Patent Grant
11066788
The present invention relates to a reusable system for the construction of roadways and equipment support surfaces in areas having poor ground integrity characteristics. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system of durable mats which can be interconnected to form roadways and/or equipment support surfaces. More particularly still, the present invention relates to a reusable system of mats which can be quickly and easily positioned in a single layer to form roadways and/or equipment support surfaces, and which can thereafter be easily removed and stored until needed again.
Mats for this use are generally known in the art and are available from Quality Mat Company, Beaumont, Tex. In remote and unstable environments, a stable roadway (or any roadway) often does not exist, such that temporary roadways are assembled by aligning planks, boards or mats along the desired path. The mats provide temporary structures for various construction projects as well as for use in environmental or disaster cleanup projects. These mats enable trucks and other equipment to drive over, store equipment on, or create campsites on otherwise unstable, soft or moist land or damaged areas by providing a relatively level and stable surface.
While conventional wood mats provide useful service at a reasonable cost, the wood core, which is typically made of white oak, can deteriorate over time due to moisture causing gradual rotting and degradation of the wood material. This causes the mat to be discarded, because unlike some of the other materials that are used on the upper and lower layers of the mat, the core cannot be replaced without essentially making an entirely new mat.
Also, conventional crane mats that are typically 4 feet wide and utilize 8×8 inch to 12×12 inch beams that are up to 40 feet in length, utilize beams that are made of oak and preferably white oak as that material provides acceptable performance of the mats for a significant service life at a reasonable cost. Such mats are also available from Quality Mat Company, Beaumont, Tex. These mats, which are often called timber mats or crane mats, typically utilize virgin wood utilize virgin wood that is shaped and cut to length to meet design demands. Due to weather conditions and other environmental factors, however, the availability of trees that can be harvested to make such large size and length beams is reduced, thus making it difficult to obtain suitable quantities to make large numbers of mats.
Accordingly, alternatives are needed for crane mat constructions to conserve the amount of wood beams that need to be included. Also, the materials that may be considered as alternatives need to possess the necessary physical properties to be able to withstand harsh outdoor conditions as well as to support heavy equipment. And of course cost is a factor in determining the selection of alternate materials, as it is not cost-effective to provide a mat that is multiple times more expensive than one that can be made of wood.
Thus, there is a need for improvement in these types of mat constructions both to provide longer service lives as well as to conserve natural resources, and these needs are now satisfied by the industrial mats of the present invention.
The invention relates to industrial mats having substantially flat top and bottom surfaces and comprising first and second side beams having a height, width and length with a top surface, sides, and a bottom surface; a core structure located between and connected to a side of first and second side beams, with the support structure having a height that is less than that of the side beams, a width and a length, with the support structure comprising first and second longitudinal members; a plurality of joining rods that attach the side beams to the support structure, with the joining rods passing through the sides of the side beams and the sides of the longitudinal members of the support structure; one or more first elongated members attached to the upper portion of the support structure, wherein the top surface of the mat is formed by the top surfaces of the beams and the first elongated member(s); and one or more second elongated members attached to the lower portion of the support structure, wherein the bottom surface of the mat is formed by the bottom surfaces of the beams and the second elongated member(s).
The first and second longitudinal members are typically rectangular beams or members that provide flat side faces for contact with the side beams; the side beams are made of solid cut wood or engineered lumber; the first and second elongated members have the same thickness and are boards or sheets made of solid cut wood, engineered lumber, plastic or recycled materials; and the elongated members are bolted to the support structure. Preferably, the side beams are timbers of engineered lumber or oak or other hardwoods, or are solid or filled or unfilled hollow rectangular plastic members that optionally may be reinforced, the longitudinal members are timbers of pine or other softwoods, and the first and second elongated members are boards of uniform width which are spaced to provide water drainage between adjacent boards.
These mats generally include side beams having width and height dimensions of between about 1×6 inches and about 24×24 inches and a length of between about 4 and 60 feet and longitudinal members having width and height dimensions of between about 1×5 inches and about 24×22 inches, wherein the height and length of the longitudinal members is 0.5 to 2 inches less than that of the side beams on each peripheral side of the longitudinal members. Preferably, the beams have width and height dimensions of between about 8×8 inches and about 16×16 inches and lengths of between about 6 and 30 feet and the longitudinal members have width and height dimensions of between about 8×6 inches and about 16×14 inches, wherein the height and length of the longitudinal members is about 1 to 2 inches less than that of the side beams on each peripheral side of the longitudinal members.
The invention includes crane mats that include between 2 and 4 longitudinal members of pine or softwood timbers. To strengthen the mat while reducing weight, a steel plate can be provided between each pair of adjacent beams or longitudinal members. These steel plates have a thickness of between about ⅛ inch and about 1 inch, and a height and length that are essentially the same as to 2 inches less than that of the longitudinal members on each peripheral side of the steel plates. Preferably, the height and length of the steel plates are about ½ inch as to 2 inches less than that of the longitudinal members on each peripheral side of the steel plates.
The side beams preferably have the same dimensions and are attached to the longitudinal members to locate their upper surfaces about 1 to about 3 inches above the longitudinal members and to locate their lower surfaces about 1 to about 3 inches below the longitudinal members, wherein the first and second plurality of elongated members each have a thickness of about 1 to about 3 inches to provide the substantially flat upper and lower surfaces of the mat.
Some of the first and second plurality of elongated members and adjacent longitudinal members have one or more openings to provide access to one or more of the joining rods to facilitate lifting or manipulation of the mat. And these mats can include lighting elements embedded in the elongated members to provide light to assist in the use of the mat during the night or on days that are dark due to poor weather conditions.
To provide mats that can be interlocked together when installed, the first side beam may be sized to provide about one half the height of the mat, with the first side beam attached to an upper portion of the support structure, or the second side beam is sized to provide one half the height of the mat and is attached to the second side of the support structure in a lower position, or both the first and second beams are sized as recited in order to provide interlocking structures. Thus, the first side beam of one mat sits upon the second side beam of an adjacent mat to form an interlocked structure of conjoined mats. Preferably, the first side beam may be sized to provide about one half the height of the mat, with the first side beam extending above the support structure by about 1 to about 3 inches with the elongated member or members adjacent the first side beam having a thickness of about 1 to about 3 inches. Additionally, the second side beam may be sized to extend below the support structure by about 1 to about 3 inches with the elongated member or members adjacent the first side beam having a thickness of about 1 to about 3 inches.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to an inventory of industrial mats having different core or internal constructions of wood, engineered wood, thermoplastics, elastomers, thermosetting plastics, metal, or of coated or encapsulated components. Each mat that has a different core or internal construction includes identification means that indicates the core or internal construction of that mat. The identification means comprises an external color code, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, or an alphanumeric indicator applied to an outer surface of the mat or that is provided upon a plate that is applied to an outer surface of the mat.
When the identification means comprises an external color code, that color code is placed in the same position on each mat for easy identification. Typically, the external color code is placed along a longitudinal side of each mat so that the color coding is visible when the mats are stacked upon each other.
Alternatively, the identification means may be a RFID tag that is attached to the mat and that can be scanned to identify the core or internal construction of the mat. The identification means can also be another electronic device that includes a processor, storage, and wireless communications circuitry.
Furthermore, the identification means can be an external alphanumeric indicator that is applied to an outer surface of the mat or that is provided upon a plate that is applied to an outer surface of the mat. These are preferably placed on the mat is an area where they are visible and where they would not be subject to contact by equipment that is placed on or that travels over the mat. Again, the side of the mat is a good location for such identification means.
And in addition to the mat identification means, each mat can be provided with a surface color that indicates a potential use or non-use of the mat. These colors can include red to indicate that portions of the mat need to be kept free of equipment, yellow for indicating that caution is needed or green to indicate portions of the mat that are designed to accommodate travel or movement by trucks or heavy equipment upon and over the mat.
A further embodiment of the invention relates to an inventory of industrial mats having different core or internal constructions that are not visible because of the inclusion of side, end, upper and lower components which hide the core or internal construction from view, wherein each mat includes an electronic device that includes a processor, storage, and wireless communications circuitry that is configured to transmit identification, location, usage or physical property information of the mats over a wireless telecommunications network.
The electronic device is configured to communicate with electronic devices in other mats using a local network. In particular, the electronic device is configured to communicate real time location information to a server. Preferably, the electronic device includes one or more sensor including a vibration sensor that generate vibration data and the electronic device is configured to store the vibration data and transmit the vibration data to a server.
Also, the electronic device is configured to send messages of such information to other devices through other electronic devices in other mats. The electronic device may also be configured to store an identification of the mat and manufacturing date of the mat and to transmit the identification and manufacturing date to a server. It also can be configured to include information such as the weight of the mats, their load capabilities, markets or applications where the mats are to be used, the style and type of mats, maximum load limits, age of the mat e.g., by quarter, condition of the mats (i.e., service hours, damage or wear conditions, etc.). The information can be provided with color coding for ease of viewing and interpretation.
Another feature of the invention relates to a method for providing an identification of mat properties or usage for an inventory of mats, which comprises providing an inventory of mats as described herein and viewing the identification means to determine the hidden core or internal construction of the mats so that the appropriate mats can be selected and provided to a customer or user, or for retrieving over a wireless telecommunications network identification, location, usage or physical property information of the mats from the storage of the electronic device.
The appended drawing figures provide additional details of the invention, wherein:
The invention provides a number of different mats each having an environmentally resistant core and that includes replaceable elongated members, such as wood boards, on the top and/or bottom surfaces of the mat. These members can be replaced as they wear or are damaged while the environmentally resistant core can be reused and provided with new elongated members. The core is typically made of steel components, thermoplastic members, thermoplastic units, and thermoset gratings. In some cases, wood can be used for core components.
The new and improved industrial mats of the present invention now provide additional advantages over conventional mats. For one, the use of a support structure that is not made of wood conserves timber resources which would otherwise be harvested to provide the long length beans for construction of the mats. Now, only the side beams of wood are used with the support structure providing the remaining width of the mat. And in the preferred arrangements, the support structure is not of the same height as the side beams to allow other, thinner elongated members to be applied to the top and bottom of the support structure so that the upper and lower surfaces of the mat are substantially uniform. These members may be wood but shorter lengths and thinner cross sections are used.
The wood members of the mat that are to experience abuse or wear are preferably made of hardwoods such as white oak, red oak, beech, hickory, pecan, ash or combinations thereof. Also, engineered wood materials as described herein can instead be used. And as disclosed further herein, certain longitudinal members of the core construction can be made of softwoods such as pine because it is a lower cost, readily available wood material. As softwoods are not as abrasion and abuse resistant as hardwoods, the invention contemplates using the softwoods as internal components and protecting them with upper, lower and side materials of hardwoods, engineered lumber or plastic materials.
For other embodiments, the use of fiberglass reinforced thermosetting resins, generally in the form of a pultrusion, for the side beams and elongated members can be used to essentially eliminate any wood in the mats. This further conserves timber resources.
The term “fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic material” or “fiberglass reinforced plastic” means a thermosetting material that is reinforced generally with glass fibers or other types of fiber strengthening materials, such as carbon, aramid, basalt or other fiber materials. The thermosetting material is usually a polyester, epoxy, vinylester or even a phenol formaldehyde resin. Skilled artisans are well aware of these and equivalent materials that are suitable to meet this definition.
The use of a non-wood support structure enables that component to be reused in the event that the side beams or elongated members become damaged or experience deterioration due to use and exposure to harsh environmental conditions. By being made of more robust and environmentally resistant materials, it is possible to disconnect the joining rods to take apart the mats and remove the damaged side beams or elongated members, and then add new components to the structure to form a new mat. In effect, this reduces the demand for wood beams or elongated members by 50 to as much as 100%.
Certain terms that are used herein are defined hereinbelow to assist in the understanding of the invention.
The term “industrial mat” is intended to cover relatively large mats having widths of at least about 4 feet with lengths running from about 4 feet to 40 feet and incorporating elongated members, beams, or other components having square or rectangular cross sections of sizes of at least about 1×6 inches to 24×24 inches with lengths from about 4 feet to as much as 40 feet or more. Preferred dimensions are described throughout the specification. As noted, previous and current mats of this type that are commercially available are primarily constructed of monolithic wood.
The term “non-wood” to describe the support structure is used for its ordinary meaning. The components of the structure are generally not made of wood but instead are made of meat, a thermosetting plastic or other materials that are resistant to degradation due to environmental factors such as moisture from water, snow or ice, organisms that can cause wood rot, or similar external factors that affect wood.
The term “substantially” is used for its ordinary meaning to indicate that the dimensions are not precise or exact. A skilled artisan can readily determine what tolerances are acceptable to provide a surface that is considered to be flat based upon the size of the side beams and the type of service that the mat is expected to provide. There is no requirement that the beams and elongated members be flush with each other along the top and bottom surfaces of the mat. Typically, the term “substantially’ will mean that the top surfaces of the beams and elongated members can vary by as much as a few inches although in the more preferred embodiments the variance is less than 1 inch.
Additionally, all dimensions recited herein are approximate and can vary by as much as ±10% to in some case ±25%. In some situations, the term “about” is used to indicate this tolerance. And when the term “about” is used before reciting a range, it is understood that the term is applicable to each recited value in the range. Often, the craftsmanship and engineering procedures that are followed in construction of these mats minimize these tolerances as much as possible or industrially practical.
The invention contemplates the use of various components in the mat structure. Typically, elongated members of wood boards have been used and the term “elongated members” as used herein means structures that assimilate wood boards or are otherwise configured with rectangular cross sections and lengths which are preferably the full length of the mat. Shorter lengths of these structures can be used, however, as they are typically bolted to the other components to form the mat. These elongated members are typically solid but they can be hollow tubular components which are optionally filled with other materials such as foams or particles. The sizes for such elongated members are about 1 to 4 inches thick, about 6 to 12 inches wide and typically the length of the mat. Shorter boards can be used if desired and often are used when the mat is longer than 20 feet but full length boards for the entire length of the mat is preferred when possible. Lengths of 12 to 16 feet are common. For solid members, the preferred dimensions are 2 inches thick, 8 inches wide and a length that is the same as that of the mat (e.g., often 12, 14 or 16 feet or longer if desired).
Other embodiments utilize components in the form of a structured unit. This can be a sheet or plate, or a layer which is solid or that includes cells or other openings to reduce weight or provide openings to facilitate joining of the components by bolting or permanent or other non-permanent means. Typically, the size of such units ranges from about 1 to 4 inches thick, about 4 to 12 feet wide and typically the length of the mat. It is also possible to use multiple units in large mats, such as units that represent a portion (e.g., ⅓ or ½) of the size of the mat. The preferred dimensions are about 2 to 4 inches thick, 8 feet wide and a length that is the same as that of the mat (e.g., often 12, 14 or 16 feet or longer if desired).
Typically bolting is used as it allowed the components of the outer layers of the mat to be removed if damaged or deteriorated and replaced with other components while the environmentally resistant core of the mat can be reused. For certain mats, some or all of the components that are used can be permanently joined together by welding or an adhesive.
A wide range of thermoplastic or polymeric materials can be used for the core structure of the mats of this invention. These materials would be molded or cast to the desired size and thickness of the mat. Useful materials include:
It is also possible to utilize fiberboard as the elongated members or sheets that form the core structure. The fiberboard material is made of recycled plastic or polymeric materials from used carpets, plastic packaging and the like. They can be provided in the desired sizes for use as the core structure of the mats of this invention. In addition to being environmentally resistant due to their plastic content, these fiber boards are environmentally friendly by allowing recycling of used materials that contain plastic or polymeric materials.
The core structure may also be made of an elastomeric material. The elastomers are usually thermosets (requiring vulcanization) but may also be thermoplastic. Typical elastomers include:
Unsaturated rubbers that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization—these are preferred from a strength and hardness standpoint:
The elastomeric, thermoplastic or thermosetting materials disclosed herein can also be provided with conventional fillers to increase weight and hardness. They also can be reinforced with particulates, fibers such as glass, fabric or metal screening or scrim to reduce elongation and provide greater rigidity. Also, when the entire mat is made of elastomeric, thermoplastic or thermosetting materials, the entire mat can be made as an integral component.
The polymeric or elastomeric core structure can be made as a flat sheet provided that it has the necessary weight and rigidity. These variables can be controlled by the selection of the particular polymer or by providing a particular configuration for the core. For example, the core structure can be made with a honeycomb or open cell structure.
The term “honeycomb structure” refers to a structure that has openings or open cells therein which can be used to reduce weight or can be filled with other materials. The shape of the cells can be hexagonal, square, rectangular, or of another polygonal shape, or they can even be round. The cells can be adjacent to each other or spaced as desired and can extend in either the horizontal or vertical or direction.
With this construction, the weight of the mat can be increased and the resistance to liquid absorption improved by filling the cells of the honeycomb structure of the core structure with one or more of various materials, including sand, dirt, gravel, particles of plastics, ceramics, glass or other materials, various foam materials, or even of recycled materials such as particles of ground vehicle tires or other recyclable materials. The latter are preferred to fill the core structure to provide an environmentally friendly or “green” mat.
The plastic core structure can also be provided in two half sections in the vertical direction, i.e., an upper section and a lower section. The upper section can be designed with protrusions or raised and lower areas on its lower surface with the lower section designed with complementary recesses or lower and raised areas on the surface that faces the upper section so that the upper and lower section can be joined together by engagement of the protrusions and recesses or raised and lower areas.
Alternatively, the core structure can be made of a metal frame or ladder structure. Typically, steel, stainless steel or aluminum are used and the frame or structure can be bolted, riveted or welded together. The metal frame or structure if made of steel can be further protected by galvanizing, painting or otherwise depositing powder or liquid coating material thereon to prevent moisture from contacting the steel. For example, the entire core structure when made of steel can be coated with a paint or even with a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin.
The metal frame or ladder structure can be used as is or can be configured with netting, mesh or other material that allows any frame openings to be provided with a filler to modify the weight of the mat. If additional weight is desired, heavier filler material can be used. To fill in the interior sections of the frame without adding too much weight to the mat, a plastic or rubber filler of low density particles or foam can be used.
Another embodiment of the invention will utilize wood components for the core construction, with softwoods such as pine, cedar other conifer tree materials and preferably pine utilized for this purpose. Pine is an abundant, low cost wood material that is readily available in the sizes needed for industrial mats. It does not possess the same abrasion and abuse resistance as hardwoods such as oak. Thus, pine or other softwood can be used as a core construction material in the mats of the invention provided that it is protected by outer components of the mat that are made of more rugged materials. In a crane mat, for example, the outer side beams can be oak timbers of the desired size, with the pine beams being used at a smaller size than the oak timbers such that the oak timbers extend both above and below the pine timbers. Then, the spaces between the exposed surfaces of the pine and oak timbers can be provided with one or more elongated members of wood, engineered lumber, plastic or recycle materials. These materials can be used in the form of boards or as a sheet member to form with the oak timbers the exposed upper and lower mat surfaces of the mat which are configured to be relatively flat. These outer components protect the pine from damage while the pine lowers the cost of the mat compared to the more expensive and less readily available oak or other hardwoods.
And in a preferred embodiment, each adjacent beams and timbers of the mat would be separated by a steel plate which would be slightly smaller than the height and length dimensions of the pine timbers. While it is possible for the steel plate to be have the same height and length dimensions as the pine timbers, the use of a slightly smaller plate, for example, one that is one half inch to 2 inches smaller than the pine timber on each peripheral side of the plate is preferred. These plates would also have a preferred thickness of about ⅛ to ½ inch although thicker plates can be used in larger mats. And for smaller size mats, other metal plates, e.g., aluminum, can be used instead of steel.
In the preferred constructions, the steel members do not extend to the upper or lower surfaces of the mat and instead are covered by the upper and lower elongated members. And when the elongated members are boards, they can be spaced to allow certain voids to be present between them which act as channels that allow water to drain from the mat.
The assembled mat in the preferred embodiments can vary depending upon the specific type of mat. 2-ply or 3-ply laminated mats will typically include elongated members that are about 2×8 inches with the mat having a width of approximately 8 feet and a length of about 12, 14 or 16 feet. General industrial mats would typically have a thickness of approximately 6 inches which is made up of a core construction that is 2 or 4 inches thick, an upper layer that is 2 inches thick and a lower layer that is 2 inches thick. For a three layer mat, each layer would be 2 inches thick, while for a two layer mat, the core would be 4 inches thick and the upper outer layer would be 2 inches thick. A crane or timber mat would be about 4 to 8 feet wide with beams having typical width and height dimensions of 6×6, 8×8, 10×10 or 12×12 inches and a length of between about 20 and 40 feet. The core structure may be made of any environmentally resistant material disclosed herein and in the desired shape and configuration. The number of top, bottom, and core structure components will be dictated by the final dimensions of the mat for the particular application or end use. Also, the preferred embodiments will include spacing in between top, middle, and bottom boards with is no wider than about 1½ inches.
The core structure can be made up of different environmentally resistant materials. For example, a core structure of a sheet or plate of a thermoplastic or thermosetting material can be provided with a thin sheet of metal for additional reinforcement or for maintaining filler material in the cells or openings of the sheet or plate. A steel sheet can be used upon a layer of a thermoplastic material in the form of a sheet or other structure to provide stiffening of the core structure.
The core structure made of environmentally resistant materials prevents degradation from exposure to weather conditions in the event that water or other liquids enter into the core. Preferred specific environmentally resistant materials for the core structure include:
The edges of the core structure can be protected as disclosed in US patent application 2014/0193196 or with wood or synthetic laminate to avoid mechanical damage to core structure edges. Additionally, a bumper structure of wood or plastic material as disclosed herein can also be used.
For certain open cell core structures, reinforcement with sheets or other cell closing materials can be used to improve stiffness and strength of the core structure while also retaining the filler in the cells or openings.
It is also possible to use a metal plate as the core. The metal plate can include openings or apertures to reduce weight. A plate of a thermosetting plastic can instead be used, and it can be solid or have openings therein. The plates can be 2 to 4 inches thick. A fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic grating having openings that are 2×2 or 3×3 inches is preferred.
To reduce the weight of the mat, the core structure can be made of a honeycomb or lath structure, or with a plurality of openings. For very open structures, the cells or openings can be filled as noted above with a material that is lighter than the metal to maintain the weight at a desired level. The openings can be covered with upper and/or lower sheeting to retain the filler therein. Any material can be used for the sheeting as the metal core structure is providing the necessary strength and rigidity to the mat. Typically, the sheeting may be plywood, plastic, metal or composite material, and can be solid or in mesh form. The sheeting can be attached to the mat preferably by riveting, bolting or by an adhesive. The sheeting and core structure can be maintained in position be being sandwiched between the outer layers, with the entire structure held together by bolting or riveting. If necessary, holes for the bolts or other fasteners can be drilled through the metal plate or sheeting to facilitate assembly by allowing passage of the fasteners therethrough.
And as noted herein, pine or other soft wood timbers can be used for the core of the mat. These materials would have slightly smaller height and length dimensions and those of the side beams. For example, for a crane or timber mat that includes side beams having typical width and height dimensions of 6×6, 8×8, 10×10 or 12×12 inches and a length of between about 20 and 40 feet, the pine timbers would have width and height dimensions of about 6×4, 8×6, 10×8 or 12×10 inches with the same length. And when steel plates are used, these could have the same height and length as the pine timbers but the could instead have a height of about 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, or 6 to 8 inches and a length of between about 19 feet 8 inches and 39 feet 8 inches, respectively.
Generally, the mat construction for a laminated mat comprises one of the cores disclosed herein along with upper and lower layers of elongated members or beams. For the upper and lower layers, the thickness of the boards will be approximately 1.75 inches but may be between 1.5 and 3 inches. Length will be as desired but will preferably be 12, 14 or 16 feet. The width of the boards will vary depending upon location on the core. That is, the width of the top and bottom layer boards will be approximately 8 inches (single width) or 16 inches (double width). Approximately means they may be slightly less such as 7.5 to 8.5 inches or 15 to 17 inches. A typical thickness for the mat is at least about 4 inches and preferably approximately 6 inches, with the central layer providing a thickness of about 1 to 4 inches and the upper and lower layers providing a thickness of about 1 to 3 inches. Generally, the boards have a narrower width than the softwood beams, but of course, the dimensions can vary depending upon the specific end use intended for the mat. Also, the beams can be manufactured to any particular thickness, width and length, but the preferred dimensions disclosed herein approximate those of conventional mats of white oak or other materials which are in use in the industry.
In a most preferred embodiment, the mat includes a core structure of an environmentally resistant material, an outer upper layer positioned above the core structure and an outer lower layer positioned below the core, wherein each outer layer includes a plurality of elongated members each having a modulus of 1.6 M psi. As noted, the core structure is made of materials that provide a load bearing capacity that is able to withstand a load of at least 600 to 800 psi or more without damaging or permanently deforming the core structure.
The core structure can include one or two outer layers as desired or necessary for a particular installation and stiffness. The core structure components can be made be of sections or smaller portions that are joined together to form the desired size of the core. As an example, for a thermoplastic core structure of HDPE, sections may be welded together to provide the desired size, e.g., four HDPE 4×8 foot sections can form the core structure of a mat that is 8×16 feet. Similarly, eight 4×4 foot sections can be joined by welding to form the same 8×16 foot mat. The same is true of wood, metal or elastomeric components, which can be joined mechanically, by adhesives or where applicable by welding. The core structure can also be made of upper and lower half sections that can be joined together by welding, a mechanical interlocking, by fasteners or by adhesives.
Additional layers or components can be added to the core structure or mat, but the most preferred construction includes outer layers above and below the core structure as noted herein. The outer layers are preferably made of white oak as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,462,712 (three layer) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,944 (two layer), the entire content of each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. The mats are generally designed with water channels on the outer layer(s) to drain water from the mat. This is achieved by the spacing of the elongated members or by the provision of grooves in a sheet or other wider surface that is presented on the outermost layers of the mat. The grooves are generally rectangular in shape and typically have a width of about 1.25 inch and a depth of about 1 inch. It is of course also suitable to use channels that are U-shaped instead of being rectangular and that have a similar size as this achieves the same purpose of providing a path for moisture to be removed from the mat.
And while symmetrically formed mats are preferred, it is also possible to provide a core structure that has a different number of layers or plies on one surface than another. For example, the top surface of the core than include two layers or plies of components such as elongated or sheet members, while the lower surface can include only a single layer or ply of such components. And the materials used for the components of one outer layer does not have to be the same as the materials used for other outer layers. Thus, the mat designer has abroad range of possibilities for mat construction to tailor a specific mat for a particular installation or need.
Instead of wood, it is also possible to use engineered lumber for the outer plies or layers that are present above and below the core structure, either as a solid sheet or in the form of boards. Other materials that can be used our plastic layers or layers of recycled materials that are extruded into a final form of a plate or boards. These recycled materials can include material from carpets, tires, water bottles, food containers or other industrial plastic materials, as well as plastic resins that include components obtained from rice hulls, soybeans or other organic materials. Rice hulls can also be used as a filler in plastic materials. These recycled plastic materials have good environmental and impact resistance and can be made extruded into a desired shape of any length. They typically can be made into boards although with the sight sized equipment, sheets can also be provided.
Referring now to the Figures,
Boards 125 are applied to the core structure 115 by nailing, screwing, bolting or riveting of the boards 125 to the reinforced polyester beams 125 of the core structure 115. When bolting is used, the bolts can extend from the upper boards to the lower boards through the reinforced polyester beams 125. The nails, screws or bolt heads and nuts are recessed below the top surface of boards 130 and below the bottom surface of boards 130 to present relatively smooth upper and lower surfaces of the mat 100.
Alternatively, the boards can be attached to the core structure 115 by an adhesive or other means that provide a secure attachment. For example, when the core structure is made of a thermosetting material, the sheet and boards can be made of the same material as a unitary component. For a metal core, holes can be drilled to allow the bolts to pass therethrough.
As shown in
And while the interlocking is shown on opposite sides of the mat, the mats can be interlocked together in any direction using the top or bottom layers with appropriate configuring of the components of those layers.
Lifting elements 150 are provided on the third and ninth boards of the upper outer layer. These lifting elements 150 are configured as D shaped rings which are attached to the boards in recesses 170 so that the lifting element 150 can remain flat when the mat 100 is in use. Two lifting elements are shown but a skilled artisan can determine how many elements are needed for lifting of any particularly sized mat. If desired, lifting elements can also be provided on the boards attached to the lower outer layer 110 for versatility in the handling and transportation of the mat. The lifting elements are provided on the boards that are attached to the skin portion so that if the lifting elements or boards are damaged they can be easily removed and replaced.
The provision of single width boards enables the upper and lower moldings to have water channels 175 on the upper surface of the skin to drain water from the mat.
Alternatively, when sheet members are not needed, the lower layer 130 and upper layer 330 can be wood boards that retain the filler in the cells 360 as shown in
Of course, if the material of the core structure 315 and lower 130 and upper 330 layers provides sufficient weight, the cells do not need to be filled and the additional sheet members are not needed. Additional sheet members are also not needed if the cells are filled with an adherent filler material. The boards 130 of the upper and/or lower outer layers can be attached by bolting which passes through the cells. If desired, and preferably, the upper outer layer 330 is provided so that the final mat structure has an appearance that is similar to that of
Another embodiment of the invention is a variation on that of
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mat includes bumpers which protect the sides of the mat from damage during transport and installation. These bumpers are generally configured as a rails, rods or beams of a material that protects the sides and core structure of the mat from damage when being moved around from warehouse to truck to jobsite. As the mats are relatively heavy, around 2000 pounds, they are moved by heavy equipment such as front end loaders or cranes, and are typically dragged or dropped into position. The bumpers also provide protection to the side edges of the mats due to such movements and manipulation as well as some resistance to penetration by teeth or tines of the moving equipment. In one embodiment, the bumpers are made of a durable, tough and resilient material such as a plastic or elastomer, in particular, HDPE or a rubber material having a Shore D hardness of 10 to 50 is preferred. The bumpers are preferably molded or extruded into the desired shape or shapes for releasable attachment to the mat.
As shown in
As shown, the bumpers in the enlarged view of mat 400 have a tri-tube arrangement 430, of a “+” shape, that has a larger tube 430A in the center and the smaller tubes 430B, 430C located above and below the central tube. The tubes can be extruded in the shape that is shown or separate tubes can be made and then joined by welding, adhesive bonding or even by mechanical fasteners. This shape is not critical, however, and other shapes that are round, polygonal or that have combinations of different shapes can be used for the bumpers if desired. For certain materials, the bumper can fill the entire open side cavity of the I-beam, or it can partially fill the cavity provided that the bumper contacts the inner wall of the I-beam and extends towards the periphery of the mat so that it can absorb shock or impact forces.
In other embodiments disclosed herein, the bumpers can be made of wood. Wood is a useful relatively low cost material that has a history of good service in oil field mat applications.
The bumpers are preferably located on all sides of the mat. To retain the bumpers in position in the I-beams, rather than using an adhesive of bolting, the upper and lower layers of the mat can be provided with an additional member that is nailed to the upper and lower wood skins to retain the bumpers in place to prevent their dislodgement from the I-beam. The bumpers provide protection to the sides of the mat as well as to avoid damage to the core structure components.
The lip portions of the upper 515 and lower 520 skins can be a separate component that is attached to those layers or it can be molded or formed as an integral part of those layers. Generally, the upper 515 and lower 520 skins are made of a molded plastic or elastomeric material because such materials provide environmental resistance and impart durability and toughness to the mat. Also, the core structure 510 can be provided in two halves, an upper half that is attached to the upper skin and a lower half that is attached to the lower skin. These halves can be designed with protrusions or raised and lower areas so that they can be joined together by engagement of the protrusions and recesses or raised and lower areas. This reduces installation time and also assures that the core structure and skins interlock to provide the best resistance against compressive forces.
In the embodiments of
As in
To further reduce the weight of the mat while also improving its environmental resistance, a box frame of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) can be used instead of the steel frame. This is shown in
The plastic of the FRP material would be any one of the thermosetting plastics of the types mentioned herein but thermosetting polyesters and epoxies are preferred.
When a box frame is used, the bumpers 625 are configured with a flat surface to abut against the frame 605. The bumpers 625 are configured with upper and lower portions that are less wide than the central portion of the bumpers so that the skins 615, 620 can include lips 630 that engage the bumpers 625 to hold them in place against the box frame 605. These lips are essentially the same as those shown in
In
Alternatively, rather than fit into the structure on the sides of the mat, the bumpers can be designed with a “C” shaped cross section so that they can contact the top, side and bottom of the pultruded FRP box frame members. The top and bottom surfaces of the bumpers can extend above the upper and lower surfaces of the mat or they can be designed to remain flush with those surfaces by providing a thickness on the top and bottom bumper portions that correspond to the thickness of the top and bottom layers. Alternatively, the bumpers can be bolted, screwed, snap riveted or adhered to the FRP box frame with an adhesive.
The FRP frame 805 is protected by a rectangular wooden structure 825 which is also made of oak boards. The boards are joined together to form a square structure that is approximately the same size as the box frame 805 in width and height dimensions although the perimeter is larger so that the structure 825 sits outside or and adjacent to the box frame 805. The wood structure 825 acts as a bumper to protect the FRP box frame from damage during loading, transport and installation.
To provide additional protection to the box frame 805, the open area of the frame can be provided with a stabilizer 830 of foam or extruded polymer. As in
The mat 900 includes top 920 and bottom 925 wood boards preferably of oak that provide a flat surface for movement of vehicles or supporting equipment thereupon. These boards also provide upper and lower surfaces of the mat and protection of the core structure 905. These boards 920,925 also have spacings between them to allow water to drain from the upper surface of the mat, into the core structure and out of the lower surface of the mat. As the core structure 905 is made of an environmentally resistant material, there is no concern of deteriorating the core structure due to contact with water. The top and bottom wood boards are joined together about the frame using nails or bolts. Also, the tubular members of the frame 905 can also be provided with holes passing therethrough to accommodate bolting that is used to attach the wood boards 920,925 to the frame 905.
The frame 905 is also protected by wood boards 915 that provide replaceable bumpers for the frame 905. These can be attached to the frame by bolting that engages holes in the tubular members, or the wood boards 915 can be attached to the upper or lower boards 920, 925. As an alternative connection member, the frame 905 can be provided with studs or bolts that are welded to the tubular members and that receive the bumpers 915 or the upper 920 or lower 925 boards by passing through correspondingly located holes in those boards. The boards are then secured to the frame by appropriate nuts and washers or by flattening of the studs. This provides a simple yet robust construction for mat 900 which as noted allows replacement of boards that may become damaged during use. In the embodiments of
All of the mats according to the invention are to be installed on properly prepared ground so that they will perform acceptably. Ground preparation must be on a uniform material of uniform flatness (i.e., within +/−12 inches over an 8×14 foot surface). Crushed stone or rock no larger than 4 inches diameter is acceptable for preparing the ground as a substrate for supporting the mats.
All mats according to the invention are designed to meet the following product specifications for preferred implementations as temporary roadways, equipment support surfaces, platforms and similar applications. The mats of the invention do not cause contamination of the ground surfaces upon which they are applied.
Preferred overall mat dimensions are approximately 8 feet wide×6 inches thick and are either 12, 14 or 16 feet in length. The interlocking feature will extend the length of the mats by about 1 ft at three locations at one end of mat. U.S. Pat. No. 4,462,712 discloses mats which contain interlocking fingers and recesses which are preferred for use in the present invention.
The mats typically include two (2) outer layers of individual wood or composite boards, having cross section dimensions of 1.75 by 8 inches.
The spacing between individual boards or components in the upper outer layer is preferably approximately 1.25 inch to allow water to drain from the mat. This spacing is retained in the upper portion of the skin. The slip resistance of the mat is improved by the draining of the excess water, especially when used in locations that experience heavy rain or snow conditions. The spacing between the individual boards or components can also be provided on the lower outer layer of the mat to allow the mat to provide better gripping onto the ground. The spacing or similar grooves on the lower outer layer on the bottom of mat will keep the mat from moving around on the ground as traffic moves across it. The spacing or grooves re even more important when the lower portion of the mat is made of an elastomeric or thermoplastic material so that the mat would it grip the ground sufficiently and will avoid or reduce sliding or slipping thereon.
The preferred mats have physical properties that meet or exceed the physical properties of a conventional white oak mat.
The mat must also provide sufficient load bearing capacity: A fully supported mat (one that is properly installed on an approved ground surface preparation) must withstand a 10 ton load, spread over a 12″ diameter surface without degradation of mat properties or permanent deformation of core structure of the mat. The core structure would have a crush resistance of between about 600 and 800 psi depending upon the application. This provides resistance against compression while not detracting from resistance to torsion forces that applied to the mat by vehicles passing thereover. Generally, the cores are designed so that they provide some degree of compressibility as large vehicles or equipment move over or are placed upon the mat. After the vehicles or equipment are removed from the mat, it retains its original thickness. In wet environments, this can cause some water to be sucked into the mat, which is another reason why the core structure components are designed to withstand moisture. Also, for some embodiments, the mats may be designed with apertures so that any water that enters the mat can later exit.
And while the preferred crane or timber mat sizes are about 6×6, 8×8 or 12×12 inches by 8 feet wide and 20 to 40 feet long, a related type of mat that is used with these large mats are the ramp mats or transition mats. These both have the same type of construction as the crane mats but are cut down in size to 3×3 inch or 4×4 inch in various lengths of 10 or 20 feet or more. These ramp or transition mats are positioned along one or more of the sides or ends of crane mats to act effectively as a “step” that allows heavy equipment to more easily move onto the larger crane mat.
Optionally and preferably, the perimeter edges of the mat are provided with additional protection to prevent or reduce damage to the core structure construction of the mat from side entrance or egress onto the mat from large vehicles with steel tracks. The edge material helps protect the core structure and bumpers and is preferably easily removable so that it can be replaced when necessary.
When plastic materials are used for the core, they are formulated to be relatively inflammable. Flammability of mat shall be defined as Class 2 (B) flame spread when measured by ASTM E84 test criteria. The flammability properties of these materials can be enhanced by adding the appropriate conventional flame retardant or other additives that are known to impart such properties.
The core structure can also be formulated to allow dissipation of static electricity. For this purpose, carbon black, metal particles or other conductive fillers can be added to plastic materials that are used for the core. Of course, a metal core structure is conductive without any additives.
Although relatively protected by the outer layers, the core, when made of plastic materials, can contain UV inhibitors as necessary and in an amount sufficient to reduce deterioration of physical properties or color.
For ease in moving of the mats, attachment points can be provided that allow for lifting and handling of individual mats. Lifting hardware preferably includes D-shaped rings, O-shaped rings, chain, or cables at 2-4 locations on the upper surface of the outer layer of the mat. The exact position and attachment of lifting hardware is designed based on the size and weight of the mat and is intended to avoid damage to mat during transport and installation.
The core structure of the mat may or may not be hollow. If hollow components are used for the core, whether as tubes of cells that have openings, these openings are preferably filled with a non-absorbent filler material. A wide variety of different plastic, elastomeric or foam materials in particulate or other forms can be used for this purpose. The hollow portions can be used as is or can be provided with the filler material to increase or decrease weight as needed. Fillers of glass, ceramic or metal particles can be included to provide additional weight or strength to the mat. Other materials such as recycled rubber tire material or other environmentally friendly materials can instead be used. Preferably, the mat has a weight that is on the order of an oak mat of similar size.
When elongated members are used for the upper and lower layers of the core structure construction, they provide additional weight to the mat and can be configured in different ways. One way would be to replicate a conventional oak mat and provide a single width construction where eleven 6 inch wide (by 12, 14 or 16 feet long) boards are provided in the upper and lower layers with three boards (nos. 3, 6, and 9) in the lower layer offset for interlocking. Alternatively, a double width construction may be used where four 12 inch wide (by 12 or 16 feet long) boards are provided in the upper and lower layers: each one separated by a 6 inch board with the three 6 inch boards in the lower layer offset to provide interlocking. Other configurations can be used as desired for the particular end use of the mat.
If desired, the boards can made of wood or engineered lumber (preferably with a tolerance of ± 1/16 inch) or they can be made of tubes of metal or of a thermoplastic, elastomeric, or thermosetting material, with pultruded thermosetting tube being one example of a preferred alternative material. The sizes mentioned herein are not critical and can be varied depending upon the intended use of the mats. The values mentioned above are representative of typical mats.
The upper, central and lower layers are typically nailed and/or bolted together to form the mat. The structure preferably has a modulus of about 1.6 M psi although plastic mats may have a lesser modulus when greater flexibility of the mat is desired. The mat compression property of 600 to 800 psi is suitable for most applications.
The mat 1100 includes first and second side beams (1105, 1110) having top, side and bottom surfaces, with the beams having width and height dimensions of between 6×6 inches and 24×24 inches and a length of at least 4 feet and typically between 10 and 60 feet. Preferably the lengths of the beams are in the range of 20 to 40 feet and preferably 30 to 40 feet as these length mats are easier to transport and ship compared to longer mats. Other dimensions that are typically used for the side beams are 8×8, 10×10, 12×12, 14×14 and 16×16 although a skilled artisan can select other dimensions as desired.
Typically, the widths and heights of the side beams are of the same dimension so that the beams have a square cross-section. Alternatively, for certain designs, the beams may be rectangular in cross section, with the width being about twice the dimension of the height or vice versa. Other typical dimensions are 6×12, 6×18, 8×10, 8×12, 12×14, 12×16, 12×24, and 18×24. These rectangular beams may be connected to the support structure with the longer side as the height or with the longer side as the width, depending upon the desired use of the mat. Using the longer side as the width is generally preferred for interlocking mat arrangements.
A support structure 1115 is located between and connecting the first and second side beams (1105, 1110), with the support structure having upper, lower and side portions, a height that is less than that of the side beams, a width and a length. The support structure, which is set forth in more detail in
The support structure 1115 may be made of steel components with the cross members 1130 welded to the longitudinal members 1120, 1125 to form a ladder type structure which forms a frame for the support structure. At the front and rear ends of the frame, additional cross members 1135, 1140 may be provided to form a peripheral rectangular structure. For this embodiment, it is preferred that both the longitudinal members and additional cross members 1135, 1140 be C-shaped beams having a relatively flat plate with upper and lower flanges directed away from one side of the plate. The surface of the flat plate opposite the flanges of the longitudinal members faces the side beams 1105, 1110 so that a close and secure connection can be made between the two. The flanges of the C-shaped beam also serve as a point of connection for elongated members (1145 A, 1145B: 1150A, 1150B). Bolts 1155 can be attached to the flanges or to the cross members for this purpose. The flanges of cross-members 1135, 1140 also face the interior of the support structure so that the ends of the ladder frame have relatively smooth faces.
The cross members 1130 can be attached to the C-shaped beam between the top and bottom flanges to form vertical connectors of the support structure that provide the desired strength and rigidity. As shown in
The cross members 1130 of the support structure greatly contribute to the stiffness and rigidity of the frame. These members are typically spaced 12 to 24 inches apart for support structures that are used for the smaller sizes of height and width beams. For larger size beams, the spacing can be reduced to 10 to 16 inches in order to provide sufficient strength to hold the mat together. The determination of the spacing of the cross members can be calculated for any particular size mat using generally known engineering guidelines and equations so a more detailed explanation is not needed herein. The cross members typically have a height that is at least half the height of the longitudinal members to which they are attached and preferably are about the same height as the longitudinal members. If desired, reinforcement members can be added to the structure. In one such arrangement, additional plates, rods, beams or other structural components can be added to the top and/or bottom portions of the support structure between the longitudinal members. This is certainly advantageous when supporting the largest or heaviest equipment on the mat. Also, other structural members can be provided between the cross members however in most situations this is not necessary. If additional reinforcement is needed, care must be taken for positioning such members to avoid blocking or interfering with the passage of the joining rods through the longitudinal members and into the support structure.
The C-shaped beam and cross members are typically made of a metal such as steel so that the structure can be made by welding the cross members to the beams. While the preferred construction of the metal frame of the support structure is by welding, the frame components can instead be joined together by brazing, rivets or bolting if desired depending upon the size and configuration of the overall support structure. Instead of a C-shaped beam, a flat plate (i.e., one without flanges) of the appropriate thickness can be used. For this arrangement, the cross members may have an I-beam shape to provide further strengthening of the support structure. A C-shaped steel beam is preferred for the longitudinal members, however, because the flanges provide additional rigidity and support to the structure as well as support for the cross members during installation. Of course, this can be compensated for by using a thicker flat plate for the longitudinal members when that embodiment is to be used. And the I-shaped beams can be used for the cross member when a C-shaped longitudinal member is used, with appropriate adjustments made where the flanges of each come into contact with each other.
When the components of the support structures are made of metal, steel is typically used as that material is readily available and of low-cost. Although not necessary for most applications, the support structure can instead be made of a more corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel, copper, bronze, or other alloys. When carbon steel is used, however, the corrosion resistance can be enhanced by painting or coating the structure so that it would be more resistant to moisture. Also, steel can be galvanized or provided with another type of protective coating so that it would have a lower tendency to rust when contacted by moisture.
Aluminum or titanium can also be used for the support structure in specialty applications. All of these materials generally have higher cost than steel and can present joining the problems of greater difficulties in welding or brazing the cross members to the longitudinal members. It is possible in an alternative embodiment as noted to use rivets or bolting to connect the various longitudinal and cross members together to form the frame of the support structure. The sizing of the rivets or bolts as well as the dimensions for the welding and brazing, can be readily determined by a skilled artisans using routine testing if necessary. The same is true for the thickness of the beams or members that are used in the frame structure.
Alternatively, the support structure may be made of a fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic material resin, which is typically a polyester or epoxy resin. The components of the structure may be pultruded in the form of a rectangular or square tube which may be hollow or filled with other materials depending on the overall weight and compressibility desired for the construction.
When fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic material is used to form the support structure, the box or ladder frame can be prepared in the desired shape with the cross members and longitudinal members joined together with resin prior to curing. It is also possible to utilize bolting or other mechanical fasteners to connect these components together.
A plurality of joining rods 1160 are used to attach the side beams to the support structure, with the joining rods passing through the sides of the beams and support structure. These joining rods 1160 are typically large carriage bolts that include threaded ends to receive nuts that when assembled will hold the components together. These rods are spaced about 3 to 6 feet apart depending upon the size of the mat.
To form a substantially flat surface on the mat, various elongated members for upper and lower elongated members (1145A, 1145B, 1150A, 1150B) are provided. A first plurality of elongated members (1145A, 1145B) are attached to an upper portion of the support structure 1115 while a second plurality of elongated members is attached to a lower portion of the support structure 1115. Thus, the top surface of the mat is formed by the top surfaces of the side beams 1105, 1110 and the first plurality of elongated members 1145A, 1145B, while the bottom surface of the mat is formed by the bottom surfaces of the side beams 1105, 1110 and the second plurality of elongated members 1150A, 1150B. The flat top surface of the mat is best shown in
As the upper and lower surfaces of the mat must be somewhat uniform, the support structure and upper and lower elongated members generally have a combined height that is the same as that of the side beams. Typically, the support structure is centered vertically with respect to the side beams. As an example, the side beams can be 12×12 and the support structure would have a height of 8 inches so that the beams extend 2 inches above the top of the support structure and 2 inches below the bottom of the support structure. This provides room on the top and bottom of the support structure to accommodate 2 inch thick elongated members so that the top and bottom of the mat has substantially uniform surfaces. This type construction is preferred in that it minimizes the different types of thickness that need to be used for the elongated members and also provides a symmetrical mat that be oriented with wither surface facing up to receive equipment thereon. In other embodiments, different thicknesses of elongated members can be used on the top than on the bottom with the intent being that the thinner members are used on the bottom to prevent dirt or other materials from entering the support structure, while the elongated members on the top surface are provide to support the equipment or vehicles that are located or move upon the mat. In this embodiment, it is possible to provide a flat plate on the support structure of the lower surface rather than elongated members.
The same is true for the ends of the support structures. The longitudinal members 1120, 1125 can be shorter than the length of the side beams 1105,1110 by a distance of about 1 to 24 inches on each end or by a total of 2 to 48 inches. The distance of the shortened ends can correspond to the width of the side beams, if desired. The space between the shortened ends of the support structure 1115 and the side beams can be filled in with bumper members 1175, 1180 which then allow the mat to have substantially flat front had rear ends. These bumper members can be of the same width as the elongated members so that the same material for the elongated members can be used to provide bumper members for the front and rear of the support. This creates a symmetrical structure but different thicknesses of the bumper members can be used if desired.
In a less preferred embodiment, the longitudinal members 1120, 1125 can be substantially the same length as that of the side beams 1105,1110 so that the front and rear cross members 1135, 1140 form with the ends of the side beams the front and rear end surfaces of the mat.
The mat must also provide sufficient load bearing capacity: A fully supported mat (one that is properly installed on a suitable prepared ground surface) must be able to withstand a 10 ton load, spread over a 12 inch diameter surface without degradation of mat properties or permanent deformation of the mat. The support structure would have a crush resistance of between about 500 and 800 psi to possibly as much as 1000 psi depending upon the application and when properly installed on a suitably prepared ground surface. This provides resistance against compression as large vehicles or equipment move over or are placed upon the mat.
The side beams of the mat prevent or reduce damage to the support structure from side entrance or egress onto the mat from large vehicles with steel tracks. These beams can be replaced when necessary while the support structure can be reused to make a new mat.
The elongated members as well as the side beams are preferably made of any type of wood although oak is typically preferred. These members may also be made of engineered wood or lumber since that will be easier to make long lengths without having to obtain one piece virgin wood lengths. Additionally a layered veneer laminate can also be used for these members or beams. It is expected that the cost for that material would be about the same as the price for oak thus making it an attractive alternative.
Engineered lumber (or engineered wood) includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form wood composite materials. These materials provide the surprising benefit of repeatable consistency of the required sizes, the ability to mix different wood species to arrive at the final product, and exceptional properties generally exceeding what is provided from monolithic boards.
There are three types of engineered wood that can be used in the present invention:
Alternatively, the side beams and elongated members may be made of a fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic material such as fiberglass reinforced polyester or epoxy resins. These materials may be pultruded into a solid form or preferably as a rectangular or square tube. If desired, hollow tubes can be filled with any one of a variety of materials to contribute to the overall strength or compression resistance of the tube. Typically, crumb rubber, recycled tires or other plastic or elastomeric materials, sand, crushed rock or polyurethane foam may be provided inside the tube either before or after attachment to the support structure. A polyurethane foam is preferred for this purpose as it can be injected in a liquid form after the pultrusion is attached to the support structure. For stronger or heavier filler, the joining rods may be initially placed into the beam so that the filler does not block the insertion of the rods when joining the side beams to the support structure. Additionally, a metal or pultruded plastic tubular sleeve can be provided in the beams at the locations where the rods are to be inserted, so that the rod has an opening that remains after the filler is placed into the beams.
As these mats are relatively massive, provision should be made for moving, transporting and installing the mat at the desired field location. For this purpose, holes are provided in the upper surface, lower surface, or both to provide access to one or more of the joining rods. These holes are formed as cut out portions 1185 of the elongated members 1145, 1150. In this way, the holes allow access by a hook from a crane or other mechanical attachment to the joining rods for lifting or manipulation of the mat. For convenience, the attachment openings 1185 are provided both on the upper and lower surfaces of the mat so that either surface can contact the ground or be exposed on top as the surface upon which the equipment is to be installed, thus facilitating installation.
Turning now to
Mat 1200 includes side beams 1205, 1210 which are configured and dimensioned to represent only one half of the thickness of the mat. On one side of the mat, beam 1205 is attached to the upper portion of the support core 1215. This is done in a manner to extend the upper surface of beam 1205 above the top surface of the support structure 1215. As in the prior embodiment, elongated members 1145A, 1145B can be provided on the top portion of the support structure 1215 so that the top surface of the mat adjacent the side beam 1205 is relatively flat. In a similar manner, side beam 1210, which also has a thickness that is one half the thickness of the entire mat, is mounted to a lower end of the support structure 1215. The lower surface of side beam 1210 extends below the lower surface of the support structure to allow elongated members 1150A, 1150B to be accommodated to form a substantially flat surface for the bottom of the mat adjacent beam 1210.
This structure allows one mat to be initially placed on the ground with an adjacent mat placed such that beam 1205 sits upon beam 1210. This arrangement can be continued for as many mats as necessary to achieve a desired working base for cranes or other equipment.
The top surface of mat 1200 has a step on the opposite side from beam 1205, above beam 1210, while there remains an open space or step below beam 1205 adjacent the lower surface of the matt opposite beam 1210. While these surfaces allow interlocking of adjacent mats, it does not provide a stable mat surface on the outermost sides of the working base. To compensate for this, modified mats can be provided wherein the outermost end mats on one side of the working base can be made with beam 1105, which is the full thickness of the mat, on one aside and with beam 1210 on the opposite side to allow interlocking with adjacent mats that are configured like mat 1200. Similarly, the outermost end mats on the opposite side of the working base can be made with beams 1110 instead of 1210 on one side beam 1205 on the opposite side.
Alternatively, when the full extent of the entire working base is not known, of if an insufficient number of modified mats are not available, the mats on the outermost sides of the final working base can be provided with stabilizing beams of the same size and dimensions as beam 1205 provided in the space below attached beam 1205 so that the side of the mat can be stabilized. The same thing can be done for the outermost mats that have a step above beam 1210. A separate stabilizing member can be provided of the same size as beam 1210 to finish the upper surface of the mat at those locations. The stabilizing members can be attached to the beams of the mat if desired.
Mat 1200 requires a different system for connecting the beams 1205, 1210 to the support structure 1215. The connection of beam 1205 to the support structure 1215 will require that the joining rods 1260A pass through an upper portion of the support structure, whereas beam 1210 is connected to the support structure with joining rods 1260B passing through the beam and a lower portion of the support structure 1215. This is best shown in
In order to manipulate the mats for loading/unloading, or moving from one location to another or for installation and retrieval, the mats can include a retractable lifting element. This can be the lifting elements described above and those elements lie in a recess in the top surface of the mat during use for ease of access and to prevent tripping or damage to items moving over the mat or damage to the lifting elements themselves. Alternatively, a more complicated design such as that of US patent publication 2008/0292397 can be used.
To assist in the use of the mat during the night or on days that are dark due to poor weather conditions, the mat may include one or more lighting elements, such as those disclosed in International application WO 2006/048654. These lighting elements would preferably be embedded in the outer layer.
Another feature of the invention is the use of color coding to identify the specific layers that are used in the construction of the mat. This can also be used to identify mats for a particular customer or end user. When mats are rented or leased, the color coding can be used to identify which mats belong to the leasing company compared to mats provided by others. The color coding can be of a single color or of certain stripes, patterns, dots or other indicia that provides a “signature” that identifies the specific core structure that is present in the mat or a particular end user or owner of the mat.
The steel frame 1320 includes a forward lifting element 1335 and two upper side lifting elements 1340. If desired, a rear lifting element and two lower side lifting elements (not shown) can also be provided. These lifting elements allowed the mat to be lifted overhead by a crane having a suitable lifting capacity to facilitate loading, unloading, and installing of the mats.
The lifting elements can be constructed as desired. If cables or chains are to be used, any holes made in the mat for such cables or chains must be drilled through the entire mat, and not just looped in between board or component spacings. The chains or cables must have at least three drop forged clamps. Cable must be new ¾ inch steel core, extra improved plow (EIPS), right regular lay wire rope, having a minimum breaking strength of over 29 tons. Chains should be ⅜″ high test chain, having a working load limit of 5400 lbs. and a minimum breaking strength of 16,200 lbs. with ⅜ inch double clevis links, in order to provide a safe working load limit of about 5400 lbs.
Other lifting elements may be used, such as those described in U.S. patent application 62/211,664 filed Aug. 28, 2015, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. Those lifting elements can be used with any of the mats disclosed herein provided that the appropriate core structure is present.
The components of mat 1300 are more clearly shown in the exploded drawing of
The lifting elements 1330, 1340 are preferably in the shape of a D ring which is welded or bolted to the box frame 1320 or its cross members 1345 as best shown in
As the box frame 1320 defines open areas therein, it is best to fill those open areas with material that will contribute to the ruggedness and weight of the mat. In particular, a filler of wood members 1350 that either are scrap pieces from the production of other mats or are end grain or engineered wood can be used. It is also possible to use a less expensive wood material such as treated pine because the purpose of these filler materials is simply to add weight to the mat and they are not exposed to wear or abuse. And instead of wood material, the open areas of the core may be filled with other materials of the types disclosed elsewhere herein.
The steel frame 1410 includes four side members and two cross members 1420 which can be welded or bolted together to form the frame. The open space in the box frame can be filled with material that will contribute to the ruggedness and weight of the mat. In particular, a filler of wood members 1450 that either are scrap pieces from the production of other mats or are end grain or engineered wood can be used. It is also possible to use a less expensive wood material such as treated pine because the purpose of these filler materials is simply to add weight to the mat and they are not exposed to wear or abuse. And instead of wood material, the open areas of the core may be filled with other materials of the types disclosed elsewhere herein.
To protect a steel frame from damage, a rectangular bumper configuration 1440 is provided along all outer side surfaces of the steel box frame.
And as in the other embodiments, D-shaped lifting elements can be 1445 can be provided in various locations on the top and bottom of the mat in positions where they can be welded to the cross members 1420 of the steel frame. These would allow lifting of the mat and transport as well as placement into the appropriate locations during installation.
For alternative embodiments to
From the foregoing, it is seen that there are numerous combinations and arrangements of new and useful mats that include an environmentally resistant core structure. Certain additional specific embodiments include the following combinations of a mat components:
(1) a top outer layer of elongated wood or laminated wood members; a core construction of elongated thermoplastic boards or monolithic units of a sheet or molded structure, and a lower outer layer of elongated wood or laminated wood members. The thermoplastic boards would preferably be HDPE boards about 2 inch×8 inch by 8 feet, while the monolithic unit would be made of HDPE, sized 8 feet×12, 14 or 16 feet long and about 2 inches thick, with a flat, closed cell or open cell geometry. The wood members would be about the same size as the HDPE boards.
(2) a top outer layer of elongated wood or laminated wood members; a core construction of elongated a thermoplastic monolithic unit of a sheet or molded structure, and a lower outer layer of elongated thermoplastic boards. The thermoplastic would preferably be HDPE for the monolithic unit and/or the boards, while the size of the monolithic unit would be 8 feet×12, 14 or 16 feet long and about 2 inches thick, with a flat, closed cell or open cell geometry, and wherein the elongated members would be about 2 inch×8 inch by 8 feet. Again, the wood members would be about the same size as the HDPE boards.
(3) a top outer layer of elongated wood or laminated wood members; a core construction of a grating of fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastic material, and a lower outer layer of elongated wood or laminated wood members. The wood members would have a size of about 2 inches×8 inches by 8 feet. The grating would be 2 inches thick and have openings of 2×2 inches and would be sized to match the mat, i.e., 8 feet×12, 14 or 16 feet long, or segments representing portions of the mat can be used (e.g., a 3, 4 or 4.5 foot long section of an 8 foot wide mat with 4 sections used in the mat).
The present invention provides unexpected benefits over the art in that the outer layer(s) can provide resistance to abrasion and abuse of the construction core structure while the core structure is resistant to moisture, water or even certain chemicals encountered from the surrounding environment. This enables the core structure to provide a much longer service life than when conventional wood components are used since the core structure is resistant to rotting or other chemical degradation that would otherwise affect wood components of the core. Finally, to the extent that any of the components of the upper or lower outer layers are damaged, they can be replaced so that a new mat can be made with the reuse of all of the core.
All mat components and their arrangement in the mat are best illustrated in
And although the pine timbers are exposed at the forward in rearward ends of the mat, these are not usually subjected to great abuse. Additionally, if desired, bumper members can be provided on the forward and rearward word ends of the mat to provide further protection.
Another embodiment of the invention that is shown in
The side beams, pine timbers and plates are joined together by bolting 1660 which extends across the width of the mat. A number of bolts are used spaced every 3 to 6 feet of length of the mat. The bolts pass through each of the beams, plates and timbers and are secured in placed by a washer and nut arrangement 1665. The upper and lower boards 1640 are either nailed or bolted to the pine timbers.
To facilitate lifting of the mats, a new lifting element arrangement is provided. This arrangement includes a D-shaped ring 1670 that is pivotally attached to a steel plate 1675 that is welded to the steel plates 1650 that are present on the outer sides of the pine timbers 1630 and as well as in between the pine timbers. The plate is accommodated in the pine timbers by a formed slot 1680 into which the plate can be seated. Also, the lifting element plate 1675 would be welded at its ends to two or three of the longitudinal reinforcement plates 1650 to provide a very secure connection that will would allow overhead lifting of the mat for installation or removal as well as to facilitate loading or unloading of the mats on a truck or train bed. And the D-shaped ring is provided in an opening 1685 in the center board in such a way that when not used to lift the mat, the D-shaped ring lies flat in the opening so as to not hinder movement of personnel over the mat. And while the two lifting elements are shown on the upper surface of the mat, it is desirable to also provide the same arrangement on the lower surface of the mat. Furthermore, the number and precise location of the lifting elements is not critical but can be selected by a skilled artisan depending upon the overall size and weight of the mat.
Although the mats are provided with different internal core constructions, in many situations, the outer surface of the mats are very similar in appearance, such that it is not readily observable as to which mat has a particular internal construction. For this reason, another aspect of the invention relates to the providing of each mat with identification means that indicates the core or internal construction of the mat. Thus, when a number of different mats are maintained in an inventory, the identification means enables operators to readily determine which mats have a certain core or internal constructions of wood, engineered wood, thermoplastics, elastomers, thermosetting plastics, metal, or of coated or encapsulated components, so that the correct mats can be selected and provided to a jobsite for use by the customer. This would be necessary whether the mats are being purchased by the customer or whether the mats are being leased for use. There are a number of ways to identify the different core or internal construction of a mat depending upon the specific type of identification means that are applied to the mat. The preferred types of identification means include an external color code, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, or an alphanumeric indicator applied to an outer surface of the mat or that is provided upon a plate that is applied to an outer surface of the mat.
The easiest identification means to use is an external color code that is placed upon the mat, preferably in an area that does not receive much abrasion or wear. Different colors or strips or color combinations can be used to identify the different core constructions of the mat. And it is highly useful to apply the color code to the same relative positions on each mat for easy identification. For example, placing the external color code along a longitudinal side of each mat allows the color coding to be visible when the mats are stacked upon each other. This simple visual confirmation can be used to make sure that the proper mats are selected: even when the mats are just stacked in the work yard, one can see which ones have the correct color code for the desired core construction.
Another use of color can be to identify mats for a particular customer. This would assist in making sure that the mats are properly collected and delivered. This color can be an additional color beyond that which is used to identify the mat core, or the mats can have a single unique color or color pattern (e.g., stripes, dots etc.) that identifies both the customer and the mat core. And further, the color can be provided in a particular location or area to confirm who the customer is to assist in quality control regarding the correct shipping and delivery of the mats.
Another type of identification means comprises a RFID tag that is attached to the mat and that can be scanned to identify the core or internal construction of the mat. One example of such a tag is seen in
A simpler type of identification means is one that comprises an external alphanumeric indicator that is applied to an outer surface of the mat or that is provided upon a plate that is applied to an outer surface of the mat. These can be carved, burnished or stamped into or onto the mat again is a location that is not expected to experience severe abrasion or wear. This can also be used to identify a particular customer.
And as noted herein, in addition to the mat identification means, each mat can further be provided with a surface color that indicates a potential use or non-use of the mat. This can assist in allowing personnel to properly operate on the mat and to promote safety. These colors can include, for example, red to indicate that portions of the mat need to be kept free of equipment, yellow for indicating that caution is needed, green to indicate portions of the mat that are designed to accommodate travel or movement by trucks or heavy equipment over the mat.
It is also possible to include in the paints or coatings additives that can facilitate movement upon the mat, such as fine particles or grit that can impart slip resistance, or greater sized particles of materials that can provide bumps similar to a rumble strip that would indicate to a moving vehicle that it is approaching the end of the mat. And the different sized particles can be provided in different colored paints or coatings.
Of course other colors can be used in any of the foregoing embodiments according to a particular code or correspondence of each color to a specific use or prohibited use. These colors can be tailored to the mat user's particular requirements so that work operations upon or around the mats can be optimized for safety, efficiency and expediency. Coloring can also be used to define certain areas of the worksite or to help the mats blend into surrounding areas, so that the jobsite can look as clean and undisturbed as possible. For these reasons to use of conventional paints and other surface coatings enhance the usefulness of the mats for any particular application.
A software application and related technology directed to assisting those that provide, install, or use the mats illustratively described herein can be provided. For example, with reference now to
Each mat 2802 includes an identification means that can be an electronic device, printed circuit board, or electronic circuit configured to provide certain characteristics or capabilities to the mat 2802 and to the overall system 2800. Mat 2803 is configured to house the identification means, e.g., such that it is enclosed within the mat 2803 (e.g., in order to protect the identification means from physical damage or weather conditions). The identification means in each mat 2802 can be configured to be the same or substantially the same or can vary between mats.
Server 2804 is implemented at a location separate and typically remote from mats 2802. Server 2804 includes a database (internal or external) for supporting the operation of server 2804. Computer executable instructions are implemented and stored in server 2804 that is configured to communicate with mats 2802 and communicate with client devices 2806 to provide certain features. Server 2804 can be implemented in a cloud service and will in general have associated protections such as a firewall or other equipment that protects server 2804 from unauthorized security access or other online attacks. Server 2804 communicates with client devices 2806 to provide certain services and interactive features to software running on client devices 2806. Server 2804 is configured to implement secure connections with client devices 2806. Certain information is collected, maintained, and updated by server 2804.
For example, server 2804 collects, stores, and updates the following information for each mat to server 2804: the weight of the mat, load capabilities of the mat, the markets that mat is to be used in, the style and type of mat, the maximum load limits, the age of the mat by quarter (e.g., 2.25 years since first deployed), alerts or flag for the mat (e.g., do not use, damaged), color coding of mat to specify the mat is configured for a particular type of use in the field (e.g., the type of equipment it can be used with), color coding to determine the maximum weight that can be on the mat, material sources, manufacturing team for that mat, materials used, date of manufacture, date of each installation (and return), length of each installation, notes, structural wear, operational flags (e.g., suggesting maintenance) and potentially other information. The database may also store for each mat the current or last obtained location of the mat, an identifier for the mat, history information for the mat, data from a sensor on or in the mat (e.g., that provides actual usage characteristics, level of vibration), and a network address for the mat. The information is preferably provided with color coding for ease of viewing and interpretation.
A software application, computer executable instructions stored on computer readable medium, on client devices 2806 is configured to communicate with the server 2804. The software application generates a graphical user interface that displays to the user information and interactive options related to the mats installed or used for that customer. The software application can also be configured to provide information and interactive visual options to others such as the owner or distributor of mats (e.g., view inventory information). The software application can be configured to receive information from server 2804 in connection with mats and is configured to apply a visual color scheme based on the type of mat. This permits quick differentiation and understanding of the relevance of the mat. For example, mats for type ______are identified with the color ______ and mats of type ______ are identified with the color ______. The graphical interface on client device 2806 maintains this color scheme when displaying frames, icons, or identifiers for each mat and does so in a consistent way whenever a mat is identified or selected in the interface.
Circuitry included as part of the identification means can include communications circuitry that configures the identification means to be able to (a) communicate with other mats such as by direct mat to mat wireless communications or through an intermediary such as a server, (b) communicate with server 2804, and/or (c) operate as a relay or router that sends or transmits communications (e.g., messages) from a first mat to a second mat or server 2804 through an intermediary mat. The identification means can be configured to be able to communicate with nearby mobile telephone base stations and to transmit and receive messages over the wireless mobile telephone network (which implicitly includes data communications capability) using the base stations. This is primarily for the purpose of establishing a communication path for communicating with server 2804. Other network communications arrangements are also contemplated. Server 2804 can be configured to establish communications connections with client devices 2806 using the Internet or other network connection and can use wired, wireless, or combination thereof to establish communications.
With reference now to
Processor 2902 is a computer processor configured to provide programmed functionality to device 2900. Computer processors are also generally referred to as microprocessors. Processor 2902 is configured to sends and received data from storage 2908 and to received and execute computer readable instructions from storage 2908 (if processor 2902 is not an ASIC and is a general processor). Storage 2908 is computer readable memory and can comprise volatile and/or non-volatile memory (non-transitory memory). Non-volatile memory may be RAM, or solid state memory that is used by device 2900 to store data and computer readable instructions for carrying out the functionality of the device 2900. Storage can include ROM or other transient memory for operational purposes. Battery 2912 is integrated into device 2900 or can be connected to it via wires. Battery 2912 has the capability to provide an extended operating life to device 2900 such that the battery when charged and installed can support the operation of the device for an extended prior such as ______days? Battery 2912 is for example a ______ battery. Sensor 2910 is configured in device 2900 to provide operational information related to the mat to the device 2900. Sensor 2910 can be a vibration sensor, load sensor, temperature sensor, or other type of sensor. Multiple sensors of different types can be implemented as sensors 2910.
In operation, device 2900 is installed when a mat is first manufactured. Device 2900 provides a tool for the identification, tracking, and condition monitoring of each mat. When device 2900 is returned from usage, if needed battery 2912 is charged or replaced and information stored about its corresponding mat is maintained (without being deleted). Processor 2902 with the support of storage 2908 executes a software program that stores identification information such as a serial number and other details such as those mentioned above in connection with the data on the server. Processor 2902 also receives sensor 2910 data overtime and stores the data in storage 2908. The sensor can be a vibration sensor and device 2900 can store a history or a representation of vibrations detected by the sensor over time (detected vibrations of the mat). Device 2900 can be configured to send sensor data or data representative of the output of a vibration sensor to server 2804. As such, data from sensor(s) 2910 can be stored remotely at server 2804 or can be stored only on device 2900 for that mat, or a combination can be implemented.
Sensor 2910 or communications received via circuitry 2904 can also be configured as a mechanism for checking the mat into and out of use by a particular customer or premises (e.g., inventor). A message can be sent over a wireless communications channel to device 2900 to update this information and add the information to storage 2908. The data can be stored, tracked (historical log), and maintained in storage 2908, server 2804 or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, device 2900 includes a printed circuit board that receives circuitry such as semiconductor chips that are configured to implement processor 2902, communications circuitry 2904, storage 2908, and sensor(s) 2910. Other configurations and implementations are also contemplated.
Communications circuitry 2904 can include GPS circuitry for determining the geographic location of device 2900 (and consequently its corresponding mat). GPS location data can be stored by processor 2902 in storage 2908 (stores the current location and/or a history of locations) or can be transmitted to server 2804 and stored in the database. Communication circuitry 2908 or sensors 2910 can include a gyro and related circuitry that configures device 2900 to be able to track and determine the orientation of mat (based on predetermined information about the location of the device 2900 within the mat).
Software implemented on server 2804 and/or client devices 2806 can be implemented and configured to provide an interactive site planning and status tool. Information about a plurality of mats can be collected and used in the software to allow a user to plan a site installation based on mat dimensions, designated application, and other information stored by server 2804 and/or client devices 2806. The software (referring to a set of computer executable instructions adapted to provide certain features when executed) is also configured to allow a user of the system to view information about a mat at an installation such as age, history, vibration sensor data, and other information (including recently sensor collected data) and use that information to determine the physical state and it continues to have sufficient structural integrity for the site application.
In some embodiments, device 2900 may have different implementations or states. One can be a configuration in which device 2900 is configured to communicate (establish a network) with other devices 2900 in mat that are nearby. A mesh network or similar network protocol can be configured using devices 2900 that provides the devices 2900 the capability to communicate with other mats through each other and to collect data (from its own mat and other mats) and transmit to other devices 2900 or other types devices over the network. Another implementation or state can be one in which device 2900 is configured to connect to other networks such as a mobile telecommunications network or other wireless network. A particular device 2900 can be capable of both and configured to be operating in both networks. For example, a first mat (by way of device 2900) can transmit identification information or other data to a second mat (to device 2900 in that mat) and the second mat is configured to transmit the received data to server 2804 over a wide area network (which includes a data network of a mobile telephone network such as Verizon). The transmission can be in response to server 2804 transmitting a request to the first mat (which may be transmitted through the second mat) and services by the first mat.
In some implementations, device 2800 is configured to determine that a first type of connection (e.g., mobile telecommunication network) is unavailable and selects to transmit or establish communications using a second type of connection (e.g., local mesh network with another mat). For example, if a mat determine that it does not have a good or sufficient signal on the mobile telecommunications network, it can communicate with one or more other mats and use that mat's better reception on the mobile telecommunications network to communicate with server 2804.
System 2800 is preferably configured to provide real time tracking of mats by way of devices 2900. Real time means the system is configured to provide accurate information (e.g., current location) that may be delayed only by about 10 milliseconds or less. System 2800 is configured to request and receive or in general receive locations information from GPS sensors or stored GPS location information from mats (via devices 2800) and store the information for transmission to users such as users on client devices. A real time database can be implemented on server 2800 to be able to provide the required performance in serving real time data to users.
Device 2800 can be installed inside a mat and have a cover or door on the exterior of the mat that permits a user to open and gain access to device 2900 (e.g., to replace the battery or for maintenance).
Functional components illustrated in
It is understood that different combinations of features are contemplated including device 2900 with few elements or additional elements.
Therefore, in sum, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention can include variations and tolerances in size, materials, shape, form, function and use are deemed readily apparent and obvious to the skilled artisan, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the claims appended hereto.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Also, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular form “a”, “and”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning.
The foregoing detailed description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact constructions demonstrated. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/030,263 filed Jul. 9, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/155,685 filed May 16, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/081,340 filed Mar. 25, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,476,164, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/056,212 filed Feb. 29, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,447,547, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/839,888 filed Aug. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,315,949, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional applications No. 62/054,186 filed Sep. 23, 2014, 62/138,143 filed Mar. 25, 2015 and 62/158,196 filed May 7, 2015. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. provisional applications No. 62/211,662 filed Aug. 28, 2015 and 62/211,664 filed Aug. 28, 2015. The entire content of each of the foregoing applications is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.
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| Parent | 16030263 | Jul 2018 | US |
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| Parent | 15155685 | May 2016 | US |
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