from the seat so that production is allowed to flow upwards through the valve. The isolation seats also must allow balls to pass back through the valve. Indexing valves, therefore, have incorporated isolation seats that are designed to selectively capture and release a ball.
For example, Weatherford's ZoneSelect i-ball valve, which appears to correspond generally to the valves disclosed in Smith '868, incorporates a spring-loaded collet with fingers that may be compressed to form an isolation ball seat. The fingers on the spring-loaded collet remain in an expanded state as the traveling collet indexes down the tool. The balls used to index the travelling collet, therefore, are allowed to pass through the valve.
When the travelling collet is fully indexed it will drive the sliding sleeve downward to open the ports, which in turn drives the spring-loaded collet downward against resistance from the spring. As it travels downward, the fingers on the spring-loaded collet are compressed into a seat which captures the ball and restricts flow of fluid through the valve. Fluid pumped into the liner, therefore, is forced out the ports to fracture the formation.
Once pumping is stopped, the spring urges the collet upwards toward its original position, allowing the fingers to once again expand. The ball captured by the spring-loaded collet is thereby released. Balls which had passed through the valve to index or isolate downhole valves also are able to flow back up the liner through the valve and, specifically, through the spring-loaded collet.
A problem can arise, however, if pumping is interrupted for any reason after the ports have been opened, but before fracturing of the formation is completed. Any reduction in hydraulic pressure above the valve during such interruptions may allow the spring-loaded collet to travel upward toward its original position and release the ball. Once that happens, the collet is incapable of recapturing the ball so that flow through the valve is shut off. An operator, therefore, will no longer have the ability to selectively fracture the formation adjacent the valve. Any continued pumping will force fluids not only through the ports in the valve, but also through ports in opened valves downhole of the valve.
It also will be appreciated that it may be important to perform remedial or other operations through a tubular that incorporates indexing tools. For example, a particular zone may “screen-out” during a fracturing operation. That is, as fluid is being injected into a zone the proppant or other particles present in the fluid may clog up and prevent flow into fracture paths or through the liner itself. An operator may wish to flush the well to remove the clog, or may want to perforate the liner to provide additional flow paths into the zone. A variety of conventional tools are available for performing such operations. Tools that may be run into a well on coiled tubing are especially preferred since the coiled tubing allows circulation to be established during the operation, and it may be difficult to run tools into a well in which fluid circulation cannot be established.
Conventional indexing ball-drop tools may avoid to a certain extent the very small clearances present in a series of more traditional ball-drop tools, but they still may have a relatively small clearance. In particular, they may not provide sufficient clearance to allow many tools to be deployed through the indexing ball-drop tools. In addition, and especially with indexing ball-drop tools such as those disclosed in Smith '868 which utilize a collet mechanism, the central conduit of many indexing ball-drop tools have any number of projections and recesses. Thus, tools which in theory should be able to pass through the indexing ball-drop tool may in practice get hung up in the indexing tool as they are deployed through the liner. Milling out the indexing tools is possible, but not desired, as it is time consuming and invariably will render the tools inoperable.
The ability to selectively inject fluid into various zones in a well bore is important not only in fracturing, but in other processes for stimulating hydrocarbon production. Aqueous acids such as hydrochloric acid may be injected into a formation to clean up the formation. Water or other fluids may be injected into a formation from a “stimulation” well to drive hydrocarbons toward a production well. In many such stimulation processes, as in fracturing a well, the ability to selectively flow fluids out a series of valves may improve the efficacy and efficiency of the process.
Accordingly, there remains a need for new and improved sliding sleeve stimulation valves and for new and improved methods for fracking or otherwise stimulating formations using sliding sleeve valves. There also remains a need for new and improved isolation plugs and for new and improved methods for fracking or otherwise stimulating formations using isolation plugs. Such disadvantages and others inherent in the prior art are addressed by various aspects and embodiments of the subject invention.
The subject invention, in its various aspects and embodiments, is directed generally to downhole tools used in oil and gas wells, and especially to improved sliding sleeve valves, improved isolation plugs, and methods of using such tools. The novel tools are particularly suited for use as frac valves and plugs in completing oil and gas wells and in methods of fracturing hydrocarbon bearing formations.
One aspect of the invention provides for a stimulation valve for a well liner or other well tubular. The stimulation valve comprises a cylindrical housing, a valve body, an indexed driver, a reciprocating shifter, an actuation seat, and an isolation seat. The housing is adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well. The housing defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. The valve body is adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. The driver is adapted for linear indexing from an initial position through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The indexed driver is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from its closed position to its open position as the indexed driver moves to its terminal position. The reciprocating shifter is adapted to index the indexed driver from its initial position through its intermediate positions to its terminal position. The shifter comprises an actuation seat adapted to receive a ball for actuation of the shifter and to release the ball after actuation of the shifter. The isolation seat is adapted to allow passage of the ball when the indexed driver is in its initial and intermediate positions and to receive the ball when the indexed driver is in its terminal position. The ball will block fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Other aspects provide a stimulation valve wherein the valve body is part of or otherwise is joined to the indexed driver such that the valve body is indexed from an initial position through intermediate positions to a terminal position, the valve body moving to its open position as it is indexed to its terminal position.
Yet other aspects and embodiments provide a stimulation valve where the actuation seat is a split ring and where the split ring is carried on the shifter under compression and sized to receive the ball and is adapted to expand and release the ball after the shifter has indexed the indexed driver.
Still other aspects provide for a stimulation valve where the shifter is a spring-loaded sleeve and a stimulation valve where the valve body is a sleeve.
The subject invention in other aspects and embodiments also provides for a stimulation valve where the indexed mechanism comprises first and second ratchet mechanisms. The first ratchet mechanism allows the indexed mechanism to index relative to the housing and the second ratchet mechanism allows the indexed mechanism to index relative to the shifter. The first ratchet mechanism may comprise a pawl adapted to engage detents provided in the housing or the indexed driver. The second ratchet mechanism may comprise a pawl adapted to engage detents provided in the indexed driver or the shifter.
Further embodiments provide a stimulation valve where the indexed driver is a drive sleeve having a first split ring and a second split ring mounted therein. The first split ring is adapted to selectively engage a first set of annular detents in the housing so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the housing. The second split ring is adapted to selectively engage a second set of annular detents in the shifter so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the shifter.
Another aspect of the invention provides a stimulation valve where the housing has a first split ring mounted therein and the indexed driver is a drive sleeve having a second split ring mounted therein. The first split ring is adapted to selectively engage a first set of annular detents in the drive sleeve so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the housing. The second split ring is adapted to selectively engage a second set of annular detents in the shifter so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the shifter.
Yet other aspects provide a stimulation valve where the isolation seat is a split ring sized to allow passage of the ball when the valve body is in the closed position. The split ring is mounted for compression when the valve body is in the open position and is adapted to receive the ball when the split ring is compressed.
Other aspects of the subject invention provide a stimulation valve where the split ring is mounted for compression in the valve body. The valve body has an area of reduced diameter adapted to compress the split ring as the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position and preferably also has an area of enlarged diameter above the reduced diameter area where the split ring is adapted for displacement into the enlarged diameter area by a ball passing upwards through the valve. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Further embodiments provide a stimulation valve where the valve body engages a compression sleeve as the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position and the split ring is mounted for compression in the compression sleeve. The compression sleeve has an area of reduced diameter adapted to compress the split ring as the compression sleeve seat is engaged by the valve body. Preferably, the compression sleeve also has an area of enlarged diameter above the reduced diameter area and the split ring is adapted for displacement into the enlarged diameter area by a ball passing upwards through the valve. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Yet other aspects and embodiments provide a stimulation valve where the split ring is releasably mounted at the lower end of the valve body. The valve body is adapted to transfer the split ring to a compression sleeve as the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position. The compression sleeve is adapted to receive and compress the split ring. Preferably, the split ring is adapted for displacement from the compression sleeve by a ball passing upwards through the valve. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Various other aspects and embodiments provide a stimulation valve where the housing defines an intermediate portion having an enlarged diameter and the reciprocating shifter is a sleeve mounted within the intermediate, enlarged diameter portion of the housing. The shifter sleeve has an inner diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the housing above and below the intermediate enlarged diameter portion. Preferably, the shifter sleeve extends the substantial distance through the enlarged portion of the housing.
Further aspects of the invention provide for an isolation plug for a well liner or other well tubular. The isolation plug comprises a cylindrical housing, an indexed driver, a reciprocating shifter, an actuation seat, and an isolation seat. The housing is adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well and defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing. The driver is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The reciprocating shifter is adapted for linear reciprocating relative to the housing. It is operatively connected to the driver and adapted to index the indexed driver from its initial position through its intermediate positions to its terminal position as it reciprocates. The shifter comprises an actuation seat adapted to receive a ball for actuation of the shifter and to release the ball after the shifter has indexed the driver. The isolation seat is adapted to allow passage of the ball when the indexed driver is in its initial and intermediate positions and to receive the ball when the indexed driver is in its terminal position. The ball will block fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Yet other aspects and embodiments provide an isolation plug where the actuation seat is a split ring and where the split ring is carried on the shifter under compression and sized to receive the ball and is adapted to expand and release the ball after the shifter has indexed the indexed driver.
Still other aspects provide for an isolation plug where the shifter is a spring-loaded sleeve.
The subject invention in other aspects and embodiments also provides for an isolation plug where the indexed mechanism comprises first and second ratchet mechanisms. The first ratchet mechanism allows the indexed mechanism to index relative to the housing and the second ratchet mechanism allows the indexed mechanism to index relative to the shifter. The first ratchet mechanism may comprise a pawl adapted to engage detents provided in the housing or the indexed driver. The second ratchet mechanism may comprise a pawl adapted to engage detents provided in the indexed driver or the shifter.
Further embodiments provide an isolation plug where the indexed driver is a drive sleeve having a first split ring and a second split ring mounted therein. The first split ring is adapted to selectively engage a first set of annular detents in the housing so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the housing. The second split ring is adapted to selectively engage a second set of annular detents in the shifter so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the shifter.
Another aspect of the invention provides an isolation plug where the housing has a first split ring mounted therein and the indexed driver is a drive sleeve having a second split ring mounted therein. The first split ring is adapted to selectively engage a first set of annular detents in the drive sleeve so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the housing. The second split ring is adapted to selectively engage a second set of annular detents in the shifter so as to allow the drive sleeve to index relative to the shifter.
Other aspects of the subject invention provide an isolation plug where the split ring is mounted for compression in a compression sleeve. The compression sleeve has an area of reduced diameter adapted to compress the split ring as the compression sleeve moves from a first position to a second position and preferably also has an area of enlarged diameter above the reduced diameter area where the split ring is adapted for displacement into the enlarged diameter area by a ball passing upwards through the plug. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Further embodiments provide an isolation plug where an actuation sleeve engages a compression sleeve as the actuation sleeve moves from a first position to a second position and the split ring is mounted for compression in the compression sleeve. The compression sleeve has an area of reduced diameter adapted to compress the split ring as the compression sleeve seat is engaged by the actuation sleeve. Preferably, the compression sleeve also has an area of enlarged diameter above the reduced diameter area and the split ring is adapted for displacement into the enlarged diameter area by a ball passing upwards through the plug. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Yet other aspects and embodiments provide an isolation plug where the split ring is releasably mounted at the lower end of an actuation sleeve. The actuation sleeve is adapted to transfer the split ring to a compression sleeve as the actuation sleeve moves from a first position to a second position. The compression sleeve is adapted to receive and compress the split ring. Preferably, the split ring is adapted for displacement from the compression sleeve by a ball passing upwards through the plug. Displacement of the split ring will allow the split ring to expand and allow passage of the ball.
Various other aspects and embodiments provide an isolation plug where the housing defines an intermediate portion having an enlarged diameter and the reciprocating shifter is a sleeve mounted within the intermediate, enlarged diameter portion of the housing. The shifter sleeve has an inner diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the housing above and below the intermediate enlarged diameter portion. Preferably, the shifter sleeve extends the substantial distance through the enlarged portion of the housing.
The invention, in other aspects and embodiments, comprise well bore tools that comprise a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well and defining a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing. The tools also have an isolation seat which is mounted in the tool in a first state or position in which it is adapted to, allow passage of a ball of a given size which is deployed into the tool. The isolation seat tan be actuated to move into a second state or position in which it is adapted to receive balls of the same size deployed into the tool. Once the tool has been actuated to place the isolation seat in its second state, the isolation seat is adapted for displacement by upward flow of a ball of the given size, the displacement of the isolation seat allowing passage of the displacing ball back through the isolation seat.
Other embodiments and aspects provide a stimulation valve for a well tubular. The stimulation valve comprises a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well and defining a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. It also comprises a valve body and an indexing mechanism. The valve body is adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. The indexing mechanism is adapted for indexing from an initial position through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The indexing mechanism is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from its closed position to its open position as the indexing mechanism moves to its terminal position. The valve also comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of a ball of a defined size when the indexed driver is in its initial and intermediate positions and to receive a ball of the defined size when the indexed driver is in its terminal position. The isolation seat is further adapted for displacement by upward flow of a ball of the defined size, the displacement of the isolation seat allowing passage of the displacing ball through the isolation seat.
The subject invention in other aspects and embodiments is directed to production liners and other tubulars for oil and gas wells and, especially, tubulars that allow fracturing or other stimulation of a formation after the tubular has been installed. Thus, other aspects provide for a liner or other tubular that is adapted for installation in a well and which comprises one or more of the novel tools in any of their various embodiments and methods of using the tubulars.
Additional aspects and embodiments provide an assembly for use in a well. The assembly comprises a string comprising a passageway and a plurality of tools mounted in the string. Each tool is adapted to catch and release a plurality of objects of substantially the same size communicated through the passageway. The tools are in their catch and release state when mounted in the string. The tool in its catch and release state enlarges its inner diameter from a first diameter to a second larger diameter to release the objects. Further embodiments provide for such assemblies where at least one of the tools is configured to catch and hold an object when placed in a second state and where at least one tool is placed in the second state after catching and releasing at least other object.
Similarly, further aspects and embodiments are directed to methods of stimulating, and especially fracturing a formation in a well. Such embodiments comprise installing a liner or other tubular in the well. The tubular comprises an uphole stimulation valve and a downhole stimulation valve. The stimulation valves may be any of the various embodiments of the novel stimulation valves. A first ball then is pumped through the liner to index the uphole stimulation valve and to open the downhole stimulation valve. Fluid is pumped through the liner and out the opened downhole stimulation valve to fracture or otherwise stimulate the formation adjacent the downhole stimulation valve. A second ball then is pumped through the liner to open the uphole stimulation valve. The first and second balls are substantially identical. Fluid is pumped through the liner and out the opened uphole stimulation valve to fracture or otherwise stimulate the formation adjacent the uphole stimulation valve. Such methods preferably comprise cementing the liner is the well.
Other embodiments of the novel methods comprise installing a tubular in the well where the tubular comprises an indexing stimulation valve having an isolation seat which is displaceable from a closed position to an open position. A first ball is pumped through the tubular. The first ball indexes the valve and passes through the valve and the isolation seat. A second ball then is pumped through the tubular. The second ball is substantially identical to the first ball. The second ball actuates the valve to open ports therein and to close the isolation seat such that the second ball is received on the isolation seat to restrict flow through the valve. Fluid then is pumped out the ports to stimulate the formation adjacent the valve. The first ball then is flowed upward through the valve. The upward flow of the first ball displaces the isolation seat, allowing it to move from its closed position to its open position. The first ball, therefore, is able to pass back through the valve.
In other aspects, the invention includes methods of isolating portions of a well. The liner comprises tools that having a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well and defining a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing. The tools also have an isolation seat which is mounted in the tool in a first state or position in which it is adapted to allow passage of a ball of a given size which is deployed into the tool. The isolation seat can be actuated to move into a second state or position in which it is adapted to receive balls of the same size deployed into the tool. Once the tool has been actuated to place the isolation seat in its second state, the isolation seat is adapted for displacement by upward flow of a ball of the given size, the displacement of the isolation seat allowing passage of the displacing ball back through the isolation seat.
The tools are assembled into a tubular and the tubular is installed in a well. The tool is actuated to place the isolation seat in its second state where it is adapted to receive a ball. The isolation seat then is displaced by flowing another ball of the same size up through the tool, allowing the second ball to pass back through the tool.
Other broad aspects and embodiments of the invention include tools, such as stimulation plugs and valves, for a well tubular. The tools comprise a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well which defines an outer wall of the tool and a sleeve which defines an inner wall of the tool. The outer wall and the inner wall are spaced from each other so as to define an annular space therebetween. The tool also comprises an actuation mechanism adapted to index in response to one or more balls being deployed into the tool and thereafter to actuate in response to another the ball being deployed into the tool. The indexing balls and the actuation ball are substantially identical. The actuation mechanism comprises a member adapted for indexing from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The indexed member is mounted in the annular space between the outer wall and the inner wall.
Other aspects include such tools where the indexed member is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's one or more intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position.
Still other embodiments and aspects include such tools where the sleeve is a shifter operatively connected to the indexed member and adapted to index the indexed member from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position. Yet other aspects are directed to such tools where the sleeve is a shifter adapted for linear reciprocation relative to the housing, the shifter being operatively connected to the indexed member and adapted to index the indexed member from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position as the shifter reciprocates. Other aspects includes such tools where the indexed member is adapted to actuate the tool as the indexed member moves to the indexed member's terminal position from a the indexed member's intermediate position.
Another aspect of the subject invention is directed to such tools, including stimulation plugs and stimulation valves, where the tool is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the tool. The tool further comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions. It will receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball will restrict fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Various other embodiments include stimulation valves where the housing defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. The stimulation valves comprise a valve body adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. An indexed member is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's one or more intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position. The indexed member is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position as the indexed member moves to the indexed member's terminal position.
Further aspects and embodiments include such valves where the valve body is joined to the indexed member such that the valve body is indexed from an initial position through intermediate positions to a terminal position. The valve body moves to the valve body's open position as the valve body is indexed to the valve body's terminal position.
Yet other embodiments of the invention are directed to such valves where the valve is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the valve. The valve further comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions. The isolation seat will receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball restricts fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Another aspect and embodiment includes such tools where the housing defines an intermediate portion having an enlarged diameter and the sleeve is mounted within the intermediate, enlarged diameter portion of the housing. The sleeve has an inner diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the housing above and below the intermediate enlarged diameter portion and extends the substantial distance through the enlarged portion of the housing.
Various other embodiments of the invention are directed to tubulars which are adapted for installation in a well and comprise such tools and to methods of lining a well by installing such tubulars. Still other aspects are directed to methods of operating a tubular assembly installed in a well with a plurality of substantially identical balls. The assembly comprises a plurality of such tools in their various embodiments. The method comprises deploying a first ball into the assembly to index a first tool and to actuate a second tool. The first tool is located uphole of the second tool. A second ball is then deployed into the assembly to actuate the first tool.
The invention also includes other broad embodiments and aspects where the tools for a well tubular comprise a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into the tubular and an actuation mechanism adapted to index in response to one or more balls being deployed into the tool and thereafter to actuate in response to another the ball being deployed into the tool. The indexing balls and the actuation ball are substantially identical. The tools also comprise a central conduit adapted to receive the indexing balls and the actuation ball. The central conduit having a substantially uniform internal diameter substantially free of profiles.
Further aspects include such tools where the housing defines an intermediate portion having an enlarged diameter and the actuation mechanism is mounted within the intermediate, enlarged diameter portion of the housing. The actuation mechanism provides an inner tool diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the housing above and below the intermediate enlarged diameter portion of the housing and extends the substantial distance through the intermediate enlarged portion of the housing.
Other aspects include such tools where the indexed member is adapted for indexing, especially linear indexing, relative to the housing from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's one or more intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position.
Still other embodiments and aspects include such tools where the sleeve is a shifter operatively connected to the indexed member and adapted to index the indexed member from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position. Yet other aspects are directed to such tools where the sleeve is a shifter adapted for linear reciprocation relative to the housing, the shifter being operatively connected to the indexed member and adapted to index the indexed member from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position as the shifter reciprocates. Other aspects includes such tools where the indexed member is adapted to actuate the tool as the indexed member moves to the indexed member's terminal position from a the indexed member's intermediate position.
Another aspect of the subject invention is directed to such tools, including stimulation plugs and stimulation valves, where the tool is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the tool. The tool further comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions. It will receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball will restrict fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Various other embodiments include stimulation valves where the housing defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. The stimulation valve comprises a valve body adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. The actuation mechanism is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position in response to the actuation ball being deployed into the tool.
Still other embodiments include stimulation valves where the housing defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. The stimulation valves comprise a valve body adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. An indexed member is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's one or more intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position. The indexed member is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position as the indexed member moves to the indexed member's terminal position.
Further aspects and embodiments include such valves where the valve body is joined to the indexed member such that the valve body is indexed from an initial position through intermediate positions to a terminal position. The valve body moves to the valve body's open position as the valve body is indexed to the valve body's terminal position.
Yet other embodiments of the invention are directed to such valves where the valve is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the valve. The valve further comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions. The isolation seat will receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball restricts fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Additional aspects of the invention are directed to such tools where the internal diameter of the central conduit approximates the internal diameter of a 5.5″ tubular joint, and to tubulars adapted for installation in a well which comprise a plurality of tubular joints and the various embodiments and aspects of the tool, especially those where the internal diameter of the tool central conduit approximates the internal diameter of the tubular joints.
Various other embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of lining a well by installing such tubulars. Still other aspects are directed to methods of operating a tubular assembly installed in a well with a plurality of substantially identical balls. The assembly comprises a plurality of such tools in their various embodiments. The method comprises deploying a first ball into the assembly to index a first tool and to actuate a second tool. The first tool is located uphole of the second tool. A second ball is then deployed into the assembly to actuate the first tool.
Other broader aspects of the invention includes methods of performing an operation through a tubular assembly installed in a well. The assembly comprising a plurality of first tools, such as stimulation plugs and valves. The first tools are adapted for actuation by a ball deployed into the first tool after allowing a plurality of same-sized balls to pass through the first tool. The methods comprise running an ancillary tool, such as a perforating tool, a cleanout tool, a plug and setting assembly, or a bit or mill assembly, into the well and through at least one of the first tools which has not been actuated or drilled out. The ancillary tool then is operated downhole of the un-actuated, un-drilled out first tool.
Such methods includes other aspects and embodiments where the ancillary tool is run into the well on coiled tubing, where the ancillary tool is run into the well on a wireline, where the ancillary tool is a perforating tool and the operation is a perforation operation, where the ancillary tool is a cleanout tool and the operation is a flushing operation, where the ancillary tool is a plug and setting tool assembly and the operation is a plugging operation, where the ancillary tool is a bit or mill assembly and the operation is a drilling or milling operation.
Still other broad aspects and embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of performing an operation to remediate a screen-out in a well. The well has a tubular assembly which comprises a plurality of tubular joints and a plurality of first tools, such as stimulation plugs and valves. The first tools have a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well, and an actuation mechanism. The actuation mechanism is adapted to index in response to one or more balls being deployed into the first tool and thereafter to actuate in response to another the ball being deployed into the first tool. The indexing balls and the actuation ball are substantially identical. The method comprises deploying a remediation tool, such as a perforating or cleanout tool, mounted on coiled tubing through at least one of the first tools which has not been actuated or drilled out. The remedial operation then is performed with the remediation tool.
Further aspects include such methods where the first tools have a central conduit adapted to receive the indexing balls and the actuation ball, and the central conduit has a substantially uniform internal diameter substantially free of profiles. Other such methods utilize first tools where the internal diameter of the first tool central conduit approximates the internal diameter of the tubular joints.
Additional aspects and embodiments are directed to such methods where the first tool actuation mechanism comprises a member adapted for indexing, and especially for linear indexing, from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. In other embodiments the actuation mechanism comprises a shifter, and especially a shifter adapted for linear reciprocation, which is operatively connected to the indexed member and adapted to index the indexed member from the indexed member's initial position sequentially through the indexed member's intermediate positions to the indexed member's terminal position.
Still other aspects include methods where the first tool, such as a stimulation plug or valve, is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the first tool and the first tool further comprising an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions and to receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball will restrict fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Further embodiments are direct to methods where the first tool is a stimulation valve which has a housing and a valve body. The housing defines a conduit for passage of fluids through the housing and a port allowing fluid communication between the conduit and the exterior of the housing. The valve body is adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. The actuation mechanism is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position in response to the actuation ball being deployed into the first tool.
Other similar embodiments include methods using valves where the actuation mechanism comprises a member adapted for indexing from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position, and the indexed member is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from the closed position to the open position as the indexed member moves to the indexed member's terminal position.
Still other aspects of such methods utilizing such valves include those where the valve is adapted to isolate portions of the well tubular extending below the valve. The valve further comprises an isolation seat adapted to allow passage of the indexing balls when the indexed member is in the indexed member's initial and the indexed member's intermediate positions and to receive the actuation ball when the indexed member is in the indexed member's terminal position. The actuation ball restricting fluid flow through the conduit when received by the isolation seat.
Yet other aspects includes such methods where the remediation tool is a perforating tool and the operation is a perforation operation and where the remediation tool is a cleanout tool and the operation is a flushing operation.
Thus, the present invention in its various aspects and embodiments comprises combinations of features and characteristics that are directed to overcoming various shortcomings of the prior art. The various features and characteristics described above, as well as other features and characteristics, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and by reference to the appended drawings.
Since the description and drawings that follow are directed to particular embodiments, however, they shall not be understood as limiting the scope of the invention. They are included to provide a better understanding of the invention and the manner in which it may be practiced. The subject invention encompasses other embodiments consistent with the claims set forth herein.
In the drawings and description that follows, like parts are identified by the same reference numerals. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features of the invention may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional design and construction may not be shown in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
The present invention generally relates to tools used in oil and gas well operations and especially to stimulation valves and plugs used in completing oil and gas wells. Broader embodiments of the novel tools comprise a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well. An actuation mechanism is mounted in the housing. It comprises a linearly indexing driver, a reciprocating shifter, and an actuation seat. The driver is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The shifter is adapted for axial reciprocation relative to the housing and is operatively connected to the driver and adapted to index the indexed driver from its initial position sequentially through its intermediate positions to its terminal position as the shifter reciprocates. The actuation seat is mounted on the shifter and is adapted to receive a ball for actuation of the shifter and to release the ball after the shifter has indexed the indexed driver. Thus, a series of such tools may be operated by deploying a series of balls, all of the same size, through the tools.
Broader embodiments of the novel stimulation valves comprise a cylindrical housing, a valve body, a driver, a reciprocating shifter, an actuation seat, and an isolation seat. The housing is adapted for assembly into a tubular string such as a liner for a well. The valve housing defines a conduit for the passage of fluids through the housing. Preferably the conduit has a substantially uniform diameter. The housing has a port which can allow fluids to pass from the conduit to the exterior of the valve. The port may be shut off or left open by a valve body mounted on the housing.
The valve body is adapted for movement from a closed position restricting fluid communication through the port to an open position allowing fluid communication through the port. The driver is adapted for linear indexing from an initial position through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The valve body and indexed driver may be a single component or separate components. In either event, the indexed driver is operatively connected to the valve body such that the valve body moves from its closed position to its open position as the indexed driver moves to its terminal position.
The reciprocating shifter is adapted to engage and index the indexed driver from the initial position, through the intermediate positions to the terminal position. The actuation seat is mounted on the reciprocating shifter and is adapted to receive a ball for actuation of the shifter and to release the ball after actuation of the shifter. The isolation seat is adapted to allow passage of the ball when the indexed driver is in the initial and intermediate positions and to receive the ball when the indexed driver is in the terminal position. A ball seated on the isolation seat will block fluid from flowing through the central conduit.
For example, a first preferred frac valve 10 is illustrated in
Preferred novel frac valve 10 is shown in greater detail in
More particularly, as may be seen generally in
The inner diameter of intermediate housing sub 24 is generally enlarged somewhat relative to the inner diameter of upper housing sub 23 and lower housing sub 25 since it primarily accommodates the other valve components, such as shifter sleeve 30, drive sleeve 40, and valve sleeve 50. Thus, for reasons discussed below, housing 20 may be provided with a central conduit 21 that has a substantially uniform internal diameter relatively free of profiles.
The housing of the novel valves has a port therein that allows passage of well fluids. Preferably, as in preferred valve 10 and seen best in
Actuation ball seat 31, as may be seen generally in
Shifter sleeve 30 is mounted for reciprocating linear movement within housing 20, that is, is will shift up and down between and upper position and a lower position along the central axis of valve 10. Shifter sleeve 30 and is biased upwards by a resilient member, such as compression spring 33. Spring 33 is disposed between shifter sleeve 30 and intermediate housing sub 24 and is mounted under compression between an outwardly projecting shoulder provided on shifter sleeve 30 and a support ring 34 mounted within intermediate housing sub 24. Other resilient members known to workers in the art, however, such as a series of Bellville or curved washers, may be used instead of a compression spring. Likewise, the invention is not limited to a particular way in which the resilient member is mounted within housing.
The actuation ball seat of the novel stimulation valves is adapted to selectively capture and release balls pumped into the valve so as to allow actuation of the reciprocating shifter. Thus, for example, actuation ball seat 31 in valve 10 is a split ring having tapered upper portions. The gap in split ring allows ring 31 to be radially compressed, and when compressed, the gap is closed allowing ring 31 to form a continuous seat which can receive a ball of a defined diameter that otherwise would pass through ring 31. When shifter sleeve 30 is in its initial upward position as shown, for example, in
Continued pumping of fluid into liner 2 will create hydraulic pressure above ball 1 which urges shifter sleeve 30 downward relative to housing 20. After shifter sleeve 30 has travelled downward a certain distance, actuation ball seat 31 will enter another, further enlarged portion of upper housing sub 23 and will relax and expand as shown, for example, in
The compressible, split rings used to provide actuation ball seat 31 in valve 10 provide a simple, effective mechanism for allowing the selective capture and release of a ball. They also provide an effective seat which allows a captured ball to substantially shut off flow through the seat, which in turn allows hydraulic force to be efficiently created and effectively transferred to a shifter. Any number of similar mechanisms, however, may be used to provide such a ball seat in the novel valves.
A plurality of radially displaceable ring segments or dogs may be used and mounted, for example, in suitably configured slots in shifter sleeve 30. Such segments and dogs would be mounted such that they are urged inward when shifter sleeve 30 is in its upper, initial position, and allowed to be displaced outward when shifter sleeve 30 has completed its down stroke. Shifter sleeve 30 also may be provided with resilient collet fingers that could be compressed to capture a ball and allowed to relax to pass a ball. A ball seat formed of resilient material also may be provided. The resilient material would be selected and molded so as to capture a ball, hold it while sufficient hydraulic force is generated to actuate shifter sleeve, and then release it at higher hydraulic pressures.
It also will be appreciated that the description references drop balls. Spherical balls are preferred, as they generally will be transported though well tubulars and into engagement with downhole components with greater reliability. Other conventional plugs, darts, and the like which do not have a spherical shape, however, also may be used to index and actuate the novel valves. The configuration of the “ball” seats necessarily would be coordinated with the geometry of such devices. “Balls” as used herein, therefore, will be understood to include any of the various conventional plug and actuating devices that are commonly pumped down a well to mechanically actuate mechanisms, even if such devices are not spherical. “Ball” seats is used in a similar manner.
In any event, the actuation ball seat will selectively capture and release a ball to actuate the shifter. The shifter in turn is adapted to engage and drive an indexed driver from an initial position through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. When the indexed driver is in the initial and intermediate positions, the valve body will be in a closed position shutting off fluid communication through the housing port. The indexed driver is operatively connected to the valve body such that when it moves to its terminal position the valve body moves from its closed position to its open position. A series of balls, all of the same diameter, therefore, may be passed through the novel valves to first index and then actuate the valve.
Valve 10, for example, comprises indexed drive sleeve 40 and valve sleeve 50. As successive balls are pumped into valve 10, shifter sleeve 30 will engage and release drive sleeve 40, causing it to index, relative to housing 20, from an initial position through various intermediate positions to a terminal position. In particular, shifter sleeve 30 will cause drive sleeve to travel down valve 10 from its run-in position through various intermediate positions remote from valve sleeve 50. Valve sleeve 50, therefore, will remain in its run-in, closed position shutting off flow ports 22 as drive sleeve 40 indexes down valve 10. Once drive sleeve 40 has been fully indexed, the next ball dropped into valve 10 will cause shifter sleeve 30 to urge drive sleeve 40 into engagement with valve sleeve 50, driving valve sleeve 50 downward into its open position to allow flow through ports 22.
Thus, as may be seen best by comparing
Thus, the novel stimulation valves preferably comprise two ratchet mechanisms: one ratchet mechanism allowing the drive sleeve to index relative to the housing, and the other ratchet mechanism allowing the drive sleeve to index relative to the reciprocating shifter. The ratchet mechanisms may include pawls, such as split rings, radially reciprocating dogs, and collet fingers, that ride in and out of detents, such as annular grooves or recesses. The pawls may be provided or mounted on the drive sleeve and detents in the housing and shifter sleeve, or vice versa. Various ratchet mechanisms are known in the art and may be adapted for use in the novel valves.
For example, as may be seen best in
The upper edges of detent grooves 26 and 35 are shouldered, while the lower edges are ramped. Thus, for example, when ball 1 lands on ball seat 31 of shifter sleeve 30 and urges it downward, inner pawl ring 45 will engage the shouldered edge of uppermost detent groove 35 in shifter sleeve 30, causing shifter sleeve 30 to pick up and carry drive sleeve 40 as it completes its down stroke. Detent grooves 26 in intermediate housing sub 24, however, have a downwardly extending ramp. Thus, as shifter sleeve 30 carries drive sleeve 40 downward, outer pawl ring 46 will ride out of uppermost detent groove 26 in intermediate housing sub 24 allowing drive sleeve 40 to travel downwardly relative to housing 20.
When shifter sleeve 30 has completed its downward stroke and ball seat 31 has released ball 1, outer pawl ring 46 will have moved into the next detent groove 26 in intermediate housing sub 24, as best appreciated by comparing
Thus, as shifter sleeve 30 reciprocates through its down stroke and upstroke, drive sleeve 40 will be indexed down one unit relative to both shifter sleeve 30 and housing 20. For example, as ball 1 is pumped through valve 10 drive sleeve 40 will be indexed from its initial position or index position 1, as shown in
That is, the valve body of the novel stimulation valves is adapted to shut off or to allow fluid flow through the port in the valve housing and preferably to carry the isolation ball seat. Thus, for example, valve sleeve 50 in valve 10 is a generally cylindrical sleeve mounted within intermediate housing sub 24, as may be seen generally in
When valve sleeve 50 is in its initial, run-in position as shown in
The isolation ball seats of the novel stimulation valves are adapted to selectively pass or capture a ball so as to isolate portions of a tubular below the valve from fluid pumped into the tubular. As is the case for the actuation ball seat, a number of conventional mechanisms such as displaceable dogs or rings segments, resilient collet fingers, or resilient formed seats may be used.
For example, as may be seen generally in
Once the indexed driver has been fully indexed, that is, it has moved from its initial position to its last intermediate position, another ball, ball 10 for example, may be pumped into valve 10 as shown in
As shifter sleeve 30 and drive sleeve 40 move through their down stroke, drive sleeve 40 engages and drives valve sleeve 50 downward. Smaller circulation ports, such as ports 28, preferably are provided in lower housing sub 25 to allow fluid displaced by the downward travel of valve sleeve 50 to flow into conduit 21. In any event, as valve sleeve 50 is driven down, ports 52 in valve sleeve 50 align with flow ports 22 in intermediate housing sub 24. Fluids may thereafter flow from central conduit 21 through ports 22 and 52 to the exterior of valve 10.
The c-ring or another similar isolation ball seat preferably is mounted for compression such that it will capture a ball. Thus, for example, valve sleeve 50 also compresses isolation ball seat 51 as it is driven down. That is, isolation ball seat 51 rests against the upper portion of lower housing sub 25. As valve sleeve 50 is driven downward, it will ride under isolation ball seat 51. A reduced diameter portion of valve sleeve 50 will ramp under isolation ball seat 51, compressing it. Thus, when actuation ball seat 31 releases ball 10 at the end of the down stroke of shifter sleeve 30, ball 10 will land on isolation ball seat 51, as is shown in
As noted above, one or more balls may be used to index the novel valves before a ball of the same size is used to actuate the valve and open the flow ports. Those balls used to index the novel valves, as discussed below, will pass through the valve and index or actuate downstream valves in the tubular. Eventually, however, those balls preferably would have be drilled out or allowed to flow back out of the well to allow efficient flow of hydrocarbons up the production liner. Thus, the novel valves preferably include mechanisms to allow balls flowing up through the valves to pass through the isolation ball seat.
For example, as best appreciated from
As noted above, the advantages derived from the novel valves perhaps are best appreciated in the context of large, multi-stage fracking operations, especially when the liner is cemented in place prior to fracking. Embodiments of the subject invention, therefore, also are directed to methods of fracturing formations in a well bore using the novel frac valves.
A typical multi-stage fracking operation will start by making up a production liner containing a series of valves. The novel valves make it possible to incorporate a relatively large number of valves into a production liner or other tubular and, therefore, to fracture a formation in a relatively large number of stages. Thus, as will be appreciated from
The actuation ball seat 31 and isolation ball seat 51 in the first series of valves 10a to 10j all are the same size, so that valves 10a to 10j may be indexed and actuated by balls of the same size. Valves 10a to 10j, however, will be indexed to different degrees at the surface before they are installed in production liner 2. Valve 10a, the lowermost valve, will be fully indexed (in index position 10) as shown in
Valves 10q to 10z also share a common sized actuation ball seat 31 and isolation ball seat 51, but those seats are sized to pass or capture a slightly larger ball than that which is used to index and actuate valves 10a to 10j. Valves 10q to 10z, however, are similarly pre-indexed before incorporation into production liner 2, valve 10q being fully pre-indexed and valve 10z being unindexed. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the novel valves preferably comprise some means to readily determine the degree to which a valve has been pre-indexed before it is incorporated into a production liner or other tubular. Thus, for example, drive sleeve 40 of valve 10 has a series of numbers etched in its outer surface which may be viewed through sight hole 29, each number corresponding to a particular index position. This may be best appreciated from
Liner 2 then may be run into a well bore and installed near the lower end of host casing 4, for example, by a liner hanger 5. Valves 10 will be in their closed, run in position. If the frac job will be performed on an open hole, the production liner also will incorporate a series of packers that will be set to seal off and isolate various zones in the well bore. If not, the liner will be cemented in place by pumping a plug of cement down the production liner, out the bottom of the liner, and into the annulus between the liner and well bore. The cement will be allowed to harden and encase the liner, for example, as shown in
Installing a liner or other well tubular with the novel frac valves may be performed by conventional methods and utilizing any number of widely available tools and supplies as are used in installing conventional liners and tubulars. It will be appreciated, however, that in cementing the well it is essential to ensure that cement is pumped completely through the liner. Even small amounts of cement hung up in a liner may harden and interfere with the operation of equipment in the liner. Thus, wiper darts, plugs or the like (not shown) will be used to push cement through a liner and ensure that the internal conduit is wiped clean of any residual concrete that may impede flow of hydrocarbons or interfere with the operation of liner equipment.
In any event, once liner 2 has been installed, hydraulic pressure will be increased in production liner 2 to open the initiator frac valve, fracture the first zone near the toe of well bore 8, and to established flow into production liner 2. Valves 10 then may be indexed and actuated by pumping balls through production liner 2. More specifically, ball 1 is dropped into production liner 2. Since it is too small to be captured in actuation seat of valves 10q to 10z, it will pass through valves 10q to 10z without either actuating or indexing them. As it continues down production liner 2, however, it will index valves 10b to 10j. When ball 1 enters valve 10a it will land first on actuation ball seat 31 to open flow ports 22 and then on isolation ball seat 51 to allow fracturing of the adjacent zone.
Ball 2 then may be pumped into production liner 2. It will pass through valves 10q to 10z, index valves 10c to 10j, and actuate valve 10b. The zone adjacent valve 10b then will be fractured, and successive balls dropped until each of valves 10c to 10j have been actuated and their adjacent zones fractured. Larger balls then will be dropped in succession to index and actuate valves 10q to 10z, until each of those valves 10 have been actuated and their adjacent zones fractured.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that while they may be used in wells where only a few zones will be fractured, the novel frac valves are particularly suited for incorporation into production liners or other tubulars where a large number of zones will be individually fractured. As described above, twenty zones may be individually fractured using two series of novel frac valves 10 and only two sizes of drop balls. Additional series of valves using additional sizes of drop balls may be installed in a production liner to allow even more zones to be individually fractured. Similarly, frac valves 10 may be configured to incorporate more or fewer index positions, by shortening or lengthening indexed drive for example. An isolation seat may be removed from an uphole valve so that the zone adjacent the uphole valve may be stimulated at the same time a lower zone is stimulated via a downhole valve. Thus, the novel valves not only allow fracturing to proceed over an extended distance in a large number of stages, but they allow great flexibility in fracturing the well.
The novel frac valves also are well suited for use in wells in which the production liner will be cemented in the well bore before the formation is fractured, for example, as shown schematically in
The central conduit of the novel stimulation valves, however, can and preferably is provided with a substantially uniform internal diameter which is relatively free of profiles. For example, by mounting the primary components of valve 10, such as shifter sleeve 30, drive sleeve 40, and valve sleeve 50, within an enlarged, inner diameter portion of housing 20, those components may be situated and configured to avoid any constriction in central conduit 21. Shifter sleeve 30, for example, preferably has an inner diameter substantially equal to the diameter of upper housing sub 23 and lower housing sub 25. While the inner diameter of valve sleeve 50 is generally somewhat larger, the substantial length of conduit 21 has a uniform diameter from which a wiper plug may more effectively remove cement. The substantially uniform and profile free conduit 21 also allows for use of a casing cement wiper plug as opposed to a liner cement wiper plug, the latter being required for use with many conventional valves. A casing cement plug typically has a larger core with shorter, stiffer wiper elements as compared to liner cement plug. A casing cement plug, therefore, tends to ride more centrally through conduit 21 and more effectively wipe cement from conduit 21.
Moreover, the areas into which the indexed mechanism travels may be and preferably are substantially isolated from the central conduit. For example, in valve 10 shifter sleeve 30 provides an inner wall defining in part central conduit 21. Intermediate housing sub 24 provides in part the outer wall of valve 10. Shifter sleeve 30 and intermediate housing sub 24, and the inner and outer walls provided thereby, are spaced from each other so as to define an annular space in which drive sleeve 40 is mounted. That is, shifter sleeve 30 is an elongated, substantially continuous sleeve extending completely over drive sleeve 40 and the area within housing 20 through which it travels. Shifter sleeve 30 also extends over one end of valve sleeve 50, the other end of valve sleeve 50 extending under the upper portion of lower housing sub 25. Thus, the areas into which drive sleeve 40 and valve sleeve 50 will move as valve 10 is indexed and actuated are substantially isolated from conduit 21 and, in particular, cement passed through conduit 21.
It will be noted that the novel sleeves also preferably incorporate additional components to further isolate travel areas from cement passing through the central conduit. Circulation ports 38 in shifter sleeve 30, for example, preferably incorporate burst discs (not shown) and the like that prevent the ingress of cement during installation of the liner, but will burst upon actuation of drive sleeve 40 allowing fluid in conduit 21 to flow around drive sleeve 40 as it moves. Circulation ports 28 in lower housing sub 25 and ports 52 in valve sleeve 50 also may incorporate burst discs (not shown). In addition, flow ports 22 in intermediate housing sub 24 preferably are likewise protected from the outside, for example, by a thin polymer sleeve 53 fitting over the lower portion of intermediate housing sub 24 as seen best in
As noted above, the novel valves preferably are provided with a central conduit which has a substantially uniform internal diameter relatively free of profiles. It also will be appreciated that the central conduit of the novel tools also may be provided with a relatively large inner diameter or clearance. Thus, the novel tools may more easily accommodate the passage of other tools that may be required to perform other operations in the well. For example, frac valve 10 accommodates only two relatively thin, adjacent concentric layers of moving parts within housing 20: a first layer comprising drive sleeve 40 and valve sleeve 50, which is mounted within and adjacent to intermediate housing sub 24, and a second layer comprising shifter sleeve 30, which is mounted primarily within and adjacent to drive sleeve 40. No other components are present that would require further constriction of shifter sleeve 30 and, necessarily, a corresponding reduction in the internal diameter of actuation ball seat 31 and the effective clearance through frac valve 10.
Preferred frac valve 10, for example, may be configured for assembly into a 5.5″ liner. In such instances it may be provided with an outer diameter of approximately 6.75″ and an internal diameter (excluding actuation ball seat 31) of approximately 4.7″, which approximates the inner diameter of conventional 5.5″ liner joints. The clearance through actuation ball seat 31 is approximately 4.5″, thus providing a clearance through valve 10 of approximately 4.5″. Thus, frac valve 10 should be able to accommodate passage of a variety of tools, including tools run into the well on coiled tubing, as may be required to perform operations in the well.
For example, and referring to
Other well operations may be conducted through the novel tools. For example, the novel valves may be provided with clearance sufficiently large to accommodate the passage of plugs and tools for setting plugs should a need to install such tools arise. Drilling and milling tools also should be accommodated in the event, for example, that it is necessary to drill out a ball or a plug in the liner. Likewise, it is expected that preferred frac valve 10 and other embodiments may be configured for assembly into other common liner sizes, such as 4.5″, 5″, 7″ and perhaps other sizes, and they would be able to accommodate such tools.
A second preferred frac valve 110 is illustrated in
Actuation ball seat 131 is mounted on the upper end of reciprocating shifter sleeve 130. Shifter sleeve 130 is substantially similar to shifter sleeve 30 in valve 10. It is mounted for reciprocating movement within housing 120 and is biased upwards by a resilient member, such as a compression spring 133. Shifter sleeve 130, however, is provided with a plurality of ports 132 more or less aligned with flow ports 122 in intermediate housing sub 124.
Actuation ball seat 131 is substantially identical to actuation ball seat 31 in valve 10. It is a split ring mounted under compression and can selectively capture and release balls pumped into valve 110 to actuate shifter sleeve 130. More specifically, actuation ball seat 131 is able to expand into an enlarged portion of upper housing sub 123 when shifter sleeve 130 has completed its down stroke and will be compressed again by upper housing sub 123 as shifter sleeve 130 completes its upstroke back to its initial position.
As in valve 10, shifter sleeve 130 is adapted to engage and drive indexed drive sleeve 140 through various index positions. A pair of split pawl rings are provided, an inner pawl ring 145 disposed between shifter sleeve 130 and drive sleeve 140 and an outer pawl ring 146 disposed between drive sleeve 140 and intermediate housing sub 124. Outer pawl ring 146 rides in and out of annular detent grooves 126 in intermediate housing sub 124, and inner pawl ring 145 rides in and out of annular detent grooves 135 in shifter sleeve 130 as shifter sleeve 130 reciprocates. Drive sleeve 140, therefore, will travel down valve 110 one index position at a time.
In contrast to valve 10, however, indexed drive sleeve 140 in valve 110 also serves as a valve body. That is, when drive sleeve 140 is in its initial position and intermediate positions, it covers flow ports 122 in intermediate housing sub 124. When it moves into its terminal position, it has traveled past flow ports 122, uncovering them in the process. Fluid thus is able to flow out of conduit 121 via ports 132 in shifter sleeve 130 and flow ports 122 in intermediate housing sub 124. Alternatively, ports may be provided in drive sleeve 140 which align with ports 132 and flow ports 122 when drive sleeve 130 has reached its terminal position. In either event, by essentially fabricating an indexed driver and valve body as a single component, or by otherwise joining them together, the components are operatively connected so that the valve body moves from its closed position to its open position as the indexed driver moves to its terminal position.
Isolation ball seat 151, like isolation ball seat 51 in valve 10, is a split ring which is adapted to allow balls to pass as valve 110 is indexed, but to capture a ball once flow ports 122 have been opened. In contrast to isolation ball seat 51 of valve 10, however, isolation ball seat 151 is mounted in compression sleeve 160. Compression sleeve 160 is mounted for linear movement within intermediate housing tub 124, and isolation ball seat 151 is mounted toward the lower end of compression sleeve 160. As drive sleeve 140 moves into its terminal position opening flow ports 122, it also will engage and drive compression sleeve 160 downward. Isolation ball seat 151 rests against backup sleeve 170 which is mounted in intermediate housing sub 124. As compression sleeve 160 is driven downward, its lower portion will move around the upper portion of backup sleeve 170 and engage backup sleeve 170 via, for example, a split lock ring. At the same time, a reduced diameter portion of compression sleeve 160 will ramp under isolation ball seat 151, compressing it and allowing it to capture a ball.
Once a ball lands on isolation ball seat 151, fluid pressure will urge backup sleeve 170 and compression sleeve 160 downward until backup sleeve 170 bottoms against lower housing sub 125. Once production begins, balls are able to pass upwards through valve 110 in a manner similar to what occurs in valve 10. The first ball passing up through valve 110 will impact isolation ball seat 151 and displace it into an area of enlarged diameter on compression sleeve 160 above the reduced diameter area upon which isolation ball seat 151 was resting. Isolation ball seat 151 then is able to expand and allow balls to flow up through valve 110.
A third preferred frac valve 210 is illustrated in
Actuation ball seat 231 is mounted on the upper end of reciprocating shifter sleeve 230. Shifter sleeve 230 is substantially similar to shifter sleeves 30 and 130 in, respectively, valve 10 and valve 110. It is mounted for reciprocating movement within housing 220 and is biased upwards by a resilient member, such as compression spring 233. Shifter sleeve 230, however, is provided with a plurality of ports 232 more or less aligned with flow ports 222 in intermediate housing sub 224. Actuation ball seat 231 is substantially identical to actuation ball seat 31 and 131 in valves 10 and 110. It is a split ring mounted under compression and can selectively capture and release balls pumped into valve 210 to actuate shifter sleeve 230.
As in valves 10 and 110, shifter sleeve 230 is adapted to engage and drive indexed drive sleeve 240 through various index positions. It uses similar ratcheting mechanisms including an inner pawl ring 235 disposed between shifter sleeve 230 and drive sleeve 240 and an outer pawl ring 246 disposed between drive sleeve 240 and intermediate housing sub 224. The ratchet mechanisms, however, are reversed. That is, outer pawl ring 226 is mounted in intermediate housing sub 224 and rides in and out of annular detent grooves 246 in the outer surface of drive sleeve 240, and inner pawl ring 235 is mounted in shifter sleeve 230 and rides in and out of annular detent grooves 245 in the inner surface of drive sleeve 240 as shifter sleeve 230 reciprocates. Drive sleeve 240, therefore, will travel down valve 210 one index position at a time.
Valve sleeve 250, like valve sleeve 50 in valve 10, is adapted to shut off or to allow fluid flow through flow ports 222 in intermediate housing sub 224. It has a number of valve ports 252 which, when valve sleeve 250 is in its initial, run-in position as shown in
Isolation ball seat 251, like isolation ball seat 51 and 151 in valve 10 and valve 110, is a split ring which is adapted to allow balls to pass as valve 210 is indexed, but to capture a ball once flow ports 222 have been opened. Like isolation ball seat 51 of valve 10, isolation ball seat 251 is mounted in valve sleeve 250. Isolation ball seat 251, however, is releasably mounted at the lower end of valve sleeve 250 via, for example, mating annular bosses on the upper end of isolation ball seat 251 and the lower end of valve sleeve 250. As drive sleeve 240 engages valve sleeve 250 and urges it downward to open flow ports 222, isolation ball seat 251 will be driven into compression sleeve 260 which has a smaller inner diameter relative to the outer diameter of isolation ball seat 251. Thus, as it is urged into compression sleeve 260, ball seat 251 will compress allowing it to capture a ball.
Once a ball lands on isolation ball seat 251, fluid pressure will urge compression sleeve 260 downward until it bottoms against lower housing sub 225 and locks with intermediate housing sub 224. Once production begins, balls are able to pass upwards through valve 210 in a manner similar to what occurs in valve 10 and 110. The first ball passing up through valve 210 will impact isolation ball seat 251 and displace it off compression ring 260 into an area of enlarged inner diameter. Isolation ball seat 251 then is able to expand and allow balls to flow up through valve 210.
A fourth preferred frac valve 310 is illustrated in
Actuation ball seat 331 is mounted on the upper end of reciprocating shifter sleeve 330. Shifter sleeve 330 is substantially similar to shifter sleeves 30, 130, and 230 in, respectively, valves 10, 110, and 210 except that it is assembled from an upper shifter sub 330a and a lower shifter sub 330b, again to improve assembly and servicing of valve 310. It is mounted for reciprocating movement within housing 320 and is biased upwards by a resilient member, such as compression spring 333. Actuation ball seat 331 is substantially identical to actuation ball seat 31, 131, and 231 in valves 10, 110, and 210. It is a split ring mounted under compression and can selectively capture and release balls pumped into valve 310 to actuate shifter sleeve 330.
As in the other exemplified valves, shifter sleeve 330 is adapted to engage and drive indexed drive sleeve 340 through various index positions. It uses similar ratcheting mechanisms including an inner pawl ring 335 disposed between shifter sleeve 330 and drive sleeve 340 and an outer pawl ring 326 disposed between drive sleeve 340 and lower intermediate housing sub 324b. In valve 310, however, outer pawl ring 326 is mounted in lower intermediate housing sub 324b and rides in and out of annular detent grooves 346 in the outer surface of drive sleeve 340, and inner pawl ring 345 is mounted in drive sleeve 340 and rides in and out of annular detent grooves 335 in the inner surface of shifter sleeve 330 as shifter sleeve 330 reciprocates. Drive sleeve 340, therefore, will travel down valve 310 one index position at a time.
As in valve 10, valve 310 is provided with a sight hole 329 in lower intermediate housing sub 324b by which the index position of the tool may be viewed. The numbers corresponding to the index positions, however, have been etched in the lower portion of drive sleeve 340, instead of the upper portion as in drive sleeve 40 of valve 10. The overall length of valve 310 may thereby be reduced as compared to valve 10.
Valve sleeve 350 is substantially identical to valve sleeve 50 in valve 10. It is adapted to shut off or to allow fluid flow through flow ports 322 in lower intermediate housing sub 324b. It has a number of valve ports 352. When valve sleeve 350 is in its initial, run-in position as shown in
Isolation ball seat 351 is substantially identical to isolation ball seat 51 in valve 10. It is a split ring which is adapted to allow balls to pass as valve 310 is indexed, but to capture a ball once flow ports 322 have been opened. Like isolation ball seat 51 of valve 10, isolation ball seat 351 is mounted in valve sleeve 350. As valve sleeve 350 is driven downward to open flow ports 322, it will ride under isolation ball seat 351. A reduced diameter portion of valve sleeve 350 will ramp under isolation ball seat 351, compressing it and allowing it to capture a ball.
Once production begins, balls are able to pass upwards through valve 310 in a manner similar to what occurs in valve 10. The first ball passing up through valve 310 will impact isolation ball seat 351 and displace it upwards into an area of enlarged diameter in valve sleeve 350. Isolation ball seat 351 then is able to expand and allow balls to flow up through valve 310.
Broader embodiments of the novel stimulation plugs comprise a cylindrical housing adapted for assembly into a tubular for a well. An actuation mechanism is mounted in the housing. It comprises a linearly indexing driver, a reciprocating shifter, an actuation seat, and an isolation seat. The driver is adapted for linear indexing relative to the housing from an initial position sequentially through one or more intermediate positions to a terminal position. The shifter is adapted for axial reciprocation relative to the housing and is operatively connected to the driver and adapted to index the indexed driver from its initial position sequentially through its intermediate positions to its terminal position as the shifter reciprocates.
The actuation seat is mounted on the shifter and is adapted to receive a ball for actuation of the shifter and to release the ball after the shifter has indexed the indexed driver. The isolation seat is adapted to allow passage of the ball when the indexed driver is in its initial and intermediate positions and to receive the ball when the indexed driver is in its terminal position. When a ball is seated on the isolation seat it will restrict fluid flow through the conduit, thus isolating downhole portions of the well from hydraulic pressure created above the plug. Moreover, a series of such plugs may be actuated in succession by deploying a series of balls, all of the same size, through the plugs.
For example, a first preferred frac plug 410 is illustrated in
Preferred novel frac plug 410 is shown in greater detail in
Thus, when shifter sleeve 430 is in its initial upward position as shown, for example, in
As it reciprocates with each ball pumped through plug 410, shifter sleeve 430 of plug 410 will selectively engage and disengage drive sleeve 440 so as to shift drive sleeve 440 down plug 410 in an indexed manner, i.e., one position at a time, more or less from one end of shifter sleeve 430 to the other until it is fully indexed. This may be best appreciated by comparing
When balls 1 through 9 are pumped into plug 410, they will actuate shifter sleeve 430 and index drive sleeve 440, but as may be appreciated by comparing
Once the indexed driver has been fully indexed, that is, it has moved from its initial position to its last intermediate position, another ball, ball 10 for example, may be pumped into plug 410 as shown in
As best appreciated from
The advantages derived from the novel plugs perhaps are best appreciated in the context of large, multi-stage fracking operations, especially when the liner is cemented in place prior to fracking. Embodiments of the subject invention, therefore, also are directed to methods of fracturing formations in a well bore using the novel frac plugs.
A typical multi-stage plug and perf fracking operation will start by making up a production liner containing a series of plugs. The novel plugs make it possible to efficiently and effectively actuate a relatively large number of plugs in a production liner or other tubular and, therefore, to fracture a formation in a relatively large number of stages. Thus, as will be appreciated from
Plugs 410 may be installed in liner 402 and actuated in essentially the same manner as valves 10 in liner 2. The actuation ball seat 431 and isolation ball seat 451 in the first series of plugs 410a to 410j all are the same size, so that plugs 410a to 410j may be indexed and actuated by balls of the same size. Plugs 410a to 410j, however, will be indexed to different degrees at the surface before they are installed in production liner 402. Plug 410a, the lowermost plug, will be fully indexed (in index position 10) as shown in
Plugs 410q to 410z also share a common sized actuation ball seat 431 and isolation ball seat 451, but those seats are sized to pass or capture a slightly larger ball than that which is used to index and actuate plugs 410a to 410j. Plugs 410q to 410z, however, are similarly pre-indexed before incorporation into production liner 402, plug 410q being fully pre-indexed and plug 410z being unindexed.
Liner 402 then may be run into a well bore and installed near the lower end of host casing 4, for example, by a liner hanger 5. Plugs 10 will be in their open, run in position, that is, isolation ball seats 451 will be expanded and will allow balls to pass. Once liner 402 has been installed, hydraulic pressure will be increased in production liner 402 to open the initiator frac valve, fracture the first zone near the toe of well bore 8, and to established flow into production liner 402.
A perforating gun, such as perf gun 401 shown in
Perf gun 401 then is redeployed into liner 401 to form additional perforations in liner 402 uphole of plug 410b. After perf gun 401 is run out, ball 2 then may be pumped into production liner 402. It will pass through plugs 410q to 410z, index plugs 410c to 410j, and actuate plug 410b. The zone adjacent plug 410b then will be fractured. Successive perforations will be formed, and successive balls dropped until each of plugs 410c to 410j have been actuated and their adjacent zones fractured. Larger balls then will be dropped in succession to index and actuate plugs 410q to 410z, until each of those plugs 410 have been actuated and their adjacent zones fractured.
A second preferred frac plug 510 is illustrated in
A third preferred frac plug 610 is illustrated in
Frac plug 610 also is similar in many respects to plugs 410 and 510 and may be used and operated in a production liner in substantially the same manner as plugs 410 and 510. In plugs 410 and 510 isolation ball seats 451 and 551 are carried on compression sleeves 450 and 560 which are actuated to compress isolation ball seats 451 and 551. In plug 610, however, isolation ball seat 651 is carried on actuation sleeve 650 which when actuated will drive isolation ball seat 651 into compression sleeve 660.
A fourth preferred frac plug 710 is illustrated in
Frac plug 710 also is similar in many respects to plugs 410, 510, and 610 and may be used and operated in a production liner in substantially the same manner. As in plugs 410 and 610, isolation ball seat 751 is carried on compression sleeve 750 which is actuated to compress isolation ball seat 751.
It will be appreciated that tools 10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710 and other embodiments of the novel tools typically will incorporate various shear screws and the like to immobilize components during assembly, shipping, or run-in of the tool. Shear screws, for example, typically will be employed to immobilize reciprocating shifter sleeve and indexed drive sleeve of tools 10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710. O-rings, for example, may be provided between housing subs and above and below flow ports to provide pressure tight connections. Such features are shown to a certain degree in the figures, but their design and use in tools such as the novel valves is well known and well within the skill of workers in the art. In large part, therefore, discussion of such features is omitted from this description of preferred embodiments.
The various tools 10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710 have been described as being incorporated into a liner and, more specifically, a production liner used to fracture a well in various zones along the well bore. A “liner,” however, can have a fairly specific meaning within the industry, as do “casing” and “tubing.” In its narrow sense, a “casing” is generally considered to be a relatively large tubular conduit, usually greater than 4.5″ in diameter, that extends into a well from the surface. A “liner” is generally considered to be a relatively large tubular conduit that does not extend from the surface of the well, and instead is supported within an existing casing or another liner. It is, in essence, a “casing” that does not extend from the surface. “Tubing” refers to a smaller tubular conduit, usually less than 4.5″ in diameter. The novel tools, however, are not limited in their application to liners as that term may be understood in its narrow sense. They may be used to advantage in liners, casings, tubing, and other tubular conduits or “tubulars” as are commonly employed in oil and gas wells.
Likewise, while the exemplified tools are particularly useful in fracturing a formation and have been exemplified in that context, they may be used advantageously in other processes for stimulating production from a well. For example, an aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid may be injected into a formation to clean up the formation and ultimately increase the flow of hydrocarbons into a well. In other cases, “stimulation” wells may be drilled in the vicinity of a “production” well. Water or other fluids then would be injected into the formation through the stimulation wells to drive hydrocarbons toward the production well. The novel valves and plugs may be used in all such stimulation processes where it may be desirable to create and control fluid flow in defined zones through a well bore. Though fracturing a well bore is a common and important stimulation process, the novel tools are not limited thereto.
As discussed above specifically in reference to frac valve 10, exemplified tools 10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710 may be particularly useful where it may be desired or necessary to accommodate the deployment of other tools and to perform other operations in the well. The novel tools may be provided with a relatively large clearance which may enable a variety of other conventional tools to be deployed through the novel tools, including conventional tools run into the well on coiled tubing.
Exemplified tools 10, 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610, and 710 have been disclosed and described as being assembled from a number of separate components. Workers in the art will appreciate that various of those components and other tool components may be separated into multiple components, or may be combined and fabricated as a single component if desired. For example, housings 20, 120, and 220 are assembled from three major components, but in valve 310 the intermediate housing sub 324 is assembled from separate components 324a and 324b. Likewise, shifter sleeve 330 in valve 310 is assembled from separate components. On the other hand, indexed driver 140 in valve 110 also serves as a valve body. Other modifications of this type are within the skill of workers in the art and may be made to facilitate fabrication, assembly, or servicing of the valves or to enhance its adaptability in the field.
Otherwise, the valves of the subject invention may be made of materials and by methods commonly employed in the manufacture of oil well tools in general and valves in particular. Typically, the various major components will be machined from relatively hard, high yield steel and other ferrous alloys by techniques commonly employed for tools of this type.
While this invention has been disclosed and discussed primarily in terms of specific embodiments thereof, it is not intended to be limited thereto. Other modifications and embodiments will be apparent to the worker in the art.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160032697 A1 | Feb 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14229362 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 14518809 | US | |
| Parent | 13987053 | Jun 2013 | US |
| Child | 14229362 | US |
