The acronym “KVM” stands for Keyboard, Video and Mouse. This represents a class of switching systems designed to provide user(s) centralized control and monitoring of multiple computers (“host computers”) from a single keyboard, monitor and mouse (“operator control center” or “OCC”). The OCC may be located remotely from the host computers. A KVM system works by allowing the user to select a host computer to monitor and control from the OCC. The user may select the host from an interface displayed on the OCC monitor (the “On Screen Display” or “OSD”) or from controls located on the front panel of the KVM unit. The KVM system switches the video signals of the selected host computer to the OCC monitor so that the user may view the host video from the OCC. The KVM system also routes or “switches” the Keyboard and Mouse signals of the OCC to the respective ports of the selected host computer. From the host computer's perspective, it appears as if the OCC's keyboard and mouse are directly attached to the host.
Users of KVM systems include system administrators, developers, software or hardware engineers, technicians, graphic artists, etc. Examples of tasks that are commonly performed with KVM systems include monitoring applications that are running on the host computers, installing or upgrading software applications or programs, and re-booting the host computers. KVM systems are commonly used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). ISPs require a large number of computers or “server farms” to handle the large volume of Internet traffic and data. ISPs use KVM systems to provide centralized oversight over the server farms, thereby reducing the burden of computer maintenance and administration.
KVM systems are also used in distributed processing where applications are run using the processing power of a number of interconnected computers. For example, it is becoming increasingly popular to use computer generated images for animation and special effects in movies. Computer graphics of this kind entail a large amount of intensive calculations and often require more processing power than is available from any one computer standing alone. In order to enhance processing power and speed, tasks are distributed over a number of host computers. KVM systems allow for control and monitoring of these computers from a single OCC.
The benefits provided by KVM systems include the time saved by eliminating the need to travel from host to host to monitor or operate each host computer. In addition, the keyboards, monitors and mice of the host computers are no longer needed and can be eliminated, thereby saving money and space.
The performance demands of a KVM system for switching video data has increased with the increase in monitor resolution. The higher the monitor resolution, the higher the processing speed required by the KVM system to deliver the video signals to the OCC display without degradation. The approximate speed required by a KVM video switch for a given resolution can be estimated as follows: ((number of horizontal pixels)×(number of vertical pixel lines)×(85 Hz refresh rate of 85 images per second))×(1.45 factor to allow time for vertical and horizontal retrace). Conventional KVM systems, operating at speeds of 250 MHz or less, are sufficient to accommodate many but not all standard monitor resolutions. Those resolutions that may be accommodated by conventional KVM systems include VGA (640×480 pixels), SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1,024×768 pixels), and SXGA (1,280×1,024 pixels). For example, SXGA requires a processing speed of approximately (1,280×1,024)×85 Hz×1.45, which is approximately 162 MHz, and is less than 250 MHz.
Video displays under the QXGA image resolution standard of 2048×1536 pixels (3,143,728 pixels) and higher, however, are required to function at speeds approximating 400 MHz. Using the formula described above, the approximate speed required for the QXGA resolution is 388 MHz, which is (2048×1536)×85 Hz×1.45. Conventional KVM systems, operating at speeds of 250 MHz or less, are therefore unsuitable for higher resolution video.
Conventional KVM systems are limited to speeds of less than 250 MHz for several reasons. One reason is that the circuitry used by conventional KVM systems to implement the video switches is inadequate. The types of video circuitry used by conventional KVM video switches are either Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) or Large-Scale Integration (LSI) circuits.
KVM systems using RTL circuitry are comprised of resistors and bipolar transistors. The RTL implementation requires a large number of the resistor and bipolar-transistor components and therefore consuming a large portion of the limited space available on the printed circuit board (PCB) of the KVM unit. The large number of components required for an RTL switch also makes these switches difficult to assemble. For the above reasons, RTL switches are undesirable at the speeds required by higher resolution video standards such as QXGA.
The other type of circuits used in conventional KVM systems are LSI circuits, which are circuits having a large number of electronic components integrated on a single chip. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,096, Beasley et al., utilizes LSIs. See, e.g., Col. 8, Lines 11-28. LSIs, however, are in extremely limited supply at speeds above 200 to 250 MHz. Implementing a KVM system using LSIs at speeds near 400 MHz would be prohibitively expensive.
Another factor inhibiting the use of high speed video in KVM systems is the problem of video degradation caused by the “roll-off” effect. The roll-off effect refers to a decrease in the amplitude of a signal as the frequency of the signal increases. This effect is caused by the impedance of the conventional connectors, such as DB-25 connectors, through which the analog video signals pass as they travel through the KVM system. The roll-off effect is significant in video applications operating at speeds above 250 MHz and causes attenuation of video signals at the higher operating speeds. To the user, the resulting image appears “soft”, i.e., having non-crisp edges, color aberrations, and generally blurred text characters. Therefore, the roll-off effect poses an additional problem for high speed video KVM systems.
KVM systems may be controlled from a set of controls located on the front panel of the KVM unit, from keyboard sequences or “hot keys”, and/or from an On Screen Display (“OSD”). The OSD is an interface displayed on the monitor of the OCC to allow the user to control the KVM system. The OSD is typically more convenient and offers more features than the other means of control. The OSD may be text based or graphics based. Conventional KVM systems present the OSD to the OCC monitor using summing operational amplifiers to “add” or sum the OSD video data “on top of” the video data originating from the host computer. This creates a transparent effect where the host computer video appears as a background to the characters of the OSD text or banners. For a display having a transparent background, the OSD may be difficult to read if there is insufficient contrast between the OSD characters and the background host computer video. In addition, the transparent effect created by the summing of the OSD video on top of the host video is inconsistent with the look and feel of most modern operating systems, in which windows are typically displayed with an opaque background.
The present invention is directed to a high speed video switch in a KVM system using discrete Radio Frequency (RF) switch circuits. As recognized by the present invention, the extremely low capacitance, high isolation, fast switching speed, and low cost characteristics of the RF devices make them ideal for use in combination as a video multiplexer switching device. RF switches are configured into a multiplexed circuit in combination with output enable/disable high-speed video operational amplifiers to route video signals from a selected host computer to a target monitor. Video connector roll-off is compensated by utilizing a peaking operational amplifying circuit to emphasize the video signals of effected frequencies before display to the target monitor. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an OSD switch using the RF switches is used to rapidly switch between OSD data and host computer video data for display to the OCC monitor. With this technique, the host computer video is completely switched off and effectively removed from the portion of the computer screen where the OSD is displayed to the user. Video rates of up to 2048×1536 resolution at approximately 85 Hertz (QXGA) are supported while maintaining a quality video image.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
Although the system 10 as shown depicts eight host computers 71-78 connected to a KVM unit 12, alternate embodiments of the KVM system 10 may have connections for fewer or more host computers per KVM unit 12. For example, conventional KVM systems commonly allow between 2 to 16 host computers per KVM unit.
The host computers 71-78, 81-88, 91-98, 101-108 may be any type of conventional computer having peripheral devices and video ports. For example, a host computer 71 may be a server (web server, e-mail server, database server, application server, etc.), personal computer, or laptop. A host computer 71 may have PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports and/or USB ports. A host computer 71 is preferably connected to a KVM unit 12 by an octopus cable connection, although any suitable connection may be used. In addition, a host computer 71 may operate any operating system (e.g., the MICROSOFT WINDOWS® operating system, the MACINTOSH® operating system, the LINUX® operating system, etc.).
An OCC 22 includes a keyboard 32, monitor 30 and mouse device 34. As used herein, the term “mouse” refers to any cursor control device. The OCC keyboard 32 and mouse 34 devices may be PS/2 devices or USB devices or a combination of both. For example, it is possible to simultaneously attach both a PS/2 keyboard and a USB mouse. Because the USB protocol allows multiple devices to be attached to a single USB port by using a commercially available device known as a USB hub, multiple PS/2 devices and USB devices may be attached to a KVM unit 12.
Although in
As described in further detail below, the number of OCCs per cluster is limited by the number of video busses in the system. The preferred embodiment uses four (4) video busses, thereby allowing up to four (4) OCCs per cluster. Alternate embodiments of the present invention may have fewer or more video busses, thereby permitting fewer or more OCCs.
A KVM unit 12 is preferably housed in a robust metallic, rack mount and/or stackable desk configuration of an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard 1 U size enclosure.
The KVM unit 12 includes a master controller 215. In the preferred embodiment, the master controller 215 includes a microcontroller 217 coupled with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 219. The microcontroller 217 is preferably a PHILLIPS® XA-G49 C controller. The FPGA 219 is preferably a XILINX® FPGA XC2S50. The FPGA 219 expands the number of I/O ports available to the master controller 215. The master controller 215 includes PS/2 and I2C UARTs 202 implemented as part of the FPGA 219. The master controller 217 also includes a USB controller 204 for handling communications between USB devices and the master controller 215. Preferably, the USB controller 204 is a PHILLIPS® ISP1161 USB controller. A microprocessor bus 206 connects the microcontroller 217, FPGA 219 and USB controller 204 within the master controller 215.
A KVM unit 12 also includes eight (8) slave controllers 221-228, only two of which are shown in
Preferably, a slave controller 221 may receive power from the connected host computer 71 through the host computer connection when the KVM unit 12 is turned off. This enables the slave controller 221 to provide the necessary signals emulating the presence of an attached peripheral device to the host computer 71 even when the KVM unit 12 is turned off. This eliminates the error message that might otherwise occur if the host computer 71 were powered on when the KVM unit 12 was turned off.
The master controller 215 is connected to the slave controllers 221-228 by a slave interface bus 230, which is a parallel data bus. The master controller 215 can also communicate with the slave controllers of the other banks 54-57 in the system or cluster 10 through the master-slave communication bus 247, which is a serial bus, which is connected to other KVM units 13-15 in the cluster 10 through the bank-to-bank interconnect 20.
A KVM unit 12 also includes an 8×4 video multiplexer 232. The video outputs of each of the eight (8) host computers 71-78 are fed as input 234 to the 8×4 video multiplexer 232.
Each slave controller 221-228 has four control output signals 236 connected to the 8×4 video multiplexer 232.
Tracing a single video signal “R” (Red), the R signal 250 is presented to four (4) discrete RF switches 254. The R signal 250 is switched by the RF switch circuits 254 onto one of the four video busses based on the “Host Video Select” signal 236 received from the slave controller 221.
The R signal 250 is then fed to the input of a peaking video amplifier 262 with an output enable function and is also enabled onto one of the four busses by the video buffer enable signals from the FPGA 219 of the master controller 215. This peaking video amplifier circuit 262 acts as a buffer, driver and an amplifier at frequencies from 80 MHz to ˜2 db at 400 MHz to compensate for the roll-off effect described earlier. The output of this circuit may be switched into an impedance termination of a 75-ohm resistor by a first/last bank detector 266 if the KVM unit 12 is the physical first or last unit in the chain. This signal is then distributed to the 4×1 multiplexed circuit 258 for selection to the OCC 22 and also to the bank-to-bank interconnect 20, preferably a 68 pin SCSI connector, used to distribute video bus signals to the other KVM units 13-15 within the system 10.
The 4 to 1 muliplexed circuit consists of another set of discrete RF switches 256. Each RGB bus set is again enabled by a control signal from the FPGA 219 of the master controller 215 and a negative voltage level-shifted, buffered set of gates controlled via an FPGA I/O pin. This particular set of control circuitry switches the raw computer video off while the KVM OSD circuitry is enabled. Along with the switched 4 to 1 output signal, the OSD controller 268 supplies another switchable signal output from the OSD that is presented in a mutually exclusive manner with the raw computer video. The OSD controller may be text based, for example a Mitsubishi #35070 device, or of a graphical, discrete IC design. This switched video signal feeds another set of peaking amplifiers 270 with an output enable function for driving RGB through a cable and ultimately to the OCC monitor 22. The output enable of this set of amplifiers is utilized in specific applications where the monitor may have video signals switched between two separate RGB signal sources.
The video path of the KVM unit 12 preferably includes a first/last bank detector 240 to automatically apply a terminating resistor to the RGB video signals of the video busses 238 if the KVM unit 12 is the first or last unit in the chain in order to maintain video quality in the system 10.
A fifth control bank signal 272 from the FPGA 219 to the video amplifier 270 allows for the blanking of the video during the switching of one selected host to another, thereby eliminating the garbled signals that the user might otherwise see while the monitor is re-synchronizing.
As mentioned above, the discrete RF switches 254 are configured into an 8×4 multiplexed circuit 232 in combination with output enable/disable high-speed video operational amplifying circuits 262. The number of circuits required by this multiplexer switch may be calculated by multiplying 3 (for the three video signals of R, G, and B) by the number of hosts and by the number of video busses. As shown in the preferred embodiment, there are ninety-six (96) switches in the 8×4 video switch 232, which is 3 colors×8 hosts×4 video busses. Alternate embodiments of the invention may have a different number of hosts or video busses.
This voltage level shifting is accomplished by using the circuit shown in
The preferred embodiment of the present invention compensates for the connector roll-off by implementing a conventional peaking operational amplifying circuit to pre-emphasize only the video signals. Buffering for multi-bank systems is supplied to extend physical separation of units and maintain quality video. In addition Video buffering uses peaking circuits to maintain quality video.
The EL5392 also contains a feature to allow the output of the CFA 502 to be disabled (that is, to go into a high impedance state). This feature is utilized to allow multiple CFA outputs to be connected together on the Video Bus with only one amplifier enabled at a time.
The OSD is displayed on the OCC monitor 30 by a switching method. As shown in
The depletion mode MOSFET devices used as discrete RF switches in the preferred embodiment require that a voltage of roughly −4 Volts be supplied to the gate of the devices in order to turn the devices “off”, i.e., to go into a high-resistance mode. However, when OSD video is to be displayed instead of video from the host computer, the RF switches need to be turned off and on at a very fast rate (on the order of 10 nanoseconds). This is accomplished using the NOR gate and OR gate combination shown in
Video signals are displayed line by line. The video signals for each scan line may originate from the host computer video or a portion of the scan line may be part of the OSD display, which is synthesized video that originates from the OSD generator. For display of video signals originating from the host computer video, the Video On control signal 602 is used to turn the RF switch “on”. Specifically, the Video On control signal 602 goes “low” (i.e., logical “0” or, as implemented here, zero Volts) in order to turn the RF switch “on”. The OSD Blank signal is held “low”.
When, during a scan line, the synthesized video from the OSD generator is to be displayed instead of the host video, the OSD Blank signal 604 will go “high” (i.e., logical “1”, or approximately five (5) Volts) and then “low” again when the OSD portion of the scan line is finished. The NOR gate 606 is used to produce the proper logical levels which produce the function just described. The NOR gate device 606 is preferably a 74ACT02 device, which is common device available from a variety of manufacturers including Fairchild Semiconductor (e.g., the FAIRCHILD® 74ACT02SC or the FAIRCHILD® MM74AC32M) and Texas Instruments.
The discrete RF switch circuit 612 is designed to receive drive signals from −4.1 Volts to 0 Volts. Therefore, in order to produce the proper drive signal to the gate of the RF switch, the switch control signals must be voltage-level-shifted from the 0 Volts to 5 Volts level to a −4.1 Volts to 0 Volts level. The voltage-level shifting of the output of the NOR gate 606 is implemented using an OR gate 608, preferably a commercially available 74AC32 device. The output of the NOR gate 606 is level-shifted by the 2.4K-1K resistor divider 610. The tap of the resistor divider 610 fluctuates between roughly −1.42 Volts and −2.89 Volts. The 74AC32 devices of the preferred embodiment will reliably switch their outputs when their input levels transverse a voltage equivalent to roughly half their supply voltage, which in this case is −2.05 Volts. The first and second power supply pins of the OR gate 608 are connected to 0 Volts and −4.1 Volts, respectively. In the circuit combination shown in
The circuit of
The previously described embodiments of the invention have many advantages, including lower cost and higher resolution, with limited space. The KVM switch transfers video signals at approximately 400 MHz from the selected host computer to one of a plurality of OCC monitors. Higher video rates, including video rates of up to 2048×1536 resolution at approximately 85 Hertz (QXGA), are supported while maintaining quality video. The roll-off effect that occurs with video at higher speeds is compensated by operational amplifiers, thereby contributing to the crisp video quality. For video signals at higher speeds, the novel use of RF switches results in a simple and low cost solution. For video signals at this speed, and for allowing multiple video busses, the RF switches used conserve space as compared to alternative solutions such as RTL logic.
Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. For example, fewer or more video busses may be used and fewer or more hosts may be allowed per KVM unit. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/592,048, filed Nov. 1, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/038,998, filed Jan. 5, 2002. All cross-referenced documents are incorporated by reference herein.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11592048 | Nov 2006 | US |
Child | 12605018 | US | |
Parent | 10038998 | Jan 2002 | US |
Child | 11592048 | US |