Isolated polysialyl transferases

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the isolation and cloning of nucleic acid molecules which encode polysialyl transferases, cell lines and vectors containing such molecules, and the uses of these. Further the invention relates to the isolated enzyme and its uses. Various diagnostic and therapeutic applications are included as part of the field of the invention, including stimulation of neurite outgrowth by appropriate cells.
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
Polysialic acid (PSA) is added to the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM in a dynamically regulated, postranslational process (S. Hoffman and G. M. Edelman, Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 80: 5762-5766 (1983), U. Rutishauser et al., Science 240: 53-57 (1988)). The glycan structure is unusual in vertebrates and has been shown to be attached to the fifth immunoglobulin domain (K. L. Crossin et al., J. Cell Biol. 99: 1848-1855 (1984)). The presence of the large anionic carbohydrate structure that is PSA modulates NCAM binding properties and, by increasing the intercellular space, also influences interactions between other cell surface molecules (S. Hoffman and G. M. Edelman, supra, U. Rutishauser et al., supra, A. Acheson et al., J. Cell Biol. 114: 143-153 (1991), P. Yang et al., J. Cell. Biol. 116: 1487-1496 (1992), P. Doherty et al., Neuron 5: 209-219 (1990)). In the course of embryogenesis the expression of PSA underlies cell type and developmental-specific alterations (G. M. Edelman, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 2: 81-116 (1986)) and correlates with stages of cellular motility (G. M. Edelman, supra (1986)), J. Tang et al., Neuron 8: 1031-1044 (1992), L. Landmesser, J. Neurobiol. 23: 1131-1139 (1992)). In the adult, PSA is restricted to regions of permanent neural plasticity and regenerated neural and muscle tissues (G. M. Edelman. supra), R. Martini and M. Schachner, J. Cell Biol. 106: 1735-1746 (1988), J. K. Daniloff et al. J. Cell Biol. 103: 929-945 (1986)). Recent data implicate PSA in spatial learning and memory (H. Cremer et al., Nature 367: 455-459 (1994), H. Tomasiewicz et al., Neuron 11: 1163-1174 (1993)). Of utmost clinical relevance are the observations that polysialylated NCAM forms represent oncodevelopmental antigens in neuroendocrine and hematolymphoid tumors (C. E. C. K. Moolenaar et al., Canc. Res. 50: 1102-1106 (1990), K. Takamatzu et al., Canc. Res. 54: 2598-2603 (1994), P. Komminoth et al., Ann. J. Patho. 139: 297-304 (1991), W. F. Kern et al., Leukemia & Lymphoma 12: 1-10 (1993)). PSA expression enhances the metastatic potential of these tumors and promotes an abnormal localization of metastases (W. F. Kern et al., supra, E. P. Scheidegger et al., J. Lab. Invest. 70: 45-106 (1994)). Studies aimed at enlightening the biosynthetic pathway and the regulation of PSA synthesis suggest the concerted activity of several specific enzymes located within the Golgi apparatus (R. D. McCoy et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 12659-12699 (1984), S. Kitazume et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10330-10340 (1994)).
In recent years several mammalian sialyltransferases have been cloned (K. Nara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 7952-7956 (1994), H. Kitagawa and J. C. Paulson, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 17875-17878 (1994), K. Sasaki et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 15950-15956 (1994) and literature cited therein). All enzymes characterized to date are monosialyltransferases which are specific for both the type of glycosidic linkage and the acceptor structure to which the sialic acid is attached. In fact, the synthesis of PSA in rainbow trout eggs has recently been reported to involve the consecutive activity of several specific enzymes (S. Kitazume, supra). Livingston and Paulson, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 11504-11509 (1993) describe a rat sialyl transferase "STX" which shows homology to the hamster polysialyl transferase (PST) described herein, of about 59%. The human STX sequence is shown in the GenBank.TM. EMBL Data Bank under Accession Number L13445. However, STX does not catalyze any polysialyl reaction.
Three bacterial polysialyl transferases are known (M. Frosch et al., Mol. Microbiol. 5: 1251 (1991); C. Weisgerber et al., Glycobiol. 1: 357 (1991), and S. M. Steenbergen et al., J. Bacteriol. 174: 1099 (1992)). These polysialyl transferases have a substrate and acceptor specificity which is different from the specificity of the enzymes of the invention and do not exhibit any sequence homology with the polysialyl transferases, set forth in the disclosure which follows.
In mammals, particularly humans, PSA is a critical element in the modulation of NCAM binding activities. Thus, there is a need to elucidate, to regulate, and to modulate PSA synthesis, thereby modulating normal and pathological processes which involve, inter alia, NCAM binding.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The subject matter of the invention is the isolation and molecular cloning of the key enzyme of eukaryotic PSA synthesis, i.e., polysialyl transferase ("PST", hereafter), and the isolation of nucleic acid molecules which encode this enzyme. More specifically, the invention relates to those nucleic acid molecules encoding mammalian PST enzymes, including hamster, human and other species. Especially preferred are nucleic acid molecules which hybridize to SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 7 and portions thereof, especially under stringent conditions, as set forth below.
An additional aspect of the invention is a method of detecting nucleic acid molecules which specifically code for PST proteins. Preferably detected are cDNA and MRNA species. Useful probes are nucleic acid molecules which bind specifically under the conditions of the test method applied, e.g. in situ hybridization, colony hybridization, Northern hybridization, or relat ed techniques.
A further aspect of the invention is an oligonucleotide molecule which is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule encoding mammalian PST. Such oligonucleotide molecules, which are generally from 15 to 50 bases in length, are useful for inhibiting expression of PST, preferably on the DNA or MRNA level. Such oligonucleotide molecules are useful as antisense agents in the therapy of pathological conditions involving a tumor, especially in the treatment and prevention of metastases.
Yet another aspect of the invention involves isolated PST enzymes, such as mammalian PST enzymes, which may be encoded by the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention, the production of said enzymes via recombinant methodologies, and the use of the enzymes in promoting neurite growth in nerve cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1a FACS-analysis of CHO-wt and mutant clones.
Staining with the mouse-NCAM specific H28 indicates that NCAM surface expression in the mutant cell lines CHO-2A10 and CHO-1E3 (defective in sialic acid transport) is almost identical to that observed in CHO-wt cells. In contrast, the reactivity with the PSA specific mAb 735 (M. Frosch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1194-1998 (1985)) is restricted to the CHO-wt cells. In order to obtain the hybrid cells CHO-2A10xWT and CHO-2A10xCHO-1E3, a neomycin resistance gene was introduced into clone CHO-2A10 and a hygromycin resistance gene was introduced into CHO-wt and CHO-1E3 cells, respectively. Equal amounts of the two relevant cell types were plated into cell culture dishes and cell fusion was induced by polyethylenglycol (50% PEG 1500 in 50 mM Hepes buffer pH 7.4). Double positive hybrids were selected with G418 and hygromycin. While the NCAM signal in hybrid cells was identical to that observed in parental cells, both fusion products expressed the 735 epitope.
FIG. 1b In order to determine whether .alpha.-2,3-sialylation is a prerequisite in PSA biosynthesis, CHO-wt cells and chemically induced mutants were analyzed with Maackia amurensis lectin ("MAA"), which specifically recognizes sialic acid linkage to galactose via an .alpha.-2, 3 bond. Extracts are shown before (-) and after (+) treatment with exoneuraminidase. Due to polysialylation, both MAA and the anti-NCAM mAb KD11 recognized microheterogenous bands in CHO-wt cells (lanes 1 and 2; wt-cells in two concentrations), while discrete protein bands became visible in PST-C1 mutants (lanes 4-6; 3 individual mutants: 2A10, 1H8, and 3A7). In contrast, mutant CHO-1E3, which is defective in sialic acid transport (lane 3) did not react with MAA and, in accordance with the deficiency of sialylated proteins, the polypeptide band recognized by KD11 in this mutant, showed a significantly reduced Mr. Treatment with exoneuraminidase abolished MAA reactivity completely and converted the protein bands recognized by mab KD11 into forms with identical molecular weights.
Method: 1.times.107 cells were harvested, membrane proteins extracted with lysis buffer (20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8; 1% NP40) and NCAM was immunopurified on a protein A bound anti-NCAM antibody (mab KD11). Samples were separated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, and in developed parallel with either biotinylated MAA or anti-NCAM mab KD11. Protein bands were visualized using alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin.
FIG. 2 The PSA found on the surface of pEPST-ME7 transfectants is bound to NCAM. Cells with the phenotype NCAM+/PSA- were transfected with pEPST-ME7 or pCDM8 alone, as described infra, harvested, and solubilized in lysis buffer, NCAM was immunoprecipitated from the lysates using an anti-NCAM serum, and the samples were analyzed by Western blot with mAb 735. Microheterogenous bands became visible in PST transfectants (lane 1: CHO-2A10; lane 3: NIH-3T3; lane 5 COS-hN-6) indicating that NCAM in these cells is polysialylated. In contrast, control transfection with pCDM8 did not result in appearance of mab 735 epitopes (lane 2: CHO-2A10; lane 4: NIH-3T3; lane 6: COS-hN-6).
FIG. 3a The Northern blot analysis of pEPST-ME7 transcripts revealed two bands of 5.1 kb and 2.1 kb in the PSA positive CHO-wt cells (lane 2), and in adult (lane 3) and postnatal day 1 mouse brain (lane 4). In accordance with the reduced PSA expression in adult brain, a very faint band was obtained (lane 3). No signal was found with PSA negative NIH-3T3 cells (lane 1). In clonal sublines of the human small cell lung cancer cell line HTB119 a complex pattern with 6 hybridization signals of about 6.1 kb; 3.8 kb; 3.3 kb; 3 kb; 1.7 kb; and 1.3 kb appeared in the highly polysialylated clone HTB119-54.2 (lane 5) and in clone HTB119-38 (lane 6) which expresses low levels of PSA, but was not visible in the PSA-negative subline HTB119-45 (lane 7). The probe used contains the entire coding region of PST.
FIG. 3b FACS analysis of sublines isolated by limiting dilution from the small cell lung cancer cell line HTB119. While stain ing with mab MB2 (s pecifically directed against human NCAM), indicates that NCAM expression on the 3 sublines is almost identical, the staining with mAb 735 reveals large differences in the a mount of detectable PSA. HTB119-54.2 are about 100% PSA positive, in the subline HTB119-38 only 30% of the cells express PSA, and in HTB119-45 the number of PSA expressing cells is reduced to 2%. Immunostaining was performed as described in FIG. 1a.
Method: Poly A+ RNA samples (3 ug each lane) were blotted onto nylon membranes and analyzed with a digoxigenin (Boehringer Mannheim) labeled RNA-probe that contained the entire coding region of pEPST-ME7. Final washing conditions were 0.1.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 65.degree. C.
FIGS. 4A-4G depict results obtained in various experiments wherein eukaryotic cells were cotransfected with pH.beta.A-NCAM and one of pcDNAI-PST or pcDNAI. (These, and all other acronyms, are elaborated upon in the examples). In FIGS. 4A-F, COS-1 cells were co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST (panels C-F) or pcDNAI (panels A and B) and pH.beta.A-NCAM. Sixty-four hours after transfection, the cells were fixed and examined by incubation with anti-PSA antibody 735 (panels B, D and F) or anti-NCAM antibody (Dako Co. Carpenteria, Calif.)(panels A, C, and E) followed by FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. Samples of COS-1 cells co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST and pH.beta.A-NCAM were also treated with endo-N in the presence of protease inhibitors before applying antibody 735 (panels E and F). Bar=20 .mu.m. In FIG. 4G, cell lysates from 2.0.times.10.sup.6 untransfected HeLa cells (lane 1) or HeLa cells stably co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST and pH.beta.A-NCAM (lanes 2 and 3) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (6.5%) gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with anti-NCAM antibody (Becton-Dickinson) as described by Fredette et al �(1993). J. Cell Biol. 123: 1867-18881!. The immuno reaction was visualized by ECL Western Blotting analysis system (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.). Lysates of transfected cells were either treated with endo-N prior to electrophoresis (lane 3) or untreated (lane 2).
FIG. 5 sets forth results obtained following Northern Blot analysis of various human tissues, to determine expression of PST. Each lane contained 2 ug of poly(A).sup.+ RNA. The blots for the first two lanes at the far left were prepared separately and contained less RNA than the blots of the remaining lanes.
The blots were hybridized with �.sup.32 P!-labeled human PST cDNA, as well as .beta.-actin cDNA as a control.
FIGS. 6A-6D show results obtained from immunohistochemical analysis of various human fetal, newborn, and adult tissues to determine if PSA was expressed therein.
Paraffin-embedded sections of tissue were stained with antibody 735 by an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method: (A) fetal cerebral cortex, (B) fetal lung, (C) newborn thymus and (D) adult liver. B=100 .mu.m.
FIGS. 7A-7F set forth the result of experiments designed to determine neurite outgrowth in confluent HeLa cell substrata. Neurons from embryonic day 10 chick dorsal root ganglia (panels A, B C) or embryonic day 6 ventral spinal cord (panes D, E and F) were seeded on HeLa cell substrata and cultured for 15 hours. Neurons shown in panels A and D were grown on untransfected HeLa cells. Neurons shown in panels B and E were grown on HeLa cells stably transfected with N-CAM-encoding DNA only. Neurons shown in panels C and F were grown on HeLa cells cotransfected with DNAs encoding N-CAM and human PST. Neurites were visualized by immunofluorescent neurofilament-staining. Bar=100 .mu.m.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In reconstitution experiments it has been shown that PST is able to induce PSA synthesis in all NCAM expressing cell lines tested. Furthermore, the soluble, recombinant PST is active in vitro. The data presented herein show that the polycondensation of .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acids in mammals is the result of the activity of a single enzyme. Furthermore, since Northern blot analysis confirmed the close correlation between cell surface expression of PSA and the presence of PST mRNA, this enzyme provides a useful target structure for cancer therapy, as do the nucleic acid molecules, when presented, e.g., as antisense oligonucleotides.
The nucleotide sequences according to the invention encode a protein that functions in the final step of PSA biosynthesis. The close correlation between cell surface expression of PSA and the occurrence of the PST specific mRNA implies that the regulation of PST occurs predominantly on the mRNA level. PST seems to be the primary factor involved in polycondensation of sialic acids during mammalian PSA synthesis and is unique in PSA positive cells. Confirmation for this assumption comes from the fact that expression in the NCAM positive cell lines tested resulted in biosynthesis of PSA. These data together with the observation that PSA surface expression enhances the metastatic potential of neuroendocrine tumors (W. F. Kern et al., supra, E. P. Scheidegger et al., supra) show that PST may be used as a target for tumor therapy and diagnosis. Additional data presented herein suggest the use of PST to stimulate neurite outgrowth on neural cells.
EXAMPLE 1
This set of experiments determined how many enzymatic activities are involved in transferring PSA to its acceptor molecule NCAM. CHO cells, which are positive for NCAM and PSA (FIG. 1a), were used to perform a complementation analysis. After chemical treatment, PSA deficient CHO mutants were negatively selected by panning (B. Seed and A. Aruffo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 3365-3369 (1987)) on the PSA specific monoclonal antibody 735 (M. Frosch et al., supra). All mutants positive for NCAM surface expression and .alpha.-2,3-sialylation (FIG. 1b) were subsequently used in fusion experiments. Surprisingly, only one complementation class (PST-C1) could be identified, with 40 individual clones selected from 9 independent mutagenesis experiments. In order to rule out the possibility that the mutation introduced in these clones is of a dominant phenotype, control fusions were carried out between the PST-C1 clone CHO-2A10 and either CHO-wild-type (CHO-wt) cells or the clone CHO-1E3 which is defective in sialic acid transport and therefore does not express sialylated proteins. In hybrid cells from both fusions, PSA-surface expression was detectable (FIG. 1a). These data strongly suggest that the polycondensation of .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acids in mammals is mediated by a single enzyme, which is mutated in clones of the complementation class PST-C1.
EXAMPLE 2
In order to isolate the defective gene that is in PST-C1 clones, the mutant clone CHO-2A10 was used for expression cloning. Samples of CHO-2A10 cells were transfected, via electroporation, with a complementary DNA (cDNA) library prepared from RNA obtained from CHO-wt cells (in pCDM8) and vector pPSVE1-PyE carrying the polyoma large T-antigen (M. F. A. Bierhuizen et al., Genes Dev. 7: 468-478 (1993)). PSA-positive transfectants were collected by panning (B. Seed and A. Aruffo, supra) on mAb 735, and plasmid DNA was subsequently extracted and amplified in E. coli. MC1061/p3 following Seed et al, supra. After 3 cycles of transfection and panning, the cDNA encoding PST was enriched to about 1:10.sup.3 and could be finally isolated by sibling selection. The cDNA clone pEPST-ME7 (for eukaryotic polysialyl transferase clone ME7) was isolated.
pEPST-ME7 contained an insert of 2026 base pairs (bp) and an open reading frame of 1080 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1), potentially encoding a protein of 359 amino acids with a predicted Mr of 41.2 kDa. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) showed the characteristic features of the sialyltransferase family, including the two sialylmotifs (K. Drickamer, Glycobiol. 3: 2-3 (1993)), as found at amino acids 141 to 183 and 258 to 300. The requirements of a type II transmembrane protein (P. Klein et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta 815: 468-471 (1985)) are only partially fulfilled, however. A stretch of 13 hydrophobic amino acids (at least 16 are required) was found within the N-terminal domain of the molecule. These are amino acids 8 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Nevertheless, it is likely that this truncated hydrophobic motif represents a Golgi-retention-signal, since the cationic borders characteristic of type II transmembrane proteins were also found.
A vector which contains SEQ ID NO: 1 (pME7/PST-1) was deposited under the Budapest Treaty on Dec. 15, 1994 at Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig and was accorded the Accession Number DSM 9582. Comparison of the deduced PST primary sequence with the primary sequences of known sialyl transferases revealed that the similarity is predominantly concentrated to the sialylmotifs L and S (K. Drickamer, Glycobiol. 3: 2-3 (1993)). Analysis according to Higgins and Scharp, supra, yielded a dendrogram. The highest degree of homology is found with STX (59%), a sialyl transferase (H. Kitagawa et al, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 17872-17878 (1994)) and with the recently cloned GD3 synthase (28%), the only .alpha.-2,8-sialyltransferase identified so far (K. Nara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 7952-7956 (1994), K. Sasaki et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 15950-15956 (1994)).
EXAMPLE 3
Transient expression of pEPST-ME7 cDNA in the mutant clone CHO-2A10, in an NCAM-positive subline of NIH-3T3, and in a COS-M6 clone stably transfected with human NCAM-140, i.e., DNA encoding human NCAM protein (COS-hN-6), respectively, resulted in surface expression of PSA. As shown in FIG. 2, PSA was attached to NCAM immunoprecipitated by anti-NCAM serum after expression of pEPST-ME7 in cell lines with the phenotype NCAM+/PSA-.
In standard Northern blot analysis, a PST specific cDNA probe recognized two bands of about 2.8 kb and about 5.1 kb in CHO-wt cells, and in both embryonic, and adult mouse brain (FIG. 3a; lanes 2-4). However, according to the restricted expression of PSA, both signals are drastically reduced in adult mouse brain. NIH-3T3 cells, which are negative for PSA, gave no hybridization signal (lane 1). These results imply that PST activity is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Recently, it has been shown that differential expression of PSA in sublines of the small cell lung cancer cell line HTB119 modulates potential malignancy (E. P. Scheidegger et al., J. Lab. Invest. 70: 95-106 (1994)). The expression of PST was investigated in clonal sublines derived from this tumor cell line. By limiting dilution, 3 sublines were obtained which, although identical in NCAM expression, varied in the amount of PSA present. In FACS analysis 100% of the cells in subline HTB119-54.2, 30% in subline HTB119-38, and only 2% in subline HTB119-45 were positive with mAb 735 (FIG. 3b). Poly (A)+ RNA from these cell lines was isolated and analyzed in Northern blot with a probe containing the entire coding region of pEPST-ME7. The results are shown in FIG. 3a (lanes 5-7). At least 6 bands were stained in highly polysialylated HTB119-54.2 and in HTB119-38 which express low amounts of PSA. Again, an extremely good correlation between surface expression and the level of PST mRNA was observed. These data suggest that PST is the cellular control element regulating PSA synthesis and furthermore indicate that the metastatic efficiency of these cells might be influenced by the abundance of PST mRNA.
Southern blot analysis of hamster and mouse genomic DNA using the PST cDNA as a probe, revealed a restriction pattern for the PST gene consistent with the presence of a single copy of the gene.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of antisense DNA
The fact that PSA can affect the metastatic potential of tumors suggests the desirability of modulating synthesis of the molecule by regulating PST expression. This approach is seen as being useful as a method for treating pathological conditions, such as tumor associated diseases characterized by excess or inappropriate expression of PST, and/or inappropriate level of PSA. Three sets of experiments were carried out to test the ability of antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit expression of PST, and hence of PSA activity.
First, phosphothioate oligonucleotide molecules complementary to nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 were synthesized with phosphorothioate linkages on an automated nucleotide sequencer following M. Matsukara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7705-7710 (1987). As a control, random oligonucleotide molecules having the same length were prepared in identical fashion. The purity of oligonucleotide molecules was determined by electrophoresis through 15% polyacrylamide gels stained with etidium bromide.
The oligonucleotide molecules prepared are complementary to sequence sections of SEQ ID NO: 1 as follows:
Oligo 1: Oligonucleotides 325-345 (21 mer) (SEQ ID NO: 3)
Oligo 2: Oligonucleotides 522-539 (18 mer) (SEQ ID NO: 4)
Oligo 3: Oligonucleotides 846-862 (17 mer) (SEQ ID NO: 5)
Oligo 4: Oligonucleotides 1356-1373 (18 mer) (SEQ ID NO: 6)
PSA-positive CHO-wt cells were incubated with 3 .mu.mol of each of the oligonucleotides. PSA activity was measured in a kinetic test, since PSA has a half-life longer than 24 hours. Cells were analyzed by FACS analysis with mAb 735 according to Example 3 after 20, 40, 60 and 80 hours.
In further experiments, the oligodeoxynucleotides, and polylysine modified conjugates were prepared according to J. P. Leonetti et al., Gene 72 (1988) 232-332, incorporated by reference, but summarized herein.
First, a solution of N.sup.6, 2'-(3')o-dibenzoyl-5'-dimethoxytrityl-adenosine (2.15 g, 2.76 mmol) (Kempe et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 10 (1982) 6695-6714) and dimethylamino-4-pyridine (0.506 g, 4.15 mmol) in methylene chloride (12.3 ml) were combined with succinic anhydride (0.415 mmol) and triethylamine (0.58 ml, 4.15 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours, poured into 1 M aqueous triethylammonium hydrogen carbonate (120 ml), and the resulting products were extracted with methylene chloride (3.times.150 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The residue was fractionated by silica gel chromatography using methanol-triethylamine-methylene chloride (0:1:99 to 2:1:97, v/v/v) as eluent. Fractions containing the pure-o-hemisuccinate were combined and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 1.2-dimethoxyethane, pentachlorophenol (0.783 g, 2.94 mmol), followed by addition of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (0.606 g, 2.94 mmol). The solution was stirred for 24 hours and evaporated to dryness. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using acetone-methylene chloride (5.95 to 8.92, v/v) as eluent. Fractions containing pure succinate diester were combined and evaporated to dryness. Precipitation of the residue from petroleum ether resulted in a colorless powder (1.69 g) at a yield of 56%.
Long-chain alkylamine controlled pore glass (5 g from Sigma) was activated with triethylamine (0.3 ml, 1.5 mmol) in pyridine (10.5 ml). After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was suspended in a solution of succinate diester (1.69 g, 2.5 mmol) in dry pyridine (15 ml). After the mixture was stirred gently for 3 days at room temperature, the solid material was collected by suction, washed thoroughly with pyridine and methylene chloride, and dried. The glass beads were suspended in a capping solution 24 mol) made from acetic anhydride (0.186 ml), 19.98 mmol), 2.6-lutidine (0.198 ml, 1.71 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.8 g, 14.7 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (30 ml). The mixture was stirred for 10 min. and the glass beads were collected by suction, washed with tetrahydrofuran (2.times.20 ml) and methylene chloride (4.times.20 ml) and then dried. Spectrophotometric measurement of the amount of dimethoxytrityl cation liberated by treating a portion of the functionalized adenosine-derivatized glass beads with 0.1 M toluene-sulfonic acid in acetonitrile indicated a loading of 24 .mu.mol g.
(.beta.)-Anomeric oligonucleotides, i.e., SEQ ID NOS: 3-6, were synthesized on a Biosearch Cyclone DNA synthesizer using the well known phosphoramide method. The synthesis was carried out on an adenosine derivatized support prepared as described supra. Samples of (.beta.)-anomeric oligos (80 nmol) in 100 .mu.m, of 20 mM Na acetate (pH 4.4) were oxidized with 4.6 .mu.mol Na metaperiodate for 30 minutes at 0.degree. C. in the dark. An equal volume of polylysine (PLL) (mean 14-kDa, Sigma) 80 nmol in 2 M NaCl, 0.2 M Na borate buffer (pH 8.4) and 100 .mu.mol sodium cyanoborohydride were added. The mixture was incubated overnight at 20.degree. C. and then loaded on Sephadex G-50 column equilibrated with 0.5 M NaCL, 20 mM Na acetate buffer (pH 6.0). Each fraction was assayed for its oligo-PLL content by absorbance at 260 nm and by the BCA protein assay (from Pierce). The conjugates were stored at -80.degree. C.
PSA positive CHO-wt cells were incubated with 0.9 .mu.g oligo-PLL conjugate, and activity was measured as above.
In a third set of experiments, 3'-cholesterol-modified oligodeoxynucleotides were prepared according to Chou, J. H. et al., Cancer Research 54 (1994) 5783-5787 and Reed, M. W., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 2 (1991) 217-225, both of which are incorporated by reference.
Cholesterol-modified CPG (controlled pore glass) was used as support. The oligonucleotides were prepared from 2 .mu.mol columns of these supports on an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA Synthesizer using the 1 .mu.mol protocol supplied by the manufacture. 3'-cholesterol-modified oligonucleotides with C.sub.6 -linker were prepared from a commercially available 1 .mu.mol CPG column (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Standard reagents for .beta.-cyanoethylphosphoramidite coupling chemistry were used. After ammonia deprotection, the oligonucleotides were HPLC-purified, detritylated and precipitated from butanol as described in Reed, M. W., et al., supra. The oligonucleotides were at least 90% pure (HPLC).
PSA-positive CHO-wt cells (10,000/well) were plated in 24-well plates and incubated with 3 .mu.mol oligonucleotide per well in 0.5 ml culture medium, and analyzed as above.
EXAMPLE 5
Recombinant expression of fusion-free PST in Escherichia coli
The DNA sequence coding for PST is modified in a way which allows for efficient expression in E. coli.
For expression, an expression plasmid is transfected into a suitable E. coli strain using standard methodologies. Such strains are, in the case of the use of an expression plasmid under the control of lac repressor such as the expression plasmid p11379, strains which possess a sufficiently high intracellular concentration of lac repressor. These kinds of strains can be prepared by transfection of a second plasmid such as pREP4 (Diagen GmbH), pUBS 500 or pUBS520 (Brinckmann et al., Gene 85 109-114 (1989)). The E. coli strains employed should preferably have low protease activity, as is the case, for instance, with E. coli UT5600 (Earhart et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 6: 277-280 (1979)), E. coli BL21 (Grodberg and Dunn, J. Bacteriol. 170: 1245-1253 (1988)) or E. coli B. Expression cultivation is accomplished in a fashion according to the state of the art. For recovery, PST obtained as a protein aggregate from E. coli is processed, e.g., according to the procedures described in EP 0 241 022, EP 0 364 926, EP 0 219 874 and DE-A 40 37 196 all of which are incorporated by reference. An example of such a protocol is set forth.
PST-containing protein aggregates from E. coli fermentation (so called "inclusion bodies") are solubilized in 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, 100 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, subsequently adjusted to a pH of 3 to 4 and dialyzed against 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride at pH 3.5. The renaturing of the solubilized protein is then carried out in 1 M arginine at pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM GSH (glutathione, reduced) and 0.5 mM GSSG (glutathione, oxidized). From the renaturing preparation, PST can be obtained, for instance, after addition of 1.4 M ammonium sulfate by adsorption to hydrophobic gel matrices such as Fractogel TSK Butyl and subsequent elution in 20 mM TrisHCl at pH 7.
EXAMPLE 6
Recombinant expression of PST in mammalian cells
In order for recombinant PST to be expressed in heterologous mammalian cells, DNA from a first mammalian species which encodes a PST is ligated into a vector and is then transcribed in cells of a second mammalian species. This approach is used, e.g., to produce human PST in CHO cells, although it should be understood that a coding sequence from a mammalian species can also be transfected into cells of the same species. A strong promoter-enhancer system can be used, and in the case of genomic PST fragments, this step is required because the promoters of PST are active only in certain cell types (e.g. melanomas). Thus endogenous promoters may not be suitable for general recombinant expression in all cell types. Expression can also be accomplished by homologous recombination in vitro, whereby a suitable exogenous promoter is used in combination with a PST coding region. Such exogenous promoters and enhancers are generally from viruses such as SV40, hCMV, polyoma, or retroviruses. Alternatively, one can use promoter enhancer systems which are specific to a certain cell type or tissue type, such as WAP- or immune globulin promoters, or systems which are inducible, such as metallothionein and MMTV promoters. These constructs supplement the PST cDNA with donor and acceptor signals for RNA processing as well as a signal for poly-A-addition. For example, pCMX-pL1 (Umesono et al., Cell 65: 1255-1266 (1991)) is a suitable vector containing a CMV promoter. The PST cDNA is provided with EcoRI linkers and then ligated into the vector's single EcoRI cleavage site and, by using the other known cleavage sites in the polylinker of this vector, the PST cDNA is oriented in the proper reading frame for promotion of expression by the CMV promoter. An analogous procedure is applied when cloning into other vectors, such as pCDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego/USA) or pSG5 (Stratagene, LaJolla/USA). The DNA of these expression plasmids is from E. coli and may be transfected into a mammalian cell sample of choice, applying standard techniques. See, e.g. Methods of Enzymology 185 (Gene Expression Technology), ed. David V. Goeddel, Academic Press 1991, section V. After transfection, the cells may be cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) without addition of fetal calf serum, whereby PST is detectible in the cell culture supernatant after 48 hours.
An example of such a system is the expression of pEPST-ME7 cDNA in the mutant clone CHO-2A10, in NCAM-positive subclones of NIH-3T3 cells, and in COS-hN-6. In each case surface expression of PSA was shown by immunofluorescence using mAb 735 as is now explained. The presence of PSA in these cells indicates that PST is being expressed, because the cells normally do not produce PSA.
Tissue culture dishes were seeded with freshly trypsinized cells 18 hours before transfection with 2 mg of pEPST-ME7, or an equal amount of the base vector pCDM8 described supra, using lipofectamin (Gibco BRL). 62 hours later, transfected cells were incubated with the PSA specific mab 735 for 30 minutes at room temperature, and any mab bound to target was detected with fluorescein conjugated, anti-mouse Fab fragments.
EXAMPLE 7
Digoxigenin(DIG)-labelled RNA probes
For preparing a probe, a nucleic acid fragment to be employed for hybridization is cloned in a suitable transcription vector (with a T3, T7 or SP6 promoter). For labelling, 1 to 2 .mu.g of the plasmid were linearized, purified by means of phenol/chloroform extraction and precipitated with ethanol. 1 to 2 .mu.g DNA (dissolved in DEPC-treated H.sub.2 O), 2 .mu.l 10.times. transcription buffer, 40 U RNA polymerase (T3, T7 or SP6), 2 .mu.l NTP/DIG-UTP mixture (10 mM ATP, CTP, GTP; 6.5 mM UTP; 3.5 mM DIG-UTP) and 1 .mu.l RNase inhibitor (20 U/.mu.l) were augmented with H.sub.2 O to a volume of 20 .mu.l.
This preparation was incubated for two hours at 37.degree. C. Subsequently the DNA is removed by the addition of 2 .mu.l RNase-free DNase I (10 U/.mu.l) and by further incubation for 15 minutes at 37.degree. C. The reactions were stopped by adding 1 .mu.l 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0), and the synthesized RNA was precipitated with 0.1 vol. 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 2.5 vol. ethanol. The RNA was washed once with 70% ethanol, dried and then dissolved in 100 .mu.l H.sub.2 O (DEPC-treated). To determine labelling efficiency a dilution series of the labelled sample and of a labelled control RNA are fixed on a nylon membrane and subsequently developed with the anti-DIG-Fab-AP conjugate as described in Example 8, infra.
EXAMPLE 8
Hybridization
RNA or DNA immobilized on nylon membranes was hybridized with DIG-labelled RNA probes. Hybridization was carried out under identical conditions, except that lower hybridization temperatures were used for DNA-RNA hybridizations.
The membranes were first pre-hybridized in hybridizing buffer (50% formamide, 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 7% SDS, 0.1% N-lauroylsarcosine, 5.times. SSC, 2% blocking reagent) for 1 to 2 hours (65.degree. C. in the case of RNA-RNA and 50.degree. C. in the case of DNA-RNA hybridizations). Hybridization with DIG-labelled probe was carried out for 16 to 90 hours and, at 65.degree. C. and 50.degree. C., respectively. Immediately beforehand, the probe was heated to 98.degree. C. for 5 minutes and subsequently cooled on ice. After hybridization, the membrane was washed, twice for 5 minutes in 2.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS (at ambient temperature) and twice for 15 minutes in 0.1.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS (at 65.degree. C.).
The detection of the hybridized probe was carried out applying the following procedure:
1. Wash in buffer 1 (150 mM NaCl, 100 mM maleic acid pH 7.5) for 2 minutes;
2. Saturate the membrane in buffer 2 (1% blocking reagent in buffer 1) for 30 to 60 minutes;
3. Incubate with anti-DIG-Fab-AP conjugate (1:10,000 diluted in buffer 2; 75 mU/ml) for 30 minutes;
4. Wash twice in buffer 1 with 0.3% Tween-20 for 15 minutes;
5. Wash in buffer 3 (100 mM NaCl, 100 mM Tris/HCl pH 9.5) for 2 minutes.
The membrane, together with the substrate solution (CSPD: �di-sodium-3-(4-methoxyspiro{1,2-dioxetane-3,2'-(5'-chloro)tricyclo�3.3.1.13,7!decan}-4-yl)phenylphosphate! diluted at a ratio of 1:100 in buffer 3), was wrapped in plastic foil and incubated for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C. Thereafter, the substrate solution was removed from the foil, the foil was sealed, and the signals detected by exposure to X-ray, and development on film. The optimum exposure times were between 30 minutes and 2 hours.
EXAMPLE 9
As a first step in isolating a coding sequence for human PST, an appropriate eukaryotic cell system was needed. COS and CHO cells are used, frequently, as recipients for eukaryotic DNA, and were tested to determine if they were appropriate.
Samples of both COS-1 cells, and CHO cells, were transfected with plasmid pH.beta.A-NCAM. This plasmid encodes a transmembrane form of the neural cell adhesion molecule ("NCAM"), which has a molecular weight of about 140 kDa. See Dickson, et al., Cell 50: 1119-1130 (1987), incorporated by reference. Both before and after transfection, the recipient cells were tested in an indirect immunofluorescence assay for polysialic acid, using monoclonal antibody 735, which is specific for this molecule. See Frosch, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1194-1198 (1985), incorporated by reference. The results of the assay showed that CHO cells were an inappropriate choice, because they expressed PSA before transfection. In contrast, COS-1 cells were negative both before and after transfection. Thus, COS-1 cells were used in the experiments which follow.
EXAMPLE 10
A human fetal brain cDNA library (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) (40 ug) constructed in plasmid pcDNAI was cotransfected into 2.4.times.10.sup.7 COS-1 cells, together with an equal amount of pH.beta.A-NCAM, using lipofectamine.
Forty-eight hours later, cells were tested via fluorescence activated cell sorting, using mAb 735, described supra, following Hayrinen, et al., Mol. Immunol. 26: 523-529 (1989), incorporated by reference. This methodology permitted separation of "mAb 735 positive" cells.
Once the positives were isolated, plasmid DNA in the positive cells was itself isolated, following the classic procedure of Hirt, J. Mol. Biol. 26: 365-369 (1967), incorporated by reference. The isolated plasmids were then amplified in host bacteria MC 1061/P3, using both ampicillin and tetracycline. This was possible because starting plasmid pcDNAI contains supF suppressor tRNA, and thus confers resistance to both antibiotics. In contrast, the pH.beta.-A-NCAM plasmid confers resistance to ampicillin, but not to tetracycline. In this assay, the isolated plasmids were divided into 23 plates, each plate containing about 500 colonies of the bacteria. Plasmid DNA was prepared from each plate. As a result, the procedure results in rescue of positive library clones, but not others.
The recovered plasmid DNA was transfected into COS-1 cells with pH.beta.A-NCAM and then subjected to sibling selection, which is a standard technique, resulting in sequentially smaller, active pools, activity being determined in an immunoassay, using mAb 735, described supra, and mAb 1263, the latter of these being used only in the analysis following cloning. In this way, a single plasmid, i.e., "pcDNAI-PST" was identified which, upon expression in host cells resulted in the appearance of PSA on the host cell surface. The presence of PSA in COS-1 cells co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST and pH.beta.A-NCAM was detected by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody 735, as shown in FIG. 4D. The staining with monoclonal antibody 735 was abolished by pretreatment with endo-N, which hydrolyzes PSA. This is shown in FIG. 4F.
In order to confirm that the NCAM molecule contains polysialic acid (PSA), HeLa cells were cotransfected, using lipofectamine, with pH.beta.A-NCAM alone, or pH.beta.A-NCAM and pcDNAI-PST, in the same manner described supra, on COS-1 cells. Following transfection and incubation, the HeLa cells were subjected to Western Blotting. To perform the blotting, the lysates obtained from 2.times.10.sup.6 cells (untransfected parent or cotransfected cells), were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, and incubated with anti-NCAM antibody (Becton-Dickinson). As shown in FIG. 4G, lysates of untransfected HeLa cells showed only barely detectable cross-reactivity of an .about.100-kDa protein with anti-NCAM antibody (lane 1). In contrast, lysates of HeLa cells co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST and pH.beta.A-NCAM displayed multiple bands of immunoreactivity corresponding to species of 140 kDa and greater molecular mass (see smear in lane 2). Lysates of the co-transfected cells that were treated with endo-N prior to electrophoresis displayed a single sharp band of immunoreactivity corresponding to a 140-kDa protein. These results confirm that pcDNAI-PST encodes a protein involved in synthesis of PSA, and that the PSA is attached to NCAM.
EXAMPLE 11
In view of these results, the sequence of the insert in pcDNAI-PST was deduced, using the classic Sanger methodology (Sanger, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463-5467 (1977)), and is presented as SEQ ID NO: 7. This insert contains an open reading frame which encodes a protein with predicted 359 amino acid residues, (SEQ ID NO: 8) and a deduced molecular mass of 41,279, or about 41-42 kDa.
A hydropathy plot was prepared from the deduced amino acid sequence, using well known techniques. When analyzed, the plot suggests type II transmembrane topology with a short cytoplasmic sequence at the --NH.sub.2 terminus, followed by a transmembrane domain, a so-called stem region, and a large catalytic domain, which one presumes resides in the Golgi lumen. This structure appears to be in agreement with all mammalian glycotransferases cloned thus far (see Schacter, in Fukuda, ed. Molecular Glycobiology Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 88-162).
Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8), shows 27.0% identity with GD3 synthase, an .alpha.-2, 8 sialytransferase (Nara, et al., supra; Sasaki, et al., supra) and 58.2% with "STX", an enzyme of unknown specificity (Kitagawa, et al., supra). There is also much less homology (9.7%) with Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.3GalNAc .alpha.-2,3-sialyltransferase, taught by Lee, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 216: 377-385 (1993).
Moving to a more in depth comparison, the highest degree of homology is found in a portion of the catalytic domain, the sialyl motif "L", (amino acids 141 to 185 in SEQ ID NO: 8) shared by all sialyl transferases cloned to date (Sasaki, et al, supra; Wen, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267: 21011-21019 (1992); Datta, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270: 1497-1500 (1995). Datta, et al., identify this motif as being the binding site for enzyme substrate CMP-NeuNAc. The predicted sialyl motif "S" is located at amino acids 288-300 in SEQ ID NO: 8.
Upstream from motif L, the predicted amino acid sequence shows a cluster of basic amino acids (Arg Arg Arg), at residues 114-116, and one at residues 137-140, i.e., Arg Arg Phe Lys. These clusters are either completely absent or incomplete in the corresponding sequences of GD3 synthase and STX. These basic amino acid clusters in PST may be critical for PST's binding to the acceptor containing multiple negatively charged sialic acid residues. A consensus sequence for polyadenylation was not found in the 3'-flanking sequence of the cloned cDNA; however, one can posit with some assurance that, during construction of the library, PST cDNA synthesis was started at a nucleotide sequence rich in adenine, i.e., nucleotides 1672-1682.
EXAMPLE 12
The distribution of PST mRNA in human tissues was determined via Northern Blotting.
Human fetal and adult brain poly(A).sup.+ RNA was obtained, and electrophoresed in 1.2% agarose gel containing 2.2 M formaldehyde, followed by transfer to a nylon filter. Similarly, Northern blots of human multiple tissue poly(A).sup.+ RNAs were purchased (Clontech, Palo Alto Calif.). The RNAs were hybridized with a gel purified cDNA insert of pcDNAI-PST, which had been labelled with .alpha.�.sup.32 P!-dCTP via random oligonucleotide priming (Feinberg, et al., Anal. Biochem. 132: 6-13 (1983)), in accordance with Bierhuizen, et al., Genes and Dev. 7: 468-478 (1993).
Results, set forth in FIG. 5 show a strong, 6.5 kb band and a weak, 3.7 kb band in poly(A).sup.+ RNA from fetal brain. The size difference is probably due to alternative usage of polyadenylation sites.
When compared to fetal brain, the signal in adult brain was weaker. The signal from fetal lung and fetal kidney was strong, while the fetal liver signal was not. With respect to adult tissues, PST transcripts were detected strongly in heart, spleen, and thymus tissue, and moderately in brain, placenta, lung, large intestine, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes.
Different parts of adult human brain showed differing albeit weak levels of expression. Substantial amounts of PST mRNA were found in thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and cerebral cortex, with moderate amounts in amygdala, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, hippocampus, and putamen. Generally, PST was expressed more in forebrain derivatives than in midbrain, hindbrain, and caudal neural tube derivatives.
EXAMPLE 13
In order to determine whether or not expression of PST mRNA is solely responsible for expression of polysialic acid, immunohistochemical analysis was carried out.
For these experiments, samples of tissue were fixed for 24 hours in cold, 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, (pH 7.4), followed by embedding in paraffin, and sectioning (3 um thickness).
Tissue sections were deparaffinized, hydrated, and then immersed in absolute methanol containing 0.3% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 for 30 minutes.
Following this, mAb 735 described supra was used to determine presence of PSA, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase methodology taught by Hsu, et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29: 577-580 (1981). Briefly, biotinylated mAb 735 was contacted to the sections, followed by avidin-peroxidase complexes, and then a peroxidase substrate which yields a color upon reaction with the enzyme.
FIGS. 6A to 6D show strong presence of polysialic acid in neurons of fetal cerebral cortex, bronchial epithelia of fetal lung (arrows in FIG. 6B), Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus (see the arrows in FIG. 6C), and epithelial cells of the thymus (arrowheads in FIG. 6C). In contrast, tissues lacking PST mRNA were also negative for polysialic acid staining. These results suggest, strongly, that PST alone is responsible for biosynthesis of polysialic acid.
EXAMPLE 14
A study was carried out to determine what effect, if any, polysialic acid expression in living substrates had on neurite outgrowth. It has been reported that neural cell migration and axon outgrowth were influenced by polysialic acid expressed on either neural cells, or crude membrane substrates prepared from chick tectum. See Tang, et al., Neuron 13: 405-414 (1994). Doherty, et al., Neuron 5: 209-219 (1990); Boisseau, et al., Development 112: 69-82 (1991). In one of these studies (Doherty, et al), neurite outgrowth was observed in neural cells on substrate cultures of 3T3 cells which had been transfected to express NCAM. HeLa cells, cotransfected as described in Example 10, supra, were used as substrate for growth of sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia of 10 day old chick embryos, and neurons from ventral portions of spinal cords from six day old chick embryos, which predominantly contained motor neurons. Prior work by Doherty, et al., Neuron 5: 209-219 (1990) has shown that both of these cell types express both NCAM and polysialic acid.
Cells were trypsinized (0.5% trypsin), counted, seeded at low density over monolayers of HeLa cells, and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The sensory neuron culture had nerve growth factor added to it as well.
Cultures were grown up for 15 hours, after which they were fixed with 4% formaldehyde, in phosphate buffered saline. The fixed cells were then stained with anti neurofilament antibody RM 0270 (Lee, et al., J. Neurosci. 7: 3474-3488 (1987)), followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated mouse anti-IgG antibody. The length of the neurites were measured, using the standard "JAVA" morphometric system (Jandel Scientific), via epifluorescence. The longer neurite of each neuron was measured for 30 neurons within adjacent fields, in duplicate experiments. Only neurons whose neurites did not overlap others were included. Mean neurite lengths, and the number of neurite branches per neuron occurring on three different substrates (untransfected HeLa cells, those transfected by N-CAM cDNA, and cells transfected by both N-CAM cDNA, and PST cDNA), were counted, and compared by Student's T test.
FIGS. 7A, B and C show these results. Those neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia (almost exclusively sensory neurons), showed modest neurite outgrowth on confluent layers of untransfected HeLa cells (mean length; 196.3 .mu.m), as in FIG. 7A and HeLa cells expressing N-CAM (171.3 .mu.m), as in FIG. 7B. Those cells cultured on the cotransfectants, however, grew neurites with a mean length of 253.6 .mu.m. See FIG. 7C. The branching on these neurons (mean: 4.0 branches/neuron) was significantly higher than those grown on cells transfected with NCAM only (2.3 branches/neuron). The same pattern was found with the spinal cord derived neurons, which are mainly motor neurons (FIGS. D, E and F).
The work set forth herein shows that polysialic acid is a critical regulator of neurite outgrowth on living cells.
EXAMPLE 15
Isolation of Nucleic Acids Encoding Mouse PST
1. Isolation of Mouse PST cDNA
To isolate nucleic acids encoding mouse PST, cDNAs were prepared using RNA isolated from neonatal brain of BALB/c mice as the template, following standard procedures. The cDNAs were subjected to nucleic acid amplification (performed according to standard procedures) using oligonucleotides based on the human PST cDNA (see Sequence ID NO: 7) as primers. Specifically, the first primer corresponded to nucleotides 206-225 in SEQ ID NO: 7 and the second primer corresponded to the complement of nucleotides 1284-1299 in SEQ ID NO: 7. The product of this amplification procedure, which is similar in length to the cDNA encoding human PST, is purified, ligated into a plasmid such as pBluescript II, and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
2. Isolation of Genomic DNA Encoding Mouse PST
Genomic DNA was isolated from mouse cell line I29SVJ according to standard procedures and ligated into the Lambda FIX II cloning vector. The resulting genomic DNA library was screened using conditions as described supra for hybridization to an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to nucleotides 1-557 of SEQ ID NO: 7. Hybridizing plaques were purified and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. DNA sequence analysis of the genomic DNA thus isolated revealed that it contains at least two exons: one corresponding to an extreme 5' domain of the human PST cDNA (i.e., nucleotides 1-325 of SEQ ID NO: 7) and a second corresponding to a more downstream location of the human PST cDNA (i.e., nucleotides 458-715 of SEQ ID NO: 7). Through such analysis of the complete isolated DNA, the genomic structure of the gene encoding mouse PST can be elucidated. The resulting information is particularly useful in designing gene "knock-out" experiments in mice, wherein the mouse PST gene in mouse embryos is rendered nonfunctional. The resulting transgenic mice are then analyzed for the effects of a lack of PST activity.
EXAMPLE 16
PST Is Capable of Catalyzing The Synthesis of In Vivo, In The Absence of N-CAM
The results set forth in examples 1-15 established that PST, when expressed together with N-CAM in cell lines such as HeLA, CHO-2A10, and NIH/3T3, results in the production of polysialic acid (PSA). To ascertain whether PST can catalyze synthesis of PSA in cells which do not express N-CAM, COS-1 cells were transiently transfected with cDNA encoding PST, without cotransfection with cDNA encoding an N-CAM substrate. Transfection was carried out using the plasmid pcDNAI-PST, described supra, using lipofectamine. After 48 hours, the transfected COS-1 cells were subjected to immunoflourescent staining, using murine monoclonal antibodies M6703 (Nakayama, et al, J. Histochem Cytochem 41:1563-1572 (1993)) 12E3 (Seki, et al. Anat. Embryol 184: 395-401 (1991)), and 735 (Frosch, et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1194-1198 (1985)). All of these references are incorporated by reference. The mAb M6703 is known to react with oligosialic acids which contain 2 or 3 .alpha.-2,8 linked sialic acid residues, 12E3 reacts with polysialic acids containing 6 or more residues of .alpha.-2,8 linked sialic acid, and 735 with polysialic acids containing 8 or more of these residues.
Following staining with the murine mabs, fluoresein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated goat-antimouse IgG antibody F(ab').sub.2 fragments were added to detect M6703 and 735, while FITC conjugated goat-antimouse IgM antibody F(ab').sub.2 fragments were used to detect 12E3. The IFA protocol was identical to that described supra.
The strongest staining pattern obtained was that using 12E3. These results indicate that the majority of PSAs formed by PST were those containing 6 or more .alpha.-2,8 linked sialic acid residues.
It was confirmed that N-CAM was absent, because there was no staining of the transfectants with an anti N-CAM antibody. Thus, PST does not require N-CAM in order to produce PSAs.
These results were confirmed, using HeLa as the host cell line. In these experiments, parallel experiments, HeLa cells were co-transfected with pcDNAI-PST and pSV.sub.2 neo, and selected with antibiotic G418, using standard protocols, i.e., those described in the prior examples. Following the selection, immunofluorescent staining was carried out in the same manner described for the COS-1 cells.
Transfected HeLa cells were stained with mAb 735. When the transfectants were treated with the enzyme endo-N, which is known to cleave PSA, no staining was detected by antibody 735. The data generated and described herein show that N-CAM is not required for production of PSA, when PST is present.
EXAMPLE 17
PST Adds PSA To Molecules Other Than N-CAM In Vitro: Construction of Vectors Encoding Fusion Proteins
The data from the example 16 suggest that PST can add PSA to molecules other than N-CAM. A series of experiments were carried out to further demonstrate PSA synthesis via PST in vitro, beginning with the following.
A fusion protein was produced, using a putative catalytic domain for PST, a signal peptide, and an IgG binding domain. The signal peptide was derived from human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and the IgG binding domain was that of the S. aureus protein A.
The fusion protein was prepared using cDNA sequences, and the well known polymerase chain reaction ("PCR" hereafter). The pcDNAI-PST plasmid was used as a template. The upstream and downstream primers used were:
5'-CGGGATCCGG GTGAATTGTC TTTGAGTCGG T-3' (SEQ ID NO:9) and
5'-GGGGTACCTC AAAATGTGCT TTATTGCTTT ACAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:10).
IN SEQ ID NO:9, the underlined portion is a BamHI restriction site, while the underlined portion of SEQ ID NO:10 is a KpnI restriction site.
Following standard PCR techniques, the resulting product encompassed nucleotides 118 (codon 40) through 1092 (12 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon. Thus, amino acids 40-359 of SEQ ID NO:8 constitute a soluble, PST active molecule.
Parallel to this procedure, the plasmid pAMoA-GD3, described by Sasaki, et al., J. Biol. Chem 22:15950-15956, (1994) incorporated by reference, was digested with BamHI and KpnI, with the result that pAMoA was formed, which contained only DNA encoding the human G-CSF signal sequence and a sequence encoding S. aureus protein A.
The PCR product referred to herein was then digested with the same two endonucleases, and cloned into pAMoA, using standard methods. The resulting plasmid has been named pAMoA-PST.
The plasmid pAMoA-PST was then digested with SalI and Asp718, resulting in excision of cDNA encoding a fusion protein consisting of the human G-CSF signal peptide, S. aureus protein A, and the PST sequence referred to, supra. The released cDNA insert was filed in using Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, and cloned into pcDNAI which had been digested previously with EcoRV. The resulting plasmid was named pcDNAI-A PST. A control vector was also prepared, consisting of only signal peptide and protein A cDNA. This vector was named pcDNAI-A. Standard methodologies were used to confirm that the vectors were in proper 5'-3' orientation.
EXAMPLE 18
PST Adds Sialic Acid To Molecules Other Than N-CAM
The vectors pcDNAI-A PST and pcDNAI-A were transfected, separately, into COS-1 cells, using the lipofectamine method described, supra. The transfected cells were cultured for 62 hours, after which any fusion protein secreted into culture medium was adsorbed to IgG-Sepharose 6FF, essentially following the methods of Kukowska-Latallo, et al., Genes Dev 4: 1288-1303 (1990), and Bierhuizen, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89:9326-9330 (1992), both of which are incorporated by reference. Resin was collected via centrifugation, washed nine times with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 containing 1% bovine serum albumin followed by two washes with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 7.5 mM CaCl.sub.2, and 0.05% Tween 20. Finally, the resin was suspended in an equal volume of serum free medium opti-MEM1. This entire procedure is akin to that described by Kukowska-Latallo, et al., supra Sasaki, et al., J. Biol. Chem 22:15950-15956 (1994), incorporated by reference.
The enzyme activity of the fusion protein was tested �following Sasaki, et al., supra, and Kojima, et al., FEBS Lett 360:1-4 (1995), incorporated by reference!. Briefly, a substrate solution was prepared, which contained 100.lambda.g of a substrate sialylated glycoprotein (elaborated upon infra), dissolved in 50 .mu.l of 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 6.0), which contained 20 mM MnCl.sub.2, 1% Triton CF-54, and 2.4 nmoles of CMP-�.sup.14 C! NeuNAc, which served as a donor substrate. An aliquot of 50 .mu.l of the solution containing the fusion protein was added, mixed, and the resulting mixture was incubated at 37.degree. C., for either 4 hours, or 24 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was centrifuged. Samples (20 .mu.l), of the resulting supernatant were mixed with 20 .mu.l of the sample buffer for SDS-gel electrophoresis, described by Lemmli, Nature 227:680-685 (1970). These mixtures were heated at 85.degree. C. for 3 minutes. The remaining sample was stored at -70.degree.0 C. until used.
The products contained in the sample buffer were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7.5% acrylamide gel), and any sialic acids incorporated therein were determined fluorographically. The fluorography was carried out by fixing the gels in 40% methanol, for 30 minutes, followed by two 15 minute soaks in dimethylsulfoxide followed by soaking in dimethylsulfoxide containing 2,5-diphenyloxazole (18.5 g in 88 ml of DMSO) in accordance with Bonner, et al., Eur. J. Biochem 46:83-88 (1974), incorporated by reference.
The sialylated glycoproteins referred to supra were rat .alpha..sub.1,--acid glycoprotein, fetuin, and human .alpha..sub.1,--acid glycoprotein, all of which had been purchased from Sigma.
In order to analyze the linkages of any incorporated sialic acids, 90% ethanol was added to the reaction mixtures, followed by centrifugation. The products were washed, once in 90% ethanol, and the samples were then digested with one of NANase I (0.17 units/ml), NANase II (5 units/ml), or NANase III (1.7 units/ml), all of which are commercially available. The digestion was at 37.degree. C. for 19 hours, in accordance with the supplier's instructions. NANase I cleaves .alpha.-2,3 linked sialic acids. NANase II cleaves .alpha.-2,3 linked sialic acids as well as .alpha.-2,6 linked sialic acids. NANase III cleaves all of .alpha.-2,3 linked sialic acids, .alpha.-2,6 linked sialic acids, and .alpha.-2,8 linked sialic acids. Also, reaction mixtures were digested for 36 hours with either of N-Glycanase, following the manufacturer's instructions, or with endoneuraminidase ("endo-N"), in accordance with Hallenback, et al., J. Biol. Chem 262:3553-3561 (1987), incorporated by reference. Following digestion, the materials were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography, as described herein.
When fetuin was incubated for 24 hours in the manner described, a wide, high molecular weight band (100-170 kd), was formed. While some small amounts of wide and high molecular weight bands were found for the two a acid glycoproteins, the majority of the radioactivity from the donor substrate moved very close to the position of untreated glycoproteins (.apprxeq.48 kd for rat, and 44 kd for human).
The products formed by PST were not susceptible to NANase II digestion, but were digested by NANase III, which differs from NANase II in its ability to cleave .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acid. Further, the products were susceptible to cleavage by both endoneuriminadase, and N-Glycanase.
The conclusion drawn from this is that the wide, high molecular weight bands represent glycoproteins containing polysialic acid side chains in N-Glycans. The digestion pattern with the NANases and N-Glycanase proves that the attachment was through .alpha.-2,8 linkages.
When fetuin product was treated with endo-N, it migrated at about 90 kd, which is larger than the untreated molecule. This can probably be attributed to the inability of endo-N to cleave polysialic acid chains which are shorter than 5 or 6 sialic acid residues in length, as was explained, supra. The product following endo-N treatment most likely represents fetuin containing polysialic acid chains consisting of 6 or fewer .alpha.-2,8 sialic acid residues in a side chain. Spiro, et al., J. Biol Chem 263: 18253-18268 (1988), show that fetuin contains both N- and O- linked oligosaccharides. Since N-Glycanase treatment removed almost all of the incorporated sialic acid, it can be concluded that polysialylation took place on N-glycans.
EXAMPLE 19
Requirements of a PST Acceptor
In a further set of experiments, investigations were carried out to determine what requirements had to be satisfied by a molecule for it to act as a PST acceptor. Since the previous example showed that fetuin did act as a PST acceptor, it was digested with various neuraminidases and with N-Glycanase, to yield a series of digestion products. These products were then used in acceptor experiments. Briefly, the fetuin was digested with NANase I, II, III or N-Glycanase, in the same manner as was described, supra. Following digestion, 90% ethanol was added to the mixture, mixed well, digested substrate was recovered by centrifugation, and washed with 90% ethanol. These products were desialylated (NANase treatment), or deglycosylated (N-Glycanase treatment). They were then used in precisely the same way that the rat .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoproteins were used, supra. The results, show that once .alpha.-2,3-linked sialic acids were removed from fetuin, PST did not add sialic acid residues, whether or not .alpha.-2,6 linked sialic acid residues were present (see the two left most lanes of the figure). When N-glycans were removed, there was no incorporation either (see last lane from the left).
These studies confirm that PSA is attached to an .alpha.-2,3 linked sialic acid on a glycoconjugate template and that PST alone can add the first .alpha.-2,8 .alpha. linked sialic acid to a precursor containing .alpha.2,3-linked sialic acid and then add multiple .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic residues to the acceptor, yielding PSA. The experiment also established an in vitro assay system for PSA synthesis.
The foregoing examples set forth, as one aspect of the invention, isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode polysialic acid transferases. These transferases may be eukaryotic proteins, more preferably mammalian, and most preferably human. Among the non-human mammalian species embraced by the invention are various rodent species, such as mouse, rat, rabbit, and guinea pig "PSTs". Especially preferred are isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 7, as well as their complementary sequences, as well as isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode proteins consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 8. Also preferred are isolated nucleic acid molecules consisting of nucleotides 301-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and consisting of nucleotides 213-1289 of SEQ ID NO: 7. Also included are isolated nucleic acid molecules which (i) code for PST proteins as described herein and which hybridize with one or both of nucleotides 721-1200 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and nucleotides 633 to 1112 of SEQ ID NO: 7 under stringent conditions. The term stringent conditions is discussed below.
Proteins such as those coded by the sequences set forth supra, and all isolated protein having PST activity are also a feature of the invention. These proteins may have particular amino acid sequences, such as that of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The PST proteins can occur in natural allelic variations which differ from individual to individual. Such variations of the amino acids are usually amino acid substitutions. However, they may also be deletions, insertions or additions of amino acids to the total sequence. The PST protein according to the invention--depending, both in respect of the extent and type, on the cell and cell type in which it is expressed--can be in glycosylated or non-glycosylated form.
The term "polysialyl transferase activity" denotes the protein's capability of catalyzing the polycondensation of .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acids in vivo and/or in vitro. The number of sialic acids that are being condensed is dependent on the surrounding conditions, including, e.g., the cell type in which condensation takes place, and on the CMP-activated substrate (sialic acid or derivatives, e.g. N-glycolylneuraminic acid or N-acetylneuraminic acid). The number of condensed sialic acids may vary widely and ranges between but a few (e.g. 10) and several hundreds or thousands of such monomers. Preferably, N-acetylneuraminic acid residues are condensed. PST activity may also include induction of PSA synthesis in NCAM expressing cell lines as well as cell-free synthesis of oligosaccharides. Expression of PST in tumorigenic cells can influence metastatic efficiency of the cells, and expression of PST in substrate cells and/or nerve cells can also regulate neurite outgrowth, as was shown, supra.
The polysialyltransferases of the invention catalyze the polycondensation of sialic acids on acceptor structures like NCAM but do not use isolated poly- or oligomeric N-acetylneuraminic acid substrates like colominic acid or capsular polysaccharides from E.coli K1, E.coli K92 or Neisseria meningitidis sero group B. In contrast to this, the bacterial polysialyltransferases use such substrates from E.coli K1 (PST of C.Weisgerber et al., Glycobiol. 1 (1991) 357) E.coli K92 (PST of S. M. Steenbergen et al., J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 1099), or from Neisseria meningitidis sero group B (M. Frosch et al., Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 1251). Therefore, the polysialyltransferases according to the invention show a different acceptor specificity than bacteria polysialylic transferases.
The term "do not use isolated poly- or oligomeric N-acetylneuraminic acid substrates" means that a conversion of these substrates cannot be observed within the detection limit in an appropriate detection method. Such methods of detection are well known to one skilled in the art and are described, for instance, in Cho and Troy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 11427-11431.
"Isolated" and/or "purified" as used herein indicates that the material modified thereby has been modified from its native, in vivo cellular environment. As a result of this modification, the recombinant DNAs, RNAs, polypeptides and proteins of the invention are useful in ways that the DNAs, RNAs, polypeptides or proteins as they naturally occur are not, such as in the isolation of nucleic acids encoding related proteins and in the treatment of certain pathological conditions.
"Stringent conditions" as used herein, refers to hybridization in the presence of 1M NaCl, 1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate, followed by two washes of a filter at room temperature for 5 minutes, in 2.times. SSC, and one final wash for 30 minutes. This final wash may be at 0.5.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS, more preferably at 0.2.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS, and most preferably at 0.1.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS, final wash taking place at 65.degree. C. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other conditions will afford the same degree of stringency, and are encompassed by the phraseology "under stringent conditions", and are encompassed herein.
With the aid of the nucleic acid molecules provided by the invention, and techniques well known to the skilled artisan, the PST gene or its variants in genomes of any mammalian cells and tissue, preferably in such cells or tissue which are positive for PSA may be isolated. Such processes and suitable standard stringent hybridization conditions are known to a person skilled in the art and are described for example by J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1989) and B. D. Hames, et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach (1985). In this case the standard protocols described in these publications are usually used for the experiments. In particular section IX of Hames, "Hybridization of radiolabeled probes to immobilized nucleic acid", page 947-962 with regard to the hybridization of nucleic acid molecules, and to section XI, page 1145-1161, "Conditions for hybridization of oligonucleotide probes" with regard to the hybridization of oligonucleotide probes, both quotations beings incorporated herein by reference. Standard stringent conditions are also described, for example, by Holtke and Kessler, "The Dig System User's Guide For Filter Hybridization" (1990).
Cells and tissue which are positive for PSA can be identified either by an antibody which is specific for polysialic acids and/or by the use of endoneuraminidase NE. Such specific antibodies can be easily produced according to M. Frosch et al., supra or according to Moolenaar, et al., supra, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The isolation of endoneuraminidase NE is described in S. Tomlinson and P. W. Taylor, J. Virol. 55: 374-378 (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference. Endoneuraminidase NE degrades .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acids with at least 8 sialic acid residues and releases in the cell or tissue supernatant monomeric sialic acids.
For the detection of these free neuraminic acids (sialic acids), an assay is described by L. Warren, J. Biol. Chem. 234: 1971-1975 (1959), which is incorporated herein by reference. With this thiobarbituric acid assay (TBA assay) free reducing ends (also oligomers as are obtained in the endoneuraminadase NE digest, 3 to 8 residues) are detectable.
Thus it is possible to detect polysialic acid in cells by harvesting the cells, washing in PBS, digesting with endoneuraminidase NE (in PBS), employing the supernatant with released sialic acid oligomers in the TBA assay and in the calorimetric detection.
For example, nucleic acids encoding mammalian proteins having PST activity may be isolated by screening suitable cDNA or genome libraries under suitable hybridization conditions with nucleic acids disclosed herein (including nucleic acids derived from any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 7). The library can be screened with a portion of the disclosed nucleic acids including substantially the entire coding sequence thereof or with a suitable oligonucleotide probe based on a portion of the nucleic acids. As used herein, a probe is a single-stranded DNA or RNA that has a sequence of nucleotides that includes at least about 10-50 contiguous bases, preferably 16-40, most preferably 25-30, that are the same as (or the complement of) any contiguous bases set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 7. Preferred regions from which to construct probes include sequences predicted to encode transmembrane domains, catalytic domains, sialylmotifs and the like.
Either the full-length cDNA clones, fragments thereof or oligonucleotides based on portions of the cDNA clones can be used as probes, preferably labeled with suitable label means for ready detection. Non-radioactive labels are preferred. These probes can be used for identification and isolation of additional nucleic acids encoding proteins having PST activity.
Thus, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for identifying nucleic acids encoding proteins having PST activity said method comprising: contacting mammalian DNA with a nucleic acid probe as described above, wherein said contacting is carried out under conditions favorable to the hybridization of the probe to its complement, and identifying nucleic acid molecules which hybridize to the probe.
After screening the library, positive clones are identified by detecting a hybridization signal; the identified clones are characterized by DNA sequence analysis and then examined by comparison with sequences set forth herein to ascertain whether they encode a complete PST protein. The cDNA clones can be incorporated into expression vectors and expressed in suitable host cell lines as described herein to determine if the corresponding protein product displays PST activity as also described herein.
Alternatively, nucleic acid amplification techniques which are well known to those of skill in the art, can be used to isolate nucleic acids encoding proteins with PST activity. This is encompassed by employing oligonucleotides based on the sequences disclosed herein in SEQ ID NOS: 1, or 7 as primers for amplifying mammalian RNA or DNA.
Once nucleic acid encoding a particular protein with PST activity has been isolated, ribonuclease (RNase) protection assays and in situ hybridization assays can be employed to determine which cells and tissues express mRNA encoding the protein. These assays provide a sensitive means for detecting and quantifying an RNA species in a complex mixture of total or cellular RNA.
The use of recombinant DNA technology enables the production of numerous PST protein derivatives. Such derivatives can for example be modified in individual or several amino acids by substitution, deletion or addition. The derivatization can for example be carried out by means of site directed mutagenesis. Such variations can be easily carried out by a person skilled in the art (J. Sambrook, supra, B. D. Hames, supra). It merely has to be ensured that the characteristic properties of the PST protein (polysialyl transferase activity) are preserved.
As PST is an intracellular (Golgi-resident) enzyme which may be present in the cell in a dimeric form usually linked via the N-terminus, dimerization in the cell is essentially carried out via the transmembrane region (approximately amino acid Nos. 8 to 20 of SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 8, e.g.). Even when in monomeric form, however, the enzyme will display activity. A soluble enzyme which is monomeric and in which the transmembrane region and, thus, approximately the first 20 to 30 amino acids, preferably 25 amino acids, are absent, is preferred. A soluble enzyme of this type is also active in vitro and catalyzes the polycondensation of .alpha.-2,8-linked sialic acids.
The invention thus also comprises an isolated PST protein which is a product of prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression of an exogenous DNA as described herein.
The invention additionally concerns PST proteins and nucleic acid molecules from other cells and tissue such as mammalian cells and tissues, including mouse, rat, bovine, sheep, etc., which exhibit polysialyl transferase activity in an essentially analogous manner. These proteins can be obtained in a manner well known to the art. For example, given the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein, one screens a library, such as a cDNA library of a particular mammal or other eukaryote, for sequences which hybridize with the complements of disclosed sequences. These "targets" as it were presumably encode functional equivalents of the PST proteins encoded by the disclosed sequences. Transfection with these isolated targets is expected to lead to expression of the PST protein.
With the aid of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, the proteins according to the invention can be obtained in a reproducible manner and in large amounts. The nucleic acid molecules are integrated into suitable expression vectors, such as exogenous nucleic acid molecules, according to methods familiar to a person skilled in the art, and are introduced into a prokaryotic host cell or a eukaryotic host cell. Such an expression vector preferably contains a regulatable/inducible promoter to which the coding sequence is operably linked. These recombinant vectors are then introduced into suitable host cells such as, e.g., E. coli (prokaryote) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Terato carcinoma cell line PA-1 sc 9117 (Buttner et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 11: 3573-3583 (1991)), insect cells, such as Sf9, and all insect cells transfected with baculovirus vector, and also CHO or COS cells. The transformed or transduced host cells are cultured under conditions which allow for expression of the heterologous or homologous gene. The isolation of the protein can be carried out according to known methods from the host cell or from the culture supernatant of the host cell. Such methods are described for example by Ausubel, et al., Curr. Prof. Mol. Biol. John Wiley & Sons (1992). Also, in vitro reactivation of the protein may be necessary and/or useful using art recognized techniques. Thus, the invention provides methods of producing recombinant PST that can be used, for example, in cell-free synthesis of oligosaccharides, in the study of PST structure and function, and in screening compounds as potential inhibitors of PST enzymatic activity. Soluble PST enzyme is preferred for these uses. For recombinant production of soluble PST, it is preferable to utilize a DNA molecule comprising or consisting of PST coding sequences (i.e., nucleotides 301-1377 in SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 213-1289 in SEQ ID NO: 7) lacking nucleotides which code for the first 20-30 or more amino acids of the N-terminus. Particularly preferred are DNA molecules comprising nucleotides 330-1289 of SEQ ID NO: 7 and the equivalent section of SEQ ID NO: 1. Expression of recombinant PST may be further enhanced by including in the PST DNA at positions immediately upstream of the first codon and down of the translation termination codon, respectively, 5' and 3' untranslated sequence (e.g., 5' untranslated sequence approximating a consensus sequence �see, e.g., Kozak (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266: 19867-19870! such as nucleotides 207-212 in SEQ ID NO: 7 and 3' untranslated sequence comprising nucleotides 1293-1304 in SEQ ID NO: 7).
It is further preferred to utilize a host cell that facilitates secretion of the soluble enzyme. For secretion of soluble PST from host cells, the nucleic acid encoding soluble PST is linked, at the 5' end, to nucleic acid encoding a signal peptide capable of directing secretion of proteins in the selected host cell. For example, nucleic acids encoding the protein A signal sequence can be linked to the 5' end of nucleic acid encoding PST for secretion of PST from appropriate host cells, in a manner well known to the skilled artisan.
It is possible to provide a test based upon nucleic acid molecules encoding PST protein, which are then used to detect nucleic acid molecules which code specifically for PST proteins. Such a test can be carried out, e.g., in cells or cell lysates. Such a test can be carried out in accordance with standard nucleic acid diagnostic methods. In such cases, the sample to be examined is brought into contact with a probe which hybridizes with the nucleic acid molecules coding for the PST protein of interest such as nucleotides 301-720 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or sequences specific for 1201 to 1377 of SEQ ID NO: 7. Hybridization between the probe and nucleic acid molecules from the sample indicates the presence of expressed PST proteins. Such methods are known to a person skilled in the art and are for example described in WO 89/06698, EP-A 0 200 362, U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,082, EP-A 0 063 879, EP-A 0 173 251, EP-A 0 128 018. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule of the sample which codes for a PST protein is amplified before testing, e.g. by the well-known PCR technique. A derivatized (labelled) nucleic acid probe is normally used. This probe is brought into contact with a carrier-bound denatured DNA or RNA from the sample and in this process the temperature, ionic strength, pH value and other buffer conditions are selected in such a way that--depending on the length of the nucleic acid molecule sample and the resulting melting temperature of the expected hybrid--the labelled DNA or RNA can bind to homologous DNA or RNA (hybridization, see also J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503 (1975),; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: (1979). Suitable carriers are membranes or carrier materials based on nitrocellulose reinforced or bound nitrocellulose in a powder form or nylon membranes derivatized with various functional groups (e.g. nitro group).
The hybridized DNA or RNA is then detected by incubating the carrier, after thorough washing and saturation to prevent unspecific binding, with an antibody or antibody fragment. The antibody or antibody fragment is directed towards the substance incorporated into the nucleic acid probe during the derivatization. The antibody is in turn labelled. It is, however, also possible to use a directly labelled DNA. After incubation with the antibodies, it is washed again in order to only detect specifically bound antibody conjugates. The determination is then carried out via the label of the antibody or antibody fragment according to well-known methods.
The detection of the PST expression can be carried out for example as:
in situ hybridization with immobilized whole cells using immobilized tissue smears and isolated metaphase chromosomes,
colony hybridization (cells) and plaque hybridization (phages and viruses),
Northern hybridization (RNA detection),
serum analysis (e.g. cell type analysis of cells in serum by slot-blot analysis),
after amplification (e.g. PCR technique).
Since PST preferably is regulated on the mRNA level, it is preferred to carry out, for detecting the PST expression, a hybridization with the mRNA of the cell to be examined.
The invention therefore includes a specific method for the detection of nucleic acid molecules which code for a PST protein which is characterized in that the sample to be examined is incubated with a nucleic acid probe which may be selected from the group comprising nucleic acid molecules or specific oligonucleotides which hybridize with the nucleotides 301 to 720 and/or 1201 to 1377 of SEQ ID NO:1, 633 to 1112 of SEQ ID NO: 7 and their complementary sequences. The nucleic acid probe is incubated with the nucleic acid molecules from the sample and the hybridization of the nucleic acid molecules in the sample and nucleic acid probe is detected, if desired, via a further binding partner.
Thus, PST and its expression is a valuable prognostic marker in tumor diagnostics (metastasis, progress).
Another feature of the invention is oligonucleotide molecules, such as SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, and 6, as well as (a) nucleotides 237-257, (b) nucleotides 434-451, (c) nucleotides 759-775, and (d) nucleotides 1268-1285 of SEQ ID NO: 7, and their complementary sequences which hybridize to PST coding sequences and may specifically inhibit the expression of PST in mammalian cells. It has been found that when an oligonucleotide molecule reaches a length which is more than about 15 to 17 nucleotides the sequence is unique relative to the entire human genome. Thus, these "15.sup.+ meres" are specific to particular regions of the genome. It has been shown that short antisense oligo- nucleotides can be imported into cells and inhibit expression of a gene to which they are targeted (Zamecnik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 83: 4143 (1986)). In particular, oligonucleotide molecules having 15 to 50, preferably 15 to 25, bases are suitable for use.
Therefore, such oligonucleotide molecules which is complementary to, and designed on the basis of portions of the PST genes described herein are useful for inhibiting the expression of PST.
A further embodiment of the invention is an oligonucleotide molecule which hybridizes in a manner which is specific for nucleic acid molecules of mammalian polysialyl transferase, e.g. with a part or all of SEQ ID NO: 1, or SEQ ID NO: 7.
The term "hybridizes in a manner which is specific for a nucleic acid molecule of mammalian polysialyl transferase" means that such a nucleic acid molecule or oligonucleotide molecule, when transfected into mammalian cells such as human cells, binds to the nucleic acid molecules which code for a polysialyl transferase in said cells. Specific binding occurs if these nucleic acid molecules inhibit the expression of PST in a considerable manner (more than 50%, preferably more than 80%, or more than 90%) and in such fashion that the other metabolism processes of the cell are not impaired.
As is shown by comparing SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 8 and the known sequences of sialyl transferase (Sasaki et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 15950-15956 (1994)) and literature cited therein), the region of approx.0 amino acid 141 to approximately amino acid 300 of SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 8 are similar to sialyl motifs of known monosialyl transferases. Accordingly, an oligonucleotide molecule or a nucleic acid molecule which is to hybridize specifically with the PST nucleic acid molecule will at least in its essential part be complementary to sequences in the other regions of SEQ ID NOS: 1, or 7 especially in the coding region of nucleotides 301 to 720 and 1201 to 1377 of SEQ ID NO: 1, 213-632 and 1113-1289 of SEQ ID NO: 7. Especially preferred are oligonucleotides which bind to the PST gene at or in the vicinity of the start codon or the promoter region. Standard hybridization conditions are described in Sambrook et al., supra.
A preferred oligonucleotide molecule interferes in a sequence-specific manner with processes such as the translation of PST mRNA into the protein by binding to PST mRNA. Further oligonucleotide molecules which are suitable for use are oligonucleotide molecules which are complementary to genomic DNA which can interact in forming a triple helical structure (M. Cooney et al., Science 241: 456 (1988) and Duvall-Valentine et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 504-508 (1992)). Formation of a triple helix prevents expression of the gene normally encoded by the double helix.
Preferred oligonucleotide molecules include oligonucleotide derivatives, such as phosphotriester, methylphosphonates, phosphorothioates or substituted oligonucleotides, such as acridine, interchalating coupled oligonucleotides, or .alpha.-anomers or .beta.-anomers (J. J. Toulme and C. Helene, Gene 72: 51-58 (1988)). Phosphorothioates and methylphosphonates are specifically preferred. Such oligo derivatives can be synthesized according to the state of the art, for example by automated technology (S. Beaucage and M. Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 37: 3556 (1981); G. Zon and T. Geiser, Anticanc. Drug Des. 6: 539 (1991); C. A. Stein et al., Pharmacol. Ter. 52: 365 (1991); P. Miller. Biotechnology 9: 358 (1991)). Especially preferred are phosphothioates and methylphosphonates, because they are resistant against serum and intracellular nucleases. Further useful antisense oligonucleotides which are nuclease-resistant are described in P. S. Miller et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides 6: 769-776 (1985).
It is, in principle, possible to use "naked" antisense oligonucleotide molecules according to the invention, because these oligonucleotides can be taken up by cells non-specifically. However, such oligonucleotides are integrated in the cells at a low efficiency. Therefore, in general, a delivery system for antisense oligos is preferred.
Another aspect of the invention is a soluble complex for targeting an antisense oligonucleotide molecule according to the invention which hybridizes in a manner which is specific for nucleic acid molecules encoding mammalian polysialyl transferase with, e.g., a part or all of SEQ ID NO: 1, or SEQ ID NO: 7 complexed with an oligonucleotide molecule binding agent, which complexes the oligonucleotide molecule under extracellular conditions and releases said oligonucleotide molecule under intracellular conditions as an oligonucleotide molecule specifically bindable to polysialyl transferase encoding nucleic acid molecule.
Such delivery systems are well-known in the state of the art. For example, oligonucleotides are covalently coupled to polycations, such as polylysine (M. Lemaitre et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 648-652 (1987)). Further delivery systems using polycation co njugates (e.g. transferrin) are described in WO 92/20316, U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320, WO 92/19281, WO 92/13570, EP-A 0 388 758, WO 93/07283, WO 92/17210, WO 91/17773, WO 93/04701 and transfer peptides as specified in PCT/EP94/01147 are also suitable.
The efficacy of the internalization of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention in cells can be improved by binding the nucleic acid molecule to amphiphilic molecules, such as polyethylene glycol in a complex. Further preferred are the use of transfection reagents, such as DOTMA (WO 91/06309 and WO 91/17424). Liposomes and dendromers are also useful.
In order to attain cell specificity, the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention can be coupled non-covalently to conjugates from a DNA-binding substance (e.g. polycations) and/or a cell-specific ligand (e.g. protein, preferably PSA specific antibody) (Wu, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 4429-4432 (1987); Wu et al. (1988)). Further, internalization of the nucleic acid molecules in cells is accomplished by means of a soluble DNA carrier system consisting of a chemically synthesized conjugate comprising mannose and lactose as the ligands (P. Midoux et al., Nuci. Acids Res. 21: 871-878 (1993)). EP-A 0 388 758 discloses chemically synthesized transferrin polycation conjugates which form complexes with polyanionic nucleic acid molecules. By means of the binding to the transferrin receptor these complexes can be internalized in the target cells.
It is also known to use conjugates of polylysine and asialoglycoprotein (Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621-14624 (1988)) or with a galactose ligand (Plank et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 3: 533-539 (1992)) in the complexes. As ligands there were also employed inactivated adenoviruses (Cotten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6094-6098 (1992); Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6099-6103 (1992)) or hemagglutinin infusion peptides (Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7934-7938 (1992)). WO 93/07283 also describes, with regard to non-viral gene transfer, a "2-ligand-system" comprising a DNA-binding (polycationic) portion (substance with affinity towards nucleic acid molecules) and an internalization factor for the take-up of DNA in the cell. To release the complexes from the endosomes into cytoplasm, there may be added to these complexes, as described in WO 93/07283, a socalled endosomolytic agent which corresponds, for example, to a virus or a virus component (e.g. adenovirus or influenza hemagglutinin).
If the carrier for the oligonucleotide molecule is a conjugate from a cell-specific ligand and a DNA binding substance, these substances are preferred to be covalently linked and the linkage typically is a peptide bond. This can be formed, for example, with a water-soluble carbodiimide as described by G. Jung et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 101: 599-606 (1981). An alternative linkage is a disulfide bond.
A cell-specific agent, which can be a natural or synthetic ligand (for example, a protein polypeptide, glycoprotein, etc.) or it can be an antibody or an analogue thereof which specifically binds to a cellular surface structure which then mediates internalization of the bound complex can be, and is preferably used in these systems. Such antibodies are described in Frosch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1194-1198 (1985) and in Molenaar, et al., Canc. Res. 50: 1102-1106 (1990). The antibodies described in Molenaar recognize epitopes on all NCAM isoforms. After binding, these antibodies are internalized.
Typically, the cell-specific binding agent is a ligand which binds to a cell-surface receptor. Preferably receptors are employed which are specific for such tissue cells from which the tumor to be treated originates.
It is specifically preferred to use the antisense oligos for the treatment of tumor diseases involving a high metastasis potential (small cell lung carcinoma, medulloblastoma, Wilms' tumor and lymphoid tumor. See Kern, et al., Leukemia and Lymphoma 12: 1-10 (1993)). Tumor antigens that are suitable for use as surface receptors are, for instance, the tumor antigens.
It is further preferred that the employed cell-specific ligand acts as a substance which facilitates the internalization of the oligonucleotide molecules according to the invention. Such internalization factors are, for example, transferrin or anti-CD4-antibody.
The optimal ratio of the cell-specific binding agent to the oligonucleotide molecule and the oligonucleotide binding agent in the complexes can be determined empirically. When polycations are used, the molar ratio of the components will vary depending on the size of the polycation and the size of the oligonucleotide. To form the complex, the oligonucleotide molecules and carriers are mixed and incubated under conditions conductive to complexation. For example, the oligonucleotide molecule and carrier can be mixed at the appropriate ratio in 2 mol/l NaCl and the solution can be diluted to 0.15 mol/l and filtered to provide an administerable composition.
The oligonucleotide molecules or the molecular complexes of this invention can be administered parenterally. Preferably, it is injected intravenously. The complex is administered in solution in a physiologically acceptable vehicle.
A further object of the invention therefore is the use of a nucleic acid molecule or oligonucleotide molecule or complex according to the invention, for the production of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumor therapy, especially for prevention or inhibition of metastasis tumors.
Accordingly, a further aspect of the invention provides methods of retarding or preventing tumor metastasis comprising inhibition of PST activity within the tumor cells. Preferred methods of retarding or preventing tumor metastasis comprise introducing into tumor cells oligonucleotides that specifically bind to all or a portion(s) of nucleic acid encoding proteins having PST activity, most preferably oligonucleotides complementary to all or portions of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 7. Preferably, the tumor chosen is melanoma, small cell lung cancer, or lymphoma. Other tumors which are neuro- ectodermal in nature which express inappropriate levels of PST may also be so treated.
In another aspect, the invention involves methods of modulating cellular interactions and adhesion comprising recombinant expression of exogenous PST in appropriate host cells expressing adhesion proteins, e.g., N-CAM. For this purpose, it is preferably to utilize nucleic acids comprising or consisting of PST coding sequences (i.e., nucleotides 301-1377 in SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 213-1289 in SEQ ID NO: 7). The PST-encoding nucleic acid can be introduced into the cells through transfection of the cells with PST-encoding DNA or injection of the cells with PST mRNA. In a particular embodiment, such methods include methods of promoting neurite outgrowth on nerve cells and/or substrate cells on which nerve cells are grown. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the invention involves methods of promoting neuroregeneration comprising transplantation of recombinant PST-expressing neuroepithelial cells into tissues exhibiting neurodegeneration.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, there are provided antibodies generated against the PST proteins disclosed herein. Such antibodies can be employed for studying PST tissue localization, structure of functional domains, purification of PST as well as in diagnostic and therapeutic applications and the like. Preferably, for therapeutic applications, the antibodies employed will be monoclonal antibodies.
The antibodies can be prepared employing standard techniques, as are well known to those of skill in the art, using the invention PST proteins or portions thereof as antigens for antibody production. Both anti-peptide and anti-fusion protein antibodies can be used �see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al. eds.) John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. (1989)!. Factors to consider in selecting portions of the PST protein for use as immunogen (as either a synthetic peptide or a recombinantly produced bacterial fusion protein) include antigenicity, accessibility (i.e., cytoplasmic domains), uniqueness, etc.
The availability of PST-specific antibodies makes possible the application of the technique of immunohistochemistry to monitor the distribution and expression density of the PST protein. In addition PST-specific antibodies can be employed in methods of treating as indicated supra.
Due to the fact that the occurrence of minor errors in the sequencing of DNA sequences cannot be ruled out, it is pointed out that in the event of any discrepancy between the sequence contained in the vector pME7/PST-1 and the sequence stated in SEQ ID NO: 1, the sequence accessible, to the person skilled in the art, from pME7/PST-1 should be resorted to. Other features of the invention will be clear to the skilled artisan and are not presented here.
The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING- (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:- (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2026 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION:301..1377- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1:- GCGACCGCCA CCTCCAATGC ACAAGGTGTC ACATTTGAAA AGAAACCTGA GC - #CCGGGGGA 60- GAAGGCGCTG AGAGACCCTG GCCTGGCTAG TGCAAACTGC GCGGCAGGGC GC - #TGGGCAGC 120- CTGGAGAACC CAGAGAGCTC CACCGCAGAC CATCCTAGCG ACCTGATTCT GG - #GATCTCGG 180- CTCCACGCTC CCTTCGCAAT TTTCAGATTT CTCTCCCTCG ATTATTTCCC CA - #AAACGGAA 240- CCTTTATACC AAGAGAAGGT GCCGGAGCTG GGGCAACCAG GACTTTCCCG GG - #CACCCAAG 300- ATG CGC TCC ATT AGA AAA CGG TGG ACC ATC TG - #C ACT ATA AGT CTA CTT 348Met Arg Ser Ile Arg Lys Arg Trp Thr Ile Cy - #s Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu# 15- CTG ATC TTT TAT AAG ACA AAA GAG ATA GCC AG - #A ACT GAG GAG CAC CAA 396Leu Ile Phe Tyr Lys Thr Lys Glu Ile Ala Ar - #g Thr Glu Glu His Gln# 30- GAG ACG CAA CTC ATC GGA GAT GGT GAA TTG TG - #T TTG AGC AGA TCA CTT 444Glu Thr Gln Leu Ile Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Cy - #s Leu Ser Arg Ser Leu# 45- GTC AAC AGC TCT GAT AAA ATC ATT CGG AAG GC - #T GGC TCA ACC ATC TTC 492Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Ile Arg Lys Al - #a Gly Ser Thr Ile Phe# 60- CAA CAT TCT GTA CAA GGC TGG AGA ATC AAT TC - #T TCT TTA GTC CTG GAG 540Gln His Ser Val Gln Gly Trp Arg Ile Asn Se - #r Ser Leu Val Leu Glu# 80- ATA CGG AAG AAC ATT CTC CGT TTC TTA GAT GC - #T GAA CGT GAT GTC TCT 588Ile Arg Lys Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Leu Asp Al - #a Glu Arg Asp Val Ser# 95- GTG GTC AAG AGC AGC TTC AAG CCT GGT GAT GT - #C ATC CAC TAT GTG TTG 636Val Val Lys Ser Ser Phe Lys Pro Gly Asp Va - #l Ile His Tyr Val Leu# 110- GAC AGA CGC CGG ACG CTA AAT ATT TCC CAT GA - #T CTG CAC AGC CTC CTG 684Asp Arg Arg Arg Thr Leu Asn Ile Ser His As - #p Leu His Ser Leu Leu# 125- CCT GAA GTT TCA CCA ATG AAA AAC CGC AGG TT - #T AAG ACC TGT GCT GTT 732Pro Glu Val Ser Pro Met Lys Asn Arg Arg Ph - #e Lys Thr Cys Ala Val# 140- GTT GGA AAC TCT GGC ATT CTA CTA GAC AGT GG - #A TGT GGC AAG GAG ATT 780Val Gly Asn Ser Gly Ile Leu Leu Asp Ser Gl - #y Cys Gly Lys Glu Ile145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- GAC AGT CAC AAT TTT GTA ATC AGG TGC AAT CT - #A GCT CCT GTG GTG GAG 828Asp Ser His Asn Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Asn Le - #u Ala Pro Val Val Glu# 175- TTT GCT GCG GAT GTG GGG ACT AAA TCA GAT TT - #T ATT ACC ATG AAC CCA 876Phe Ala Ala Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Ser Asp Ph - #e Ile Thr Met Asn Pro# 190- TCA GTT GTG CAG AGA GCA TTT GGA GGC TTT CG - #G AAT GAG AGT GAC AGA 924Ser Val Val Gln Arg Ala Phe Gly Gly Phe Ar - #g Asn Glu Ser Asp Arg# 205- GCA AAA TTT GTG CAT AGA CTT TCC ATG CTG AA - #T GAC AGT GTC CTT TGG 972Ala Lys Phe Val His Arg Leu Ser Met Leu As - #n Asp Ser Val Leu Trp# 220- ATC CCC GCT TTC ATG GTC AAA GGA GGA GAG AA - #G CAC GTG GAA TGG GTT1020Ile Pro Ala Phe Met Val Lys Gly Gly Glu Ly - #s His Val Glu Trp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- AAT GCA TTA ATC CTT AAG AAC AAG CTG AAA GT - #G CGA ACT GCC TAT CCA1068Asn Ala Leu Ile Leu Lys Asn Lys Leu Lys Va - #l Arg Thr Ala Tyr Pro# 255- TCA CTG AGA CTT ATT CAT GCT GTC AGA GGT TA - #C TGG CTG ACC AAC AAA1116Ser Leu Arg Leu Ile His Ala Val Arg Gly Ty - #r Trp Leu Thr Asn Lys# 270- GTG CCC ATC AAA AGA CCC AGC ACA GGC CTC CT - #C ATG TAC ACA CTG GCC1164Val Pro Ile Lys Arg Pro Ser Thr Gly Leu Le - #u Met Tyr Thr Leu Ala# 285- ACC AGA TTT TGT GAT GAA ATT CAC CTG TAT GG - #G TTC TGG CCC TTC CCT1212Thr Arg Phe Cys Asp Glu Ile His Leu Tyr Gl - #y Phe Trp Pro Phe Pro# 300- AAG GAT TTG AAT GGA AAA GCT GTG AAA TAT CA - #T TAC TAC GAT GAC TTG1260Lys Asp Leu Asn Gly Lys Ala Val Lys Tyr Hi - #s Tyr Tyr Asp Asp Leu305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- AAA TAT AGA TAC TTT TCC AAC GCA AGC CCT CA - #C AGA ATG CCA TTA GAA1308Lys Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Ser Asn Ala Ser Pro Hi - #s Arg Met Pro Leu Glu# 335- TTC AAA ACC CTG AAT GTG CTA CAC AAC AGA GG - #A GCA CTA AAA CTG ACC1356Phe Lys Thr Leu Asn Val Leu His Asn Arg Gl - #y Ala Leu Lys Leu Thr# 350- ACA GGG AAG TGC ATG AAG CAA TAAAGCACAT ATTGAAGGA - #T CAAAACTGGA1407Thr Gly Lys Cys Met Lys Gln 355- TAGAAACTTT TTCTAAAGAT GCTTCTGGAG ATTTAGAAAC AGGATCCAAA AC - #AAGGCTGG1467- GGTTCAGCAT CCACACTGAC TGAATAGCTG AAATGGAAGT CCATGGGAAT CC - #ACCACCAG1527- CTGATGAAAT ACCTGCCAAG TGCTCTAACT ATAAAATATT CTGACTTCAA GG - #GTCCTAGT1587- AAGTGCCACT TCCACGAAGA ATACAGTTTG AATGTATTAT CAGTAGTGTT TA - #CAAGATCC1647- AACAGTGCAC TCATCATTAA TTAGCAAAGC AAATATGTTC GTCACTGTGG GG - #CAGCCGCT1707- GTAATGCCAA GCACACTGGA AGAGGAACTC AGGAGCATCA CGACTCGGAG CT - #TGGGAAAT1767- TAACATCCTT ATCCGCAGAA ATGAAGAAGA AAAAGAATTC AAACAGTGAA AT - #CCATGAGA1827- TGAAGTAACT TGAAGGAATG TCTTCAGTCA GGACACTGAG AGTGATCATG TG - #TGTGTTTT1887- GCTTGTGTTT TTGTTTGTCT TCTGAAACTT GTTTTCTTTT GGGTATGGGG TG - #AATAGAAA1947- TTCATCTGAG GTACAGAAAT GGGAAATACA TGACAGAGAA AAATAAACAT CA - #AACAGTCA2007# 202 - #6- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 359 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein#2: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:- Met Arg Ser Ile Arg Lys Arg Trp Thr Ile Cy - #s Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu# 15- Leu Ile Phe Tyr Lys Thr Lys Glu Ile Ala Ar - #g Thr Glu Glu His Gln# 30- Glu Thr Gln Leu Ile Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Cy - #s Leu Ser Arg Ser Leu# 45- Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Ile Arg Lys Al - #a Gly Ser Thr Ile Phe# 60- Gln His Ser Val Gln Gly Trp Arg Ile Asn Se - #r Ser Leu Val Leu Glu# 80- Ile Arg Lys Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Leu Asp Al - #a Glu Arg Asp Val Ser# 95- Val Val Lys Ser Ser Phe Lys Pro Gly Asp Va - #l Ile His Tyr Val Leu# 110- Asp Arg Arg Arg Thr Leu Asn Ile Ser His As - #p Leu His Ser Leu Leu# 125- Pro Glu Val Ser Pro Met Lys Asn Arg Arg Ph - #e Lys Thr Cys Ala Val# 140- Val Gly Asn Ser Gly Ile Leu Leu Asp Ser Gl - #y Cys Gly Lys Glu Ile145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Asp Ser His Asn Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Asn Le - #u Ala Pro Val Val Glu# 175- Phe Ala Ala Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Ser Asp Ph - #e Ile Thr Met Asn Pro# 190- Ser Val Val Gln Arg Ala Phe Gly Gly Phe Ar - #g Asn Glu Ser Asp Arg# 205- Ala Lys Phe Val His Arg Leu Ser Met Leu As - #n Asp Ser Val Leu Trp# 220- Ile Pro Ala Phe Met Val Lys Gly Gly Glu Ly - #s His Val Glu Trp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Asn Ala Leu Ile Leu Lys Asn Lys Leu Lys Va - #l Arg Thr Ala Tyr Pro# 255- Ser Leu Arg Leu Ile His Ala Val Arg Gly Ty - #r Trp Leu Thr Asn Lys# 270- Val Pro Ile Lys Arg Pro Ser Thr Gly Leu Le - #u Met Tyr Thr Leu Ala# 285- Thr Arg Phe Cys Asp Glu Ile His Leu Tyr Gl - #y Phe Trp Pro Phe Pro# 300- Lys Asp Leu Asn Gly Lys Ala Val Lys Tyr Hi - #s Tyr Tyr Asp Asp Leu305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Lys Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Ser Asn Ala Ser Pro Hi - #s Arg Met Pro Leu Glu# 335- Phe Lys Thr Leu Asn Val Leu His Asn Arg Gl - #y Ala Leu Lys Leu Thr# 350- Thr Gly Lys Cys Met Lys Gln 355- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 nucleoti - #des (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#3: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:#21 GTCT A- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 18 nucleoti - #des (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#4: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:# 18 GA- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 17 nucleoti - #des (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#5: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:# 17 A- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 18 nucleoti - #des (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#6: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:# 18 AA- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1292 nu - #cleotides (B) TYPE: nucleic a - #cids (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#7: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:- ATG CGC TCC ATT AGG AAG AGG TGG ACG ATC TG - #C ACA ATA AGT CTG CTC 48Met Arg Ser Ile Arg Lys Arg Trp Thr Ile Cy - #s Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu#15- CTG ATC TTT TAT AAG ACA AAA GAA ATA GCA AG - #A ACT GAG GAG CAC CAG 96Leu Ile Phe Tyr Lys Thr Lys Glu Ile Ala Ar - #g Thr Glu Glu His Gln# 30- GAG ACG CAA CTC ATC GGA GAT GGT GAA TTG TC - #T TTG AGT CGG TCA CTT 144Glu Thr Gln Leu Ile Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Se - #r Leu Ser Arg Ser Leu# 45- GTC AAT AGC TCT GAT AAA ATC ATT CGA AAG GC - #T GGC TCT TCA ATC TTC 192Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Ile Arg Lys Al - #a Gly Ser Ser Ile Phe# 50- CAG CAC AAT GTA GAA GGT TGG AAA ATC AAT TC - #C TCT TTG GTC CTA GAG 240Gln His Asn Val Glu Gly Trp Lys Ile Asn Se - #r Ser Leu Val Leu Glu# 80- ATA AGG AAG AAC ATA CTT CGT TTC TTA GAT GC - #A GAA CGA GAT GTG TCA 288Ile Arg Lys Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Leu Asp Al - #a Glu Arg Asp Val Ser# 95- GTG GTC AAG AGC AGT TTT AAG CCT GGT GAT GT - #C ATA CAC TAT GTG CTT 336Val Val Lys Ser Ser Phe Lys Pro Gly Asp Va - #l Ile His Tyr Val Leu# 110- GAC AGG CGC CGG ACA CTA AAC ATT TCT CAT GA - #T CTA CAT AGC CTC CTA 384Asp Arg Arg Arg Thr Leu Asn Ile Ser His As - #p Leu His Ser Leu Leu# 125- CCT GAA GTT TCA CCA ATG AAG AAT CGC AGG TT - #T AAG ACC TGT GCA GTT 432Pro Glu Val Ser Pro Met Lys Asn Arg Arg Ph - #e Lys Thr Cys Ala Val# 140- GTT GGA AAT TCT GGC ATT CTG TTA GAC AGT GA - #A TGT GGA AAG GAG ATT 480Val Gly Asn Ser Gly Ile Leu Leu Asp Ser Gl - #u Cys Gly Lys Glu Ile145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- GAC AGT CAC AAT TTT GTA ATA AGG TGT AAT CT - #A GCT CCT GTG GTG GAG 528Asp Ser His Asn Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Asn Le - #u Ala Pro Val Val Glu# 175- TTT GCT GCA GAT GTG GGA ACT AAA TCA GAT TT - #T ATT ACC ATG AAT CCA 576Phe Ala Ala Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Ser Asp Ph - #e Ile Thr Met Asn Pro# 190- TCA GTT GTA CAA AGA GCA TTT GGA GGC TTT CG - #A AAT GAG AGT GAC AGA 624Ser Val Val Gln Arg Ala Phe Gly Gly Phe Ar - #g Asn Glu Ser Asp Arg# 205- GAA AAA TTT GTG CAT AGA CTT TCC ATG CTG AA - #T GAC AGT GTC CTT TGG 672Glu Lys Phe Val His Arg Leu Ser Met Let As - #n Asp Ser Val Leu Trp# 220- ATT CCT GCT TTC ATG GTC AAA GGA GGA GAG AA - #G CAC GTG GAG TGG GTT 720Ile Pro Ala Phe Met Val Lys Gly Gly Glu Ly - #s His Val Glu Trp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40#GTG CGA ACT GCC TAT CCG 768AA CTG AAAAsn Ala Leu Ile Leu Lys Asn Lys Leu Lys Va - #l Arg Thr Ala Tyr Pro# 255- TCA TTG AGA CTT ATT CAT GCT GTC AGA GGT TA - #C TGG CTG ACC AAC AAA 816Ser Leu Arg Leu Ile His Ala Val Arg Gly Ty - #r Trp Leu Thr Asn Lys# 270- GTT CCT ATC AAA AGA CCC AGC ACA GGT CTT CT - #C ATG TAT ACA CTT GCC 864Val Pro Ile Lys Arg Pro Ser Thr Gly Leu Le - #u Met Tyr Thr Leu Ala# 285- ACA AGA TTC TGT GAT GAA ATT CAC CTG TAT GG - #A TTC TGG CCC TTC CCT 912Thr Arg Phe Cys Asp Glu Ile His Leu Tyr Gl - #y Phe Trp Pro Phe Pro# 300- AAG GAT TTA AAT GGA AAA GCG GTC AAA TAT CA - #T TAT TAT GAT GAC TTA 960Lys Asp Leu Asn Gly Lys Ala Val Lys Tyr Hi - #s Tyr Tyr Asp Asp Leu305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- AAA TAT AGG TAC TTT TCC AAT GCA AGC CCT CA - #C AGA ATG CCA TTA GAA1008Lys Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Ser Asn Ala Ser Pro Hi - #s Arg Met Pro Leu Glu# 335- TTC AAA ACA TTA AAT GTG CTA CAT AAT AGA GG - #A GCT CTA AAA CTG ACA1056Phe Lys Thr Leu Asn Val Leu His Asn Arg Gl - #y Ala Leu Lys Leu Thr# 350# 1080TA AAG CAA TAAThr Gly Lys Cys Val Lys Gln *# 360- CGCAAACAGG GCGAGAGGTC GCTGGGCAGC GTTCGAGGAC CAGAGGGAGC TC - #GGCCACAG1140- AAGACCCCAG TGATCTGATC CCGGGATCCC GGCTCCAAGC TCTCCTCGCA TT - #TTACAGAT1200- TTCACCCCCG CGACTATCTC CCCAAAACGG AGCCTTTATA TCAAGAGAAG GT - #GCGGGAGC1260# 1292 TTCT CGGGCACCCA AG- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1682 nu - #cleotides (B) TYPE: nucleic a - #cids (C) STRANDEDNESS: sing - #le (D) TOPOLOGY: linear#8: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:- ATG CGC TCC ATT AGG AAG AGG TGG ACG ATC TG - #C ACA ATA AGT CTG CTC 48Met Arg Ser Ile Arg Lys Arg Trp Thr Ile Cy - #s Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu#15- CTG ATC TTT TAT AAG ACA AAA GAA ATA GCA AG - #A ACT GAG GAG CAC CAG 96Leu Ile Phe Tyr Lys Thr Lys Glu Ile Ala Ar - #g Thr Glu Glu His Gln# 30- GAG ACG CAA CTC ATC GGA GAT GGT GAA TTG TC - #T TTG AGT CGG TCA CTT 144Glu Thr Gln Leu Ile Gly Asp Gly Glu Leu Se - #r Leu Ser Arg Ser Leu# 45- GTC AAT AGC TCT GAT AAA ATC ATT CGA AAG GC - #T GGC TCT TCA ATC TTC 192Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Ile Arg Lys Al - #a Gly Ser Ser Ile Phe# 60#TCC TCT TTG GTC CTA GAG 240AA ATC AATGln His Asn Val Glu Gly Trp Lys Ile Asn Se - #r Ser Leu Val Leu Glu# 80- ATA AGG AAG AAC ATA CTT CGT TTC TTA GAT GC - #A GAA CGA GAT GTG TCA 288Ile Arg Leu Asn Ile Leu Arg Phe Leu Asp Al - #a Glu Arg Asp Val Ser# 95- GTG GTC AAG AGC AGT TTT AAG CCT GGT GAT GT - #C ATA CAC TAT GTG CTT 336Val Val Lys Ser Ser Phe Lys Pro Gly Asp Va - #l Ile His Tyr Val Leu# 110- GAC AGG CGC CGG ACA CTA AAC ATT TCT CAT GA - #T CTA CAT AGC CTC CTA 384Asp Arg Arg Arg Thr Leu Asn Ile Ser His As - #p Leu His Ser Leu Leu# 125- CCT GAA GTT TCA CCA ATG AAG AAT CGC AGG TT - #T AAG ACC TGT GCA GTT 432Pro Glu Val Ser Pro Met Lys Asn Arg Arg Ph - #e Lys Thr Cys Als Val# 140- GTT GGA AAT TCT GGC ATT CTG TTA GAC AGT GA - #A TGT GGA AAG GAG ATT 480Val Gly Asn Ser Gly Ile Leu Leu Asp Ser Gl - #u Cys Gly Lys Glu Ile145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- GAC AGT CAC AAT TTT GTA ATA AGG TGT AAT CT - #A GCT CCT GTG GTG GAG 528Asp Ser His Asn Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Asn Le - #u Ala Pro Val Val Glu# 175- TTT GCT GCA GAT GTG GGA ACT AAA TCA GAT TT - #T ATT ACC ATG AAT CCA 576Phe Ala Ala Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Ser Asp Ph - #e Ile Thr Met Asn Pro# 190- TCA GTT GTA CAA AGA GCA TTT GGA GGC TTT CG - #A AAT GAG AGT GAC AGA 624Ser Val Val Gln Arg Ala Phe Gly Gly Phe Ar - #g Asn Glu Ser Asp Arg# 205- GAA AAA TTT GTG CAT AGA CTT TCC ATG CTG AA - #T GAC AGT GTC CTT TGG 672Glu Lys Phe Val His Arg Leu Ser Met Leu As - #n Asp Ser Val Leu Trp# 220- ATT CCT GCT TTC ATG GTC AAA GGA GGA GAG AA - #G CAC GTG GAG TGG GTT 720Ile Pro Ala Phe Met Val Lys Gly Gly Glu Ly - #s His Val Glu Trp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- AAT GCA TTA ATC CTT AAG AAT AAA CTG AAA GT - #G CGA ACT GCC TAT CCG 768Asn Ala Leu Ile Leu Lys Asn Lys Leu Lys Va - #l Arg Thr Ala Tyr Pro# 255- TCA TTG AGA CTT ATT CAT GCT GTC AGA GGT TA - #C TGG CTG ACC AAC AAA 816Ser Leu Arg Leu Ile His Ala Val Arg Gly Ty - #r Trp Leu Thr Asn Lys# 270- GTT CCT ATC AAA AGA CCC AGC ACA GGT CTT CT - #C ATG TAT ACA CTT GCC 864Val Pro Ile Lys Arg Pro Ser Thr Gly Leu Le - #u Met Tyr Thr Ley Ala# 285- ACA AGA TTC TGT GAT GAA ATT CAC CTG TAT GG - #A TTC TGG CCC TTC CCT 912Thr Arg Phe Cys Asp Glu Ile His Lys Tyr Gl - #y Phe Trp Pro Phe Pro# 300- AAG GAT TTA AAT GGA AAA GCG GTC AAA TAT CA - #T TAT TAT GAT GAC TTA 960Lys Asp Leu Asn Gly Lys Arg Val Lys Tyr Hi - #s Tyr Tyr Asp Asp Leu305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- AAA TAT AGG TAC TTT TCC AAT GCA AGC CCT CA - #C AGA ATG CCA TTA GAA1008Lys Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Ser Asn Ala Ser Pro Hi - #s Arg Met Pro Leu Glu# 335- TTC AAA ACA TTA AAT GTG CTA CAT AAT AGA GG - #A GCT CTA AAA CTG ACA1056Phe Lys Thr Leu Asn Val Leu His Asn Arg Gl - #y Ala Leu Lys Leu Thr# 350# 1080TA AAG CAA TAAThr Gly Lys Cys Val Lys Gln *# 360- AGCACATTTT GAAACAAACA ATATGCACTT CTTTTCTGAG ATGCTTCCGA AG - #ATTTGAAA1140- ATAGGATCCA AAACACGGCT GGGTTTCAGC ATCCACCAAT GAACTGAAAG GT - #GAATAAAG1200- GACGTTCATG AGAAATCGAC TACCAGCTGA TGAAATACCT GCAAAGTGCT CT - #AAAAATTA1260- AATATTTTGA CTTTAAGGGT CCTAGTAAGT GCCACTTCCA CTAAGAATAC AG - #TTTGAATG1320- TATAATCAGT AGTGTTTACA AGATCCAACA GTGCACTCAT CATTAGTTAA CA - #AAGCAAAT1380- ATGTTCATCA CTGTCAGGCT GCCCACAGCA ACACCAAGCA TATTAGAAGA GG - #AACCCCAG1440- GAACGCAACT CAGACCTTGG GAAATTAAAC CATCCTTGTC AGCAGAAGCC AA - #GATGGAAG1500- CAGTTTGAGC AATGAAATCC GTAAGATTAA ACAACTCAAG TAAATGCTTC AG - #TCAGGACT1560- CTGAGTCTGA TCATGAATTT TATGTTTTAA TTTATGTTTT TTTTTTTGTC TT - #CTGGAATC1620- TCTTTTGGTT TGGATATTGG GATGCTTAGA AATCCTTTCT GAGATGCATA TG - #AGTGAGGA1680# 1682__________________________________________________________________________

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	503,133	Jul 1995
Parent	PCT/EP94/04289	Dec 1994

Isolated polysialyl transferases

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CPC

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Nara et al., Expression cloning of a CMP-NeuAc:NeuAc(alpha)2-3Gal(beta)1-4Glc(beta)1-1'Cer(alpha)2,8-sialytransferase (GD3 synthase) from human melanoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 91, pp. 7952-7956 Aug. 1994.
Ngo et al., Computational complexity, protein structure prediction, and the Levinthal paradox, The Protein Folding Problem and Tertiary Structure Prediction, pp. 433-440 1994.