Patent Grant
8610258
This application claims priority from European Patent Application 09425501.5 filed Dec. 7, 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a package comprising a first and a second die.
An ongoing trend is for the feature size in silicon technology to decrease. For example, decreasing feature sizes in CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) silicon processing allows digital logic to shrink in each successive fabrication technology. For example, if a digital logic cell is implemented with 90 nm (nanometer) technology, that same cell would take 55% less area if implemented with 65 nm technology.
According to an aspect, there is provided a package comprising a first die; a second die; an interface connecting said first die and said second die, at least one of said first and second dies comprising a memory, said interface being configured to transport both control signals and memory transactions; sampling means for sampling said control signals before transporting said control signals on said interface; and means for controlling the sampling means in dependence on at least one quality of service parameter associated with a respective control signal.
According to another aspect, there is provided a die for use in a package comprising said die and at least one further dies, said die comprising memory circuitry for providing memory transactions; an interface connecting said die and said further die, said interface being configured to transport both control signals and said memory transactions; sampling means for sampling said control signals; and means for controlling the sampling means in dependence on at least one quality of service parameter associated with a respective control signal.
According to a further aspect, there is provided a method for use in a package comprising a first die and a second die, said method comprising providing memory transactions; sampling control signals; controlling the sampling in dependence on at least one quality of service parameter associated with a respective control signal; and transporting on a common interface said sampled control signals and said memory transactions.
One or more of the above described aspects may, but not necessarily, address or mitigate one or more of the following problems.
It will be appreciated that the analog and I/O (input/output) cells may shrink less, if at all, as compared to digital cells, when the size of the nanometer technology is reduced. This may lead to a situation that for more complex systems on an integrated circuit, the design is increasingly pad limited. A pad limited design may be disadvantageous in that the digital logic may not be implemented as densely as it might be where the digital logic is the determining factor in the device area.
A further problem concerns the transition to smaller designs, such as to below 32 nanometers, which introduces a dichotomy between supporting low voltage, high speed input/output logic as well as higher voltage interconnect technologies. One example of low voltage, high speed input/output logic may, for example, be a DDR3 SDRAM (double-data-rate 3 synchronous dynamic random access memory). This may require a voltage of 1.5V. By way of example only, higher voltage interconnect technology may be HDMI (high definition multimedia interface), SATA (serial advance technology attachment) or USB3 (universal serial bus 3). For example, a lower voltage DDR3 interface may require a transistor gate oxide having a thickness of 30 Angstroms whilst the HDMI interface would require a transistor gate oxide thickness of 50 Angstroms. These different thicknesses of transistor gate oxide are incompatible with standard processing.
A further problem is that porting high speed analogue interfaces to a new process consumes a lot of resource in terms of time and expert attention.
For an understanding of some embodiments of the present invention and as to how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying Figures in which:
a shows a schematic plan view of a package incorporating two dies and circuitry to which the package is connected;
b shows a schematic side view of the package incorporating two dies of
In embodiments of the present invention, a plurality of integrated circuit dies are incorporated within a single package. In the following examples, a single package having two dies is described. However, it should be appreciated that this is by way of example only and more than two dies may be provided in some embodiments of the invention.
A communication channel is provided between the systems on the different silicon dies. The communications channel or on-chip interconnect may provide high bandwidth and low latency. In some embodiments, various signals are integrated onto the communication channel in order to reduce pin count and power consumption. Some embodiments of the present invention may provide a universal communication channel which allows the interface to retain their compatibility with the channel that allows for different implementations of the interfaces.
By allowing more than one die within a single package, decoupling of the analog blocks from the digital blocks can be achieved. For example, the analog circuitry can be provided on one die and the digital circuitry can be provided on a different die. In this way, the analog die may have its required voltage and/or transistor gate oxide thickness while the digital part of the die can use a different voltage and/or transistor gate oxide thickness. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the digital die may predominantly contain digital circuitry and a relatively small amount of analog circuitry and/or the analog die may predominantly contain analog circuitry and a relative small amount of digital circuitry.
Alternatively or additionally, each die may be designed to provide a particular function which may require various different mixes of analog and digital circuitry in the implementation of that particular function. In some embodiments, this may mean that the same die or same design for a die may be used in different packages. By introducing this modularity, design time may be reduced.
In the following, a single package comprising two or more dies will be referred to as a system in package.
By way of example only, one system in package may comprise: a 32 nanometer die containing high speed CPUs (central processing units), one or more DDR3 controllers and other elements; and a 55 nanometer die containing analog PHYs (physical layer devices). As the analog circuitry is contained on a different die to that containing the digital circuitry, the 32 nanometer die is able to maximize the benefits from the reduction in size.
In the following example, a system in package embodiment is described for a set top box. In particular, in the same package are a set top box application die 2 and a media processing engine 4. However, this is by way of example only. For example, one package could comprise an RF (radio frequency) die and a TV tuner die. Alternatively, a wireless networking PHY layer die may be incorporated in the same package as an RF die.
Alternative embodiments may be used in a wide variety of different contexts. The following is a non exhaustive list of where embodiments of the invention may be used: mobile phone chips; automotive products; telecoms products; wireless products; gaming application chips; personal computer chips; and memory chips.
Embodiments of the invention may be used where there are two or more dies in a package and the dies are manufactured in different technologies. Embodiments of the invention may alternatively or additionally be used where it is advantageous for at least one of the dies to be certified, validated or tested independently for conformance to some standard. Embodiments of the invention may alternatively or additionally be used where one of the dies contains special-purpose logic to drive specific wireless, optical or electrical interfaces so that the other die(s) can be manufactured independently and not incur any cost associated with the special purpose logic. Embodiments of the invention may alternatively or additionally be used where one of the dies contains information (for example encryption information) which is to be withheld from the designers/manufacturers of the other dies. Embodiments of the invention may alternatively or additionally be used where one of the die contains high-density RAM or ROM and it is preferable to separate this from standard high speed logic for reasons of fabrication yield and/or product flexibility.
Reference is now made to
The dies 2 and 4 are connected to circuitry outside the system in package. The set top box application die 2 is connected to a Wi-Fi chipset 14 and to a FLASH memory 18. The set top box application die 2 also comprises inputs/outputs 16. It should be appreciated that the number of inputs/outputs shown is by way of example only and more or less than six inputs/outputs may be provided. Each of these inputs/outputs may be both an input and an output, just an input or just an output. The set top box application die 2 is also connected to three demodulators 20a, 20b and 20c. Each of the demodulators is connected to a respective tuner 22a, 22b and 22c.
The media processing engine die 4 is connected to a DDR3-DRAM 24.
Reference is made to
The solder balls 210 on the side of the substrate structure opposite to that facing the PCB layers 200 support the dies 2 and 4. As is known, electrical paths are provided by the solder balls and the vias. The interface 8 is defined by paths from one die to the other die comprising: solder balls connected to the one die; the solder balls connected to the one die being connected to the signal layer of the substrate structure 206, the signal layer of the substrate structure being connected to respective solder balls associated with the other die. In some embodiments the connection path may include vias in the substrate structure. It should be appreciated that this is only one example of a possible implementation for the interface and the connections of the interface 8 may be implemented in a number of alternative ways.
The elements which are supported by the PCB layers 200 are then encapsulated in a plastic molding 212 to provide a system in package.
Embodiments of the invention use a common interface which avoids the need for a relatively large number of wires dedicated to particular control signals. Some embodiments are such that modification of the die to take into account new or different control signals is simplified. Some embodiments of the invention are such that testing, validation and packaging of the die is simplified and the inter-die communication can be simplified.
One or more embodiments of the invention may address the problems with the so-called subsystem approach.
Reference will now be made to
The memory mapped transactions will typically be issued from an initiator port or the like. The transactions issued from the initiator port will include an address which is used by a router to route the transactions. On the receive side, the transaction is received by a target port or the like and then routed by a router to a destination depending on the address information. The memory transactions can be considered to be routed point-to-point transactions. In contrast a control signal is point-to-point, without requiring any routing. In other words a line or wire on one die is mapped to a corresponding line or wire on the other die.
For the control signals, a signal change on a wire in one die is communicated via the interface and associated circuitry such that there is corresponding signal change on a corresponding wire in the other die in such a manner as to be functionality transparent to the entities which communicate using this wire.
Examples of control signals include, but are not limited to, interrupts, handshakes (e.g. request, acknowledge pairs), resets, power state change requests, enable/disable signals, alarm signals, synchronization signals, clock signals, status signals, functional mode setting signals, sense signals, presence detect signals, power status signals, endian signals, security mode signals, LED (light emitting diode) control, external chip control (e.g. chip select, write protect, chip enables etc) and signals taken off-chip (i.e. outside the package) to control associated electronic items.
It should be appreciated that
In some embodiments of the present invention, the majority of the communication between the two dies 2 and 4 connected by the inter-die interface 8 will be read and write transactions to the memory address space associated with the respective dies. This traffic will generally be two-way traffic. However, there may also be communication in the form of the assertion and/or de-assertion of interrupt lines, DMA (direct memory access) handshakes, reset requests and acknowledgments, power down requests, and/or the like. These signals can additionally or alternatively include any one or more of the controls signals mentioned above. These latter signals are the control signals discussed previously and are sometimes referred to out of band signals (OOB).
In one embodiment of the present invention, the memory transactions (for example read and write) are carried by a sequence of packets over the inter-die interface 8. In this regard, reference is made to
A packet multiplexer 26 is provided on each of the dies. This is connected to the inter-die interface 8, at the other end of which is a respective packet de-multiplexer 28. Each die thus comprises a packet multiplexer for the traffic going to the other die and a packet de-multiplexer for the traffic received from the other die. For simplicity, only one packet multiplexer and de-multiplexer is shown. As can be seen, the packet multiplexer receives an input from a respective bundle 300-30N. In the example shown, there are N+1 bundles each of which has b wires. In this example, each bundle has the same number of wires. However in alternative embodiments of the invention, each bundle may have different numbers of wires. Each wire is connected to a respective register 310−n which holds the current signal value associated with that wire.
Each wire is allocated a predefined position within one bundle. One or more respective signals are associated with a particular wire. Thus a particular signal will be allocated a particular wire in a particular bundle of wires. For example, the power down request will be allocated wire number b+1 in bundle 1. Each bundle is arranged to be transmitted as a single packet together with a bundle identifier which is referred to as a virtual channel identifier.
The packet may be atomic.
The packet multiplexer 26 receives an input in the form of packets from one or more of the bundles. The packet multiplexer also receives memory transactions which have been split into packets. The packet multiplexer multiplexes the packets output by the bundles and the memory transaction packets and transmits them across the point-to-point interface 6 to the packet de-multiplexer 28.
The packet de-multiplexer 28 uses the bundle identifier of the bundle packets to direct each received bundle packet to a respective incoming bundle circuitry 320 to 32n. There is a respective bundle circuitry 32 associated with each bundle from the transmit side. The respective incoming bundle circuitry 32 associate each bit in the received packet with the associated output wire and output the associated value to the associated incoming bundle registers 33. In
There may be one-to-one mapping. For example, if wire 1 on bundle 0 has a particular signal value on the transmit side, the output 1 of the register for bundle 0 will have that signal value. In alternative embodiments, there may be a more complicated mapping between the input on a particular wire of a particular wire and the output of the register. For example there may not be one to one correspondence between wires of a particular bundle and a given register. The wires of one bundle may correspond to respective outputs of different registers.
In one embodiment two or more wires may map to a fewer number of wires. Alternatively one or more wires may map to a greater number of wires.
In one embodiment of the invention, the state of each wire in the bundle is not continuously transmitted. The state of the wire is sampled at regular intervals and these samples are transmitted across the interface 8 in a respective wire packet along with data traffic. The sample may be used to specify the state of the respective register 31 which holds the state of each out of band signal on the transmit side of the interface. In the embodiment shown, there are n+1 registers 310−n.
The number of registers may be the same as the number of wires or less than the number of wires. In one embodiment, each register is connected to a single wire. Alternatively or additionally, one register may be connected to two or more wires. Where a register connected to more than one wire a plurality of bits may be used to represent information such as a state or the like.
In one embodiment, the transmission in the interface 8 is performed bi-directionally so that the wires can be virtually connected from either side. As mentioned each die has a packet multiplexer and a packet de-multiplexer. The packet multiplexer and de-multiplexer may share the same physical interface so that a die will receive and transmit via a common interface that is on the same physical connection. Alternatively, a packet multiplexer and de-multiplexer on one die have separate interfaces. In other words, a die will receive and transmit on different interfaces.
The interface can be regarded as a set of wires or connectors extending between the two dies. The wires may be subdivided into one or more lanes. Where the wires are subdivided into lanes, the or each lane may be arranged to carry packets.
It should be appreciated that in embodiments of the invention, the same connectors or wires which carry the memory transaction packets also carry the bundle packets. The interface 8 may be considered in some sense universal and is capable of carrying different classes of communication such as signals (control signals) and busses (memory transactions).
The interface 8 can be implemented in serial or parallel form. The data in a packet may be transmitted serially or in parallel. It is preferred that the interface 8 be a high speed link.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sampling rate, the number of bundles transmitted and/or the priority of transmission of these bundles can be configured as required.
In one embodiment, the states of signals comprising each wire bundle can be periodically sampled at a rate which is separately configurable for each bundle. In other words, each bundle can have a different sampling rate associated therewith.
Each bundle sample is formatted into a packet as illustrated in
The bundle sample packet is referenced 34. The first field 36a of the bundle sample packet 34 comprises information to identify the packet to the receiving logic as a wire bundle packet. In this example, this field of the packet comprises two bits. However, it should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments of the invention, more or less than two bits may be used for this field. This field is followed by a bundle identity field 36b. The bundle identity field allows the packet to be routed to the appropriate bundle circuitry 32 on the receiving die. This therefore identifies the bundle from which the packet originates. In this example, the field comprises 8 bits. However, it should be appreciated that more or less than 8 bits may be used. The packet payload 36c comprises b bits, one for each input wire to the bundle on the transmitting side.
By way of example only, b may be, for example 80 bits. In one implementation, there may be four bundles. The appropriate payload is routed to the appropriate bundle circuitry 32 on the receive side, shown in
It should be appreciated that the sizes of the respective fields of the packet may be changed in different embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated that the order of the fields may also be changed in different embodiments of the invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, each bundle is sampled at a rate of (CLK)/2N where CLK is the clock rate and N is one of: (2, 3, 4 . . . 31). For example, a clock CLK of 400 MHz and a bundle configured with N=8 would sample that bundle at 1.56 MHz and would produce a wire packet for that bundle every 640 nanoseconds.
In one embodiment of the present invention, at any given time there may be none, one or more than one packet ready for transmission. The packet multiplexer 26 illustrated in
As mentioned previously, the interface 8 is also used for the memory transactions such as memory reads and/or writes. An example of the memory transaction packet 38 which is sent across the same interface 8 is also shown in
The final field is the payload field 40d which includes the address and/or data to be written or read and/or the associated instruction and/or the transaction attributes of belonging to the protocol used on chip to perform memory transactions. The NoC field is allocated 2 bits, the FIFO-ID field is allocated 6 bits, information as to whether the packet is a head, a tail or intermediate packet is allocated 2 bits and the payload is allocated B bits. It should be appreciated that the actual sizes of the respective field is by way of example only and alternative embodiments may have different sizes for the fields.
As can be seen, the wire packet 34 and the NoC 38 packet have the same format as represented by the general packet format 42. The first 2 bits 44a represent the type of the packet. The second 6 bits represents the VC-ID 44b (virtual channel-identity). This is followed by the segment identifier 44c and the payload 44d. The type is allocated 2 bits, the VC-ID 44b is allocated 6 bits, the packet ID segment ID 44c is allocated 2 bits and the payload 44d is allocated B bits.
In
In one modification, a time slot structure may be used where packets are allocated to a particular time slot. This may be controlled by the packet multiplexer or control circuitry associated therewith. Time slots could be assigned to particular wire bundle packets or to memory transaction packets belonging to a particular priority queue.
In embodiments of the present invention, the packets may be sent serially or in parallel. One embodiment of the present invention involves transmitting the packets in a narrow parallel form with, for example, seven or fifteen wires.
The packets, when received are latched into the bundle circuitry 32 on the receiving side. Once latched, the incoming bundle circuitry 32 causes the values to be stored to the appropriate register 33. The signals can then be asserted to where the incoming signals need to be mapped on the incoming die. For example, interrupts will typically be mapped directly to the interrupt controller of the main CPU.
The packet/bundle mapping is performed in a simple one to one manner without permutation, in one embodiment of the invention. This means that wire W of bundle B on the outgoing bundle is mapped to wire W of bundle B on the incoming bundle circuitry 32 for all implemented values of W and B.
In one embodiment, the receiver retains a capacity to accept a wire packet for each bundle at any time. The bundle transmissions therefore do not need to be flow controlled, in one embodiment of the present invention, in the same way as the memory packets with which they share the link. In one embodiment of the present invention, the NoC memory packets have flow control mediated by the exchange of special flow control packets. These indicate to the transmitting die the capacity of the receiving die to accept future packets. Of course other mechanisms can be used in alternative embodiments of the invention.
In one embodiment, quality of service guarantees are provided in as much as limited latency and limited jitter may achieve a transport suitable for the carriage of synchronization and clock signals.
As mentioned previously, the interface between the two dies will convey signals relating to interrupts, resets, power-state change requests, handshakes, for example for controlling DMA and many other types of control signals such as those mentioned previously. Quality of service (QoS) of the transmission and reception of the signals may be affected by one or more of the following five parameters: 1. Delay; 2. Jitter; 3. Guaranteed delivery; 4. Delivery order; 5. Error.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the wires are sampled at a finite rate and the wire bundle packets are multiplexed across the link and hence may be delayed in transmission by an amount of time depending on what other packets may be attempting to use the link concurrently.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the bundle packets may be guaranteed to be delivered in the order in which they were transmitted, without any overtaking. As this is implemented in a very controlled electrical environment, either on silicon or between silicon die within the same package, the transmission may be assumed to be substantially error free.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the circuit is arranged to have a limited delay between an incoming signal changing state at a bundle bank register on the transmitting die and the equivalent signal changing state of the corresponding bundle bank register on the receiving die. Some embodiments of the present invention may also commit to a constrained variation in the delay, discussed above. For example, a quality of service commitment would involve being able to guarantee that the delay for the interface will be no more than D nanoseconds and the jitter will be no more than J nanoseconds.
As will be discussed in more detail, some embodiments of the present invention control the sample rate S at which the signal is converted to a bundle packet. The prioritization P of the queue at the interface which arbitrates which of the wire packets ready for transmission will be transmitted next can alternatively or additionally be controlled. Embodiments of the present invention may be able to sample a bundle and transmit a packet, not based on a regular sampling, but whenever there is a change in state of any single signal associated with a bundle. This may be within a predetermined time frame.
In one alternative embodiment of the invention, when a signal changes state this starts a period. When that period expires, the bundle packet is sent to the arbiter. In this way any other signals which change state within that period will be captured.
By controlling the sample rate S, the sampling method and/or the prioritization P, control over the delay D and the jitter J may be achieved in some embodiments of the present invention.
It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, a regular sample rate may be preferable while in other embodiments, an activity based sampling may be desirable. Indeed, in some embodiments of the invention, the same system may use sample based bundles and activity based bundles, depending on the circumstances. For example, in some situations in order to have a satisfactorily low delay and jitter, with sample based bundles, this may require a relatively high sample rate S. In some embodiments, this may give rise to problems because the link may become inundated with wire bundle packets, many of which may not actually be carrying a state change and therefore redundant. This may give problems with the service received by other users of the link. Accordingly, in some embodiments, logic circuitry may be provided which triggers a sampling of the bundle register only when it detects an edge on any of the signals which are latched by that register. In this case, the packets do not have a sample interval wait period and so the end to end delay is simply calculated by adding the performance of various circuits involved in generating and receiving the packet so that the delay is limited. This mechanism means that the link is not saturated.
However, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the activation triggered packets may lead to a proliferation of packets where wires are activated close in time but are nevertheless included in separate packets. Accordingly, different situations may use sample based or activation based bundles. In one embodiment of the present invention, some bundles may be sample based and some bundles may be activation based. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments the sample of the same bundle may be sample based at one time and activation based at another time.
Reference will now be made to
The output of the bundle register 30 is connected to a packet formatter 50. The multiplexer 26 of
The edge detector 52 is connected to each of the wires 54 associated with the bundle register. The edge detector 52 is arranged to detect every time there is a transition on a signal on the respective wire. When an edge on any one of the wires is detected, the edge detector provides an output to a packet multiplexer 25.
Attached to the multiplexer 25 is the down counter 56 which provides an output to the multiplexer 25 every time the count reaches 0. The down counter 56 is connected to a reload register 58. Other types of counter or alternative timing circuitry may be used in alternative embodiments of the invention. The function of the reload register 58 and down counter 56 is to control the rate at which the bundle register is sampled. Accordingly, by controlling the value in the reload register 58, the sampling rate can either be decreased or increased. The multiplexer 25 is also connected to a configuration register 60. The configuration register 60 will control whether the multiplexer 25 is arranged to sample the bundle because the count has reached 0 or because an edge has been detected.
In some embodiments of the present invention, where only sample based packets are provided, the configuration register and the edge detector may be omitted. Likewise, on those embodiments where only activity based sampling is used, the reload register, down counter and configuration registers may all be omitted.
Reference is now made to
As can be seen from
A first wire packet 72 is followed by second and third network on chip transaction packets 74 and 76. These latter two packets come from the high priority queue. This is then followed by the fourth packet which is a network on chip packet 78 with a low priority. A second wire packet 80 follows and finally there is a second low priority network on chip transaction packet 82. It should be appreciated that this example is illustrative only and of course in different embodiments the order of the packets may be changed.
In particular, the system for implementing quality of service uses the configuration register 61 for the link. This configuration register 61 allows the specification of one or more of the following: priority of each bundle; if a bundle is to be sampled regularly or if activation based sampling is to be used; sampling rate for each bundle; an enable bit for each bundle; a priority for the high priority network on chip (that is memory transactions) packet queue; and a priority for the low priority network on chip packet queue.
As mentioned previously, there may more than two queues/priorities.
The assigned priorities are used by the arbiter 62 to determine the sending sequence when more than one bundle packet or network on chip packet is ready to be transmitted. When two or more packets have the same priority, then the arbiter may either use a round robin priority or select randomly.
The sample rate for each bundle indicates the clock rate at which samples are generated for a packet. The configuration register 61 is arranged to contain a value N which is used in the formula CLK/2N discussed above. In particular, the value 2N is placed in the reload register 58. This value is used as a start value of the down counter which decrements the clock rate so that after 2N cycles have passed, the counter 56 will be at 0 and will signal to the multiplexer 25 that a sample is due. When the down counter has reached 0, the down counter is reloaded with the contents of the reload register and the process restarts.
In one modification, for each sample, a comparison is made with the previously transmitted bundle. If there are no differences between the two bundles, then no packet appears transmitted. In this way, bundle samples may only be transmitted as packets when they contain state transitions on one or more of the virtual wires. This may save power. However, this will require the packet formatter to store the previous packet and to have a comparator to compare the previous packet with the current packet.
In one embodiment of the invention, if the configuration register 61 contains N0, then this value is interpreted in a special way. This indicates that the bundle is not to be sampled at regular intervals. Instead this indicates that the bundle register is to be sampled only when an edge is detected by the edge detector 52. This edge detector 52 is looking for an edge on each cycle and the edge detector signals to the multiplexer whenever such a sample is due. In this way, the need to have a separate field in the configuration register to indicate if regular sampling or activation based sampling is to be used is not required. Information on whether the bundle is to be sampled regularly or in dependence on activity is passed to the configuration register 60 which controls the multiplexer 25. Alternatively, the configuration register 61 is itself connected to the multiplexer 25 to control the operation of that multiplexor.
The bundle enable signaling is provided which indicates whether a particular bundle is enabled to generate any packets. The bundle enable signaling may be in the form of a bundle enable bit. When enabled, the bundle will generate packets using the procedure determined by the sample rate field. When not enabled, no packet will be generated and any activity on the associated signals will not be transmitted across the interface.
In one embodiment of the invention, the enable bit is written separately for each bundle. The sampling down counter commences when the bundle is enabled. This means that the bundles can be treated separately and may be arranged so that the bundle sampling may be controlled such that the circuitry is not always generating packets in the same cycle.
In one embodiment, the circuitry 57 is arranged to stagger the bundle sampling which may be advantageous in some embodiments where the typical latency could be moved closer to the best case and away from the worst case. The circuitry 57 may be implemented by software running on a suitable processor and is configured to control each of the bundles and in particular provides enable signaling to commence the down counter and/or provides enable signaling to the edge detector. In an alternative embodiment, the circuitry 57 may be omitted and the enable bit may be provided by the configuration register 61 and/or the configuration register 60.
The guaranteed delay may be the maximum delay, i.e. worst case for the virtual wires. If the bundle is uniquely given the highest priority, the delay is derived by simply summing the speed of the various blocks from the sample generation to packet production to the time it takes to cross the interface, then be de-packetized and copied into the bundle registers on the receiving side. If the bundle shares the highest priority, then the calculation may be altered to assume that the packet has to wait for a single incidence of all other packets of this priority before the packet can be sent. In the case of round robin priority arbitration, this will give an upper bound to the delay which will be suffered by an individual packet.
The jitter value is a consequence of the guaranteed worst case latency, i.e. jitter=maximum delay (maximum wait)−minimum delay (no wait).
In one modification to the described embodiments, isochronous packets may be implemented for the sampling bundles. In this implementation, a time slot is reserved in the transmission and at regular intervals for particular bundles. This would guarantee no jitter because sampling and transmission will be guaranteed a fixed time relationship and would therefore not be subject to queuing, arbitration or blocking by other interface requestors, either the other virtual wires or the network on chip requests. In this regard, reference is now made to
A timer 222 is provided to control the timing of the time slots. A time slot register 226 in the arbiter is configured to store information which defines which slots are reserved and for which bundle. Control circuitry 228 is configured to provide this data to the slot register 226. The control circuitry 228 may be implemented at least partially by an algorithm running on a suitable processor. The control circuitry 228 may be arranged to configure the time slot allocation on set up of the dies and/or may be arranged to change the configuration of the time slot allocation during the use of the device.
The control circuitry may allocate a slot to one bundle only, a subset of the bundles or allow any of the bundles to use the slot. Where more than one bundle has been allocated to a slot and more than one bundle provides a packet to be transmitted at the same time, the arbiter will select which bundle to allocate to a particular time slot.
In
In one embodiment, the allocation of individual signals to a particular bundle is selected in order to improve the interface performance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the allocation of a particular signal to a bundle may be done for the purpose of hardware design convenience or good performance for a particular use of the chip. However, often a chip will have a plurality of uses. Accordingly, the distribution of wires to a particular bundle for one use may be inefficient for another use and may result in the average number of signal transitions captured per transmission appearing lower and for example may require a higher sampling rate. For example a use case where most active wires are distributed evenly amongst many bundles rather than grouped into one or a few bundles may result in inefficient transportation.
In this regard, reference is made to
In one embodiment of the present invention, the bundle configuration control circuitry 84 comprises software which can be used when configuring the interface to allocate signals to bundles based on their expected activity and to prioritize those bundles accordingly. For example, in one embodiment, the B most active signals are allocated to bundle 0, with the next B most active signals being allocated to bundle 1 and so on. The individual sample rate of each bundle would be adjusted so that it is commensurate with the highest quality of service requirement of any signal in a given bundle. The priority may be similarly configured. This has the advantage in some embodiments of the present invention of yielding a higher aggregation of signal transitions per packet than would otherwise be the case.
Instead of bundling wires based on the expected activity, the wires can be bundled by expected priority. In one embodiment, the bundling of wires can take into account expected priority and expected activity.
Similarly, on the second die, a second crossbar 82 is provided with each of its inputs receiving a respective output from a bundle register 32. The outputs of the crossbar 82 are controlled by the bundle control circuitry 86 so that the outputs are directed to the required circuit elements. Thus the bundle control circuitry 86 controls to where an input received from a respective bundle is directed.
In the embodiment described, (n+1)×b incoming wire signals are presented to the crossbar 80 on the first die which is capable of routing each signal to any of the bits in any of the n+1 bundles. In this embodiment, n is greater than or equal to 1. This embodiment only considers permutation mappings or routing although it is possible that others may be used.
The mapping is controlled by a virtual bundle control register 85 of the bundle control circuitry. This may be considered to be a set of (n+1)×b pairings between the wire signals and bundle bit positions. The bundles may be sampled in any of the ways as previously described in order to produce a system which will send the wire packets to the receiving die.
The receiving circuitry of the receiving die, as previously described, causes the bit states in the packet to be copied into the corresponding bundle 32 on the receiving die. The bundles 32 will then provide signals which are presented to the second crossbar 82 performing the reverse mapping to that performed by the bundle crossbar of the outgoing die. This reverse mapping results in the signals from the outgoing die driving the same signals on the incoming die as if neither crossbar is present. The control circuitry 86 on the receive side comprises a bundle control register 87 which stores the mapping between each position in a bundle and the destination for that wire.
The bundle registers on the transmitting and receiving die have been omitted for clarity.
In one modification to the invention, some of the bundles are arranged to have a fixed configuration, with the wires allocated to a particular bundle being unchanged, regardless of the application of the die. Other of the bundles will be configurable as discussed above.
Reference is now made to
On the receive side, the received bundles 252a and 252b (which are the same as the transmitted bundles) are input to the crossbar 82. The crossbar 82, under the control of the mapping controller 86 causes the signals in the bundles to be allocated to the respective wires.
The configurable grouping is specified by:
disabling transmission of wires by for example writing disable values to a control register 256 and 258 on both sides of the interface;
writing to configuration registers (for example registers 85 and 87 of
enabling transmission of the wires by for example writing enable values into the control registers 256.
Alternatively or additionally the enable/disable values may be provided in one or more fields of the configuration registers. It should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments any suitable mechanism for preventing the transmission of bundles across the interface during configuration may be used.
For each wire, the configuration register may have a field which identifies the bundle allocated and a field which indicates the position in the bundle. In addition, there may be a field which indicates if transmission is enable or disabled.
In one modification, edge triggered interrupts are dealt with. Many interrupts are level sensitive interrupts. This means that once they are asserted, the interrupt stays asserted until the interrupt servicing agent has dealt with the interrupt. In contrast, edge triggered interrupt signals may be asserted and de-asserted without the interrupting agent waiting for the service agent to deal with a single interrupt. One feature of edge triggering interrupts is that the interrupt line may return to its quiescence state without the interrupt having been dealt with. The relative timing of the edges may form part of the information used by the service agent to deal appropriately with the interrupts.
It should be noted that there are other types of asynchronous signals, other than the edge triggered interrupts described. They can be supported in a similar manner to that outlined below.
The level-sensitive and edge-triggered interrupts may be transmitted differently. In the following embodiments, the data stored in RAM may enable the edge transition history to be captured—and hence maintain the edge semantics.
In one embodiment, the edge triggered interrupts are transmitted across the interface as simple write commands to a configured address. It should be noted that an edge may be indicative of an interrupt being asserted or of an interrupt being de-asserted. The value written contains an indication of the edge captured, i.e. a rising edge from 0 to 1 or a falling edge of 1 to 0 and has a time stamp. The time stamp allows the interrupt service routine to recreate the digital wave if there are several edges detected since the interrupt was last handled by reading the contents of memory at that address. The type and/or number of edges allow the interrupt service routine to determine if an interrupt is being asserted or de-asserted.
In this regard, reference is made to
A configuration register 110 is also provided. The configuration register comprises three fields. The first field 112 indicates the increment mode of the current address register. Either the address is incremented by for example one unit, for example by a word (4 bytes) on each message or the address is decremented by for example one unit on each message. When the current address in the current address register 106 reaches the value in the end address register, the next address will be the start address again. In this way, a circular buffer may be defined. A third option in the first field 112 is “none” which indicates that all messages will be transmitted to the same address. In other words, the field indicates if the current address register is to be incremented, decremented or always transmitted to the same address.
The second field 114 is the divisor field which indicates by how much the clock is divided in order to produce the time stamp. As can be seen from
The final field is the enable bit field 116 which indicates whether this mechanism is enabled to send packets on the interface.
In this scenario, interrupts and/or edge encoded signals are carried by the write transactions between the two dies within the single package. The write transactions are arranged to target memory or registers, for example in an interrupt controller.
When an edge detect block 100 senses a transition on an incoming signal, which may be an interrupt, handshake, pacing signal, etc, it causes the construction of the packet 112 shown in
The second field 126 is the address. This specifies the word address to which the data is to be written. This also implies that the least significant 2 bits are unused. In the example the unit is a 4 byte word. As the smallest increment in the address is four in binary form this means that the least significant 2 bits are not required since they cover the range 0, 1, 2, 3.
The third field 128 is the data field which comprises two fields. The first sub-field 130 is the time stamp field which contains the value of the counter at the time that the edge was detected. The counter increments at a rate determined by the divisor divided clock. As mentioned previously, the divisor is programmable so that the time stamp precision and rate of wrap around of the counter can be controlled. The counter can be any suitable size but in one embodiment of the invention may be 31 bits.
The second sub-field of the data field is the signal state sub-field 132 which indicates whether the packet was generated on a falling transition or a rising transition. By way of example, the falling transition may be indicated by value 0 while the rising transition may be indicated by value 1. However, in alternative embodiments of the invention, the falling transition may be indicated by value 1 and the rising transition by value 0.
The address field is calculated from the four registers in the configuration register bank 102. The first packet will use the address specified in the start address register 104. Subsequent addresses will depend on the value contained in the addressing mode field 112. As mentioned previously, this will specify whether subsequent addresses are incremented by a word, decremented by a word or not incremented at all. The current address, that is the address which will be used by the next packet and included in current address field 106, will reflect this mode. For example, if the addressing mode field 112 specifies that the address is to be either incremented or decremented, this will continue until the current address equals the end address specified in the end address register 108.
When this occurs, the next address will be the start address. This is arranged to implement a wrap around in the sequence of addresses and ensures that the mechanism only writes within a prescribed area. This mechanism can be used as an alternative or in combination with the bundle width conduits described previously in order to support interrupts.
If the address specifies an area of RAM (random access memory) then it can be seen that the signal wave form can be repeated from the samples in the RAM. Therefore, an interrupt service routine (ISR) is able to decode and service a sequence of edge triggered interrupts. In other words and interrupt assert or de-assert may be determined from the information included in a plurality of the packets.
The address may also specify a register, e.g. a door bell or a FIFO implemented hardware. This may be an application where a no increment addressing mode may be appropriate.
The address is preferably in a shared memory such as a RAM. The RAM is used by at least one other function or application. The shared memory may be a general data buffer usable by a CPU.
Any suitable mechanism can be used to trigger the CPU read the data in the memory. For example the CPU may be arranged to periodically read the memory. The CPU may be triggered to read the memory after the receipt of every n packets where n is greater than or equal to 1. The transmitting die may be arranged to transmit an interrupt information signal via the bundle mechanism which triggers the CPU to read the memory. The interrupt information signal can be in the form of level type signal.
Reference is made to
On the second of the dies 4 is provided corresponding bundle logic as previously described and represented diagrammatically by reference 320. This logic will cause the level interrupts 304 to pass to the interrupt controller 260 which issues interrupt requests to the CPU 262.
The memory requests and the packetized edge interrupts are processed by the memory transaction logic on the second die. This logic is as previously described but is referenced 324. The memory transactions and packetized edge interrupts are put onto a bus 310 which allow the edge interrupt information to be written to the address in the DRAM 314, under the control of the DMA controller 312, which is in the edge interrupt packet. This DRAM is off chip in this embodiment but in alternative embodiments the edge interrupt information may be written to a memory on chip.
The information stored in the DRAM can be read by the CPU which is able to identify if an interrupt is being asserted/de-asserted.
In those embodiments where the above arrangement is used in conjunction with a sampled bundle mechanism, it may then be possible to set the sample rate to a slower value. This represents the frequency of the bursts rather than the high frequency of edge transitions within the burst which would generate traditional interrupts. The record of transitions within a burst can be retrieved from RAM using this mechanism.
In the alternative, a single register bank shared amongst all the interrupts which use this mechanism may be provided. In this example, the write operand may be larger, for example 64 bits, with an additional interrupt identifier. The interrupt identifier may be provided by 32 bits. It should be appreciated that the particular examples of the size of the fields in terms of bits is by way of example and alternative embodiments of the present invention may use different bit sizes for the field. In this example where there is a single register bank, there may be a single circular buffer in memory containing transition samples from all such interrupts but each transition would be marked explicitly as to which interrupt it belonged.
In the earlier described embodiment, there may be a separate circular buffer for each interrupt so the identity of the sample would be determined by the address, that is, the buffer of which it is a member.
In one modification, the dies and the interface are configured to treat the edge-triggered interrupts in the same way as level sensitive interrupts. In some embodiments it may be necessary to use a relatively high sampling rate in order to minimize the potential for missing an edge. In yet another embodiment of the invention, activation based sampling for edge triggered interrupts may be used.
The following embodiment may be used with any traffic packets on the interface.
One modification to the presently described embodiments will now be described with reference to
In one embodiment a configuration register is associated with a single requestor. In an alternative embodiment, a configuration register can be associated with two or more requestors. In some embodiments of the invention, the number of requestors associated with a given register may be different for different registers. The number of requestors in this alternative may vary from 1 to a plurality of requestors. Alternatively or additionally this same technique can be used to deal with the bundles.
One control block 145 may be associated with a single register or may be provided with a plurality of registers. In one embodiment, a single control block may be provided which is associated with all of the registers.
The or each control block 145 has a queue controller 143 which converts the configuration information from each configuration register into priority, interface speed and number of lanes and connects a particular wire to a particular queue 132-138 in order to minimize power consumption. A lane is considered to be a subset of the wires or connectors of the interface 8. In one embodiment, this is done dynamically and is reevaluated periodically. The arbiter module 130 is arranged to monitor packets entering the queue and the wait time of each packet before scheduling the transmission of packets across the interface.
As shown in
The first queue 132 represents the queue for best effort and low bandwidth. The second queue 134 is for best effort and high bandwidth. The third queue 136 is for low latency and slow bandwidth while the fourth queue 138 is for low latency and high bandwidth. It is guaranteed that the latency requirements of the third and fourth queues 136 and 138 will be met, for example for real time requirements. In contrast, the first and second queues 132 and 134 are such that there is a lesser latency commitment in that the interface will attempt but not necessarily meet their latency requirement. The four queues effectively specify four different levels of service. It should be appreciated that the characteristics of the different queues may be set up in a different way to that described. In one embodiment, responses to memory requests which are travelling in the same direction may be taken into account, since transactions and responses may share the same link.
As shown, there are R requesters 140. Memory transactions, such as read and writes, are issued by the respective requesters 140. Each requester 140 is associated with one of the configuration registers 142. Each configuration register comprises quality of service information such as latency, bandwidth (peak and/or average) and level of service required by that requester's memory traffic. In an alternative embodiment, different quality of service information may additionally or alternatively be used. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, fewer than three parameters may be used, either two or one parameter(s). In another embodiment, more than three parameters may be used.
Depending on whether the bandwidth is registered as high or low and whether the requester 140 is registered as requiring a guarantee of latency or is satisfied with the delivery on best effort basis, the transactions will be forwarded to one of the queues.
The output of each traffic control block 145 is output to each of four multiplexers 147. The multiplexers 147 are each associated with one of the queues. The multiplexers 147 allow the output of each of the traffic control blocks to be put into the queue with which the respective multiplexer is associated. The queues 132 may be implemented by a respective buffer.
Based on the quality of service factors, the arbiter module 130 will select which memory transaction formatted as a packet is to be transmitted at a particular instance to the other die. At the other die, the reconstituted packets will be transmitted on the internal bus network and/or chip network using appropriate quality of service. The arbiter module 130 will provide the clock rate and the number of physical connection lanes used in accordance with the registered traffic flows. This information is sent across the interface or received from the other die so that the two die will work in the same way.
Thus, the software 141 makes sure that the appropriate values are in the appropriate register 142 for that requester. It should be appreciated that this software may be shared by two or more requesters. Alternatively or additionally one or more requestors may each have their own software which causes the appropriate values to be put in the appropriate registers. The software 141 will provide the performance characteristics that the requester is required to register a traffic flow. As mentioned previously, this requires a specification of the latency required for memory accesses, for example the maximum permitted number of clock cycles it takes from the request to the completion of the memory in response. Additionally or alternatively, the bandwidth may be specified, that is the peak bandwidth and/or the average bandwidth. The average bandwidth can be considered to be the arithmetic mean bandwidth over the period when the device is enabled for the duration of the current use case. It should be appreciated that the performance characteristic may be a single defined characteristic in alternative embodiments of the invention. The one or more quality of service requirements may include additional or alternative quality of service parameters to those discussed above. These quality of service parameters may include one or more of delay; jitter; guaranteed delivery; delivery order; and error.
The arbiter 130 is configured to use the aggregate average bandwidth from all of the register traffic flows to provide the clock rate and the number of lanes in use. The clock rate may be adjustable as may be the lanes. (Lanes are the logical name for the physical links between the dies. A lane may comprise one or more wire, for example.) For example, in one simple implementation, the clock rate may be adjustable between 1 MHz and 400 MHz. The number of lanes may be 1 (of 8 bits) or 2 lanes of 8 bits each. This would mean that the capacity of the link is from 16 Mbits/sec to 12.5 Gbits/sec. In one embodiment, the interface is able to use single clock edge. One, high speed, operating mode would be have the data on the lanes change on both the rising edge of the associated clock and the falling edge—referred to as dual clock edge; a slower, lower power mode would be to change data on only the rising edge. This assumes that the physical link has a physical clock associated with it. However, there are other techniques which can be used with embodiments of the invention, which do not use a clock, e.g. asynchronous transmission which may make the range from 8 Mbits/seconds to 12.5 Gbits/seconds. It should be appreciated that the number of lanes and the clock rate can be varied from implementation to implementation. In some embodiments of the present invention, one or both of the number of lanes and clock rates may be changed.
In operation, a memory transaction from the requester is directed at the appropriate queue determined by the registered level of service stored in the appropriate register. Each packet is stamped by time stamper 146 with an indication of when it entered the queue so that the arbiter 130 is able to tell how long the packet has been queued. The priority of transmission will be in order of latency requirement. Thus, those having the tightest deadlines will be scheduled first. The deadline may be defined as mean time before the latency requirement expires.
The arbiter module is arranged to continually monitor the length of all four queues to determine the clock rate and lane provision. In one embodiment of the present invention, this monitoring may occur once every one microsecond. However, this monitoring may be different in different embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of monitoring may be changed depending on the operating conditions of the chip.
When the operation mode of a particular requester changes, the values associated with that request can be changed in the register. For example, if the bandwidth parameter is set to 0, this will indicate that the particular requester has entered a low power mode.
This embodiment has been described in relation to memory transaction packets. However, this technique can be applied as well to the bundles. The bundles would have a quality of service values stored in one or more registers. The values may be the bundle enable bits and sample rate from which the amount of bandwidth required can be determined. The bundles may have their own queues (as previously described) or share one or more memory transaction queues.
Reference is made to
The peripheral device 274 may be configured to provide memory transactions and/or to receive memory transactions via connection 266. Connection 266 is provided to the interface 8. As discussed previously, the interrupt signal in one of the bundle packets and the memory transactions packets are transmitted/received across the interface in a multiplexed fashion.
At the other die 2, the bundle 32 is divided up and the interrupt signal 270 is input to an interrupt controller 260. The interrupt controller 260 is configured to generate an interrupt request 272 to the CPU 262. The CPU is configured to provide and/or receive memory transactions to/from the interface 8.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a synchronization register 170, as shown in
Embodiments of the present invention are able to address the issue that there is often a time lag between the condition being cleared in the module's register and the related signal de-assertion propagating back to the CPUs interrupt controller.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a read to the synchronization register 170 will force all bundle sample periods to be brought forward to the next clock cycle and the register will not return a value to the read request until all wire packets which are due to be transmitted have completed their transmission.
A read to the synchronization register has the effect of flushing all pending signal activity out of the bundles and flushing the bundles across the interface. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, the register may be used by the software to guarantee the ordering of certain events. The register 170 may be used to guarantee that any delay in a service interrupt signal transmission across the interface can be dealt with by an interrupt service routine.
In one further modification, this mechanism may also be used to support low power modes by stopping the sampling of the bundles and moving this function into software which, by use of the synchronization register can schedule an update of the interrupt signals. This lets the generation of the bundles only happen under software control, rather than whenever a change is detected by the hardware. This could lead to a power saving if the real time state of the wires in the bundles is not required during that operating mode.
In more detail,
The wire bundle control logic 173 signals to the synchronization logic block when all the pending transmissions of the bundles have been completed. Only after these confirmations does the synchronization logic block 172 format a read response to the synchronization register read request. The read response is transmitted back to the CPU to as normal.
Reference is made to
In this modification, the synchronization register 170 provides the software interface to provide this function and the logic block 172 choreographs logic activities necessary to execute the function.
A read of the synchronization register 170 causes the synchronization logic block 172 to start its state machine. The synchronization logic block will assert a signal to each of the bundle control logic 173 which controls the bundles to generate a sample on the next clock cycle and to transmit that packet if it meets the other criteria for being sent. The synchronization logic block 172 then gets confirmation from the control logic 173 when the bundle packets have been dispatched for bundle packets which were either pending previously or have just been generated due to the effect of the synchronization logic block signal. The confirmation signals that all signal changes present before the synchronization register was written will have been transmitted across the interface. Subsequent to this transmission, the synchronization logic block synthesizes a response to the read synchronization register. The synchronization function does not depend on the value sent back. However in some embodiments of the present invention the synchronization function may be used to add additional information in the value returned such as if the synchronization caused any packets to be flushed out or the number of such flushed packets. This information may be used for tuning the system and/or debugging. A response packet is queued and dispatched across the interface in the same manner as a bundle packet or a memory transaction packet.
It should be appreciated that since this response is carried on the same link as the bundles, the bundles will have been updated by the time the response is received by software. In one alternative embodiment of the invention, a special type of packet recognized by a synchronization mechanism as commencing the synchronization procedure may be provided. This special type of packet may be generated either by a read from a register on the initiator die or by linking to a special barrier instruction in the CPU.
It should be appreciated that the orientation of the respective dies with respect to the substrates can be changed as compared to the flip chip orientation shown in
In alternative embodiments of the invention, the dies may be arranged in a stacked arrangement, one above the other.
The interface between the two dies is described in preferred embodiments of the invention as being a wired interface, that is, provided by a series of wired or wire patterned connections. In alternative embodiments of the invention, the interface may be provided by any suitable means for example an optical interface or a wireless interface.
For clarity a number of the embodiments described show one of the dies as transmitting to the other die which receives the signals. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments of the invention both dies may have the “transmitting” part of the circuitry and the “receiving” part of the circuitry so that the interface is bi-directional. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments at least some of the wires or other interface mechanism are bidirectional. In alternative embodiments the interface may comprise two separate paths, on path for received packets and the other path for transmitted packets.
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