Intermediate-moisture, ready-to-use, frozen non dairy creamer

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A recent development in the food industry is the emphasis on intermediate-moisture foods which have the faculty of being stored and marketed in a substantially non-refrigerated condition. These foods were designed to avoid the need to be packaged in a hermetically sealed container and commercially sterilized or maintained in a frozen or refrigerated state throughout the period of distribution and storage by the consumer.
The intermediate-moisture foods are based on the principle of reducing the availability of the water in the food for microbial growth. The availability for spore germination and microbial growth is closely related to its relative vapor pressure, commonly designated as water activity. It was found that the use of a wide variety of water-soluble solutes, or osmotic agents, has the effect of depressing the water activity of the foods to levels at which most bacteria will not grow.
The water activity of a food is defined as the partial pressure of water in the food divided by the saturation pressure of water at the temperature of the food. The water activity can be determined by placing a sample in a container which is then sealed, and after equilibrium is reached, determining the relative humidity above the sample. Most products of this type have between 10 to 40% moisture, and a water activity between 0.65 and 0.9.
An early application of the technique of controlling water activity was for animal foods. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,202,514, issued Aug. 24, 1965, discloses an animal food having 15 to 30% moisture and 15 to 35% water-soluble solids, principally sugar, with a proteinaceous meaty substance. Subsequently, other foods were formulated with an intermediate-moisture content, such as egg products (U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,731, issued Feb. 8, 1972), pancake batter (U.S. Pat. No. 3,753,734, issued Aug. 21, 1973) and whippable bases for confectionary use (U.S. Pat. No. 3,958,033, issued May 18, 1976). The water content and water activity of these foods are brought to as low a value as practical to insure their long-term stability without refrigeration. The main difficulty with these foods is that their low-moisture content may detract from their palatability, texture and mouth-feel. This technique therefore has found its greatest commercial applicability in the pet-food market where palatability requirements are not as stringent.
It is of course desirable to be able to avoid refrigeration and freezing of food products to reduce the cost involved, and particularly for the consumer, to avoid the inconvenience of unpacking, handling, and then defrosting the typically rock-hard frozen foods. However, freezing is an extremely safe and suitable technique for long-term storage and provides the manufacturer with great leeway in incorporating any of a wide variety of ingredients in foods which would otherwise be short-lived.
Accordingly, a class of intermediate-moisture foods has been found in accordance with application Ser. No. 763,613, filed Jan. 28, 1977, and application Ser. No. 871,995, filed Jan. 24 1978, of which this is a continuation-in-part, which combines the convenience of the freezing method of storage sought by manufacturers with the ease of handling desired by consumers. Such foods are normally stored at freezer temperatures, but upon removal from the freezer can be more readily handled because they retain a flexible consistency, and can be left at room temperature for an extended period of time because they possess the requisite microbiological stability.
The foods of the invention are characterized by a high sugar content, at least equal in weight to the amount of water present, in order to provide microbiological stability. The sugars employed have a low molecular weight, being primarily dextrose and fructose, which comprise together at least about 50% and preferably at least about 75% of the total sugar content. Sucrose has a sweetness between that of fructose and dextrose. The fructose, which is sweeter than the dextrose, is preferred since it has a lesser tendency to crystallize and cause apparent hardness. For most foods, particularly where the food comprises an emulsion, it is preferred that the fats used include partially unsaturated fats which tend to provide superior flow properties and nutritional advantages although less stable than saturated fats. The fat content is usually less than the water content in order to form a stable oil-in-water emulsion; the water content is preferably at least about 25% greater than the fat content.
The use of bacteriostatically effective amounts of sugar, however, imparts excessive sweetness to the ultimate food product. The problem of excessive sweetness has arisen previously in conjunction with the development of artificial sweeteners, and certain bitterness principles have been incorporated in such products to mask the undesirable taste. It was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,047, issued Jan. 20, 1976, that addition of aluminum potassium sulfate, naringen or a combination thereof to artificial sweeteners such as the saccharines or the cyclamates, or to higher caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, effectively reduced the perceived sweetness and bitter aftertaste of the artificial sweetener. It was postulated that the bitterness agent reduces the duration of sweetness, and presumably alters the manner in which the sweetness is perceived.
In connection with neutralizing the bitter aftertaste of saccharine or saccharine salts, it was disclosed in German Pat. No. 2,060,634, issued Dec. 9, 1970, that the addition of about from 0.2 to 2.0 weight percent of one or more substances having a bitter taste results in masking of the lingering bitterness associated with saccharine. Quinine sulfate and magnesium sulfate are specifically recommended as additives for use in this regard.
Such bitterness principles as quinine, theobromine and caffeine have also been advanced for use as flavor factors in synthetic and natural chocolate compounds and chocolate-flavored beverages to impart a bitter taste to the resultant foodstuff. U.S. Pat. No. 2,835,592, issued May 20, 1958, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,815, issued Sept. 3, 1963, are illustrative of such disclosures.
Further flavor modifiers which impart a bitterness to the compounds in which they are incorporated are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,647,482, issued Mar. 7, 1972, to Yueh, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,261, issued Feb. 1, 1977, to Pickenhagen et al. Yueh's patent discloses the use of ribonucleotides, ribonucleosides and their deoxy analogues to reduce or eliminate the bitter aftertaste associated with saccharine or saccharine salts, or compositions containing these sweeteners. Pickenhagen discloses the use of compositions of theobromine in combination with cyclic dipeptides to impart bitterness and astringency properties to various foodstuffs, especially cocoa products, animal foods, beverages, pharmaceutical preparations and tobacco products.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,543, issued Feb. 13, 1973, the use of theobromine, caffeine or naringen to impart bitterness to nitrogen-based flavor intensifiers is disclosed.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved bacteriostatic intermediate-moisture food product which is ready for use at freezer temperature, and whose perceived sweetness has been reduced through the addition of a bitterness factor.
It is a further object of this invention to accomplish the above specified reduction in sweetness perception through the use of certain quinine salts.
Other objects, and advantages, of this invention will be apparent from the ensuing specification and examples.
THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to the use of quinine salts in intermediate-moisture foods and other products which remain ready to use at freezer temperatures, to modify the taste of the requisite sugar content. The principles and techniques which have been developed for intermediate-moisture foods are applicable to the present invention, as modified in the manner explained herein below. Most of the foods of this invention are maintainable at freezer temperature in a condition ready for immediate use. After removal from the freezer the foods may be held at room temperature or at refrigerator temperature for a considerable period of time without spoilage because of the bacteriostatic effect of the sugar/water ratio.
The high levels of sugar requisite to effect bacteriostasis may render the ultimate food product excessively sweet, however, and thus less palatable to some consumers. In accordance with this invention it has been found that addition of a bitterness principle modifies the undesirable sweetness of the sugar. More specifically, addition of a quinine salt such as quinine sulfate, quinine bisulfate or quinine hydrochloride, results in reduced perception of sweetness. In many cases, the perceived sweetness is reduced by more than half the value associated with the unmodified food product. Quinine salts are employed in this regard in amounts up to about 125 p.p.m. per foodstuff. A preferred range of such additive amounts is from 2 to 75 p.p.m.
An important group of foods which has been particularly well-adapted in accordance with the present invention consists of the oil-in-water emulsions, including butter creams, whipped toppings, low-fat whipped creams, milk mates, non-dairy shakes, icings and coffee creamers.
Another class of goods which forms a unique combination with the foregoing, is bakery products such as cakes, breads, cookies, pie shells, muffins, turnovers, pancakes, waffles and doughnuts. The pastries can be filled or topped with the creams and icings of this invention.
Many diverse foods can likewise be adapted pursuant to this invention, such as dressings, puddings, sauces, gravies, snack spreads, pancake syrups, ice creams, candies, and beverage (soup, tea, juice) concentrates, and meat, fish, fruit and vegetable products.
The foods of this invention are generally characterized by a water activity of about from 0.75 to 0.9, a sugar to water ratio of at least 1:1, a sugar content which is at least 50% dextrose and/or fructose, and are adapted to remain spoonable or pourable at freezer temperature. Although most intermediate-moisture products will continuously have a water activity below 0.85, some sacrifice in texture and taste may be required to meet this standard. Since the foods of this invention are maintained at freezer temperature until ready to be used, a water activity of 0.85 to 0.90 is adequate. Freezer temperature, unless otherwise indicated, refers to temperatures of from about -5.degree. F. to +10.degree. F., which represents a common range for both home and store freezers.
The standard of being spoonable refers to the texture or flexibility of the product, as well as to the quality of being able to eat the food when it is at freezer temperature. The quality of being spoonable as used in this description is one which gives a satisfactory reading on a standard penetrometer and/or flow test. Pourable products are more fluid and are tested by flow characteristics.
The spoonable products of this invention gave a penetrometer reading above about 3 mm, and when also pourable the products gave a flow rate of about 30 ml per minute and higher during the first five minutes after removal from the freezer. These figures are highly significant when compared to the standard frozen products presently on the market. Details of the testing procedures are specified below.
The water activities of the foods of this invention are usually about from 0.75 to 0.9. Generally the water activity is at the higher end of this range, i.e. about from 0.85 to 0.9. Although microbiological stability is inversely proportional to water activity, several desirable properties of food are adversely affected at very low water activity, e.g., mouth-feel and taste. Since the foods of this invention are normally held at freezer temperatures for long-term stability, it is practical to formulate foods which have water activities nearer the border-line of microbiological stability, which is about 0.9. Freezer temperatures of course are adequate to maintain the microbiological stability of foods and even moderate control of water activity is adequate to extend the useful life of these products after removal from the freezer.
Several mathematical methods are available for calculating water activity, even of formulations containing different solutes and with non-solutes. Rough calculations based on the additive effect of the number of moles of each component multiplied by the activity of the component are useful for estimating water activity. Such calculations reduce the number of experimental measurements that might otherwise be needed and thus assist in reaching a suitable formulations more quickly. A combination of mathematical techniques with trial and error experiments followed by analytical measurements for determining water activity will lead to acceptable results.
There are commercially available devices for measuring the water activity of formulations. For example, a formulation may be placed in a container until equilibrium is reached and then the humidity in the container measured. The water activity is then determined through reference to standard tables. For example, electric hygrometers are devices commonly used to measure water activity. These devices contain sensors impregnated with salts such as lithium chloride or potassium chloride. Water is adsorbed on the sensor and causes a change in electrical resistance which is measured by a wheatstone bridge. Reference curves based on solutions of known humidity are used to relate the electrical readings to water activity.
Throughout this application all amounts are by weight unless stated otherwise. In the examples the amounts have been adjusted to a basis of 100. Percentages are based upon total formulation weight, unless a different basis is given.
The foods of this invention are generally characterized as microbiologically stable food products comprising about from 15 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 1:1 to 2:1, preferably about from 1.5-1:1, about from 2.5 to 30% fat, up to about 125 p.p.m. of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of salt, emulsifier, stabilizer and flavoring, provided that the amount of fat is less than the amount of water or equivalent phase, such as non-aqueous water-soluble liquid phase, the solutes content is adequate to provide the product with a water activity of about from 0.8 to 0.9, the amount of dextrose plus fructose is at least about 50% based upon the total sugar content, wherein the foregoing ingredients comprise at least one of fructose and unsaturated fat and the product is spoonable at about 10.degree. F.
A preferred class of foods is microbiologicaly stable oil-in-water emulsion cream-type products, such as butter creams, whipped creams, shakes, non-dairy creamers, etc., which comprise about from 25 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 1.5-1:1, about from 10 to 30% fat, about from 2 to 40 p.p.m., preferably about from 3 to 20 p.p.m., of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of protein, salt, emulsifier, stabilizer and flavoring, a water activity of about from 0.8 to 0.9, wherein the amount of fructose is about from 15 to 65% based on the sugar content and the amount of dextrose is at least about 50% based upon the remaining total sugar content, the fat content contains at least about 10% unsaturated fat and preferably, the foregoing ingredients are adapted to provide a product which will flow at about 10.degree. F. When the sugar component of the non-dairy creamer formulation is modified to contain only dextrose, a microbiologically stable food product is produced which remains semi-soft rather than spoonable at freezer temperature.
These oil-in-water emulsion products have excellent texture and eating properties and are readily whipped to a high volume with a light but firm structure. In addition to microbiological stability, these products have physical stability in that they retain a smooth foamed cellular structure without separation of a liquid portion. The products are further characterized by having an overrun of greater than about 150% and a density as low as about 0.3 to 0.4 for a butter cream and a whipped cream.
Another class of useful products is the flour-based foods. The batters for these products comprise conventional amounts and types of flour depending on the final product, about from 15 to 40% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 1.5-1:1, about from 2 to 10% or up to 25% fat, up to about 125 p.p.m., preferably about from 5 to 100 p.p.m., of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of leavening agent which may be encapsulated, egg products, salt, emulsifier, stabilizer and flavoring, provided that the solutes content is adequate to provide the product with a water activity of about from 0.8 to 0.9, the fructose content of the sugar preferably is about 10 to 40%, the amount of dextrose plus fructose is at least about 50% or from 75 to 100% based upon the total sugar content, and the fat is preferably unsaturated. The batter should have at least one of fructose and unsaturated fat to assist in providing a spoonable and preferably a pourable product at about 10.degree. F. The final product made from the batter has a higher penetrometer value than conventional products at 10.degree. F. and is edible at that temperature.
A unique combination is prepared from a bakery product and a cream-type product, each made in accordance with this invention. The water activity of each should be approximately the same, plus or minus 0.05 units, or up to 0.10 units deviation from each other. When the water activity values are comparable there is less of a tendency for water transfer as, for example, between a cake and its topping or filling.
Microbiologically stable soup concentrates and sauces have been made comprising about from 30 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 1.5-1:1, about from 5 to 30% fat, about from 5 to 100 p.p.m., preferably about from 30 to 70 p.p.m., of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of salt, stabilizer and flavoring, wherein the amount of dextrose plus fructose is at least about 50% based upon the total sugar content, the foregoing ingredients comprise at least one of fructose and unsaturated fat and the product is spoonable at about 10.degree. F. Fish, meat and vegetables (which may be infused with solutes) are added to these to provide, for example, a chowder concentrate or newburg sauce.
Microbiologically stable beverage concentrates, for tea, orange juice, etc., have been made in accordance with this invention. They comprise about from 35 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about 1.8-1.2:1, up to about 75 p.p.m., preferably about from 5 to 50 p.p.m., of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of flavoring, provided that the amount of fructose plus dextrose is about from 75 to 100% based on the total sugar content and the amount of fructose is about from 10 to 30% based upon the total sugar content, wherein the foregoing ingredients are adapted to provide a product which will flow at about 10.degree. F.
Microbiologically stable pudding products have been made comprising about 25 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 2-1:1, about from 3 to 25% fat, preferably unsaturated, about from 5 to 75 p.p.m., preferably 10 to 30 p.p.m., of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of gelling agent, emulsifier, stabilizer and flavoring, provided that the amount of dextrose plus fructose is at least about 75% of the total sugar content, wherein the foregoing ingredients are adapted to provide a product which is spoonable at about 10.degree. F. Suitable products include bread, rice, and plum pudding.
Microbiologically stable meat products, such as hotdogs, hamburgers, sausages and various meat loaves, have been made in accordance with this invention. Standard recipes for such products, known to those skilled in the art, are modified through this invention to contain (1) enhanced amounts of sugar, preferably fructose, in place of conventional sugar now used in amounts up to several times greater than those presently employed or (2) an infused solution of sugar in a ratio to water of at least 1:1, fat in an amount less than the amount of water or equivalent phase, and, in either case, a quinine salt is added in an amount not exceeding 125 p.p.m., and preferably falling within the range of 7 to 75 p.p.m. These modifications are incorporated in the compositions of such meat products to provide increased microbiological stability and thus extend the shelf-life of such goods.
The apparatus for measuring the flow characteristics of the products of this invention was fabricated from stainless steel, and was essentially a stand 14".times.12", with a movable platform of the same size to provide for vertical and angular adjustments. The platform was provided with a bulls-eye level and a protractor level; with the leading edge having a wire brace to retain the sample container.
The following method was used in obtaining the flow data. Graduated cylinders of 600 ml. capacity were filled with the samples and frozen for at least 24 hours at +5.degree. F. The frozen samples were removed from the freezer, immediately placed on the platform in a horizontal (0.degree.) position, and the effluent collected in graduated cylinders, with the volume noted at timed intervals. Temperatures were monitored with a Honeywell recorder. Sample temperatures within the freezer varied from +4.degree. F. to +7.degree. F. over a four-week interval, but varied no more than 1.degree. F. over an 8 hour period, while the temperature in the freezer varied from +5.degree. F. to +15.degree. F., each time the door opened. Room temperature varied about 2.degree. F. for an average of 72.degree. F., while the temperature of the samples in the original container rose anywhere from 1.degree. F. to 14.degree. F. during the 15 minutes after removal from the freezer.
The penetrometer test and equipment used are standard. The penetrometer is made by Labline Instrument Co. Inc., Chicago, Ill. The device measures the penetration into the sample of the point of a hard rubber cone which weighs 12 grams and has a height of 11/2" and a diameter of 11/2" at its base. The inverted cone is supported by a freely-sliding bar which weighs 48 grams. For all measurements the sample was brought to a temperature of -7.degree. F. in a freezer and then removed from the freezer and immediately tested.
The products of this invention exhibited freeze-thaw stability in storage. The products were kept in a supermarket-type freezer unit which cycled six times a day between application of cooling to freeze the product and application of heat to defrost the unit. Under these conditions the products remained acceptable and functional.
The liquid emulsions were examined by dipping a spatula in the emulsion, letting it drain and noting whether the residual film was smooth and uniform or whether particles were present, a condition denoting destabilization. These emulsions were also evaluated for their intended functional application.
The products passed the following test procedures:
(a) The non-dairy creamer concentrates were tested in coffee for whitening ability, signs of free oil on the surface or curdled appearance, and presence of oil globules or curdling indicating emulsion breakdown.
(b) The semi-solid products which are consumed as such, e.g., pudding and cocktail sauce, were tested for syneresis and appearance (texture).
The method of making a microbiologically stable food product of this invention which is spoonable at freezer temperature generally comprises mixing together about from 15 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water of about from 2-1:1, about from 2.5 to 30% fat, up to about 125 p.p.m. of a quinine salt, and minor but effective amounts of salt, emulsifier, stabilizer and flavoring, provided that the amount of fat is less than the amount of water, the solutes content is adequate to provide the product with a water activity of about from 0.8 to 0.9, and the sugar comprises at least about 50% dextrose plus fructose; pasteurizing the mixture and cooling the resultant product.
A preferred method for preparing an emulsion product of this invention comprises blending all of the ingredients in the desired ratios. Usually most of the non-fat ingredients are first dispersed in the water. The ingredients are heated prior to or during blending. For example, the heating may begin during the mixing of the non-fat ingredients, and then the emulsifiers and fats added. The fat portion may also be preheated and then admixed. The ingredients are pasteurized by holding at an elevated temperature for several minutes, i.e., at 180.degree. F. for five minutes.
The blended ingredients are then passed through a homogenizer of the typical dairy type. Although homogenization may be accomplished in one stage, it is carried out in two stages for best results. Preferably, the pressure during the first stage is maintained at a minimum of about 2,000 psi and a maximum of about 10,000 psi, most preferably about 3,000 psi, and the pressure during the second stage is maintained at about 500 to 1,000 psi, preferably about 500 psi. The mix is usually maintained at a temperature of about from 60.degree. to 75.degree. C. during homogenization. The emulsion is cooled to a temperature of about from 0.degree. to 25.degree. C. and passed through a whipper for the incorporation of air or an inert gas such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or the like. The whipper may be of conventional construction such as a Hobart mixer or an Oakes continuous mixer that permits cooling of the emulsion to temperatures of about 5.degree. to 15.degree. C., preferably 10.degree. C., during whipping. The emulsion can be whipped to an overrun of from about 100% to 500%, packaged and frozen.
Sugar is employed as the principal source of water soluble solids and typically may range in weight percentage of the composition anywhere from 30% to 60% depending upon the particular sugar and sugar mixture relied upon to offer the desired bacteriostatic protection. Lower amounts of sugar may be used if offset by increased levels of other solutes. As the moisture content of the product increases in the intermediate-moisture range, the level of a given sugar will correspondingly increase in order to maintain a sufficient bacteriostatic effect. The level of sugar chosen will also vary depending upon the pressure and level of auxiliary water soluble solids also offering a similar increase in osmotic pressure to the aqueous phase of the composition; thus, a variety of low average molecular weight materials may be included as part of the water soluble solids in the aqueous phase and will augment the sugars in their role of providing sufficient osmotic pressure to prevent bacterial decomposition.
The term "water soluble solids" is used to apply to any additive material which is substantially soluble in water at room temperature or at temperatures comparable to those practiced in processing the ingredients of the foods. Included in the class of water soluble non-sugar solids that can be employed are certain inorganic salts used at a level compatible with palatability requirements, e.g., sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Indeed, certain compounds like the diols and polyols, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol and the like which have another function, i.e., as an antimycotic and/or texturizer, may also be relied upon to provide the soluble solids (or solutes) employed in the aqueous phase for bacteriostatic protection. Propylene glycol is prominent in this respect since it is capable of serving a multiple role as mold inhibitor, plasticizing humectant for texture, and component of the water soluble solids of the aqueous phase. The higher diols, such as the aliphatic 1,3-diols containing four to fifteen carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain and their esters which are completely metabolized, can also be used, particularly in conjunction with the foregoing sugars and sugar-substitutes. These diols also assist in maintaining the foods in a bacteria-, yeast- and mold-free state while providing softness or plasticity to the formulations. These materials are stable, non-volatile oils with good storage and shelf life and appreciable water solubility, and can be readily emulsified and formulated into various food preparations.
The relative weight percent of said water soluble solids to the moisture content of the total product, when initially incorporated into the product during its manufacture and preparatory to packaging, determines the ultimate functionality of the solids in providing the requisite bacteriostatic effect. The level of water soluble solids may be varied as may the level of moisture initially incorporated within the aforesaid respective ranges. However, in varying these levels the relationship of water soluble solids in solution to the water should be controlled so as to afford the desired osmotic pressure. A good rule to observe in this connection is to be sure that the weight of water soluble solids available for solution is at least equal to the weight of the moisture present, although in some cases it is possible that a lower level of water soluble solids might afford some protection against microbiological decomposition provided an equivalent degree of osmotic pressure is available. In any event, it will be found that the level of sugar that should be employed under the conditions of the present invention will constitute a major percent by weight of the water soluble solids.
Intermediate-moisture foods have a high sugar content which tends to promote nonenzymatic browning. This phenomenon is caused by complex reactions between the amino groups of proteins and the keto groups of sugars and is known as the Maillard Reaction. This nonenzymatic browning leads to undesirable darkening of the food product as well as off-odors and flavors. These reactions can also reduce the nutritional value of foods. Sugars such as dextrose are known to be capable of use at a lower level than sucrose to achieve an equivalent bacteriostatic effect but are reducing saccharides which are prone to undergo the undesirable Maillard-type reaction. Fructose is even more susceptible to the browning reaction. This reaction and other oxidative reactions are progressively retarded as the temperature is lowered from room temperature to refrigerator temperature to freezer temperature. Hence the products of this invention preferably are designed for usage at refrigerator and freezer temperature unlike the conventional intermediate-moisture foods which are stored and used at room temperature, and thus the foods of this invention can tolerate the large amounts of dextrose and fructose used.
The term "sugar" as it is employed in the present context is to be understood as meaning any of a number of useful saccharide materials which are capable of increasing the osmotic pressure of the water in which they are dissolved, thereby giving rise to the requisite bacteriostatic effect. Included in the list of useful sugars are the monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and their degradation products; e.g., pentoses, including aldopentoses, methylpentoses, and ketopentoses, like xylose and arabinose; a deoxyaldose like rhamnose; hexoses and reducing saccharides such as aldohexoses like glucose, galactose and mannose; the ketohexoses, like fructose and sorbose; disacharides, like lactose and maltose; non-reducing disaccharides such as a sucrose and other polysaccharides such as dextrin and raffinose; and hydrolyzed starches which contain as their constituents oligosaccharides. Typically, the commercially available mixtures of invert sugars are used which contain dextrose and levulose, as well as maltose and corn syrup solids. The sugars should be of a low molecular weight so as to offer a substantial effect in increasing the osmotic pressure of the sugar solution. The polyhydric alcohols may be used to replace a portion of the sugars used in this invention and are therefore encompassed by that term, i.e., from about 0.5 to 5% of the formulations may be a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerol and the like.
Since the product of this invention, when prepared in the manner herein disclosed, is characterized by its substantial resistance to bacterial decomposition, but may serve as a host for yeasts and mold, the foods of this invention may have an antimycotic agent incorporated at a level sufficient to prevent the growth of such organisms. Sorbate salts such as potassium sorbate, as well as sorbic acid can be used either separately or in combination. Propylene glycol, which may be used alone or with other humectants like sorbitol to impart a further degree of product softness or tenderness, can also serve as an antimycotic. Other antimycotic agents will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The amount of antimycotic agent added is selected so as to produce the desired results and will constitute only a minor proportion of the product, about 0.1% or higher, depending on the particular antimycotic and the particular product composition, although even lower levels, on the order of 50 p.p.m., can be employed in the case of such antimycotics as pimarcin. Potassium sorbate in a water solution can be sprayed onto the surface of the food or the food can be dipped in this solution; other antimycotics which lend themselves to such surface application are esters of the parabens (para-hydroxy benzoate) such as propyl and methyl parabens (methyl para-hydroxy benzoate). Cellophane and other enwrapments for the food can be spray-coated with a sorbic acid solution, but impregnation or dusting with sorbic acid or potassium sorbate is preferred. Antimycotics which can generally be used are benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, propionic acid, sodium and calcium propionate, sorbic acid, potassium and calcium sorbate, propylene glycol, diethyl pyrocarbonate, and menadione sodium bisulfite (vitamin K).
Other ingredients known to those skilled in the art may also be employed to impart their characteristic effects to the compositions of the present invention. Typical of such ingredients are flavoring agents, colorants, vitamins, minerals, and the like. Suitable flavoring agents can be employed to impart vanilla, cream, chocolate, coffee, maple, spice, mint, butter, caramel, fruit and other flavors. In addition, certain polyols, such as sorbitol and mannitol, can be employed to modify mouth-feel. Furthermore, other additives, such as phosphates and the like, may be employed for their known functions. Several types of ingredients which can be employed are described below.
Fats high in unsaturation are safflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil and sunflower oil. Unsaturated fats as used in this specification are those having an iodine value of about at least 50 which include partially hydrogenated fats and the more highly unsaturated fats with an iodine value above about 100. These fats are recommended for dietary purposes, particularly for those people with a high plasma cholesterol level, a condition associated with atherosclerosis.
The saturated fats include the hydrogenated oil products of coconut, cottonseed, corn, soybean, peanut, olive, etc. Fats having a melting point of 90.degree.-94.degree. F. are preferred, i.e., the melting point should be below body temperature.
Emulsifiers are necessary ingredients of those composition of the present invention which contain fats and are oil-in-water emulsions. A wide variety of emulsifiers may be employed in amounts on the same order as in the prior art oil-in-water emulsions, for example, about from 0.1-5%, and preferably about from 0.2-1.5%. They induce the formation of a stable emulsion and improve the rate of aeration and the total aeration obtained. Among the more suitable emulsifiers are: hydroxylated lecithin; mono-, di- or polyglycerides of fatty acids, such as monostearin and monopalmitin; polyoxyethylene ethers of fatty esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as the polyoxyethylene ethers of sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) or the polyoxyethylene ethers of sorbitan distearate; fatty esters of polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitan monostearate; mono- and diesters of glycols such as propylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol monopalmitate, and succinoylated monoglycerides; and the esters of carboxylic acids such as lactic, citric, and tartaric acid with the mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids such as glycerol lacto palmitate and glycerol lacto stearate. The fatty acids employed in the preparation of the emulsifiers include those derived from beef, tallow, and coconut, cotton seed, palm, peanut, soybean and marine oils. Many blends of emulsifiers are commercially used and readily available in accordance with known techniques. For example, it may be desirable to provide a controlled hydrophillipophil balance (HLB) as with a lipophilic emulsifier such as glyceryl monostearate or sorbitan monostearate with a hydrophilic material such as polysorbate 60.
The emulsion compositions of the present invention also include one or more stabilizers or hydrophilic colloids to improve the body and texture of toppings, and as an aid in providing freeze-thaw stability. These stabilizers are natural, i.e., vegetable, or synthetic gums and may be, for example, carrageenin, guar gum, alginate, xanthan gum and the like, or methylcellulose, (Methocel 65 HG), micro-crystalline cellulose and the like, or mixtures thereof. Typically, a gum or combination of gums is employed with a sugar, e.g., dextrose, carrier. The amount of these stabilizers can be varied widely in accordance with the amounts required in prior art compositions, generally about from 0-2%, and preferably about from 0.1-0.5%.
Starches useful in this invention include the new and chemically modified starches from potato, arrow root, corn, rice, wheat, waxy maize, sorghum and waxy sorghum. Tapioca starch is particularly suitable for puddings. Generally about from 0.5 to 2.5% starch is adequate, although in the absence of stabilizers or in some puddings up to about 7% may be used.
Protein concentrates and isolates are useful in improving the nutritional qualities of the product and in facilitating and maintaining a whipped structure. Protein also aids in emulsification and contributes to flavor. Bland protein concentrates with a wide range of fiber content, bland soy flour, milk powder and food proteins are all useful, generally in concentrations about from 0-10%, and preferably about from 0.3-3%. Alternatively, use can be made of a protein such as sodium or calcium caseinate, which is conventional in whipped toppings, or as its substitute, a protein hydrolysate in a minor amount.
Many types of salts are used in the compositions of this invention for flavoring, including common salt (sodium chloride), sodium or potassium phosphates, citrates, chlorides, and the like, in amounts about from 0-5%, but preferably about from 0.1-1%.
Antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and tertiary butyl hydroquinone may be used in minor amounts (i.e. as Tenox 22 antioxidant).
Food grade acidulants such as phosphoric, tartaric, malic, citric, fumaric, hydrochloric and the like edible food acids are suitable to impart tartness, control pH or serve as preservatives.
The following are among the ingredients used in this invention:
The fructose-dextrose syrup used in this invention ("Iso-sweet") comprises 29% water and 71% sugar (50% dextrose, 42% fructose, 1.5% maltose, 1.5% isomaltose and 5% higher saccharides). A high fructose-dextrose syrup contains 23.5% water, with the remaining proportion consisting of 55% fructose and 45% dextrose. A fructose concentrate is an aqueous syrup having 80% sugar, of which 90% is fructose and the remainder is dextrose.
Soy protein concentrate is prepared from soybean flakes which are extracted with a solvent system wherein the major protein fraction is immobilized and the water-soluble carbohydrates, mineral matter, and other minor constituents are removed. The extracted product is dried and ground. The concentrate is sold under tha name Promsoy-100 by Central Soya. Whey protein concentrate is sold under the name Empro-50, and contains 53.6 parts protein and 26.5 parts lactose. A delactosed whey protein may also be used.
Soybean oil type 106 is a 100% soybean oil lightly hydrogenated to an iodine value of 106.
Hard butter type 106 is a blend of 45% palm kernel oil rearranged with 5% palm oil and 50% palm kernel oil hydrogenated to a Wiley Melting point of 106.degree. F., and having a maximum iodine value of 1.5.
A standard mixture of mono- and diglycerides is used in many formulations. It is sold under the name Drewmulse 20 by PVO International, Inc., Boonton, N.J., and contains about 43% alpha mono content. It has an iodine value of 2.5, a melting point of 140.degree. F. and is manufactured by the glycerolysis of animal or vegetable based fats.
Tenderex emulsifier is a mixture containing polysorbate 60 (11.9%), sorbitan monostearate (31.6%), mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (2.3%), propylene glycol (9.5%) and water (44.3%).
The foregoing conventional ingredients may be used in their normal amounts and may vary from the representative amounts and ranges given herein. Food formulations and ranges of ingredients do not readily permit of fixed parameters because of variations in people and places. The following examples are not intended to be limiting, but rather illustrative of some approaches taken and of course which may be varied in accordance with the spirit and scope of this description.
EXAMPLE I
Puddings made in accordance with the present invention are useful as ready-to-eat convenience foods which can be packaged in any conventionally used container for storage in a freezer. The pudding retains its soft texture at freezer temperature and is microbiologically stable at room temperature. Unlike canned puddings, the pudding of this invention does not require sterilization and expensive packaging, and unused portions may be left in the refrigerator, or even at room temperature, for subsequent use. Unlike conventional frozen puddings, the present pudding does not crystallize and harden with consequent loss of texture, nor is the inconvenience of defrosting necessary before the pudding can be eaten.
The puddings of this invention comprise oil-in-water emulsions having about from 30 to 40% water, sugar in a ratio to water of 1.5-1:1, about from 15 to 25% fat and about from 10 to 30 p.p.m. of a quinine salt. When the sugar does not contain fructose and the fat is saturated, the product tends to a somewhat cohesive consistency and the sugar to water ratio is maintained toward the upper range. The amount of dextrose plus fructose is preferably about 70 to 100% of the sugar content. The use of unsaturated fats, such as soybean oil, would be desirable for flow and nutritional properties. Minor amounts of conventional stabilizers, emulsifiers and flavors are also used.
A pudding was made from the following ingredients in the indicated amounts.
______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________(1) Pudding Emulsion 66.29 (a) Water 31.72 (b) Polysorbate 60 0.20 (c) Guar gum 0.07 (d) Sorbitan monostearate 0.13 (e) Sodium caseinate 0.86 (f) Dextrose 0.66 (g) Sucrose 14.72 (h) Hard butter 5.30 (i) Coconut oil 12.60 (j) Potassium sorbate .03 66.29(2) Dextrose 33.14(3) Sodium alginate 0.23(4) Vanilla flavor 0.11(5) Calcium chloride 0.23 (10% Solution) 100.00______________________________________
Quinine sulphate is added to the above composition in the amount of 15 p.p.m.
The pudding emulsion (ingredients (a) through (j) is a conventional product made by heating the water (a) to 140.degree. F., adding the remaining ingredients, heating the solution to 155.degree.-160.degree. F., homogenizing in two steps at 7000 and 500 psi and cooling to 34.degree.-38.degree. F. The pudding formulation of this invention is made by premixing the dextrose (2) and sodium alginate and adding them to the standard pudding emulsion at 150.degree. F. The remaining ingredients, (4) and (5), and the quinine sulfate, are then added.
The product had a slightly elastic character and at -10.degree. F. a penetrometer value of 29.3 mm, compared to a commercially available pudding (Rich's Chocolate Pudding) which gave a penetrometer reading of 1.3 mm. The water activity of the pudding averaged 0.852 at 73.degree. F.
EXAMPLE 2
A cocktail sauce for shrimp was formulated having the characteristics of remaining edible at freezer temperature and of being microbiologically stable at room temperature. The shrimp itself may be processed in accordance with the technique of infusing fish products with a high solutes content to impart microbiological stability and tenderness at freezer temperature.
The sauce of this invention contains about from 35 to 45% water, sugar in a ratio to water about from 1.5-1:1, and 30 to 70 p.p.m. of a quinine salt.
Dextrose and fructose comprise 70 to 100% of the total sugar content. The fructose content may be about from 10 to 30% of the sugar content. In addition, conventional ingredients such as ketchup (or other tomato product), horseradish, salt and flavoring are added.
A sauce of the following composition was made.
______________________________________ Ingredient Amount______________________________________(1) Ketchup 41.877(2) Water 10.10(3) Horseradish 4.90(4) Starch (Instant) 0.75(5) Lemon juice concentrate 0.31(6) Salt 1.92(7) Black Pepper 0.003(8) Hot sauce 0.27(9) Dextrose 23.92(10) Fructose-Dextrose syrup 15.95 100.00______________________________________
50 p.p.m. of quinine sulfate is added to the above composition.
The ketchup has about 68% water and 12% of a sugar such as sucrose. The sauce is made by mixing together ingredients (1) through (8) until uniformity is achieved. The mixture is then heated to 160.degree. F. and held at that temperature while mixing in the dextrose (9) and sugar syrup (10) at medium speed for ten minutes. The quinine sulfate is then added. Three parts of sauce to one part of treated shrimp are mixed together for the final product.
The shrimp may be treated to lower its moisture content below 50%, and to add solutes comprising sugars, polyhydric alcohols and salts to lower the water activity of the shrimp to 0.90 and below, ie., to 0.75. This can be achieved either by cooking or by immersing the shrimp under elevated temperature and pressure, in a stabilizing solution having a concentration of water soluble compounds sufficiently high to effect the desired transfer of solute and lowering of water activity. For example, in one procedure the shrimp was placed in the following solution, which was brought to boiling temperature, and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight.
______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________Water 47.4Propylene glycol 44.3Sodium chloride 7.4Potassium sorbate 0.9 100.0______________________________________
The shrimp was placed in the freezer overnight and upon removal was found to be soft and ready to eat. An alternative procedure is to use the same technique with a shrimp-flavored fructose-dextrose syrup having about 5 to 10% salt.
The cocktail sauce had a penetrometer reading of 22.4 mm. A conventional frozen cocktail sauce (Kitchens of the Oceans, Inc.-Dearfield Beach, Fla.) tested under the same conditions gave a penetrometer value of 6 mm.
EXAMPLE 3
Illustrative of the oil-in-water emulsion based products made in accordance with this invention is a non-dairy creamer which can be stored in a freezer until ready for use, thawed, and then used or left at room temperature for at least about ten days without spoilage. The product may also be left in a refrigerator for a lengthy period of time without spoilage. This product is useful as a coffee lightener and sweetener.
The coffee lightener contains about from 35 to 45% water, dextrose in a ratio to water of about from 1.5-1:1, about from 10 to 30% fat and about from 3 to 20 p.p.m. of a quinine salt. The fat content preferably comprises from 50 to 100% unsaturated type fats. Other ingredients are included in conventionally minor amounts, such as salts, emulsifiers and a protein concentrate.
An example of a suitable formulation is:
______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________(1) Water 40.00(2) K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 0.14(3) Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 0.14(4) Sodium acid pyrophosphate 0.02(5) Soy protein isolate 0.50(6) Polysorbate 60 0.30(7) Sodium stearoyl lactylate 0.30(8) Mono-and Diglycerides 0.40(9) Potassium sorbate 0.10(10) Dextrose 40.10(11) Soybean 16.00(12) Coconut Oil 2.00 100.00______________________________________
Quinine sulfate is added to the above composition in the amount of 7 p.p.m.
The product was made as follows:
Heat the coconut oil to 155.degree. F. and dissolve in the emulsifiers, ingredients 6-9. The foregoing is then added to the soybean oil. The water is heated to 150.degree. F. and the salts 2 through 4 and protein 5 are added. The dextrose 10 is added to the aqueous solution, which is then held at 170.degree. F. for one minute, after which the oil blend is added. The quinine sulfate is then added. The entire batch is homogenized at 3,000 and then at 500 psi and cooled to 40.degree. F.
This product does not flow, but is a semi-solid when held at 5.degree. F. for three days. This formulation has a water activity value of 0.9 measured at 72.degree. F., and upon storage at 40.degree. F. for thirty-two days, maintained its stability and did not exhibit any off-flavor. In addition, the product maintains its stability at room temperature for many days.
EXAMPLE 4
The invention described herein for making microbiologically stable desserts and puddings is also applicable for making fruit fillings for pastries such as fruit pies, doughnuts, etc. These fillings remain in a flowable condition at freezer temperature so that they can be used directly following removal from the freezer.
Each of the fillings, whether for fruit pies or for doughnuts, contains sugar in a ratio to water of about from 1.5-1:1. The sugar is predominantly of low molecular weight, substantially dextrose and/or fructose in an amount totalling from about 50 to 100% of the total sugar content. The amount and form of the fruit used in the filling may vary widely.
The fillings preferably contain about from 40 to 60% fruit, about from 20 to 50% fructose-dextrose syrup, about from 5 to 25% additional dextrose, about from 2 to 7% starch, about from 40 to 55% water and about from 2 to 30 p.p.m., preferably about from 3 to 20 p.p.m., of a quinine salt.
An example of an apple pie filling is:
______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________ Frozen apples 50.00Dextrose-Fructose syrup 30.95Starch 2.50Avicel (Cellulose gum) 0.50Dextrose 15.51Salt 0.10Cinnamon 0.10Nutmeg 0.0550% Citric acid 0.30______________________________________
5 p.p.m. of quinine sulfate is added to the above composition.
In the foregoing formulation, the frozen apples comprise about 75% water, about 16% sucrose and about 8% fructose, and thus the total sugar content is almost 50% and the total water content is almost 47%.
An example of a doughnut filling is as follows:
______________________________________Ingredients Amount______________________________________Dextrose-Fructose syrup 44.25Starch (Regista) 5.537Lemon Powder 0.051Salt 0.113Potassium sorbate 0.10Red Dye No. 40 0.0175Cherries RSP, Grade A (Frozen) 49.5350% Citric acid 0.40______________________________________
5 p.p.m. of quinine sulfate is added to the above formulation.
Frozen cherries were in conventionally packed form containing five parts fruit to one part sucrose. These cherries contain about 70% water, with the remaining 30% essentially consisting of fructose.
Another example of a doughnut filling is specified below.
______________________________________Ingredients Amount______________________________________Water 23.33Red Dyes 0.0085Dextrose-Fructose syrup 51.00Dextrose 16.00Black Raspberry flavor 0.10Premix 7.565 p.p.m. of quinine sulfate is incorporatedin the above formulation.The specified premix contains:Sodium alginate 6.32Guar gum 2.97Sodium hexametaphosphate 3.53Dicalcium phosphate 2.23Adipic acid 8.16Sodium benzoate 1.68Sucrose (Extra fine) 60.30Starch 14.85______________________________________
The foregoing fillings are made by conventional techniques. For example, the cherry doughnut filling is made by first adding the dextrose-fructose syrup to a kettle. The starch (or other thickener) is mixed in with medium agitation until a uniform mixture is obtained. The lemon powder, salt, potassium sorbate and red dye are added and the mixture stirred until uniform. The cherries are defrosted and ground in a Fritz Mill with an 11/16" screen and then added to the kettle. The formulation is cooked by raising its temperature to 195.degree. and maintaining it at that point for 5-10 minutes. The citric acid solution and the quinine sulfate are then added and the product is cooled to 140.degree. F. The pH is maintained at 3.5-3.7.
The effect of the quinine salt addition in each of the above examples is a reduction in the sweetness of the food product as perceived upon ingestion of the foodstuff. In many cases, the decreased perception of sweetness associated with the quinine-imbued food product is on the order of 50% of that of the unmodified composition. Addition of quinine substances to food products to lessen the perceived sweetness of such compounds is postulated to be achieved through masking of the excessive sweetness occasioned by the sugar through the inherent bitterness of the quinine substance. It is further believed that this bitterness reduces the duration of perceived sweetness by altering the manner in which the sweetness of the sugar is physiologically perceived. This theory is offered solely by means of explanation, however, and is not intended to limit the scope of the above invention exclusively to this theory.
This invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments set forth in detail, but it should be understood that these are by way of illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto. All of the foods disclosed and claimed in our copending applications Ser. No. 871,995, filed Jan. 24, 1978, and Ser. No. 763,613, filed Jan. 28, 1977, (incorporated herein by reference) can be adapted to the present invention by adding to such foods quinine salts as disclosed in this application. Other modifications and variations will be apparent from this disclosure and may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of this invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Accordingly, such variations and modifications of the disclosed products are considered to be within the scope of this invention and the following claims.

Number	Name	Date
3935325	Gilmore	Jan 1976
4025659	Chung-Cho et al.	May 1977
4046926	Gardiner	Sep 1977
4092438	Tonner	May 1978

Intermediate-moisture, ready-to-use, frozen non dairy creamer

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Continuation in Parts (1)