Patent Grant
6944592
This invention relates in general to an interactive voice response system using speech recognition as input, and in particular, to a method of dialogue management in the interaction using the statistical distribution of the type of words used by a caller interacting with the system, wherein the management system makes decisions regarding the prompt selection and call flow of the dialogue.
An interactive voice response (IVR) system is a computer system that can be integrated with a telephone system that allows a caller to dial into the computer system over a telephone line and access a service running on the computer. The caller may then interact with and receive voice information from the service. Typically, the interactive service has a range of services for the caller to choose from and presents options at a prompt menu expecting the caller to select one. After the service option has been chosen, further information is required from the caller and input to the IVR. The service gathers relevant information, processes the information to get a result and from the result creates a prompt for delivery to the caller.
The interaction between the users and the system comprises various voice prompts output by the system and responses thereto input, via the telephone keypad, by the user. Voice response systems are used by service providers, such as banks, to automate fully or partially telephone call answering or responding to queries. Typically, a voice response system provides the capability to play voice prompts comprising recorded voice segments or speech synthesized from text and to receive responses thereto. The prompts are generally played as part of a voice menu invoked by the call flow logic. A state table can access and play a voice segment or synthesize speech from given text. The prompts are usually part of a voice application which is designed to, for example, allow a customer to query information associated with their various banks accounts.
As the users of such system may not be familiar with the use thereof, it is necessary to ensure that the instructions or voice prompts are sufficiently comprehensive to allow a novice user to successfully interact with the system. However, the more competent the IVR user, the more they begin to anticipate the various voice prompts and it becomes increasingly tedious for them to have to listen to such comprehensive instructions when more succinct instructions would suffice. “Expert” or fastpath methods are often provided, usually on explicit user selection. These allow the caller to enter multiple pieces of information at one time, and to hear shorter and more succinct prompts.
European patent publication 0697780 discloses a system for varying the voice menus and segments presented to the user of a voice response system according to the competence of the user. The response time of a user to voice prompts is measured, and an average response time is determined. It is assumed that the lower the average response time, the greater the competence of the user. The average response time is used as an index to a table of ranges of response times. Each range has respective voice segments associated therewith. The voice segments comprise oral instructions or queries for the user and vary according to the anticipated competence of the user. If the average response time changes such that the voice segments indexed are different to the current voice segments, then a database containing information relating to user competence is updated to reflect such a change. Accordingly, when the user next interacts with the voice response system, a new set of voice segments more appropriate to the user's competence will be played.
Using response times as a gauge of caller competence is only a first approximation and can be incorrect. The above publication concentrates on dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) input to the IVR which is accurate but limited to a sometimes tedious closed menu structure and set sequences. A more flexible but less accurate approach to caller interaction uses speech converted into text as input to a service. For instance, instead of presenting the caller with an audible menu, the caller can be asked a more open question as to the nature of his business. An automatic speech recognition component (ASR) translates the speech into text, and the IVR interprets the text in the light of the services offered. Response times have only limited effectiveness as an estimate of the competence of the caller in such circumstances. Thus, there is a need in the art to provide an improved method of estimating the competence of a user for a speech recognition IVR system.
With the advent of advanced language processing techniques, such as Natural Language Understanding and Dialogue Management, the potential for both the “expert,” and less-experienced users to benefit from fastpaths and task switching are increasing. However, there are two crucial factors which cannot be catered for easily. First, it is necessary to introduce an explicit method such as menu selection, or even Caller Line Identification, to switch between expert and novice versions of a service. Second, this selection is made on a service-wide basis, and does not change either without redialling or returning to a point in the service where the selection may be made. Caller Line Identification (CLID) (or Automatic Number Identification (ANI) in the United States) can be used to retrieve caller records in which is stored the caller's preference of export or notice prompt. When given the choice, many callers will wrongly identify themselves as “expert” and discover that the service is not responding well because the service has changed or because of environmental factors. There is a common assumption that experts will automatically use or want to use barge-in, and the novice not. But again, for environmental reasons, each group is better served by flexibility.
The selection of expert or novice prompts, however, is not a generically applicable distinction, which the caller themselves can necessarily judge. In some circumstances (background or channel noise), the caller would be better served as a novice. Competence may change within the same application, which increases the problem of how to define “expert.” Expertise might be regarded as some level of competence in achieving a given task in the most efficient manner.
In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of managing dialogue in an interactive voice response system comprising the steps of receiving a voice signal from a caller to the IVR, converting the voice signal to text, estimating a caller type based on the number of words of a particular type within the text, and using this factor to make dialogue decisions.
Therefore when a caller instigates an interaction with the voice system and voices a response, the IVR takes this response and undertakes a statistical analysis of words of a certain type. The analysis is used as a basis for making decisions on the flow and structure of the dialogue with the caller.
In one embodiment, a decision on which prompt to present next to the caller is made depending on the factor, and in particular, a decision whether to use “expert” or “novice” prompts is made depending on whether the factor is above or below a threshold value. The expert may be viewed not necessarily as someone who has used a service many times and remembers what the answer to the next prompts will be, but rather a person who effectively gets what they want on a single pass from the automatic service: the expert is the user who, regardless of background or channel interference, most effectively achieves what they set out to do. More advantageously, a decision whether to use expert, intermediate, or novice prompts is made depending on whether the factor falls below, inside or above a threshold range.
An important and useful factor is a ratio of words relevant to the context of the dialogue, which gives a measure of the communicative efficiency of the incoming speech. For instance, an expert caller would know and use more relevant words in a dialogue than a novice who had yet to learn what words were the most relevant. It is a factor derived from the ratio of lexically marked and unmarked items and gives a first approximation of the competence of the caller. Another factor is the number of words per second spoken by the caller which gives an indication of the “regularity” of delivery (the prosodic fluency). For instance, an expert caller would be confident and regular in delivery of speech whereas a novice would be somewhat hesitant. The word rate factor may be used alone or more advantageously is used together with the context ratio to give a further approximation as to the competence of the caller. Ideally, the context ratio and the word rate factors are weighted and combined to give an overall factor having a threshold value or range to decide the level of competence of the caller.
Another factor is a ratio of the words relevant to the particular task or service which is part of the dialogue. This gives an indication of the task effectiveness of the incoming speech. The task words are a subset of the context words which are appropriate to the current task. It is important, therefore, that the IVR is aware of an individual task within the dialogue and what group of task words corresponds to the tasks. The IVR application services correspond with the groups of task words. Advantageously, the context ratio, word rate factor, and service ratio are weighted and combined to give an overall factor having a corresponding threshold value or range.
Another factor is a ratio of extra linguistic items in the text such as ‘er’, ‘um’ and unrecognized items. The context ratio, word rate factor, service ratio, and extra linguistic items are weighted and combined to give an overall factor. Extra linguistic terms are irrelevant to LEXICAL meaning.
The context ratio, word rate factor, service ratio, and extra linguistic items are weighted and combined to give an overall factor.
Another factor is a ratio of stylistic items in the text such as ‘should’, like’, and ‘gimme’.
Combining all the factors together would indicate whether or not the caller is an “expert” and therefore whether or not the application structure and the outgoing prompts could be modified to ensure caller satisfaction and the efficient running of the service tailored to the caller's needs. Further, a running average is maintained throughout a call: moment-to-moment excursions from this could indicate difficulties which should be addressed; further, variance would be used to indicate chance expert interactions which might be ignored in the automatic decision as to whether or not the caller is an expert and therefore can be allowed to be left with little “intervention” from more excursive prompts.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention.
In order to promote a fuller understanding of this and other aspects of the present invention, an embodiment will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as specific network configurations, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, details concerning timing considerations and the like have been omitted in as much as such details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention and are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views.
Referring to
The IVR 10 is connected to a telephone or Internet network (public switched telephone network (PSTN)) 24, which in this embodiment is a land line but which in other embodiments is a wireless telephony network or an IP telephony connection. A caller 26 accesses the IVR 10 via the telephone or Internet network 24. The IVR 10 provides voice messaging and audio text, whereby the caller 26 interacts with the automated service via option menus to decide what information is required and what service is needed. The IVR 10 normally provides several services, but in this embodiment one is described for simplicity. The IVR 10 runs the call flow through a dialogue in conjunction with the DM 20, which supplies the prompts. In this embodiment, the IVR 10 and DM 20 are described as separate servers but are closely related functions and may be implemented together in other embodiments. The IVR 10 provides the interface to the back-end services such as the business server 14. It provides explicit or implicit caller identification by calling line identification (CLID) or through explicit subdialogue with the caller 26. When a caller 26 requests a service, the IVR 10 opens a service record 28 containing service record fields 30 that require data. The IVR 10 collects pieces of information from the caller 26 or from a caller account (available from the business server 14) and fills the service record fields 30. Once complete, the service record 28 may be sent to the business server 14 to process the record and deliver an answer. An example of such a voice response system is the IBM Corepoint Voice Response for AIX product.
The business server 14 executes a business application that may process a service record containing information in fields. This is an end step of the embodiment and requires that all the information for a particular service has been acquired before it carries out its function. The business server 14 is arbitrary depending of the application of the IVR 10 and the embodiment is focused on collecting service information rather than processing the information. The ASR server 16 provides high function speaker-independent recognition capabilities including the following: dynamic grammar (or similar) loading and generation; dynamic application dictionary (or equivalent) loading; optionally, and if appropriate, modification of any stochastic language models; grammar and/or dictionary subsetting; large vocabulary; continuous speech input; and speaker independence. The ASR 16 functionality can be installed and running in the client device, in which case there needs to be a data exchange protocol between the client device and the “server”, such that the client can upload relevant information to the server for tracking purposes. The ASR 16 also provides a length of sentence parameter and a hit-rate or confidence score parameter on the response.
The natural language understanding unit (NLU) 18 extracts the data information from a text response by tagging the meaning of the text. More than one piece of data may be identified in the response and it is the function of the NLU 18 to isolate and extract important data and pass them on to the dialogue manager (DM) 20.
The dialogue manager (DM) 20 comprises the service record 28 and associated service record fields 30; a prompt generator 32 and a prompt database 34 as further illustrated in
The prompt generator 32 takes a prompt script and generates a playable prompt in the form of a single voice data packet for the IVR 10. A prompt script is represented by the mnemonic code P(x,y) where ‘x,y’ represents the contents of the playable script and identifies one or more prompt parts in a prompt database array. For instance, P(N,p 1) is a playable prompt representing the novice prompt p1. The prompt generator 32 will acquire the voice data packet for novice prompt p1 and construct a playable prompt. When the contents of the script are a combination of prompt parts, the individual parts will be combined to make a playable prompt. For example, P(N,p1+p2) is a playable script representing a combination of the novice prompt parts p1 and p2. The prompt generator 32, on receiving this script, will fetch the individual prompt parts and combine them as required so that they play as one. For example, novice prompt part p1 “What is the source account?” and novice prompt part p2 “What is the destination account?” are combined with an “and” voice data packet to render the combined prompt of “What is the source account and what is the destination account?”. In another embodiment, prerecorded combination prompts could totally or partially replace on the fly generation of combination prompts from individual prompts.
Referring to
The prompt database 34 comprises the voice data prompts used by the IVR 10 to interact with the caller 26 (see
The prompt script database 36 comprises a script associated with a particular caller 26 and a service record 28 for a number of different types of callers and also individual callers (see
Referring to
Dictionary 54 is a lookup table with two fields: word and corresponding category code. The category code determines in which lexical categories the word belongs using binary indicators in sixteen or more bit number. The lexical categories are: content words; task words; function words; extra linguistic words; paralinguistic words and stylistic words. Content words are words which carry lexical meaning (“account”, “transfer”, and so forth, particular to the business application, and words such as “tree”, “telephone”, etc.). Task words are those specific to a particular service, and a subset of all content words. For instance, in a banking application: ‘bank balance’; ‘transfer’; ‘statement’; ‘account’; ‘operator’; ‘overdraft’; ‘date’; ‘percent’; ‘pounds’; ‘dollars’. In a banking application with several services, there will be a corresponding number of task word subsets of content words for making a transfer between accounts; ordering a statement; or checking a balance etc. Function words are words which are not content words but add to the grammatical correctness of the phrase, for example, ‘of’, ‘the’, ‘and’, ‘a’, ‘when’, ‘how’, ‘is’, ‘was’ and other auxiliary words, articles and conjunctions. Phatic words add no specific lexical or grammatical information, but affect the perception of the sentence (such as “oh”). Stylistic words include words like “should” and “gimme”. In this embodiment, five distinct categories and one task category are used but more distinct and more task categories may be used, with a corresponding increase in the size of the category code.
Referring again to
Count engine 56 is for counting the number of words in the ASR text belonging to each category. It comprises a counter for each distinct lexical category and each separate task category: a content word counter; a task counter; a function word counter; an extra linguistic word counter; a paralinguistic word counter; and a stylistic word counter. It also comprises a total word counter. Each bit of the category code is checked and the corresponding counter is incremented if set. After the ASR text has been analyzed the counters contain the final result.
Ratio calculator 58 takes the results of the count engine 56 and works out a structure ratio; a service ratio; an extra linguistic ratio; a paralinguistic ratio; and a style ratio. The structure ratio is the ratio of content words to function words. The service ratio is the number of phatic words in the text divided by the task words for the service that the IVR 10 is using at that time. The ratio calculator queries the IVR 10 as to the particular service and chooses the correct task counter accordingly. The extra linguistic ratio is the number of extra linguistic words in the ASR text to the total number. The paralinguistic ratio is the number of paralinguistic words divided by the total number of words. The stylistic ratio is the number of stylistic words divided by the number of the total number of words.
Decision logic takes its input from the ratio calculator 58 to decide the level of competence of the caller 26. For example, in one embodiment, the decision logic uses the structure ratio only; if the ratio is 20% or below then the caller 26 is deemed unfocused in his use of the correct type of words (content words), and is given novice status; if the ratio is above 20% then the caller 26 is deemed competent in the use of content words and given expert status. In an enhancement to the first embodiment, an intermediate level of competence is defined for above 15% and below 31% with novice and expert level either side of this range. In a further enhancement, the decision logic uses the service ratio only; if the ratio is 70% or below the caller 26 is deemed a novice; if above 70% then the caller 26 is deemed an expert. An intermediate level is defined between 65% and 76% exclusive, with novice and expert levels either side of this ratio. Similar embodiments may make use of the extra linguistic ratio, paralinguistic ratio, and stylistic ratio on their own to decide between expert, intermediate and novice. A further embodiment uses a ratio matrix of the structure ratio and service ratio and multiples them by a weighting matrix to get an overall factor for which there is a threshold novice/expert value and a threshold intermediate range. Embodiments making further approximations include one or more of the extra linguistic ratio, paralinguistic ratio, and stylistic ratio in the ratio matrix with an appropriate weighting matrix and threshold value. Note, since words within the ASR result string will typically fall into several categories (e.g., “account” would be both content and task word, the various ratios for a given input sentence cannot simply be added with an expectation of producing 100% for the complete expert. The example below will illustrate).
The process steps of the lexical analyzer 50 are described with respect to
Consider the following example, based on the words and word types of
I. Erm . . . I'd like to check my account balance, please
The “ . . . ”(a noticeable pause) is discounted for simplicity. This construct then includes ten “words”, as follows:
This gives 3 straight NOVICE decisions, 2 mixed NOVICE or INTERMEDIATE, and 1 INTERMEDIATE. The overall decision is NOVICE.
II. Give me my balance, please
This gives 1 NOVICE, 2 mixed NOVICE/INTERMEDIATE, 2 INTERMEDIATE, and 1 mixed EXPERT/INTERMEDIATE. The overall decision is INTERMEDIATE.
III. Balance inquiry: account number 1 2 3 4 5 6
This gives 6 EXPERT and an overall decision of EXPERT.
In this example, for construct III, the caller 26 has provided more than expected (i.e., provided both the indicator of the service (“balance enquiry”) and the appropriate data (the account number)). It is clear that a further weighting could be applied for such “over efficiency” or explicit fastpath methodology. Further, no account is taken in these examples of word rate (i.e., how quickly and fluently the input is provided) which would allow further differentiation of the overall decision on the type of prompt that should be played to the caller 26. For example, the faster the rate of delivery in example II above, without compromising the ASR result (i.e., without introducing recognition failures), the more mixed NOVICE/INTERMEDIATE decisions would shift to INTERMEDIATE.
Another embodiment which does not use the lexical analyzer 50 calculates the overall word rate of the caller 26 by acquiring a response time from the IVR 10 and counting the words from the ASR 16.
A further alternative embodiment tracks the fundamental frequency of the response and counts the number of discontinuities over the period of time and checks for a final rise at the end of the signal. A preponderance of these factors indicates an uncertain voice and a novice caller 26.
Although this approach is directed to telephony it is not so restricted. Such a method could apply to any automated service, for instance, text dialogue in an Internet application.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9926134 | Nov 1999 | GB | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5503560 | Stentiford | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5666400 | McAllister et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 6560576 | Cohen et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6665644 | Kanevsky et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6721416 | Farrell | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6748361 | Comerford et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6826529 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6853971 | Taylor | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6859776 | Cohen et al. | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6873951 | Lin et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
