Patent Grant
10814585
The present invention relates to a mineral fiber laminate, a vacuum thermal insulation material using that mineral fiber laminate, and a method for producing that mineral fiber laminate.
As described in Patent Document 1, a known method for producing mineral fibers consists of blowing off an inorganic material melted at a high temperature from a spinner using centrifugal force or the like to form the inorganic material into flocculent fibers.
Vacuum thermal insulation materials, obtained by using mineral fibers as a core material and sealing the core material in an envelope, have recently come to be used in numerous applications. Patent Document 2 discloses a mineral fiber laminate for a core material of a vacuum thermal insulation material obtained by laminating a plurality of layers of mineral fibers in the form of mats.
In addition, Patent Document 3 discloses a method for producing such mineral fibers for a core material of a vacuum thermal insulation material.
All of these documents are incorporated in the present specification by reference.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-155172
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-251460
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-342839
Although mineral fiber thermal insulation materials used in residential applications and the like consist of mineral fibers bonded with a binder resin, there are cases in which a binder resin is not used in mineral fibers used for the core materials of vacuum thermal insulation materials as described in Patent Document 3.
With respect thereto, the inventors of the present invention found that, in the case of mineral fibers, in particular mineral fibers not containing a binder, such as mineral fibers used for the core materials of vacuum thermal insulation materials, even though the thickness may be constant, there are cases in which the area density thereof is not uniform, thereby resulting in deterioration of insulating properties at those locations where area density is low.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a mineral fiber laminate having improved area density uniformity, a vacuum thermal insulation material that uses that mineral fiber laminate, and a method for producing that mineral fiber laminate.
The inventors of the present invention found that the aforementioned problems can be solved by the present invention having the aspects indicated below.
<Aspect 1>
A mineral fiber laminate for a core material of a vacuum thermal insulation material, at least comprising: a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, and a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion; wherein,
the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat is laminated on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat, and the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat is laminated on the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat.
<Aspect 2>
The mineral fiber laminate according to Aspect 1, wherein the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat form mutually adjacent band-shaped regions across the length thereof, and
the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat form mutually adjacent band-shaped regions across the length thereof.
<Aspect 3>
The mineral fiber laminate according to Aspect 2, wherein, in the first mineral fiber mat, the high area density portion is a central band-shaped region across the width thereof, and the low area density portions are band-shaped regions adjacent to both sides of the central band-shaped region, and
in the second mineral fiber mat, the low area density portion is a central band-shaped region across the width thereof, and the high area density portions are band-shaped regions adjacent to both sides of the central band-shaped region.
<Aspect 4>
The mineral fiber laminate according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat are separated from each other, and/or the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat are separated from each other.
<Aspect 5>
A vacuum thermal insulation material, comprising: the mineral fiber laminate according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, and an envelope in which the mineral fiber laminate is sealed therein.
<Aspect 6>
A method for producing a mineral fiber laminate, comprising:
a step of preparing a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion;
a step of preparing a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion; and,
a step of laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat; and, laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat.
<Aspect 7>
The method according to Aspect 6, wherein the step of preparing the first mineral fiber mat and/or the step of preparing the second mineral fiber mat comprise(s) measuring the area density distribution of the mineral fiber mats.
<Aspect 8>
The method according to Aspect 6, wherein the step of preparing the first mineral fiber mat and/or the step of preparing the second mineral fiber mat comprise(s):
measuring the area density distribution of the mineral fiber mat web; and,
obtaining a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion and obtaining a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion by cutting the mineral fiber mat web.
<Aspect 9>
The method according to Aspect 6, wherein the step of preparing the first mineral fiber mat and/or the step of preparing the second mineral fiber mat comprise(s):
forming a mineral fiber mat web by imparting a high area density portion and a low area density portion; and,
imparting a first mineral fiber having a high area density portion and a low area density portion and imparting a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and low area density portion by cutting the mineral fiber mat web.
<Aspect 10>
The method according to Aspect 8 or 9, further comprising:
separating the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat by cutting the first mineral fiber mat; and,
separating the high area density portion and the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat by cutting the second mineral fiber mat.
According to the present invention, a mineral fiber laminate having improved area density uniformity, a vacuum thermal insulation material that uses that mineral fiber laminate, and a method for producing that mineral fiber laminate are provided.
<Mineral Fiber Laminate>
The mineral fiber laminate of the present invention at least comprises a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, and a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion. In this mineral fiber laminate, the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat is laminated on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat, and the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat is laminated on the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat. The mineral fiber used in the mineral fiber laminate of the present invention is preferably a mineral fiber that does not contain a binder, such as a mineral fiber used in a core material of a vacuum thermal insulation material.
As a result of laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat, the laminate of the present invention has improved area density uniformity. This type of laminate is able to impart uniform insulating properties in the plane, and as a result is able to impart high insulating properties since the laminate has fewer portions forming thermal bridges within the plane thereof.
In the mineral fiber laminate of the present invention, a high area density portion of a second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat, and a high area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a second mineral fiber mat. In addition, in the mineral fiber laminate of the present invention, a high area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat, and a high density portion of a second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a second mineral fiber mat. Moreover, in the mineral fiber laminate of the present invention, a high area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat and a second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat, and a high area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat and a second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on a low area density portion of a second mineral fiber mat.
Mineral fiber mats were conventionally produced so as to have a constant thickness, and area density was also thought to be constant in the planar direction as a result thereof. However, when the inventors of the present invention measured the area density of a mineral fiber mat having a constant thickness, area density was found to not be uniform. In addition, those locations where area density is low were determined to have poor insulating properties when using in a vacuum thermal insulation material. Therefore, the inventors of the present invention obtained the laminate of the present invention by superimposing mineral fiber mats so that area density was at least partially constant.
In the present specification, area density refers to the weight per unit area of the main face of a mineral fiber mat, and refers to a value calculated by cutting out a mineral fiber mat web into the shape of a rectangle at all thicknesses, such as by cutting out into a rectangular shape to an area of about 5 cm2 or about 10 cm2 at all thicknesses, and then measuring the weight thereof.
Here, a high area density portion refers to a portion having area density that is higher than the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat, while a low area density portion refers to a portion having area density that is lower than the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat. For example, a high area density portion may be a portion having area density that is 1% or more higher, 3% or more higher, 5% or more higher or 10% or more higher than the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat, while a low area density portion may be a portion having area density that is 1% or more, 3% or more, 5% or more or 10% or more lower than the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat.
In addition to having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, the mineral fiber mat may also have an intermediate area density portion having area density substantially equal to the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat. This intermediate area density portion may be a portion having area density within the range of less than 1%, less than 3%, less than 5% or less than 10% from the average area density of the entire mineral fiber mat.
In addition, the high area density portion or low area density portion refers to a region accounting for an area of 1 cm2 or more, 3 cm2 or more, 5 cm2 or more, 10 cm2 or more, 20 cm2 or more or 30 cm2 or more, and 5000 cm2 or less, 3000 cm2 or less, 1000 cm2 or less, 500 cm2 or less or 100 cm2 or less within the plane thereof.
The high area density portion and low area density portion of the mineral fiber mat may extend in a band shape over the length thereof, and for example, the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat may be present in a band-shaped region in the center of the width of the mat, and the low area density portions may be present on both sides of the central band-shaped region thereof. In this case, the second mineral fiber mat is such that the low area density portion is present in the band-shaped region in the center of the width of the mat and the high area density portions are present on both sides of the central band-shaped region thereof so as to compensate for deviations in the distribution of area density of the first mineral fiber mat. In this case, the second mineral fiber mat may be cut along the central band-shaped region.
A plurality of the high area density portion, the intermediate area density portion and the low area density portion of the mineral fiber mats used in the laminate of the present invention may each be present in the mineral fiber mats. In this case, although all deviations in area density of the first mineral fiber mat are preferably compensated by deviations in area density of the second mineral fiber mat, the low area density portion or high area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat may be laminated only on one of the plurality of high area density portions or low area density portions of the first mineral fiber mat.
An additional mineral fiber mat may be laminated in the laminate of the present invention in addition to the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber mat.
In this case, the mineral fiber mats are preferably laminated so as to minimize area density distribution throughout the entire laminate.
In addition, the high area density portion or low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on the intermediate area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat.
Moreover, the high area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat provided it is laminated over a comparatively small region within a range that allows the effects of the present invention to be obtained. In this case, a third mineral fiber mat or fourth mineral fiber mat or the like may be used to laminate a low area density portion of the third mineral fiber mat, etc., on the laminated portion of the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and the high area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat.
Moreover, the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat may be laminated on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat provided it is laminated over a comparatively small region within a range that allows the effects of the present invention to be obtained. In this case, a third mineral fiber mat or fourth mineral fiber mat or the like may be used to laminate a high area density portion of the third mineral fiber mat, etc., on the laminated portion of the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat.
The distribution of area density of the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber mat may be laminated so as to compensate for deviations in the distribution of area density thereof by respectively cutting the high area density portion, intermediate area density portion and/or low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber into individual portions. In addition, the first mineral fiber mat may also be cut into each area density portion so as to facilitate lamination of the high area density portion or low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat. Thus, a high area density portion, an intermediate area density portion and/or a low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat and/or second mineral fiber mat may be present while mutually separated. However, a high area density portion, intermediate area density portion and/or low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat and/or second mineral fiber mat may also not be separated.
Although the area density of the laminate of the present invention is made to be comparatively uniform, a portion having a higher area density than the average area density of the entire laminate may be present, and that high area density portion may have area density that is 1% or more, 3% or more, 5% or more or 10% or more higher than the average area density of the entire laminate. In addition, a portion having area density lower than the average area density of the entire laminate may be present in the laminate of the present invention, and that low area density portion may have area density that is 1% or more, 3% or more, 5% or more or 10% or more lower than the average area density of the entire laminate.
The average area density of the entire laminate of the present invention may be, for example, 1000 g/m2 or more, 1200 g/m2 or more, 1500 g/m2 or more, 1800 g/m2 or more or 2000 g/m2 or more, or may be 4000 g/m2 or less, 3500 g/m2 or less, 3000 g/m2 or less or 2500 g/m2 or less.
The density of the entire laminate of the present invention may be, for example, 50 kg/m3 or more, 80 kg/m3 or more, 100 kg/m3 or more or 150 kg/m3 or more, or may be 350 kg/m3 or less, 300 kg/m3 or less, 250 kg/m3 or less or 200 kg/m3 or less.
The laminate of the present invention may be such that the main face has a roughly rectangular shape. The length of one side of the main face may be, for example, 5 cm or more, 10 cm or more, 15 cm or more or 20 cm or more, or may be 100 cm or less, 80 cm or less, 60 cm or less, 40 cm or less, 30 cm or less or 25 cm or less. In addition, the thickness while in the state of being sealed in the envelope of a vacuum thermal insulation material may be 5 mm or more, 8 mm or more, 10 mm or more or 15 mm or more, or 50 mm or less, 40 mm or less, 30 mm or less or 20 mm or less.
An example of the mineral fibers used in the mineral fiber mats of the laminate of the present invention is glass wool fibers. The average fiber diameter of the mineral fibers may be, for example, 1 μm or more, 2 μm or more or 3 μm or more, or 20 μm or less, 10 μm or less, 8 μm or less or 5 μm or less. The mineral fiber mats may contain a binder such as phenol resin, for example, or may not substantially contain a binder. For example, the mineral fiber mats may employ a three-dimensional framework structure in which fiber intersecting portions are joined with water glass like that obtained according to the method described in Japanese Patent No. 3712129.
The first and second mineral fiber mats used in the laminate of the present invention may have a roughly cuboid shape having width, length and thickness, and the width and length may be 100 mm or more, 200 mm or more, 300 mm or more, 400 mm or more or 500 mm or more, and 2000 mm or less, 1500 mm or less, 1200 mm or less, 1000 mm or less, 800 mm or less, 600 mm or less, 500 mm or less, 400 mm or less or 300 mm or less. In addition, the thickness may be 10 mm or more, 30 mm or more, 50 mm or more, 100 mm or more, 150 mm or more, 200 mm or more or 300 mm or more, and 500 mm or less, 300 mm or less, 200 mm or less, 100 mm or less, 50 mm or less, 30 mm or less or 10 mm or less. The laminate of the present invention may also have a roughly cuboid shape having width, length and thickness, and dimensions equal to those of the aforementioned first and second mineral fiber mats can be selected for the dimensions thereof.
<Vacuum Thermal Insulation Material>
The vacuum thermal insulation material of the present invention comprises the aforementioned mineral fiber laminate and an envelope that seals the mineral fiber laminate therein. The envelope normally comprises a thermal-adhesion layer, a barrier layer and a protective layer, and a sealed portion is formed by mutually thermally fusing facing thermal-adhesion layers at end portions thereof to seal a core material therein. Each layer can be adhered together with an adhesive layer. In addition, an adsorbent or hygroscopic agent and the like can also be contained between and/or within each layer.
The thickness of the envelope may be 10 μm or more, 20 μm or more, 30 μm or more or 40 μm or more, or 100 μm or less, 80 μm or less or 60 μm or less.
The vacuum thermal insulation material of the present invention can be used for the purpose of thermal insulation in floor heating systems, vending machines, unit bathrooms, bathtubs and bathtub covers, thermos flasks, refrigerators, cold storage rooms, cold storage vehicles, cooler boxes, automobiles, building (residential) roofs, building walls, building ceilings, building floors and hot water tanks, etc.
<Method for Producing Mineral Fiber Laminate>
The method for producing the mineral fiber laminate of the present invention comprises: a step of preparing a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, a step of preparing a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, a step of laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat, and laminating the high area density portion of the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat on the low area density portion of the second mineral fiber mat. Here, lamination may be carried out online continuously or offline in batches.
The mineral fiber mats may be obtained by forming flocculent mineral fibers blown off from a spinner into mats while transporting on a conveyor. In the case that there are deviations in the location where mineral fibers are blown out from the spinner, high area density portions and low area density portions may occur in the form of bands across the length of the mineral fiber mats. For example, a high area density portion may be formed in the form of a band in the center across the width of a mineral fiber mat as a result of mineral fibers concentrating and accumulating in the central portion of the conveyor, or a low area density portion may be formed in the form of a band in the center of a mineral fiber mat as a result of mineral fibers concentrating and accumulating at the end of the conveyor.
Although mineral fiber mats were conventionally formed so as to have a constant thickness with respect to the transverse direction of the conveyor (across the width of a mineral fiber mat), when the inventors of the present invention measured the area density distribution of a continuously produced mineral fiber mat in the transverse direction over a long period of time, it was determined that locations where area density was higher and locations where area density was lower tended to be present across the width of the mat although these locations have same thickness. Therefore, the inventors of the present invention discovered the production method of the present invention that comprises laminating mineral fiber mats so as to compensate for deviations in the area density distribution thereof.
For example, as shown in
In a method for producing a mineral fiber laminate of a first embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned step of preparing the first mineral fiber mat and/or step of preparing the second mineral fiber mat comprise(s) measuring the area density distribution of the mineral fiber mats.
In this method, the first mineral fiber mat and/or the second mineral fiber mat may be cut after having measured the area density distribution, followed by laminating the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber mat.
In addition, in a method for producing a mineral fiber laminate of a second embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned step of preparing the first mineral fiber mat and/or step of preparing the second mineral fiber mat comprise(s): measuring the area density distribution of a mineral fiber mat web; and obtaining a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion and obtaining a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion by cutting the mineral fiber mat web.
For example, as shown in
In the aforementioned first and second embodiments, the step of measuring area density distribution is not required to be carried out each time the first mineral fiber mat (1) and second mineral fiber mat (2) are laminated, but rather these embodiments include embodiments in which, for example, by measuring area density distribution of a continuously produced mineral fiber mat at fixed intervals, subsequent measurement of area density distribution is not required to be carried out.
In a method for producing a mineral fiber laminate of a third embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned step of preparing a first mineral fiber mat and/or step of preparing a second mineral fiber mat comprise(s): forming a mineral fiber mat web by imparting a high area density portion and a low area density portion, and imparting a first mineral fiber having a high area density portion and a low area density portion and imparting a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and low area density portion by cutting the mineral fiber mat web.
In this method, although mineral fiber mats were conventionally formed so as to have uniform thickness, deliberately making thickness non-uniform facilitates the generation of a distribution of area density in the mineral fiber mat. In this method, since it is not necessary to make thickness uniform when forming a mineral fiber mat, mineral fiber mats can be formed easily extremely easily. In addition, in this case, the area density distribution may not be measured.
For example, as shown in
With respect to all of the methods for producing a mineral fiber laminate of the aforementioned first to third embodiments, a drying step and hot press step may be carried out after carrying out the aforementioned steps, may be carried out prior to the aforementioned steps, or may be carried out during any of the aforementioned steps.
With respect to the methods for producing a mineral fiber laminate of the aforementioned second and third embodiments, the step of cutting a mineral fiber mat web and/or the step of laminating the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber mat may be carried out by a line production system.
For example,
Furthermore, the flow direction of the conveyor corresponds to the direction along the length of the mineral fiber mats, while the transverse direction of the conveyor corresponds to the direction across the width of the mineral fiber mats.
With respect to the methods for producing a mineral fiber laminate of the aforementioned second and third embodiments, the mineral fiber mat web may be cut into three or more mineral fiber mats, such as four or six mineral fiber mats. Namely, with respect to the methods for producing a mineral fiber laminate of the aforementioned second and third embodiments, a high area density portion and a low area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat can be separated by cutting a first mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion, and/or a high area density portion and a low area density portion of a second mineral fiber mat can be separated by cutting a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion. Here, the step of separating a high area density portion and a low area density portion from a first mineral fiber mat and/or second mineral fiber mat may be carried out simultaneously to a step of cutting a first mineral fiber mat and a second mineral fiber mat having a high area density portion and a low area density portion from a mineral fiber mat web.
Preferably, a high area density portion and a low area density portion are separated by cutting a second mineral fiber mat, and the separated high area density portion and low area density portion are respectively laminated on a low area density portion and high area density portion of a first mineral fiber mat to make the area density of the resulting laminate uniform.
As shown in
In addition, depending on the case, the mineral fiber mat web (100) may also be cut into four portions, namely the low area density portion (1b) and the high area density portion (1a) of the first mineral fiber mat (1), and the low area density portion (2b) and the high area density portion (2a) of the second mineral fiber mat (2). In this manner, the low area density portion (1b) and the high area density portion (1a) of the first mineral fiber mat (1) and the low area density portion (2b) and the high area density portion (2a) of the second mineral fiber mat (2) can be laminated in the various aspects shown in (a) to (h) of
As shown in
In the aspect considered in
A mineral fiber mat web having a width of 500 mm was produced using a target value of average area density of 1500 g/m2. When the area density thereof was measured at six locations separated at equal intervals in the direction across the width, the measured area densities were 1383 g/m2, 1452 g/m2, 1509 g/m2, 1682 g/m2, 1483 g/m2 and 1531 g/m2 moving from one side to the other side across the width thereof.
This mineral fiber mat web was cut in the center to obtain a first mineral fiber mat having area density of 1383 g/m2, 1452 g/m2 and 1509 g/m2 moving from one side to the other side across the width thereof, and a second mineral fiber mat having area density of 1682 g/m2, 1483 g/m2 and 1531 g/m2 moving from one side to the other side across the width thereof.
A mineral fiber laminate was then obtained by laminating the first mineral fiber mat and the second mineral fiber mat so that the portion of the first mineral fiber mat having an area density of 1383 g/m2 was superimposed on the portion of the second mineral fiber mat having an area density of 1682 g/m2, and the portion of the first mineral fiber mat having an area density of 1509 g/m2 was superimposed on the portion of the second mineral fiber mat having an area density of 1531 g/m2.
A mineral fiber laminate obtained in this manner has a substantially small area density distribution, and is able to impart a thermal insulation material that has in-plane uniformity, particularly in the case of using in a core material of a vacuum thermal insulation material.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-183475 | Sep 2016 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2017/001149 | 9/20/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018/055447 | 3/29/2018 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4917750 | Klose | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4950355 | Klose | Aug 1990 | A |
| 5065478 | Furtak et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5268015 | Furtak et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 6298529 | Aube et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 277 500 | Aug 1988 | EP |
| WO 9736034 | Oct 1997 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report dated Jan. 26, 2018 in PCT/IB2017/001149 filed on Sep. 20, 2017. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190255804 A1 | Aug 2019 | US |
