Large LED array with reduced data management

Abstract

A LED controller includes a power distribution module and an interface to an external data bus. An image frame buffer is connected to the interface to receive image data. A separate logic module is connected to the interface and configured to modify image frame buffer output signals sent to an LED pixel array connected to the image frame buffer. The LED pixel array can project light according to a pattern and intensity defined at least in part by the image held in the image frame buffer.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to a system providing dynamic lighting control to LED arrays. In certain embodiments, the system can include a connected and individually addressable LED pixel array able to provide intensity and spatially modulated light projection suitable for adaptive lighting systems supporting video refresh rates or greater.

BACKGROUND

While pixel arrays of LEDs with supporting CMOS circuitry have been used, practical implementations suitable for commercial use can face severe manufacture, power, and data management problems. Individual light intensity of thousands of emitting pixels may need to be controlled at refresh rates of 30-60 Hz. Power fluctuations need to be controlled, and room found for large number of thick power traces extending through a hybrid silicon CMOS/GaN assembly. Manufacturable systems able to reliably handle such power at high data refresh rates are needed.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a LED controller includes a power distribution module and an interface to an external data bus. An image frame buffer is connected to the interface to receive image data. A separate logic module is connected to the interface and configured to modify image frame buffer output signals sent to an LED pixel array connected to the image frame buffer. The LED pixel array can project light according to a pattern and intensity defined at least in part by the image held in the image frame buffer.

In another embodiment, a standby image buffer is connected to the image frame buffer to hold a default image. In another embodiment a pulse width modulator is connected between the image frame buffer and the LED pixel array.

In some embodiments, the image frame buffer can refresh held images at 60 Hz or greater speed. Image refresh data can be provided externally over a serial interface.

Various applications can benefit from a LED controller system able to support high data rates, default image presentation, and larger LED pixel arrays of hundreds to thousands of independently addressable pixels. These applications can include but are not limited to architectural lighting, projected light displays, street lighting, or vehicle headlamps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating illumination of a road in discrete sectors using an active headlamp;

FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic pixel addressable lighting module positioned adjacent to a static lighting module;

FIG. 3A is one embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system for controlling an active headlamp;

FIG. 3B is one embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system for controlling an active headlamp with connections to vehicle processing output;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of an active headlamp controller; and

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a microcontroller assembly for an LED pixel array.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Light emitting pixel arrays may support applications that benefit from fine-grained intensity, spatial, and temporal control of light distribution. This may include, but is not limited to, precise spatial patterning of emitted light from pixel blocks or individual pixels. Depending on the application, emitted light may be spectrally distinct, adaptive over time, and/or environmentally responsive. The light emitting pixel arrays may provide pre-programmed light distribution in various intensity, spatial, or temporal patterns. The emitted light may be based at least in part on received sensor data and may be used for optical wireless communications. Associated optics may be distinct at a pixel, pixel block, or device level. An example light emitting pixel array may include a device having a commonly controlled central block of high intensity pixels with an associated common optic, whereas edge pixels may have individual optics. Common applications supported by light emitting pixel arrays include video lighting, automotive headlights, architectural and area illumination, street lighting, and informational displays.

Light emitting pixel arrays may be used to selectively and adaptively illuminate buildings or areas for improved visual display or to reduce lighting costs. In addition, light emitting pixel arrays may be used to project media facades for decorative motion or video effects. In conjunction with tracking sensors and/or cameras, selective illumination of areas around pedestrians may be possible. Spectrally distinct pixels may be used to adjust the color temperature of lighting, as well as support wavelength specific horticultural illumination.

Street lighting is an important application that may greatly benefit from use of light emitting pixel arrays. A single type of light emitting array may be used to mimic various street light types, allowing, for example, switching between a Type I linear street light and a Type IV semicircular street light by appropriate activation or deactivation of selected pixels. In addition, street lighting costs may be lowered by adjusting light beam intensity or distribution according to environmental conditions or time of use. For example, light intensity and area of distribution may be reduced when pedestrians are not present. If pixels of the light emitting pixel array are spectrally distinct, the color temperature of the light may be adjusted according to respective daylight, twilight, or night conditions.

Light emitting arrays are also well suited for supporting applications requiring direct or projected displays. For example, warning, emergency, or informational signs may all be displayed or projected using light emitting arrays. This allows, for example, color changing or flashing exit signs to be projected. If a light emitting array is composed of a large number of pixels, textual or numerical information may be presented. Directional arrows or similar indicators may also be provided.

Vehicle headlamps are a light emitting array application that requires large pixel numbers and a high data refresh rate. Automotive headlights that actively illuminate only selected sections of a roadway can used to reduce problems associated with glare or dazzling of oncoming drivers. Using infrared cameras as sensors, light emitting pixel arrays activate only those pixels needed to illuminate the roadway, while deactivating pixels that may dazzle pedestrians or drivers of oncoming vehicles. In addition, off-road pedestrians, animals, or signs may be selectively illuminated to improve driver environmental awareness. If pixels of the light emitting pixel array are spectrally distinct, the color temperature of the light may be adjusted according to respective daylight, twilight, or night conditions. Some pixels may be used for optical wireless vehicle to vehicle communication.

One high value application for light emitting arrays is illustrated with respect to FIG. 1, which shows potential roadway illumination pattern 100 for a vehicle headlamp system illuminating a region 120 in front of a vehicle. As illustrated, a roadway 110 includes a left edge 112, a right edge 114, and a centerline 116. In this example, two major regions are illuminated—a downward directed statically illuminated region 122 and a dynamically illuminated region 130. Light intensity within region 130 can be dynamically controlled. For example, as an oncoming vehicle (not shown) traveling between centerline 116 and left edge 112 moves into a subregion 132, light intensity can be reduced or shut off completely. As the oncoming vehicle moves toward subregion 134, a series of subregions (not shown) can be defined to also have reduced light intensity, reducing the chance of unsafe dazzle or glare. As will be appreciated, in other embodiments, light intensity can be increased to accentuate road signs or pedestrians, or spatial illumination patterns adjusted to allow, for example, dynamic light tracking of curved roadways.

FIG. 2 illustrates a positioning of lighting modules 200 able to provide a lighting pattern such as discussed with respect to FIG. 1. An LED light module 222 can include LEDS, alone or in conjunction with primary or secondary optics, including lenses or reflectors. To reduce overall data management requirements, the light module 222 can be limited to on/off functionality or switching between relatively few light intensity levels. Pixel level control of light intensity is not necessarily supported.

Positioned adjacent to LED light module 222 is an active LED array 230. The LED array includes a CMOS die 202, with a pixel area 204 and alternatively selectable LED areas 206 and 208. The pixel area 204 can have 104 rows and 304 columns, for a total of 31,616 pixels distributed over an area of 12.2 by 4.16 millimeters. The selectable LED areas 206 and 208 allow for differing aspect ratios suitable for different vehicle headlamps or applications to be selected. For example, in one embodiment selectable LED area 206 can have a 1:3 aspect ratio with 82 rows and 246 columns, for a total of 20,172 pixels distributed over an area of 10.6 by 4 millimeters. Alternatively, selectable LED area 208 can have a 1:4 aspect ratio with 71 rows and 284 columns, for a total of 20,164 pixels distributed over an area of 12.1 by 3.2 millimeters. In one embodiment, pixels can be actively managed to have a 10-bit intensity range and a refresh rate of between 30 and 100 Hz, with a typical operational refresh rate of 60 Hz or greater.

FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment of a vehicle headlamp system 300 including a vehicle supported power (302) and control system including a data bus (304). A sensor module 306 can be connected to the data bus 304 to provide data related to environment conditions (e.g. time of day, rain, fog, ambient light levels, etc.), vehicle condition (parked, in-motion, speed, direction), or presence/position of other vehicles or pedestrians. A separate headlamp system 330 can be connected to the vehicle supported power and control system.

The vehicle headlamp system 300 can include an input filter and protection module 310. The module 310 can support various filters to reduce conducted emissions and provide power immunity. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection, load-dump protection, alternator field decay protection, and reverse polarity protection can also be provided by module 310.

Filtered power can be provided to a LED DC/DC module 312. Module 312 can be used only for powering LEDs, and typically has an input voltage of between 7 and 18 volts, with a nominal 13.2 volts. Output voltage can be set to be slightly higher (e.g. 0.3 volts) than LED array max voltage as determined by factory or local calibration, and operating condition adjustments due to load, temperature or other factors.

Filtered power is also provided to a logic LDO module 314 that can be used to power microcontroller 322 or CMOS logic in the active headlamp 324.

The vehicle headlamp system 300 can also include a bus transceiver 320 (e.g. with a UART or SPI interface) connected to microcontroller 322. The microcontroller 322 can translate vehicle input based on or including data from the sensor module 306. The translated vehicle input can include a video signal that is transferrable to an image buffer in the active headlamp 324. In addition, the microcontroller 322 can load default image frames and test for open/short pixels during startup. In one embodiment, a SPI Interface loads an image buffer in CMOS. Image frames can be full frame, differential or partial. Other microcontroller 322 features can include control interface monitors of CMOS status, including die temperature, as well as logic LDO output. In some embodiments, LED DC/DC output can be dynamically controlled to minimize headroom. In addition to providing image frame data, other headlamp functions such as complementary use in conjunction with side marker or turn signal lights, and/or activation of daytime running lights can also be controlled.

FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of various components and modules of a vehicle headlamp system 330 capable of accepting vehicle sensor inputs and commands, as well as commands based on headlamp or locally mounted sensors. As seen in FIG. 3B, vehicle mounted systems 332 can include remote sensors 340 and electronic processing modules capable of sensor processing 342. Processed sensor data can be input to various decision algorithms in a decision algorithm module 344 that result in command instructions or pattern creation based at least in part on various sensor input conditions, for example, such as ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of other vehicles, road conditions, or weather conditions. As will be appreciated, useful information for the decision algorithm module 344 can be provided from other sources as well, including connections to user smartphones, vehicle to vehicle wireless connections, or connection to remote data or information resources.

Based on the results of the decision algorithm module 344, image creation module 346 provides an image pattern that will ultimately provide an active illumination pattern to the vehicle headlamp that is dynamically adjustable and suitable for conditions. This created image pattern can be encoded for serial or other transmission scheme by image coding module 348 and sent over a high speed bus 350 to an image decoding module 354. Once decoded, the image pattern is provided to the uLED module 380 to drive activation and intensity of illumination pixels.

In some operational modes, the system 330 can be driven with default or simplified image patterns using instructions provided to a headlamp control module 370 via connection of the decision algorithm module 344 through a CAN bus 352. For example, an initial pattern on vehicle start may be a uniform, low light intensity pattern. In some embodiments, the headlamp control module can be used to drive other functions, including sensor activation or control.

In other possible operational modes, the system 330 can be driven with image patterns derived from local sensors or commands not requiring input via the CAN bus 352 or high speed bus 350. For example, local sensors 360 and electronic processing modules capable of sensor processing 362 can be used. Processed sensor data can be input to various decision algorithms in a decision algorithm module 364 that result in command instructions or pattern creation based at least in part on various sensor input conditions, for example, such as ambient light levels, time of day, vehicle location, location of other vehicles, road conditions, or weather conditions. As will be appreciated, like vehicle supported remote sensors 340, useful information for the decision algorithm module 364 can be provided from other sources as well, including connections to user smartphones, vehicle to vehicle wireless connections, or connection to remote data or information resources.

Based on the results of the decision algorithm module 364, image creation module 366 provides an image pattern that will ultimately provide an active illumination pattern to the vehicle headlamp that is dynamically adjustable and suitable for conditions. In some embodiments, this created image pattern does not require additional image coding/decoding steps but can be directly sent to the uLED module 380 to drive illumination of selected pixels.

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of various components and modules of an active headlamp system 400 such as described with respect to active headlamp 324 of FIG. 3A. As illustrated, internal modules include an LED power distribution and monitor module 410 and a logic and control module 420.

Image or other data from the vehicle can arrive via an SPI interface 412. Successive images or video data can be stored in an image frame buffer 414. If no image data is available, one or more standby images held in a standby image buffer 416 can be directed to the image frame buffer 414. Such standby images can include, for example, an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with legally allowed low beam headlamp radiation patterns of a vehicle.

In operation, pixels in the images are used to define response of corresponding LED pixels in the pixel module 430, with intensity and spatial modulation of LED pixels being based on the image(s). To reduce data rate issues, groups of pixels (e.g. 5×5 blocks) can be controlled as single blocks in some embodiments. High speed and high data rate operation is supported, with pixel values from successive images able to be loaded as successive frames in an image sequence at a rate between 30 Hz and 100 Hz, with 60 Hz being typical. In conjunction with a pulse width modulation module 418, each pixel in the pixel module can be operated to emit light in a pattern and with an intensity at least partially dependent on the image held in the image frame buffer 414.

In one embodiment, intensity can be separately controlled and adjusted by setting appropriate ramp times and pulse width for each LED pixel using logic and control module 420 and the pulse width modulation module 418. This allows staging of LED pixel activation to reduce power fluctuations, and to provide various pixel diagnostic functionality.

FIG. 5 illustrates a microcontroller assembly 500 for an LED pixel array. The assembly 500 can receive logic power via Vdd and Vss pins. An active matrix receives power for LED array control by multiple V_LED and V_Cathode pins. A Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) can provide full duplex mode communication using a master-slave architecture with a single master. The master device originates the frame for reading and writing. Multiple slave devices are supported through selection with individual slave select (SS) lines. Input pins can include a Master Output Slave Input (MOSI), a Master Input Slave Output (MISO), a chip select (SC), and clock (CLK), all connected to the SPI interface.

In one embodiment, the SPI frame includes 2 stop bits (both “0”), 10 data bits, MSB first, 3 CRC bits (x3+x+1), a start 111b, and target 000b. Timing can be set per SafeSPI “in-frame” standards.

MOSI Field data can be as follows:

Frame 0: Header

Frame 1/2: Start Column Address [SCOL]

Frame 3/4: Start Row Address [SROW}

Frame 5/6: Number of Columns [NCOL]

Frame 7/8: Number of Rows [NROW]

Frame 9: Intensity pixel [SCOL, SROW]

Frame 10: Intensity pixel [SCOL+1, SROW]

Frame 9+NCOL: Intensity pixel [SCOL+NCOL, SROW]

Frame 9+NCOL+1: Intensity pixel [SCOL, SROW+1]

Frame 9+NCOL+NROW: Intensity pixel [SCOL+NCOL, SROW+NROW]

MISO Field data can include loopback of frame memory.

A field refresh rate at 60 Hz (60 full frames per second) is supported, as is a bit rate of at least 10 Mbps, and typically between 15-20 Mbps.

The SPI interface connects to an address generator, frame buffer, and a standby frame buffer. Pixels can have parameters set and signals or power modified (e.g. by power gating before input to the frame buffer, or after output from the frame buffer via pulse width modulation or power gating) by a command and control module. The SPI interface can be connected to an address generation module that in turn provides row and address information to the active matrix. The address generator module in turn can provide the frame buffer address to the frame buffer.

The command and control module can be externally controlled via an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial bus. A clock (SCL) pin and data (SDA) pin with 7-bit addressing is supported.

The command and control module include a digital to analog converter (DAC) and two analog to digital converters (ADC). These are respectively used to set V_bias for a connected active matrix, help determine maximum V_f, and determine system temperature. Also connected are an oscillator (OSC) to set the pulse width modulation oscillation (PWMOSC) frequency for the active matrix. A bypass line is also present to allow address of individual pixels or pixel blocks in the active matrix for diagnostic, calibration, or testing purposes.

In one embodiment, the command and control module can provide the following inputs and outputs:

Input to CMOS chip:

VBIAS: Sets voltage bias for LDO's.

GET_WORD[ . . . ]: Requests Output from CMOS.

TEST_M1: Run Pixel Test: LDO in bypass mode, sequentially addresses columns, then rows, outputs VF, using internal 1 μA source.

Vf values output via SPI.

TEST_M2: Run Pixel Test: LDO in bypass mode, sequentially addresses columns, then rows, outputs VF, using external I source.

Vf values output via SPI.

TEST_M3: LDO in bypass mode, addressing through I2C, using internal 1 μA source, Vf output via I2C.

TEST_M4: LDO in bypass mode, addressing through I2C, using external I source, Vf output via I2C.

BUFFER_SWAP: Swap to/from standby buffer.

COLUMN_NUM: Addresses a specific row.

ROW_NUM: Addresses a specific column.

Output from CMOS chip:

CW_PHIV_MIN, CW_PHIV_AVG, CW_PHIV_MAX: factory measured EOL global luminous flux data.

CW_VLED_MIN, CW_VLED_AVG, CW_VLED_MAX: factory measured EOL global forward voltage data.

CW_SERIALNO: die/CMOS combo serial number for traceability purposes.

TEMP_DIE: Value of Die Temperature.

VF: Value of Vf bus when being addressed with COLUMN_NUM and ROW_NUM.

BUFFER_STATUS: Indicates which buffer is selected.

Various calibration and testing methods for microcontroller assembly 500 are supported. During factory calibration a V_f of all pixels can be measured. Maximum, minimum and average Vf of the active area can be “burned” as calibration frame. Maximum Vf and dVf/dT calibration frames can be used together with measured die temperature to determine actual V_LED dynamically. Typically, a V_LED of between 3.0V-4.5V is supported, with actual value being determined by feedback loop to external DC/DC converter such as described with respect to FIG. 3.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. It is also understood that other embodiments of this invention may be practiced in the absence of an element/step not specifically disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A light emitting diode (LED) system, comprising: an LED controller comprising: a power distribution module;an interface to an external data bus, the interface coupled to the power distribution module;an image frame buffer coupled to the interface to receive image data and, prior to image data being received via the interface, receive default image data of one of a plurality of predetermined patterns;a separate logic module coupled to the interface and the image frame buffer, the logic module configured to modify image frame buffer output signals from the image frame buffer based on information from the interface; anda standby image buffer coupled to the image frame buffer, the standby image buffer configured to store the plurality of predetermined patterns; andan LED pixel array coupled to the image frame buffer, the LED pixel array configured to receive the modified signals from the image frame buffer and project light based thereon, the LED pixel array configured to receive power from the power distribution module, the LED pixel array configured to generate an intensity and spatial pattern of a low beam vehicle headlamp radiation pattern based on the one of the plurality of predetermined patterns, the logic module coupled to the standby image buffer configured to select the one of the plurality of predetermined patterns.

2. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED controller further comprises a pulse width modulator coupled between the image frame buffer and the LED pixel array, the pulse width modulator configured to provide pulse width modulation (PWM) signals to the LED pixel array based on the image frame buffer output signals.

3. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the image frame buffer is configured to refresh held images at at least a rate of about 60 Hz.

4. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the interface is a serial interface.

5. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED pixel array is used for architectural lighting.

6. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED pixel array is used for a projected light display.

7. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED pixel array is used for street lighting.

8. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED pixel array is used for a vehicle headlamp.

9. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED pixel array is separated into groups of pixels, each group of pixels being controlled as a single block.

10. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED controller further comprises an address generator coupled to the interface, the address generator configured to provide: a frame buffer address to the image frame buffer, androw and address information to the LED pixel array based on the frame buffer address to control activation of individual pixels of the LED pixel array.

11. The LED system of claim 1, wherein: the interface includes a serial peripheral interface (SPI), andthe logic module comprises a command and control module that includes a digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC) to set a bias voltage for the LED pixel array, determine a maximum forward bias to be applied to the LED pixel array, and determine system temperature.

12. The LED system of claim 1, wherein the LED controller further comprises a bypass line to allow addressing of individual pixels or pixel blocks in the LED pixel array for diagnostic, calibration, and testing of the LED pixel array.

13. A light emitting diode (LED) system, comprising: an LED controller comprising: a power distribution module;an interface to an external data bus, the interface coupled to the power distribution module and including a serial peripheral interface (SPI);an image frame buffer coupled to the interface to receive image data and, prior to image data being received via the interface, receive default image data of one of a plurality of predetermined patterns; anda separate logic module coupled to the interface and the image frame buffer, the logic module configured to modify image frame buffer output signals from the image frame buffer based on information from the interface, the logic module comprising a command and control module that includes a digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC) to set a bias voltage for an LED pixel array, determine a maximum forward bias to be applied to the LED pixel array, and determine system temperature,wherein the command and control module configured to provide inputs and outputs, which include: a voltage bias to set a voltage of low-dropout (LDO) regulators,a first test input to initiate a first test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in bypass mode, sequentially addressing columns and rows of the LED pixel array using an internal current source, and provide a first forward bias voltage output on a forward bias bus,a second test input to initiate a second test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, sequentially addressing the columns and rows using an external current source, and provide a second forward bias voltage output on the forward bias bus,a third test input to initiate a third test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, addressing the columns and rows through an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) interface using the internal current source, and provide a third forward bias voltage output via the I2C interface, anda fourth test input to initiate a fourth test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, addressing the columns and rows through the I2C interface using the external current source, and provide a fourth forward bias voltage output via the I2C interface; andthe LED pixel array, the LED pixel array: coupled to the image frame buffer,configured to receive the modified signals from the image frame buffer and project light based thereon, andconfigured to receive power from the power distribution module.

14. The LED system of claim 13, wherein the inputs and outputs further include a buffer swap input to swap images to or from a standby buffer.

15. The LED system of claim 14, wherein the inputs and outputs further include: factory measured end-of-life (EOL) global luminous flux data,factory measured EOL global forward voltage data,a die/Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) combination serial number,a value of a temperature of a die containing the LED controller,a value of a forward bias bus when a specific column and row is being addressed, andan indication of which of the image frame buffer or the standby buffer is selected.

16. A light emitting diode (LED) controller, comprising: an interface to an external data bus;a standby image buffer configured to store standby images of a plurality of predetermined patterns that include an intensity and spatial pattern consistent with a low beam headlamp radiation pattern of a vehicle to be generated by an LED pixel array in a vehicle headlamp;an image frame buffer coupled to the interface to receive image data from the external data bus and coupled to the standby image buffer to receive the one of the standby images prior to the image data being received via the interface; anda logic module coupled to the interface, the image frame buffer, and the standby image frame buffer, the logic module configured to modify image frame buffer output signals from the image frame buffer based on information from the interface and to select the one of the standby images in the standby image frame buffer for reception by the image frame buffer.

17. The LED controller of claim 16, wherein the logic module comprises a command and control module that includes a digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC) to set a bias voltage for the LED pixel array and determine a maximum forward bias to be applied to the LED pixel array.

18. The LED controller of claim 17, wherein the command and control module is configured to provide inputs and outputs that include: a voltage bias to set a voltage of low-dropout (LDO) regulators,a first test input to initiate a first test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in bypass mode, sequentially addressing columns and rows of the LED pixel array using an internal current source, and provide a first forward bias voltage output on a forward bias bus,a second test input to initiate a second test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, sequentially addressing the columns and rows using an external current source, and provide a second forward bias voltage output on the forward bias bus,a third test input to initiate a third test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, addressing the columns and rows through an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) interface using the internal current source, and provide a third forward bias voltage output via the I2C interface, anda fourth test input to initiate a fourth test of the LED pixel array by placing the LDO regulators in the bypass mode, addressing the columns and rows through the I2C interface using the external current source, and provide a fourth forward bias voltage output via the I2C interface.