Patent Application
20140320927
Reference is made to commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/562,377 (Docket K001194), entitled: “Toner printing with increased gamut,” by Kuo et al.; to commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/562,383 (Docket K001196), entitled: “System for determining efficient combinations of toner colors to form prints with enhanced gamut,” by Kuo et al.; and to commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/562,404 (Docket K001203), entitled: “Toner print with efficiently enhanced gamut,” by Kuo et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to a method for inkjet printing, and more particularly to a method for providing inkjet printing with an increased color gamut.
Toner printing is one common method for forming an image on a receiver. In toner printing, toner particles are patterned to form toner images and these toner images are transferred and fused to the receiver to form a print. Toner particles typically take the form of small particles of a transparent binder material having a colorant such as a pigment or a dye therein. The colorant reflects some wavelengths of light while absorbing other wavelengths and causes the toner particle to appear to have a particular color.
To form multi-color images, a plurality of toner images are transferred in register and collectively fused to a receiver to form a composite toner image. Typically each toner image is formed using a different toner having a different color of reflective colorant. The colors are selected so that toners can be combined to form colors on a receiver according to a subtractive color model. The range of colors that can be produced on the printed toner image is referred to as the color gamut. The color gamut is controlled by the spectral characteristics of the colorants as well as the density ranges that can be printed.
Prints made according to the subtractive color model have a lowest density at unprinted areas and highest density where there is the most toner. The density difference between the brightest point in a toner print and the darkest point in a toner print is known as the dynamic range of the print. It is generally preferred to provide prints having a high dynamic range as this expands the color gamut of the prints. However, it is difficult to provide high dynamic range in a toner print on a reflective receiver using toners having reflective colorants.
For example, it has proven to be challenging to extend the dynamic range of a toner print by providing for additional high density levels. This requires that a printer be capable of providing one or more printable levels that have a visibly higher density than preceding ones. This approach becomes increasingly challenging with each new level of additional density because absorbing ambient light to an extent that is visibly differentiable from the density of a very high density portion of an image requires a substantial amount of toner. The incremental difference in toner required to create each new level of higher density required to increase the dynamic range of the print increases significantly with each new level of higher density and quickly becomes inefficient. Further, this approach can create artifacts in terms of continuing depositing colorants such as toner and ink.
Additionally, as the color subtraction model generally uses basic colorants that absorb short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelength portions of the visible spectrum similar to the human visual system, the basic primary colors for any printing process are perceived by human as cyan, magenta and yellow. When density is created by combining these colors, it can be difficult to provide additional levels of density without creating an unintended color shift.
To address the color shifting problem and to reduce the amount of toner required to form an image, a black colorant is often used. The black toner absorbs the full range of visible spectrum and therefore allows greater color stability and reduced colorant consumption when higher densities are required. Other supplemental colorants, such as orange, violet, light cyan, light magenta and light black, have also been used to extend the printing capabilities to a larger color gamut and to achieve higher quality prints. Nonetheless, all reflective colorants obey the color subtraction model and ultimately the incremental amounts of toner required to achieve visible density gains in the high density limits becomes prohibitive because of cost limitations or limitations on the ability of a toner printer to pattern, transfer or fuse such amounts of toner to a receiver.
Alternatively, there are examples of efforts to extend the low density limits of dynamic range by improving the brightness of receivers used in toner printing. For example, many cellulosic or paper fibers have a naturally yellow color, and even after bleaching, the fibers in such papers can limit the overall brightness of the receiver and therefore the overall dynamic range of a print made thereon. It has therefore been known to add fluorescing colorants in the form of optical brighteners to such receivers. These optical brighteners absorb invisible wavelengths of an ambient light and use the absorbed energy from these wavelengths to emit a visible blue light. The visible blue light tends to combine with the yellow light to provide a brighter receiver.
As a practical matter, it has been found that it is typically necessary to add significant amounts of optical brightener to a receiver to achieve brightness gains that are generally stable over time. This can occur in some instances because the content of the paper fibers and the environment in which the receiver materials are used or stored can cause an increase in the yellow content of the receiver fiber over time and the optical brighteners are added in amounts that are intended to offset the potential long term yellowing of the receiver fibers.
This causes a variety of color variations. For example, when human skin tones are printed on receivers having such high levels of optical brighteners, these unwanted blue emissions can give the skin tones a bluish hue. The excessive blue hue in human skin tones can appear to be an unnatural coloration and will be objectionable to some viewers as the reproductions of the original image will be flawed. It will also be appreciated that such optical brighteners add cost to the receiver and must be added to such receivers in a uniform manner such that the cost of receivers having high loadings of optical brighteners can be significant.
Additionally, in the case of toner printing it is possible for the binder to absorb wavelengths of light that are typically absorbed by optical brighteners and re-emitted by the optical brighteners that are typically used in a receiver. Accordingly, optical brighteners on a portion of a receiver that is covered by a clear fused toner mass will re-emit a lower intensity of light than optical brighteners that are not covered by the receiver. This creates a variation in brightness in a print between toner covered portions and uncovered portions that can lower apparent image quality and create unrealistic artifacts.
Similarly, the emissivity of the fluorescent materials in a receiver can make it difficult to provide natural transitions between areas having higher levels of fluorescent material and areas having lower levels of fluorescent material.
It is known to use fluorescent toners having fluorescent colorants for security printing purposes, and to provide spot colors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,861 to Sharp, entitled “inhibitor device,” which is incorporated herein by reference, describes coating a fluorescent material over a document image for anti-copying purposes. It has also been proposed to incorporate fluorescing pigments or dyes into liquid toner particles as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,451 to Lubinsky et al., entitled “Electrographic process utilizing fluorescent toner and filtered detector for generating an electrical image signal,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0164218 to Schulze-Hagenest et al., entitled “Method for providing prints with fluorescent effects and the print item,” which is incorporated herein by reference, describes the use of substantially clear (colorless) fluorescent toner particles in printing methods over color toner images. Such clear fluorescent toner particles can be used for security purposes since they are not colored except when excited with appropriate light. Other invisible fluorescent pigments for toner images are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,017 to Patel et al., entitled “Document security processes,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Printing processes for providing one or more color toner images are known, but it is also desired that fluorescing effects can also be provided for any type of color toner image in order to expand the color gamut while using conventional non-fluorescing color toners. However, it has been difficult to properly design desired fluorescing effects using known fluorescing colorants (dyes and pigments) as many of them are very sensitive to the illuminating radiation. Further, color reproduction using fluorescing color toners produces unrealistically “bright” colors for many objects. This is often an undesirable effect. For example, when an illuminating light has some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is absorbed by fluorescing colorants that emit at a different wavelength, the overall resulting emissions are very “bright” and may overwhelm the non-fluorescing traditional colors in the color toner images. This again results in unrealistic images.
Additionally, where fluorescent colorants are used in toners, it can be difficult to form toner images having high density, high contrast image portions.
Inkjet printing is another common method for forming an image on a receiver. In inkjet printing, ink drops are ejected onto a receiver using a printhead. Color images are provided by using inks that include appropriate colorants such as pigments or dyes therein. The colorants reflect some wavelengths of light while absorbing other wavelengths of light and cause the printed ink drops to have particular colors. To form multi-color images, a plurality of ink images using different color inks are printed in register and collectively form a composite image. The colorants are selected so that the inks can be combined in various amounts to form desired colors on the receiver according to a subtractive color model. The range of colors that can be produced by a printer using a particular set of inks is commonly referred to as the color gamut. The same considerations that were discussed above for toner images are relevant to inkjet images as well.
Accordingly, there remains a need for inkjet printing systems and methods that can form inkjet images with enhanced dynamic range in an efficient manner without creating additional image artifacts.
The present invention represents a method for determining color separation image data for printing, comprising
receiving image data for printing;
determining target colors as a function of location in accordance with the image data; and
determining color separation image data specifying amounts of a fluorescent ink and one or more non-fluorescent reflective inks to be combined to form the target colors when printed on an ink receiver;
wherein for target colors having a specified hue angle the amount of the fluorescent ink is decreased as a density of the target color increases beyond a threshold density level.
This invention has the advantage that printed images are provided having an improved dynamic range and color gamut relative to images printed using only the non-fluorescent reflective inks
It has the additional advantage that density losses associated with the use of the fluorescent ink at high density levels are mitigated by reducing the amount of the fluorescent ink for densities beyond a threshold density level.
It is to be understood that the attached drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and may not be to scale.
The invention is inclusive of combinations of the embodiments described herein. References to “a particular embodiment” and the like refer to features that are present in at least one embodiment of the invention. Separate references to “an embodiment” or “particular embodiments” or the like do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or embodiments; however, such embodiments are not mutually exclusive, unless so indicated or as are readily apparent to one of skill in the art. The use of singular or plural in referring to the “method” or “methods” and the like is not limiting. It should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly noted or required by context, the word “or” is used in this disclosure in a non-exclusive sense.
Toner 24 is a material or mixture that contains toner particles and that can develop on an imaging member having an electrostatic latent image. Examples of such an imaging member include a photoreceptor, photoconductor, or electrostatically charged surface. Particles of toner 24 have at least two components, a generally transparent binder material and colorant particles that cause the toner particles to have a particular color.
Typically, toner 24 has reflective colorant particles (e.g., pigments or dyes) disbursed within the toner binder material. The reflective colorant particles absorb and reflect selected wavelengths of an ambient light to cause light that is reflected by the colorant particles to have a reflective toner color. These particles are generally referred to herein as reflective toner particles.
Toner 24 can also include so called fluorescent toner particles that have a binder material with fluorescent colorant particles therein. Fluorescent colorant particles absorb and can reflect visible light similarly to reflective toner particles. Fluorescent colorant particles also absorb invisible wavelengths of light such as infra-red and ultra-violet light and convert this absorbed light into a light that is emitted from the fluorescent colorant particles. This allows such fluorescent colorant particles to appear to provide greater brightness than reflective toner colors having a comparable color. Examples of such fluorescent colorant particles will be described in greater detail below.
Additionally, it is known to provide particles of toner 24 with little or no colorant therein. When fused, such clear particles have the appearance of being transparent, or, while being generally transparent, can impart some amount of coloration or opacity. Such clear toner particles can provide, for example, a protective layer on an image or can be used to create other effects and properties on the image. Such clear toner particles can also be used to produce a more uniform gloss to the printed image.
Toner particles can have a range of diameters (e.g. less than 4 μm, on the order of 5-15 μm, up to approximately 30 μm, or larger). When referring to particles of toner 24, the toner size or diameter is defined in terms of the mean volume weighted diameter as measured by conventional diameter measuring devices such as a Coulter Multisizer, sold by Coulter, Inc. The mean volume weighted diameter is the sum of the volume of each toner particle multiplied by the diameter of a spherical particle of equal volume, divided by the total particle volume. Toner 24 is also referred to in the art as marking particles or dry ink. In certain embodiments, toner 24 can also comprise particles that are entrained in a liquid carrier.
Typically, receiver 26 takes the form of paper, film, fabric, metalized or metallic sheets or webs. However, receiver 26 can take any number of forms and can comprise, in general, any article or structure that can be moved relative to print engine 22 and processed as described herein.
Print engine 22 has one or more printing modules (shown in
Print engine 22 and a receiver transport system 28 cooperate to cause one or more toner image 25 to be provided in registration to form a composite toner image 27 such as the composite toner image 27 shown in
In
Print engine 22 can cause a single pattern of toner 24 to be transferred to receiver 26 to form a toner image 25 as receiver 26 is moved by receiver transport system 28 relative to print engine 22. Where more than one toner image 25 is transferred onto receiver 26 in registration, a composite toner image 27 is formed. In such a composite toner image 27, different types of toner are combined at individual locations on the receiver 26. The toner colors transferred to receiver 26 are combined during fusing to form a single combination color at each location of a receiver, to provide different combinations of properties, or for other purposes. For example, in a four color image, four toners having primary colors, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, can be combined to form any of a plurality of combination colors in a four-color color gamut. Similarly, in a five color image various combinations of any of five toner colors can be combined at individual locations on receiver 26 to form any of a plurality of combination colors in a five-color color gamut.
Typically, the addition of the fifth toner is used to increase the color gamut available for printing as compared to a color gamut available using four toners for printing. However, the fifth toner can also be a specialty color toner or spot color, such as for making proprietary logos or colors that cannot be produced repeatedly or accurately with only reflective type colorants used (e.g., cyan, magenta, yellow and black toner colors). Other toners such as those that provide metallic or pearlescent colors, or a clear toner or tinted toner can also be supplied by way of a fifth printing module. Tinted toners absorb less light than they transmit, but do contain pigments or dyes that modify the hue of light passing through them towards the hue of the tint. For example, a blue-tinted toner coated on white paper will cause the white paper to appear light blue when viewed under white light, and will cause yellows printed under the blue-tinted toner to appear slightly greenish under white light.
The fifth color can also include a fluorescent toner color that can be used as described herein to reduce noise levels in a toner print.
As is also shown in the embodiment of
Printer 20 is operated by printer processor 82 that controls the operation of print engine 22, receiver transport system 28, receiver delivery system 32, and transfer subsystems 50, to form, for example, a composite toner image 27 on receiver 26 and to cause fuser 60 to fuse the composite toner image 27 onto receiver 26 to form toner prints 70 as described herein or as is otherwise known in the art.
Printer processor 82 can take any of a variety of forms and can comprise for example, and without limitation a mainframe, server, or personal computer, a digital microprocessor, logic control device, programmable logic controller, a programmable analog device, or a hardwired arrangement of circuits and/or circuit components that can perform the functions described herein.
Printer processor 82 operates printer 20 based upon input signals from a user input system 84, sensors 86, a memory 88 and a communication system 90. User input system 84 can comprise any form of transducer or other device capable of detecting conditions that are indicative of an action of a user and converting this input into a form that can be used by printer processor 82. For example, user input system 84 can comprise a touch screen input, a touch pad input, a 4-way switch, a 6-way switch, an 8-way switch, a stylus system, a trackball system, a joystick system, a voice recognition system, a gesture recognition system or other such systems.
An output system 94 can comprise for example, and without limitation, a display, audio signal source or tactile signal generator or any other device that can be used by printer processor 82 to provide human perceptible signals for feedback, informational or other purposes.
Sensors 86 can include contact, proximity, magnetic or optical sensors, or other sensors known in the art that can be used to detect conditions in printer 20, or in the environment surrounding printer 20, and to convert this information into a form that can be used by printer processor 82 in governing printing, fusing, finishing or other functions.
Memory 88 can comprise any form of conventionally known memory devices including but not limited to optical, magnetic or other movable media as well as semiconductor or other forms of electronic memory. Memory 88 can be fixed within printer 20 or removable from printer 20 at a port, memory card slot or other known means for temporarily connecting a memory 88 to an electronic device. Memory 88 can also be connected to printer 20 by way of a fixed data path or by way of communication system 90.
Communication system 90 can comprise any form of circuit, system or transducer that can be used to send signals to or receive signals from memory 88 or external devices 92 that are separate from or separable from direct connection with printer processor 82. Communication system 90 can connect to external devices 92 by way of a wired or wireless connection. In certain embodiments, communication system 90 can comprise any circuit that can communicate with one of external devices 92 using a wired connection such as a local area network, a point-to-point connection, or an Ethernet connection. In certain embodiments, communication system 90 can alternatively, or in combination, provide wireless communication circuits for communication with separate or separable devices using, for example, wireless telecommunication or wireless protocols such as those found in the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers Standard 802.11 or any other known wireless communication systems. Such systems can be networked or can use point to point communication.
External devices 92 can comprise any type of electronic system that can generate signals bearing data that may be useful to printer processor 82 for operating printer 20. For example, external devices 92 can include, but are not limited to, mainframe and personal computers, portable computing devices, digital graphic processing systems, and any form of general-purpose or special-purpose digital computing device that can perform the functions described herein. In one embodiment an external device can be what is known in the art as a digital front end (DFE), which is a computing device that can be used to provide an external source of a print order that has image information and, optionally, printing instructions including printing information from which the manner in which the images are to be printed can be determined. Optionally, the printing instructions can include finishing information that defines how prints made according to the print order are to be processed after printing. A print order that is generated by such external devices 92 is received at communication system 90 which in turn provides appropriate signals to the printer processor 82 or other system components.
Similarly, the print order, or portions thereof, including image and production data, can be obtained from any other source that can provide such data to printer 20 in any other manner, including, but not limited to, memory 88 or communication system 90. Further, in certain embodiments image data or production data or certain aspects thereof can be generated from a source at printer 20 (e.g., by printer processor 82) such as by way of remote input (e.g., input received over communication system 90) or local input (e.g., input received using user input system 84 and output system 94). For convenience, these sources are referred to collectively herein as source of print order information 100. It will be appreciated, that this is not limiting and that source of print order information 100 can comprise any electronic, magnetic, optical or other system known in the art of printing that can be incorporated into printer 20 or that can cooperate with printer 20 to make print order information or parts thereof available.
In the embodiment of printer 20 that is illustrated in
Primary imaging system 110 includes a primary imaging member 112. In the embodiment of
Primary imaging system 110 has a surface 114 on which a pattern of charge can be formed. In the embodiment of
As is indicated by arrow 109 in
Continued rotation of primary imaging member 112 brings the toner image into a transfer nip 156 associated with transfer subsystem 50 where the toner image 25 is transferred to a transfer surface 164 on a co-rotating intermediate transfer member 162. Further rotation of primary imaging member 112 moves the primary imaging member 112 past a cleaning subsystem 158 and back to the charging subsystem 120.
As is shown in
In this embodiment, transfer subsystem 50 includes a transfer backup member 160 opposite to intermediate transfer member 162 at transfer nip 166. Intermediate transfer member 162 optionally has a resilient support (not shown) for transfer surface 164. As is further shown in the embodiments of
Method for Providing a Toner Print with Improved Gamut
In the exemplary embodiment of
The printing instructions can comprise any information that can be used by printer processor 82 to determine any information regarding the way in which the image data is to be printed by printer 20. Examples of information that can be obtained from the printing instructions include, but are not limited to, information that can be used to determine a type of receiver to be used in making a print based upon the image data, a size and orientation of a print that is to be made using the image data, data from which a desired gloss level of the print can be determined, data from which finishing instructions for the print can be determined and any other information that may be useful to printer 20 when generating a printed image based upon the determined image data.
Printer processor 82 then determines a pattern of target colors to be printed based upon the image data, printing instructions and a known color gamut (sometimes called a “color space”) that can be printed using a set of reflective toner colors (step 202). In one embodiment, printer processor 82 begins by identifying a pattern of target colors represented by the image data and then determining whether the pattern of target colors is be adjusted based upon the printing instructions. That is, to the extent that the printing instructions provide instructions that require modification of the target colors that are determined according to the image data or that provide instructions that override the image data appropriate target colors will be determined that reflect the printing instructions and the image data. For example, the printing instructions can include instructions to superimpose text, graphics, or images onto the image data. In such an embodiment, the target colors determined for locations of the print where such text or graphics are to be superimposed are modified or superseded according to the printing instructions to create the text, graphics or images.
A fluorescent toner color image is then generated based upon the determined pattern of target colors (step 204). As discussed previously, light that is reflected from areas on a printed image having fluorescent toner colorants includes light that is converted from non-visible wavelengths into visible wavelengths of light such that the presence of fluorescent toner in an area provides additional illumination to extend the dynamic range of a printed image. (Here the dynamic range is used to refer to the range of luminances that can be produced at a particular hue and chroma.) Similarly, it also extends the color gamut that the printer 20 (
The extent of the increased illumination provided by the fluorescent toner color is typically proportional to the amount of fluorescent toner printed in an area. The fluorescent toner image is defined by printer processor 82 so that there is sufficient additional illumination where needed in the toner print 70 to allow the fluorescent toner color to combine with reflective toner colors to form target colors that are outside of a color gamut that the printer 20 can print using only reflective toner colors.
In this regard, as is noted above, printer processor 82 typically determines a set of target colors based upon a reflective toner color gamut that is associated with the reflective toner colors used by the toner printer. Where an image is supplied having colors that are not within the reflective toner color gamut, the colors from the image data are conventionally color compressed into the reflective toner color gamut of the printer. This can create artifacts and limit dynamic range.
However, in accordance with the present invention, when printer processor 82 determines that a printed image will be made using a fluorescent toner color, the printer processor 82 uses a larger fluorescent toner color enhanced color gamut to convert a pattern of colors in the image data into a pattern of target colors. In some cases, color compression may not be necessary when the larger fluorescent toner color enhanced color gamut is available. In other cases, the extent of color compression can be lessened. The larger fluorescent toner enhanced color gamut represents an increased ability to form colors having high luminance and high chroma that is made possible by the use of the fluorescent toner color. Other factors can also influence the pattern of target colors determined by the printer processor 82 when a fluorescent toner is used. These can include the color of the receiver, including any coloration caused by fluorescent materials in the receiver.
In order to achieve a greater dynamic range, printer processor 82 forms a fluorescent toner color image that provides fluorescent toner color at locations based upon the need to provide supplemental illumination to increase the dynamic range, and ultimately the color gamut. The fluorescent toner color image defines a pattern of fluorescent toner where such supplemental illumination is required and, optionally, in proportion to the need for such supplemental illumination.
The exact extent of the larger color gamut made available by the fluorescent toner will depend, generally, upon the efficiency of the fluorescent colorants in converting non-visible wavelengths of light into visible wavelengths of light, assumptions about amounts of non-visible wavelengths of light available to support the emission of visible wavelengths of light, and the extent to which the fluorescent toner color can be combined with available ranges of reflective toner densities to form combination colors.
One factor that is influential in determining the scope of the larger color gamut made available when fluorescent toner is used is the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color. Typically, the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color is not neutral, and where larger amounts fluorescent toner color are required for illumination there will also be increases in the color contribution of the fluorescent toner color. Such additional color contributions may or may not be adapted for the formation of a particular target color.
One or more reflective toner color images are then determined to be combined with the determined fluorescent toner color image to form the pattern of target colors (step 206). In this regard, printer processor 82 considers the color and luminance provided by the fluorescent toner color at each target color in the pattern of target colors and then determines the color contributions that must be made by the reflective toners to form the pattern of target colors.
The process by which such reflective toners are defined for use with the fluorescent toner color to form a target color differs from the process that is used when combining only reflective toners to form a target color. In particular, when reflective toners are combined with fluorescent toner at a location to achieve a target color, both the chroma and the luminance of the fluorescent toner must be considered. However, when only reflective toners are used to form a target color, it can be assumed that additional color contributions from a particular color will be accompanied by an associated reduction in density.
For example, where a fluorescent toner provides, for example, a magenta fluorescent toner color and the target color includes a high level of magenta color at a high density, it can be necessary to use a high level of magenta fluorescent toner color to provide the high level of magenta for the target color. However, doing so will also create a high level of luminance that must be dampened by the amounts of reflective toners used in combination with the fluorescent toner in order to form the high density target color. Printer processor 82 provides reflective toner colors at levels that are typically greater than the levels of reflective toner colors that would be required to form a target color in the event that the magenta color is supplied by a reflective magenta toner.
Accordingly, when a target color is in a high density region and includes a substantial color contribution from the fluorescent toner color, substantial amounts of reflective toner can be required simply for the purpose of offsetting the luminance provided by the fluorescent toner.
This problem can become particularly acute where the fluorescent toner is applied at uppermost level of a print. For example, as is shown in
Where the fused toner mass has the configuration shown in
However, the simple expedient of using fluorescent toner where necessary to achieve target colors that are outside of a color gamut of a combination of available reflective toner colors while using only reflective toner colors for other target colors tends to be problematic because the luminance differences between fluorescent toner colors and reflective toner colors create visible artifacts.
What is needed, therefore, is a strategy for efficiently using fluorescent toner color in combination with one or more reflective toner colors to form a toner image without creating visible artifacts.
In this regard, the applicants have discovered that the fluorescent toner generally provides higher-level of color per unit of fluorescent toner than an equivalent amount of reflective toner of a similar color. For example, an amount of a fluorescent magenta toner required to achieve a first magenta color content can be one quarter of the amount of reflective magenta toner required to achieve the same color content and it is more efficient to use fluorescent magenta toner in areas of low magenta color content.
Accordingly, in addition to providing fluorescent toner for the purpose of extending the color gamut of a toner print 70 (
In one embodiment of this type, the reflective toner colors include a black toner color and the black toner color image is determined before determining any other reflective toner color images. Where this is done, the black reflective toner color image includes amounts of black toner color that are determined based in part upon amounts of fluorescent toner color and to reduce an amount of luminance at an area where a fluorescent toner color has been used to provide a particular chroma but has done so with excess luminance. In this manner, the combined fluorescent toner color image and black toner color image can be combined to provide a range of densities in the fluorescent toner color chroma with greater efficiency than can be achieved using an equivalent amount of reflective toner color having a chroma that is similar to the chroma of the fluorescent toner color. The range of densities provided by such a combination can include a density of the target color in certain cases and in other cases can include a range of densities to which other reflective colorants can efficiently supply additional colorant to form a target color.
Additionally, as is known in the art, the amount of black toner color determined for each pattern of target colors can also be adjusted to reduce the amounts of other toner colors to be used to achieve target colors and that toner color images for such other colors of toner can be determined based upon the pattern of target colors as well as the previously determined fluorescent toner color image and black toner color image.
However, as has been previously noted, there are limits on the extent to which this approach provides a toner image having a desired dynamic range in an efficient manner. In particular, this approach becomes significantly less efficient when a target color requires both a high color content of a color supplied by a fluorescent toner color and a high density. This is because amounts of fluorescent toner required to achieve high color content are accompanied by high luminance and it is therefore necessary to supply significant amounts of reflective toner to offset any unnecessary luminance created by high levels of such toner.
Accordingly, in the embodiment of
One example of such a functional relationship is illustrated in
As is shown in this example, fluorescent toner color is used in amounts that increase with increased density at the first hue angle along a first curve 230 until a threshold density level 232 is reached at which it becomes inefficient to form a target color using a combination of fluorescent toner color along with additional reflective toner colors to provide densities of the first hue angle that are required to form target colors. Thereafter the amount of fluorescent toner color used to form the target image follows a different curve 234 and begins to decrease monotonically as the density required at the first hue angle increases. In this way, increases in density can be achieved using less fluorescent toner color and therefore less reflective toner color is required for the purpose of reducing the amount of light generated by the fluorescent toner color.
This approach, however, limits the density at the first hue angle that the fluorescent toner color can provide. In some cases, it may be necessary to provide a substitute source of density along the first hue angle where, as is shown in
In one embodiment, this need is met by using a combination of toner colors to form the toner image that include a fluorescent toner color having a first hue angle and a similar reflective toner color having for example, a hue angle that is at or within 10 degrees of the first hue angle (e.g., in terms of the well-known CIELAB hab hue angle) at one or more density levels above the threshold. In this embodiment, a substitution strategy can be used with the similar reflective toner color being combined with the fluorescent toner color to achieve particular density levels at the first hue angle.
In the embodiment of
The threshold density level 232 is an efficiency metric representing a threshold between lower density levels where the use of fluorescent toner color to form target colors can provide efficiency advantages and higher density levels where the use of fluorescent toner colors can be counterproductive in terms of reaching high density colors. The threshold density level will depend upon specific factors in any individual application. In one embodiment, threshold density level 232 can be determined based at least in part upon any of a fluorescent toner hue angle, reflective toner hue angle, colorant concentrations, the efficiency of the fluorescence of any toner, limitations on the total area coverage that a toner printer can achieve at a printed area, the total dynamic range needed in the print, the lay down order of the toner, the colorant loading of the toner particles or a combination of these factors. This list of factors is not limiting.
In another example of this type, a similar result can be achieved where a color spectrum of the visible wavelengths of the fluorescent toner color and a color absorption spectrum of visible wavelengths of a reflective toner color overlap by at least about 25%. In such a case, printer processor 82 increases the amount of the spectrally overlapping reflective toner as the amount of fluorescent toner is decreased to achieve greater densities in regions of spectral overlap.
It will be appreciated that it is possible to use such examples in tandem in printers providing for example, five, six or seven printing modules.
In other embodiments, the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color is not well aligned such as where there is more than a 10 degree difference between the hue angle of the fluorescent toner color and a hue angle of any of the reflective toner colors. In such embodiments, printer processor 82 determines the amount of more than one of the reflective toner colors based upon the determined amount of fluorescent toner color. In this example, the determined amount of the reflective toner colors are calculated to provide a density contribution at the first hue angle of the fluorescent toner color that can be combined with the fluorescent toner color to form the target color. In one example of this type, the fluorescent toner can include a magenta hue angle while a substitute reflection toner color can include an orange hue angle. In this example the orange density used for the toner print can be adjusted to supply any requisite magenta toner color while other reflective toner colors can be defined to combine with magenta fluorescent toner and the orange toner colors at an area on the receiver to form the target color.
Similarly, where there is less than a 25 percent overlap in the spectral distribution of the fluorescent toner color and any of the reflective toner colors, printer processor 82 adjusts the amounts of more than one of the reflective toner colors used at the location in ways that can be combined with the fluorescent toner image to provide the pattern of target colors.
Returning to a discussion of
The reflective toner color separation images and the fluorescent toner separation image are then submitted to halftone processor 98 also known as a raster image processor (RIP) that converts the reflective toner color images and the fluorescent toner color image into halftone dot image data in the respective colors (step 210). The halftone processor 98 can use any appropriate halftoning method known in the art. In some embodiments, the halftone processor 98 utilizes halftone screen matrices, which provide desired screen angles and screen rulings. The RIP may be a suitably programmed computer and/or logic devices and is adapted to employ stored or generated matrices and templates for processing separated color image data into rendered image data in the form of halftone information suitable for printing.
The halftone processed toner color images and the halftone processed fluorescent toner color image can also be stored until used. When used, these can be submitted to frame or line buffers that convey the reflective toner color images to respective writing system 130 in printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, 48.
The halftone processed reflective toner color images are then used by printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 to form toner images (step 212). In this regard, selected ones of printing modules 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 convert each of the processed reflective toner images into a toner image having a pattern of reflective toner that forms a color that corresponds to the reflective toner color. For example, a cyan toner color image is converted into a cyan toner image using a toner with a cyan colorant therein arranged according to the cyan toner image. Similarly, the fluorescent toner color image is converted into a fluorescent toner image having a pattern of a toner with a fluorescent colorant arranged according to the fluorescent toner color image and having a colorant with a color that corresponds to the fluorescent toner colorant.
The reflective toner images and the fluorescent toner image are transferred in registration onto a receiver (step 214). A bond is then formed between the toner and the receiver such as by way of fusing using fuser 60 or using other known structures or apparatuses or techniques (step 216).
As is noted above, the fluorescent toner color image may not be the only source of fluorescent colorant in a toner print. Specifically, in some circumstances, a receiver with high levels of optical brighter may be used and, as is also noted above, such optical brighter can impart a bluish hue on images printed thereon. In many cases, such a bluish hue will not be helpful in achieving a target color and, in such cases, an amount of fluorescent color light can be provided to increase the effective color gamut of a print by illuminating areas of the image where such a bluish hue prevents a desired color from being reached with a fluorescent toner color that helps to offset the effects of the optical printers in the paper. This can be made to work in a variety of fashions. In one embodiment, fluorescent toner color image provides for fluorescent toner color in areas where the bluish tint of the optical brighter may be detrimental and in amounts combined with the bluish light from the optical printers to yield a combined color can combine with the color formed by the reflective toners to yield the determined pattern of target colors.
When fluorescent toner colors are used in combination with a receiver having a fluorescent colorant, such fluorescent toner colors can absorb a significant portion of the invisible wavelengths of light that are absorbed in reemitted bluish light by the optical printers in the receiver. Accordingly, in these embodiments the fluorescent toner color image is determined at least in part to absorb invisible wavelengths of light that excite optical brighteners in the receiver to reduce an extent to which the optical brighteners reemit blue light and to emit light of a color that at least in part offsets any blue light emitted by optical brighteners in the receiver. This provides the effect of reducing the amount of light from the prints that must be offset by the fluorescent toner color.
In one example of this, the pattern of target colors may include a region of colors that is in a predetermined range of skin tone target colors and the determined fluorescent toner color image is used to offset or reduce the bluish light from such optical brighteners by introducing, for example, a fluorescent magenta color in such areas in amounts that are sufficient to substitute a magenta color for the bluish light or that are sufficient to increase a chroma of the magenta color. This makes the skin tone regions appear to be more natural.
It will be appreciated, that in certain embodiments printer processor 82 can be programmed to limit the extent to which the color gamut of the printer is extended such that a color gamut (or color space) that can be formed with the use of the fluorescent toner is greater than a color gamut that can be formed with the one or more reflective toners, but does not provide for any location where uncombined fluorescent toner is used. In this way the presence of fluorescent toners, which can have an unnatural appearance, is limited.
In other embodiments, printer processor 82 additionally adapts the fluorescent toner color image to shape the color gamut of the printer to conform better to a shape that corresponds to a color gamut shape of a known emissive display. This can be done so that prints that are ordered from particular devices having particular display types have an appearance that more closely mimics the appearance of the image as previewed on the ordering device.
It will also be understood that in determining amounts of fluorescent toner color to use in a toner image, the lay down order of the toners to be used can be a factor. For example, as is shown in
Where this lay down order is used, a portion of the energy from non-visible wavelengths of an illuminating light L that are typically absorbed and emitted by fluorescent colorant particles 170 is absorbed by fused binder material 174 and another portion is absorbed by reflective colorant particles 180. Thus, fluorescent colorant particles 170 receive more energy and generate more light when used at an upper layer of a fused toner mass where fluorescent colorant particles are positioned as was shown in
However, it can be useful or necessary to accept such losses in some cases. In these embodiments, fluorescent toner colors are defined by a reflective toner color image set as described above and are further adjusted to levels that create necessary levels of illumination despite the absorption of energy by the fused binder material 174 and reflective colorant particles 180. It will be appreciated that this lay down order can be more efficient in certain cases because all emitted light 178 emitted by the fluorescent colorant particles 170 will be modulated by the overlying reflective colorant particles 180. As a result, less overlying reflective colorant particles 180 (i.e., less reflective toner) may be necessary in order to compensate for any unnecessary illumination from fluorescent colorant particles 170.
It will be appreciated that using the function of
Toner print 300 also has a second area 330 having a second density at the first hue angle and formed by a second amount 332 of the fluorescent toner colorant in second area 330. In this example, the density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner in second area 330 is greater than the density at the hue angle of the fluorescent toner in first area 320.
In this embodiment, second area 330 further has a reflective colorant 334 that is black in color. Here, the reflective colorant 334 is present in an amount that is provided in proportion to an amount of reflective black toner transferred into second area 330 and the amount of reflective colorant 334 provides for the increased density. This can be done to achieve a target color having a density that is within a predetermined range of densities.
In the example of
In other embodiments, a toner print can be defined without areas with colors formed using only fluorescent toner. This can be done in circumstances where the fluorescent toner color is not consistent with image information.
The example of
In other embodiments, where a hue angle of the fluorescent colorant 324 is greater than 10 degrees different from a hue angle of any of the one or more reflective colorants 334 an amount of more than one of the reflective colorants 334 in an area can provide a color along the hue angle of the fluorescent colorant 324 with a density of the fluorescent colorant 324 at the first area 320. Here too, such an approach can achieve higher densities at the hue angle of the fluorescent colorant 324 in a more efficient manner than other approaches. In other embodiments, wherein a color spectrum of the fluorescent colorant 324 and a color spectrum of a reflective colorant 334 overlap by at least about 25 percent and an amount of more than one of the reflective colorants 334 provide a color of the overlapping portions of the color spectrum with a density that is greater than a density of the fluorescent colorant 324 at the first area 320.
It will also be appreciated that in certain embodiments, the use of fluorescent toner color can help to achieve efficiency gains at lower density level target colors because the emissive properties of the light provided by fluorescent toner colorants can provide what appears to be greater coverage for an equivalent concentration of colorant in an area.
The following provides non-limiting examples of reflective and fluorescent toner that can be used in various embodiments such as those described above. As is used in the following, “fluorescent toner color” refers to a color of light provided by a fluorescent toner when illuminated.
The term “reflective” as used in the following refers to non-fluorescing toners (or inks) containing one or more non-fluorescing colorants (dyes or pigments) that provide a color or hue having an optical density of at least 0.2 at the maximum exposure so as to distinguish them from “colorless” toners (or inks) that have a lower optical density. By non-fluorescing colorants, it is meant that the colorants do not emit light or “fluoresce” upon exposure to light of a different wavelength to any significant degree. Within the context of the present invention, a reflective toner (or ink) is one where less than 10% of the total light returned from the toner is from fluorescence.
The term “fluorescent” as used in the following refers to a toner (or ink) that emits light at one or more visible peak wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm and provides a color or hue having an effective optical density of at least 0.2, so as to distinguish them from “colorless” or “substantially clear” fluorescing toners (or inks) such as those described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0164218 (noted above). Within the context of the present invention, a fluorescent toner (or ink) is one where more than 10% of the total light returned from the toner (or ink) is from fluorescence. For example, in some embodiments the fluorescent toner (or ink) can include a fluorescing magenta colorant that emits at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 510-590 nm, and more preferably at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 520-580 nm. In other embodiments, the fluorescent toner (or ink) can include a fluorescing yellow colorant that emits at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 510-570 nm, and more preferably at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 520-560 nm. In other embodiments, the fluorescent toner (or ink) can include a fluorescing cyan colorant that emits at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 420-480 nm, and more preferably at one or more peak wavelengths in the range 430-470 nm.
The term “peak wavelength” in reference to the visible fluorescing colorants means an emission peak within the noted range of wavelengths that provides the desired fluorescing effect according to this invention. There can be multiple peak wavelengths for a given visible fluorescing colorant. It is not necessary that the λmax be within the noted range of wavelengths or that the peak wavelength of interest be the λmax. However, many useful visible fluorescing colorants will have a λmax within the noted range of wavelengths and this λmax can also be the desired “peak” wavelength.
The term “composite,” when used in reference to developed color toner images or developed and fixed color toner images, refers to the combination of at least two (for example, CM) and up to four (for example, CYMK), non-fluorescing color toner images in the same multicolor toner image.
The term “covering power” refers to the coloring strength (optical density) value of fixed dry toner particles on a specific receiver material, or the ability of the fixed dry toner particles to “cover” or hide radiation reflected from the receiver material. For example, covering power values can be determined by making patches of varying densities from non-fixed dry toner particles on a receiver material such as a clear film. The weight and area of each of these patches is measured, and the dry toner particles in each patch are fixed for example in an oven with controlled temperature that is hot enough to melt the dry toner particles sufficiently to form a continuous thin film in each patch on the receiver material. The transmission densities of the resulting patches of thin films are measured with a Status A blue filter on an X-rite densitometer (other conventional densitometers can be used). A plot of the patch transmission densities vs. initial patch dry toner weight is prepared, and the weight per unit area of toner thin film is calculated at a transmission density of 1.0. The reciprocal of this value, in units of cm2/g of fixed dry toner particles, is the “covering power.” Another way of saying this is that the covering power is the area of the receiver material that is covered to a transmission density of 1.0 by 1 gram of dry toner particles. As the covering power increases, the “yield” of the dry toner particles increases, meaning that less mass of dry toner particles is needed to create the same amount of density area coverage in a printed image on the receiver material. Thus, covering power is a measurement that is taken after the dry toner particles are fixed (or fused) to a given receiver material. A skilled worker would be able, from this description, to measure the covering power of any particular dry toner particle composition (containing polymer binder, colorants, and optional addenda), receiver material, and fixing conditions as used in the practice of this invention.
In the following example, dry toner particles and compositions of multiple dry toner particles in dry developers (described below) can be used for reproduction of a fluorescing hue or effect, particularly a visible fluorescing magenta hue that can have the appearance of a “pink” fluorescing hue, by an electrostatic printing process, especially by an electrophotographic imaging process.
These visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be porous or nonporous. For example, if they are porous particles, up to 60% of the volume can be occupied or unoccupied pores within the polymeric binder phase (matrix). The visible fluorescing magenta colorants can be within the pores or within the polymeric binder phase. In many embodiments, the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are not purposely designed to be porous although pores may be created unintentionally during manufacture. In such “nonporous” embodiments, the porosity of the visible fluorescing magenta toner particles used in this example is less than 10% based on the total particle volume within the external particle surface, and the visible fluorescing magenta colorants are predominantly (at least 90 weight %) in the polymeric binder phase.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example are generally non-magnetic in that magnetic materials are not purposely incorporated within the polymeric binder phase.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles have an external particle surface and consist essentially of a polymeric binder phase and one or more visible fluorescing magenta colorants (described below) that are generally uniformly dispersed within the polymeric binder phase to provide, when fixed (or fused) and excited by appropriate radiation, the fluorescing magenta effects described herein.
As described in more detail below, these visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be used for imaging in combination with non-fluorescing dry color toner particles that provide one or more non-fluorescing colors in a color toner image.
Optional additives (described below) can be incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this invention to provide various properties that are useful for electrostatic printing processes. However, only the polymeric binder phase and the visible fluorescing magenta colorants described herein are essential for providing the desired fluorescing magenta effects in a fixed color toner image and for this purpose, they are the only essential components of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The polymeric binder phase is generally a continuous polymeric phase comprising one or more polymeric binders that are suitable for the various imaging methods described herein. Many useful binder polymers are known in the art as being suitable for forming dry toner particles as they will behave properly (melt and flow) during thermal fixing of the toner particles to a suitable receiver material. Such polymeric binders generally are amorphous and each has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 50° C. and up to and including 100° C. In addition, the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles prepared from these polymeric binders have a caking temperature of at least 50° C. so that the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be stored for relatively long periods of time at fairly high temperatures without having individual particles agglomerate and clump together.
Useful polymeric binders for providing the polymeric binder phase include but are not limited to, polycarbonates, resin-modified malic alkyd polymers, polyamides, phenol-formaldehyde polymers and various derivatives thereof, polyester condensates, modified alkyd polymers, aromatic polymers containing alternating methylene and aromatic units, and fusible cross-linked polymers.
Other useful polymeric binders are vinyl polymers, such as homopolymers and copolymers derived from two or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers. For example, useful copolymers can be derived one or more of styrene or a styrene derivative, vinyl naphthalene, p-chlorostyrene, unsaturated mono-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene, vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, and vinyl fluoride, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl esters such as esters of mono carboxylic acids including acrylates and methacrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamides, methacrylamide, vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and vinyl ethyl ether, N-vinyl indole, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and others that would be readily apparent to one skilled in the electrophotographic polymer art.
For example, homopolymers and copolymers derived from styrene or styrene derivatives can comprise at least 40 weight % and to and including 100 weight % of recurring units derived from styrene or styrene derivatives (homologs) and from 0 to and including 40 weight % of recurring units derived from one or more lower alkyl acrylates or methacrylates (the term “lower alkyl” means alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Other useful polymers include fusible styrene-acrylic copolymers that are partially crosslinked by incorporating recurring units derived from a divinyl ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer such as divinylbenzene or a diacrylate or dimethacrylate. Polymeric binders of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Reissue Pat. 31,072 to Jadwin et al., entitled “Electrographic developing composition and process,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Mixtures of such polymeric binders can be used if desired.
Some useful polymeric binders are derived from styrene or another vinyl aromatic ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer and one or more alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, or dienes wherein the styrene recurring units comprise at least 60% by weight of the polymer. For example, copolymers that are derived from styrene and either butyl acrylate or butadiene are also useful as polymeric binders, or these copolymers can be part of blends of polymeric binders. For example, a blend of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) and poly(styrene-co-butadiene) can be used wherein the weight ratio of the first polymeric binder to the second polymeric binder is from 10:1 to 1:10, or from 5:1 to 1:5.
Styrene-containing polymers are particularly useful and can be derived from one or more of styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, and vinyl toluene. Useful alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, and monocarboxylic acids that can be copolymerized with styrene or styrene derivatives include but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and octyl methacrylate.
Condensation polymers are also useful as polymeric binders in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Useful condensation polymers include but are not limited to, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyesters, polywaxes, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and polymeric esterification products of a polycarboxylic acid and a diol comprising a bisphenol. Particularly useful condensation polymeric binders include polyesters and copolyesters that are derived from one or more aromatic dicarboxylic acids and one or more aliphatic diols, including polyesters derived from isophthalic or terephthalic acid and diols such as ethylene glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol, and bisphenols (such as Bisphenol A). Other useful polyester binders can be obtained by the co-polycondensation polymerization of a carboxylic acid component comprising a carboxylic acid having two or more valencies, an acid anhydride thereof or a lower alkyl ester thereof (for example, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, or pyromellitic acid), using as a diol component a bisphenol derivative or a substituted compound thereof. Other useful polyesters are copolyesters prepared from terephthalic acid (including substituted terephthalic acid), a bis[(hydroxyalkoxy)phenyl]alkane having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkoxy radical and from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety (that can also be a halogen-substituted alkane), and an alkylene glycol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety. Specific examples of such condensation copolyesters and how they are made are provided for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,631 to Kanbayashi et al., entitled “Color toner,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,408 to Sitaramiah, entitled “Developing powder composition containing a fluorine-modified alkyl siloxane,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,295 to Wilson et al., entitled “Electrostatographic toners and developers containing (1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ylidene 1,1-dioxide)acetate charge-control agents,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference, for describing such polymeric binders. A useful polyester is a propoxylated bisphenol—a fumarate.
Useful polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,694,359 to Merrill et al., entitled “Dry electroscopic toner compositions,” which is incorporated by reference, which polycarbonates can contain alklidene diarylene moieties in recurring units.
Other specific polymeric binders useful in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are described in [0031] of U.S. Patent Application Publication No 2011/0262858 (noted above) that is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the polymeric binder phase comprises a polyester or a vinyl polymer derived at least in part from styrene or a styrene derivative, both of which are described above.
In general, one or more polymeric binders are present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 50 weight % and up to and including 80 weight %, or typically at least 60 weight % and up to and including 75 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example are not generally perfectly spherical so it is best to define them by the mean volume weighted diameter (Dvol) that can be determined as described above. Before fixing, the Dvol can be at least 4 μm and up to and including 20 μm and typically at least 5 μm and up to and including 12 μm, but larger or smaller particles may be useful in certain embodiments. Some very small particles can be considered as “liquid” toner particles.
The visible fluorescing magenta colorants useful in the practice of this example can be chosen from any of such pigments and dyes that are known in the art for emitting at one or more peak wavelengths of at least 510 nm and up to and including 590 nm, or at least 520 and up to and including 580 nm. Such compounds can be readily determined from such sources as Honeywell International (New Jersey), Union Pigment (Hongzhau, China), Dayglo Corporation (Ohio), Clariant Corporation (Rhode Island), H.W. Sands (Jupiter Fla.), Sun Chemicals (Ohio), and Risk Reactor (California).
For example, useful visible fluorescing magenta colorant classes are rhodamine, perylene, naphthalimide, and anthrone classes of fluorescing magenta colorants that emit at one or more peak wavelengths of at least 510 nm and up to and including 590 nm, or one or more peak wavelengths of at least 520 nm and up to and including 590 nm.
Mixtures of two or more of the visible fluorescing magenta colorants as described herein can be used if desired. In some embodiments, one or more fluorescing magenta colorants can be used in combination with one or more colorless or visible non-magenta fluorescing colorants.
The one or more visible fluorescing magenta colorants are generally present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 0.5 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or typically at least 2 weight % and up to and including 12 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
Various optional additives that can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be added in the dry blend of polymeric resin particles and visible fluorescing magenta colorants as described below. Such optional additives include but are not limited to, non-fluorescing colorants (such as dyes and pigments), charge control agents, waxes, fuser release aids, leveling agents, surfactants, stabilizers, or any combinations of these materials. These additives are generally present in amounts that are known to be useful in the electrophotographic art as they are known to be used in other dry toner particles, including dry color toner particles.
In some embodiments, a spacing agent, fuser release aid, flow additive particles, or combinations of these materials can be provided on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles, and such materials are provided in amounts that are known in the electrophotographic art. Generally, such materials are added to the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles after they have been prepared using the dry blending, melt extrusion, and breaking process (described below).
Inorganic or organic non-fluorescing colorants (pigments or dyes) can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles to provide any suitable color, tone, or hue other than fluorescing magenta effect described herein. Most visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in the practice of this example are free of non-fluorescing colorants (fluoresce to an insubstantial amount at the noted wavelengths).
Such non-fluorescing colorants can be incorporated into the polymeric binders in known ways, for example by including them in the dry blends described below. Useful colorants or pigments include but are not limited to the following compounds unless they are visible fluorescing magenta colorants: titanium dioxide, carbon black, Aniline Blue, Calcoil Blue, Chrome Yellow, Ultramarine Blue, DuPont Oil Red, Quinoline Yellow, Methylene Blue Chloride, Malachite Green Oxalate, Lamp Black, Rose Bengal, Colour Index Pigment Red 48:1, Colour Index Pigment Red 57:1, Colour Index Pigment Yellow 97, Colour Index Pigment Yellow 17, Colour Index Pigment Blue 15:1, Colour Index Pigment Blue 15:3, phthalocyanines such as copper phthalocyanine, mono-chlor copper phthalocyanine, hexadecachlor copper phthalocyanine, Phthalocyanine Blue or Colour Index Pigment Green 7, and quinacridones such as Colour Index Pigment Violet 19 or Colour Index Pigment Red 122, and pigments such as HELIOGEN Blue™, HOSTAPERM Pink™, NOVAPERM Yellow™, LITHOL Scarlet™, MICROLITH Brown™, SUDAN Blue™, FANAL Pink™, and PV FAST Blue™. Mixtures of colorants can be used. Other suitable non-fluorescing colorants are described in U.S. Reissue Pat. 31,072 (noted above), U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,644 to Ryan, entitled “Platelet reference control and method of preparation,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,965 to Sandhu et al., entitled “Electrostatographic developers comprising toners containing a polyester having p-hydroxybenzoic acid recurring units,” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,152 to Santilli et al., entitled “Bis aryl-azo derivatives of 2,3-naphthalenediol,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
One or more of such non-fluorescing colorants can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 1 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or typically at least 2 weight % and up to and including 15 weight %, based on total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight, but a skilled worker in the art would know how to adjust the amount of colorant so that the desired fluorescing magenta effect can be obtained when the visible fluorescing magenta colorants are mixed with the non-fluorescing colorants.
The colorants can also be encapsulated using elastomeric resins that are included within the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Such a process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,356 to Tyagi et al., entitled “Toner composition with elastomeric thermoplastic polymer and process of preparing,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable charge control agents and their use in toner particles are well known in the art as described for example in Chapter 4 (“Dry Toner Technology” by Gruber et al.) of the Handbook of Imaging Materials (2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1991, pp. 180ff) and references noted therein. The term “charge control” refers to a propensity of the material to modify the triboelectric charging properties of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. A wide variety of charge control agents can be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,935 to Jadwin et al., entitled “Electrographic toner and developer composition;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,014 to Burness et al., entitled “Electrographic toner and developer composition containing a 4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo(2.2.2) octane salt as a charge control agent;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,634 to Jadwin et al., entitled “Electrographic toner and developer composition containing quaternary ammonium salt charge control agent;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,430 to Jadwin, entitled “Electrophotographic dry toner and developer compositions;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,907 to Niimura et al., entitled “Electrophotographic toner containing metal complex;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,250 to Kwarta et al., entitled “Electrophotographic toner and developer compositions containing dioctylsulfosuccinate and sodium benzoate charge control agents;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,864 to Bugner et al., entitled “New electrostatographic toners and developers containing new charge-control agents;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,920 to Bugner et al., entitled “New quaternary ammonium salts;” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,553 to Suzuka et al., entitled “Electrophotographic toner and compounds useful for the toner,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The charge control agents can be transparent or translucent and free of pigments and dyes. Generally, these compounds are colorless or nearly colorless. Mixtures of charge control agents can be used. A desired charge control agent can be chosen depending upon whether a positive or negative charging visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle is needed.
Examples of useful charge control agents include but are not limited to, triphenylmethane compounds, ammonium salts, aluminum-azo complexes, chromium-azo complexes, chromium salicylate organo-complex salts, azo-iron complex salts, an azo-iron complex salt such as ferrate (1-), bis[4-[5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-N-phenyl-2-naphthalene-carboxamidato(2-)], ammonium, sodium, or hydrogen (Organoiron available from Hodogaya Chemical Company Ltd.). Other useful charge control agents include but are not limited to, acidic organic charge control agents such as 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one (MPP) and derivatives of MPP such as 2,4dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(2-trifluoroethylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one and the corresponding zinc salts derived therefrom. Other examples include charge control agents with one or more acidic functional groups, such as fumaric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, terephthalic acid, salicylic acid, fumaric acid monoethyl ester, copolymers derived from styrene and methacrylic acid, copolymers of styrene and lithium salt of methacrylic acid, 5,5′-methylenedisalicylic acid, 3,5-di-t-butylbenzoic acid, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5-t-octylsalicylic acid, 7-t-butyl-3-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid, and combinations thereof. Still other acidic charge control agents which are considered to fall within the scope of the example include N-acylsulfonamides, such as, N-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide. Another class of charge control agents include, but are not limited to, iron organo metal complexes such as organo iron complexes, for example T77 from Hodogaya. Still another useful charge control agent is a quaternary ammonium functional acrylic polymer.
Other useful charge control agents include alkyl pyridinium halides such as cetyl pyridinium halide, cetyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborates, quaternary ammonium sulfate, and sulfonate charge control agents as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390 to Lu entitled “Quarternary ammonium sulfate or sulfonate charge control agents for electrophotographic developers compatible with viton fuser,” which is incorporated herein by reference, stearyl phenethyl dimethyl ammonium tosylates, distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and stearyl dimethyl hydrogen ammonium tosylate.
One or more charge control agents can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount to provide a consistent level of charge at least −60 μCoulomb/g up to and including −30 μCoulomb/g, when charged. Examples of suitable amounts include at least 0.1 weight % to and including 10 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
Useful waxes (can also be known as lubricants) that can be present in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles include low molecular weight polyolefins (polyalkylenes) such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene, such as Polywax 500 and Polywax 1000 waxes from Peterolite, Clariant PE130 and Licowax PE190 waxes from Clariant Chemicals, and Viscol 550 and Viscol 660 waxes from Sanyo. Also useful are ester waxes that are available from Nippon Oil and Fat under the WE-series. Other useful waxes include silicone resins that can be softened by heating, fatty acid amides such as oleamide, erucamide, ricinoleamide, and stearamide, vegetable waxes such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, Japan wax, and jojoba wax, animal waxes such as bees wax, mineral and petroleum waxes such as montan wax, ozocerite, ceresine, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax, and modified products thereof. Irrespective to the origin, waxes having a melting point in the range of at least 30° C. and up to and including 150° C. are useful. One or more waxes can be present in an amount of at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, or at least 1 weight % and up to and including 10 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight. These waxes, especially the polyolefins, can be used also as fuser release aids. In some embodiments, the fuser release aids are waxes having 70% crystallinity as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
In general, a useful wax has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 and up to and including 7,000. Polyalkylene waxes that are useful as fuser release aids can have a polydispersity of at least 2 and up to and including 10 or typically of at least 3 and up to and including 5. Polydispersity is a number representing the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyalkylene wax divided by its number average molecular weight (Mn).
Useful flow additive particles that can be present inside or on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles include but are not limited to, a metal oxide such as hydrophobic fumed silica particles. Alternatively, the flow additive particles can be both incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles and on their outer surface. In general, such flow additive particles have an average equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) of at least 5 nm and are present in an amount of at least 0.01 weight % and up to and including 10 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
Surface treatment agents can also be on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount sufficient to permit the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles to be stripped from carrier particles in a dry two-component developer by electrostatic forces associated with the charged image or by mechanical forces. Surface fuser release aids can be present on the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in an amount of at least 0.05 weight % to and including 1 weight %, based on the total dry weight of visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. These materials can be applied to the outer surfaces of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles using known methods for example by powder mixing techniques.
Spacing treatment agent particles (“spacer particles”) can be attached to the outer surface by electrostatic forces or physical means, or both. Useful surface treatment agents include but are not limited to, silica such as those commercially available from Degussa as R972 and RY200 or from Wasker as H2000. Other suitable surface treatment agents include but are not limited to, titania, aluminum, zirconia, or other metal oxide particles, and polymeric beads all generally having an ECD of less than 1 μm. Mixture of these materials can be used if desired, for example a mixture of hydrophobic silica and hydrophobic titania particles.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in the practice of this example can be prepared using any suitable manufacturing procedure wherein colorants are incorporated within the particles. Such manufacturing methods include but are not limited to, melt extrusion methods, coalescence, spray drying, and other chemical techniques. The visible fluorescing magenta dry toners can be prepared as “chemically prepared toners”, “polymerized toners”, or “in-situ toners”. They can be prepared using controlled growing instead of grinding. Various chemical processes include suspension polymers, emulsion aggregation, micro-encapsulation, dispersion, and chemical milling. Details of such processes are described for example in the literature cited in [0010] of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0164218 (noted above). Such dry toner particles can also be prepared using limited coalescence process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,356 to Tyagi et al., entitled “Toner composition with elastomeric thermoplastic polymer and process of preparing,” which is incorporated herein by reference, or a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion process as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0262858 to Nair et al., entitled “Toner containing metallic flakes and method of forming metallic image,” which is incorporated herein by reference, especially if porosity is desired in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. Another method for preparing visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles is by a spray/freeze drying technique as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0262654 to Yates et al., entitled “Process for preparing polymer particles containing metallic flakes,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a particularly useful manufacturing method, a desired polymer binder (or mixture of polymeric binders) for use in the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles is produced independently using a suitable polymerization process known in the art. The one or more polymeric binders are dry blended or mixed as polymeric resin particles with visible fluorescing magenta colorants (pigments or dyes) to form a dry blend. The optional additives, such as charge control agents, waxes, fuser release aids, and colorants are also incorporated into the dry blend with the two essential components. The amounts of the essential and optional components can be adjusted in the dry blend in a suitable manner that a skilled worker would readily understand to provide the desired amounts in the resulting visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. The conditions for mechanical dry blending are known in the art.
For example, the method can comprise dry blending the resin particles with the visible fluorescing magenta colorant(s), such as the rhodamine class fluorescing colorants described above, and a charge control agent, and optionally with a wax or colorant, or any combination of these optional components, to form a dry blend. The dry blend can be prepared by mechanically blending the components for a suitable time to obtain a uniform dry mix.
The dry blend is then melt processed in a suitable apparatus such as a two-roll mill or hot-melt extruder. In some embodiments, the dry melt is extruded under low shear conditions in an extrusion device to form an extruded composition. However, these low shear conditions are not always required in the practice of this example. The melt processing time can be from 1 minute to and including 60 minutes, and the time can be adjusted by a skilled worker to provide the desired melt processing temperature and uniformity in the resulting extruded composition.
For example, it is useful to melt extrude a dry blend of the noted components that has a viscosity of at least 90 pascals sec to and including 2300 pascals sec, or typically of at least 150 pascals sec to and including 1200 pascals sec.
Generally, the dry blend is melt extruded in the extrusion device at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the one or more polymeric binders used to form the polymeric binder phase, and generally at a temperature of at least 90° C. and up to and including 240° C. or typically of at least 120° C. and up to and including 160° C. The temperature results, in part, from the frictional forces of the melt extrusion process.
The resulting extruded composition (sometimes known as a “melt product” or a “melt slab”) is generally cooled, for example, to room temperature, and then broken up (for example pulverized) into visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles having the desired Dvol as described above. It is generally best to first grind the extruded composition prior to a specific pulverizing operation. Grinding can be carried out using any suitable procedure. For example, the extruded composition can be crushed and then ground using for example a fluid energy or jet mill as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,472 to Seigel et al., entitled “Impact target for fluid energy mills,” which is incorporated herein by reference. The particles are then further reduced in size by using high shear pulverizing devices such as a fluid energy mill, and then classified as desired.
The resulting visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can then be surface treated with suitable hydrophobic flow additive particles having an equivalent circular diameter (ECD) of at least 5 nm to affix such hydrophobic flow additive particles on the outer surface of the particles. These hydrophobic flow additive particles can be composed of metal oxide particles such as hydrophobic fumed oxides such as silica, alumina, or titania in an amount of at least 0.01 weight % and up to and including 10 weight % or typically at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 5 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
In particular, a hydrophobic fumed silica such as R972 or RY200 (from Nippon Aerosil) can be used for this purpose, and the amount of the fumed silica particles can be as noted above, or more typically at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 3 weight %, based on the total visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particle weight.
The hydrophobic flow additive particles can be added to the outer surface of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles by mixing both types of particles in an appropriate mixer.
The resulting treated visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles can be classified (sieved) through a 230 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-attached silica particles and silica agglomerates and any other components that may not have been incorporated into the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles. The temperature during the surface treatment can be controlled to provide the desired attachment and blending.
Non-fluorescing dry color toner particles useful in the practice of this example can be prepared in various ways as described above, including the melt extrusion processes described above for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The various non-fluorescing dry color toner particles can be prepared using a suitable polymeric binder phase comprising one or more polymeric binders (as described above) and one or more of non-fluorescing cyan, non-fluorescing yellow, non-fluorescing magenta, or non-fluorescing black colorants. For example, such colorants can be in principle any of the colorants described in the Colour Index, Vols. I and II, 2nd Edition (1987) or in the Pantone® Color Formula Guide, 1st Edition, 2000-2001. The choice of particular non-fluorescing colorants for the cyan, yellow, magenta, and black (CYMK) color toners is well described in the art, for example in the article “Enabling Expanded Color Gamut and In-line Coating Processes,” by Tyagi, et al. (Proc.IS&T NIP 20: International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, pp. 135-138, 2004). Carbon black is generally useful as the black toner colorant while other colorants for the CYM color toners include but are not limited to, red, blue, and green pigments, respectively. Specific colorants can include copper phthalocyanine and Pigment Blue that can be obtained as Lupreton Blue™ SE1163. Other colorants useful in non-fluorescing dry color toners are also described above as non-fluorescing colorants for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles.
The amount of one or more non-fluorescing colorants in the non-fluorescing dry color toners can vary over a wide range and a skilled worker in the art would know how to pick the appropriate amount for a given non-fluorescing colorant or mixture of colorants. In general, the total non-fluorescing colorants in each non-fluorescing dry color toner can be at least 1 weight % and up to and including 40 weight %, or typically at least 3 weight % and up to and including 25 weight %, based on the total dry color toner weight. The non-fluorescing colorant in each non-fluorescing dry color toner can also have the function of providing charge control, and a charge control agent (as described above) can also provide coloration. All of the optional additives described above for the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example can likewise be used in the non-fluorescing dry color toners.
The visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles used in this example can be used as a dry mono-component developer, or combined with carrier particles to form dry two-component developers. In all of these embodiments, a plurality (usually thousands or millions) of individual visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles are used together.
Such dry mono-component or dry two-component developers generally comprise a charge control agent, wax, lubricant, fuser release aid, or any combination of these materials within the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles, or they can also include flow additive particles on the outer surface of the particles. Such components are described above.
Useful dry one-component developers generally include the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles as the essential component. Dry two-component developers generally comprise carrier particles (also known as carrier vehicles) that are known in the electrophotographic art and can be selected from a variety of materials. Carrier particles can be uncoated carrier core particles (such as magnetic particles) and core magnetic particles that are overcoated with a thin layer of a film-forming polymer such as a silicone resin type polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(methyl methacrylate), or mixtures of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate).
The amount of visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in a two-component developer can be at least 4 weight % and up to and including 20 weight % based on the total dry weight of the two-component dry developer.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the practice of this example and are not meant to be limiting in any manner.
Dry toner particles were prepared using polymeric binder resin particles that were melt processed in a two roll mill or extruder with appropriate colorants and addenda. A preformed mechanical blend of particulate polymer resin particles, colorants, and toner additives can also be prepared and then roll milled or extruded. Roll milling, extrusion, or other melt processing was performed at a temperature sufficient to achieve a uniform melt processed composition. This composition, referred to as a “melt product” or “melt slab” was then cooled to room temperature. For a polymeric binder having a Tg in the range of from 50° C. to 120° C., or a Tm in the range of from 65° C. to 200° C., a melt blending temperature of from 90° C. to 240° C. was suitable using a roll mill or extruder. The melt blending times (that is, the exposure period for melt blending at elevated temperature) was in the range of from 1 minute to 60 minutes.
The components were dry powder blended in a 40 liter Henschel mixer for 60 seconds at 1000 RPM to produce a homogeneous dry blend that was then melt compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder to melt the polymer binder and disperse the pigments, charge agents, and waxes uniformly within the resulting polymeric binder phase. Melt compounding was done at a temperature of 110° C. at the extruder inlet, increasing to 196° C. in the extruder compounding zones, and 196° C. at the extruder die outlet. The melt extrusion conditions were a powder blend feed rate of 10 kg/hr and an extruder screw speed of 490 RPM. The extruded composition (extrudate) was cooled to room temperature and then broken into about 0.32 cm size granules.
These granules were then finely ground in an air jet mill to a Dvol of 8 μm as determined using a Coulter Counter Multisizer. The finely ground toner particles were then classified in a centrifugal air classifier to remove very small particles and fines that were not desired in the finished dry toner composition. After classification, the toner particles had a particle size distribution with a width, expressed as the diameter at the 50% percentile/diameter at the 16% percentile of the cumulative particle number versus particle diameter, of 1.30 to 1.35.
The classified toner particles were then surface treated with fumed hydrophobic silica (Aerosil® R972 from Nippon Aerosil) wherein 2000 grams of toner particles were mixed with 20 grams of the fumed hydrophobic silica so that 1 weight % silica was attached to the toner particles, based on total toner particle weight using a 10 liter Henschel mixer with a 3-element impeller for 2 minutes at 2000 RPM.
The silica surface-treated toner particles were sieved using a 300 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-dispersed silica agglomerates and any toner particle flakes that may have formed during the surface treatment process.
The melt extrusion composition was cooled and then pulverized to a Dvol of from about 5 μm to about 20 μm. It is generally preferred to first grind the melt extrusion composition prior to a specific pulverizing operation using any convenient grinding procedure. For example, the solid melt extrusion composition can be crushed and then ground using, for example, a fluid energy or jet mill, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,472 (noted above) and the ground particles can then be classified in one or more steps. If necessary, the size of the particles can be further reduced by use of a high shear pulverizing device such as a fluid energy mill and classified again.
Two-component electrographic developers were prepared by mixing toner particles prepared as described above with hard magnetic ferrite carrier particles coated with silicone resin as a concentration of 8 weight % toner particles and 92 weight % carrier particles.
A visible fluorescing magenta (pink) dry toner formulation was made with 12,000 g of Reichhold Atlac 382 ES polyester resin, 2200 g of Dayglo WRT-11 Aquabest Pink visible magenta fluorescing colorant, and 293 g of Orient Bontron E-84 charge control agent.
These components were dry blended using a 40 liter Henschel mixer for 60 seconds at 1000 RPM to produce a homogeneous dry blend. The dry blend was then melt compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder to melt the polymer binder and disperse the fluorescing colorants, and charge control agent at a temperature of 110° C. at the extruder inlet, 110° C. increasing to 196° C. in the extruder compounding zones, and 196° C. at the extruder die outlet. The processing conditions were a powder blend feed rate of 10 kg/hr and an extruder screw speed of 490 RPM. The cooled extrudate was then chopped to approximately 0.32 cm size granules.
These granules were then finely ground in an air jet mill to an 8 μm Dvol as measured using a Coulter Counter Multisizer. The finely ground toner particles were then classified in a centrifugal air classifier to remove very small toner particles and toner fines that are not desired. After this classification, the visible fluorescing magenta toner product had a particle size distribution with a width, expressed as the diameter at the 50% percentile/diameter at the 16% percentile of the cumulative particle number versus Dvol of 1.30 to 1.35.
The classified toner was then surface treated with fumed silica, a hydrophobic silica (Aerosil® R972 manufactured by Nippon Aerosil) by mixing 2000 g of the visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles with 20 g of the silica to give a dry toner product containing 1.0 weight % silica in a 10 liter Henschel mixer with a 4 element impeller for 2.5 minutes at 3000 RPM. The silica surface-treated visible fluorescing magenta toner particles were sieved through a 300 mesh vibratory sieve to remove non-dispersed silica agglomerates and any toner flakes that may have formed during the surface treatment process.
The covering power of the visible fluorescing magenta (pink) toner particles was measured at 400 cm2/g in the resulting printed enhanced composite color toner images. A two-component dry developer was prepared by combining 100 g of the noted toner particles with 1200 g of carrier particles comprising strontium ferrite cores that had been coated at 230° C. with 0.75 parts of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Kynar™ 301F manufactured by Pennwalt Corporation) and 0.50 parts of poly(methyl methacrylate) (Soken 1101 distributed by Esprix Chemicals).
The two-component dry developer were then used in the fifth printing station (toner imaging unit) of a NexPress™ 3000 Digital Color Printing Press containing non-fluorescing cyan, non-fluorescing magenta, non-fluorescing yellow, and non-fluorescing black toner particles in the first four printing stations. After application of the various toner particles to paper sheets as the receiver material, and fixing, the covering power for these non-fluorescing color toners was measured at 1650 cm2/g, 1700 cm2/g, 2200 cm2/g, and 1800 cm2/g respectively, in the resulting printed enhanced color toner images.
It was evident that the presence of the visible fluorescing magenta toner particles in the enhanced color toner images provided a “pinkish” effect to the color toner image. This fluorescing effect can be varied by using variations of amounts of fluorescing and non-fluorescing toner particles, visible fluorescing colorant, and other features that are described above.
Using visible fluorescing magenta dry toner particles in the fifth printing station, various toner images were printed on a NexPress™ 3000 Digital Color printing press that was equipped with standard non-fluorescing CYMK toners in the first four printing stations. When compared with the standard 4-color image, the addition of the visible fluorescing magenta toner image (fluorescing “pink” hue) provided more warm hue and colorfulness to the human skin tones in the toner images. Color properties of the various skin tones produced with 4- and 5-color process were measured by a Gretag Spectrolino Spectrophotometer and are summarized below in Table 1. The data show that the 5-color images produced differences in the human skin tones as well as the chroma at the same print density of the human skin tones. In general, the 4-color images had a more blue skin tone hue. When there were no other images available to compare against, the 4-color images appeared acceptable. But when the 4-color image was compared against the 5-color images produced according to the present example, blue hue seen in the human skin tones was objectionable. When these images were shown randomly to several people, all of the observers preferred the warmer hue in the human skin tones that were produced according to the present example.
In Table 1, L*, a*, and b* parameters are the well-known CIELAB color space designations that are known in the art for example from the CIE 1976 standard. In colorimetry or color theory, “chroma” (C*) relates to the “colorfulness”, color saturation, or perceived intensity of a given color. More details of such property can be found in the book Measuring Color by R. W. G. Hunt, (2nd Ed., Ellis Horwood, New York, 1991, p. 32).
It will be appreciated, that other types of fluorescent toner can also be used and that the fluorescent colorants used in such other types of fluorescent toner can have any of a variety of fluorescent colors. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0164218 (noted above) describes the use of substantially clear (colorless) fluorescent toner particles in printing methods over color toner images for security purposes. Other invisible fluorescent pigments for toner images are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,017 (noted above).
The method of the present invention has been described above with respect to an electrophotographic toner printer 20 (
Acoustic air impingement dryers 420 are placed immediately downstream of each inkjet printhead module 411 so that image defects are not generated because of a buildup of liquid ink on the receiver sheet to the point that the ink starts to coalesce and bead up on the surface of the receiver. Poor print quality characteristics can occur if too much ink is delivered to an area of the receiver surface such that a large amount of liquid is on the surface. Controlling coalescence by immediate drying rather than relying on media coatings or the control of other media and/or ink properties allows for more latitude in the selection of the ink receiver medium. It is not necessary for the acoustic air impingement dryer to completely dry the ink deposit. It is only necessary for the dryer to remove enough of the liquid to avoid image quality artifacts. In some embodiments, the acoustic air impingement dryers 420 can be those described in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/693,309 to Shifley et al., entitled “Acoustic drying system with matched exhaust flow,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
As shown in
While the embodiment of
In accordance with the present invention, the image data to be printed by the inkjet printer 410 is determined in a manner analogous to the method described earlier with respect to
In step 500, image data and printing instructions for printing according to the image data are obtained using any appropriate method. As discussed with respect to the method of
In step 502, the printer processor determines a pattern of target colors to be printed based upon the image data and printing instructions. This step can also take into account a known color gamut that can be printed using a particular set of inks. Further details of this step are discussed relative to step 202 of
In step 504, a fluorescent ink color image is then determined based upon the determined pattern of target colors. The fluorescent ink color image specifies a pattern of a fluorescent ink that is to be printed by the inkjet printer 410. The fluorescent ink includes a fluorescent colorant (e.g., a pigment or a dye), such as those that were described above with respect to fluorescent toners. As discussed previously, light that is reflected from areas on a printed image having fluorescent colorants includes light that is converted from non-visible wavelengths into visible wavelengths of light such that the presence of fluorescent ink in an area provides additional illumination to extend the dynamic range of a printed image. Similarly, it also extends the color gamut that the inkjet printer 410 can use in forming a printed image. To provide these benefits, the printer processor determines a fluorescent ink color image that provides fluorescent ink color at locations based upon the need to provide supplemental illumination to increase the dynamic range, and ultimately the color gamut. The fluorescent ink color image defines a pattern of fluorescent ink where such supplemental illumination is required and, optionally, in proportion to the need for such supplemental illumination. Further details of this step are analogous to those discussed relative to step 204 of
In step 506, one or more reflective ink color images are determined to be combined with the determined fluorescent ink color image to form the desired pattern of target colors. In this regard, the printer processor considers the color and luminance provided by the fluorescent ink color at each target color and then determines the color contributions that must be made by the reflective inks to form the pattern of target colors. Generally, when a target color is in a high density region and includes a substantial color contribution from the fluorescent ink color, substantial amounts of reflective ink can be required simply for the purpose of offsetting the luminance provided by the fluorescent ink. As discussed earlier, the reflective ink can use a colorant having substantially the same hue angle and the fluorescent ink color (e.g., the hue angles are the same to within 10 degrees). Alternately, the reflective ink can use some other colorant such as a black colorant.
In some embodiments, a functional relationship such as that illustrated in
In step 508 the reflective ink color images and the fluorescent ink color images are further processed, if necessary, to form corresponding ink color separation images. The resulting color separation images are stored in a processor-accessible memory such as a memory buffer. They can also be stored in a digital file on a storage memory for printing at a later time. Further details of this step are analogous to those discussed relative to step 208 of
In step 510, the reflective ink color separation images and the fluorescent ink separation image are submitted to a halftone process to determine corresponding halftone dot image data in the respective colors. The halftone image process can use any appropriate halftoning method known in the art. Further details of this step are analogous to those discussed relative to step 210 of
In step 512, the halftone dot image data for the fluorescent ink image and the reflective ink images are printed using the corresponding inkjet printhead module 411 in the inkjet printer 410 (
In step 514, the printed image is dried. In the inkjet printer 410 of
Other details regarding the design and operation of inkjet printing systems, and the formulation of inks with fluorescent colorants and non-fluorescent reflective colorants are considered to be well-known to those skilled in the art.
The exemplary embodiments described herein have utilized fluorescent colorants that are magenta in hue. However, this is not limiting. It will be clear to one skilled in the art that fluorescent colorants having different hues can be used in an analogous manner. For example, fluorescent yellow or cyan colorants could be used that have similar hue angles to the corresponding subtractive primary colorants. Alternative, fluorescent colorants can be used that are different from any of the non-fluorescent colorant (e.g., red, green, blue or orange fluorescent colorants). This approach can be used to extend the color gamut of the printer in different regions of color space. For example, it can be useful in many applications to extend the color gamut to include a larger fraction of the colors that can be produced by an additive display device such as a soft-copy display. Such devices typically have color gamuts that include high-lightness red, green and blue colors that cannot be reproduced using conventional printing systems that utilize subtractive cyan, magenta and yellow colorants. Furthermore, while the described exemplary embodiments have described configurations that utilize a single fluorescent colorant, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the same principles can be applied to provide system that uses a plurality of fluorescent colorants (e.g., cyan, magenta and yellow fluorescent colorants). The number and hues of the fluorescent colorant(s) that are selected for a particular application will depend on the region(s) of color space that are important for that application.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
