Patent Grant
11597651
The present invention relates to a layered Group III-V compound and a nanosheet containing phosphorus, and an electrical device using the same, and more particularly, to a layered compound and a nanosheet containing an alkaline earth metal and containing phosphorus having various electrical properties, and an electrical device using the same.
Layered compounds connected to interlayers through van der Waals bonds may show various properties, and the layered compounds may be delaminated through physical or chemical methods to prepare two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets having a thickness of several to hundreds of nanometers, and thus, active research into the layered compounds is underway.
In particular, low-dimensional materials such as nanosheets are expected to have innovative new functions that existing bulk materials fail to provide, and are highly likely to serve as next-generation future materials instead of the existing materials.
However, up until now, the layered compounds having a two-dimensional crystal structure are limited to materials such as graphite, transition metals, and chalcogen compounds to hardly develop into materials of various compositions.
Meanwhile, Group III-V compounds containing phosphorus such as gallium phosphide or aluminum phosphide may be widely used in various electrical devices as a compound semiconductor material but Group III-V phosphorus compounds having a layered structure are not specifically known till now.
The Group III-V phosphorus compounds having a layered structure, unlike existing Group III-V phosphorus compounds having a different crystal structure, are expected to allow diversified application, and to be applicable to new areas that have not been reached before.
According to an embodiment of the invention, there are provided a layered Group III-V compound containing phosphorus, a Group III-V nanosheet that may be prepared using the same, and an electrical device including the materials.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a layered compound represented by Formula 1 below.
Mx-mAyPz [Formula 1]
(Where M is at least one of Group II elements, A is at least one of Group III elements, x, y, and z are positive numbers which are determined according to stoichiometric ratios to ensure charge balance when m is 0, and 0<m<x).
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a nanosheet including a compound represented by Formula 1 below and, and prepared through a physical or chemical peeling method.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an electrical device including the layered compound of the first aspect or the nanosheet of the second aspect.
Embodiments of the invention may provide a layered Group III-V phosphorus compound or nanosheet having various compositions, and the compound and the nanosheet may have various electrical properties to enable application to various electrical devices.
Hereinafter, configuration and operation of embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, when it is determined that the specific description of the known related art unnecessarily obscures the gist of the invention, the detailed description thereof will be omitted. In addition, when an element “includes” a component, it may indicate that the element does not exclude another component unless explicitly described to the contrary, but can further include another component.
A compound according to an embodiment of the invention is represented by Formula 1 and has ferroelectric-like properties.
Mx-mAyPz [Formula 1]
(Where M is at least one of Group II elements, A is at least one of Group III elements, x, y, and z are positive numbers which are determined according to stoichiometric ratios to ensure charge balance when m is 0, and 0<m<x).
The compound of an embodiment of the invention has a layered structure, and in general, Group III-V phosphorus compounds such as a GaP compound or an InP compound have a three-dimensional structure, having difficulty in exhibiting a layered structure. In order to overcome the limitation, inventors of the invention added Group II elements (hereinafter referred to as an “additive element”) to a Group III-V compound (hereinafter referred to as a “Group III-V compound”) to place the additive elements between Group III-V compound layers to prepare a layered compound in which the Group III-V compound layers are connected. The additive elements positioned between the Group III-V compound layers provide a weak bond between the Group III-V compound layers through van der Waals force, and thus a plane on which the additive elements are positioned forms a cleavage plane that easily separates along the plane.
Accordingly, the layered compound according to an embodiment of the invention may be easily peeled off into the Group III-V compound layers along the cleavage plane through either or both physical or chemical methods, and the peeling is more easily achieved with an increasing amount of the additive elements removed. Therefore, a Group III-V compound nanosheet may be easily prepared from the layered compound, and in this case, the additive elements partially remain in the Group III-V compound nanosheet.
With the continuous removal of the additive elements, the interlayer distance between the Group III-V compound layers gradually becomes greater, and eventually the interlayer bond breaks down, which may cause cracks between the layers. Therefore, the layered structure of the layered compound described in an embodiment of the invention includes a case where repeating two-dimensional Group III-V compound layers are interlayer-bonded through van der Waals bonds by additive elements as well as a case where the interlayer bonding force of the Group III-V compound is completely or partially removed to increase the interlayer distance, thereby forming cracks.
In addition, the two-dimensional Group III-V phosphorus compound layers may exhibit a two-dimensional bonding structure before the removal of additive elements, but when the additive elements are removed greater than a certain level, the bonding structure may change in the Group III-V compound layers, and the structure change may include a change from a two-dimensional bonding structure before the removal to a three-dimensional bonding structure or an amorphous structure. However, even in this case, since the compound layers keep the two-dimensional shape, except the change in the crystal structure in the layers, the compound layers still exhibit the layered structure due to the structure that the interlayer bonding keeps the van der Waals bonds by additive elements.
Therefore, in an embodiment of the invention, the layered structure includes a case where the Group III-V compound layers form two-dimensional bonds in respective layers and form interlayer-bonds through van der Waals bond by additive elements as well as a case where cracks are formed between the layers with the removal of additive elements, and further includes a case where the Group III-V compound layers are three-dimensionally bonded, but these layers keep a two-dimensional shape, and the bond between these layers is a van der Waals bond by additive elements rather than a bond between Group III-V compounds or the bonding force is completely or partially removed, thereby forming cracks.
A conceptual view for examples of the layered compound and a nanosheet prepared therefrom is shown in
The nanosheet 20 prepared when peeled off from the layered compound is formed of a plurality of AyPz layers of two or more overlapping each other, and may thus be several hundreds of nm thick. In general, nanosheets may exhibit anisotropy according to a two-dimensional shape only when a thickness to a lateral width is less than a certain level. To this end, the ratio of a thickness (d) to a width (L) of a nanosheet (d/L) is preferably 0.1 or less. A width of the nanosheet prepared through an embodiment of the invention may be 5 μm or more, and thus, a thickness of the nanosheet is preferably 500 nm or less.
As described above, the nanosheet according to an embodiment of the invention is a sheet peeled off from the layered compound, which includes two or more two-dimensional Group III-V compound layers, and includes a case where the Group III-V compound layers, when provided in plurality, are bonded through van der Waals bonds by additive elements. In this case, the two-dimensional Group III-V compound layers may have a two-dimensional bonding structure or a three-dimensional bonding structure.
The peeling method may be physical or chemical peeling, and a generally known peeling method using a tape may be used. In addition, to enable easier peeling, the peeling may be performed through irradiation with ultrasonic waves in a liquid state or using a tape after chemical treatment in an acid or base solution.
Additive elements may be Group II elements such as Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, etc. In particular, Mg and Ca may be advantageous as additive elements to synthesize layered compounds.
Group III-V compounds forming AyPz layers include, for example, GaP, InP, AlP, etc. that may be used in various electrical devices, and an embodiment of the invention is not necessarily limited to the exemplified compounds.
Residual additive elements may satisfy 0<m<x, preferably 0.1x≤m≤0.8x, and more preferably 0.2x≤m≤0.7x, according to Formula 1 described above. In preparing a Group III-V compound having a layered structure, it is preferable that additive elements to prepare a layered structure are completely removed. However, in the compound according to an embodiment of the invention, the additive elements to form a layered structure are not completely removed as the composition range described above and controlled such that a certain amount of the additive elements remains, so that new electrical properties such as ferroelectric-like properties are implemented in the Group III-V compound having a layered structure.
In Mx-mAyPz of Formula 1 above, x, y, and z refer to positive numbers at which M, A, and P elements have a charge balance according to stoichiometric ratios. In this case, as m is greater than 0 and smaller than x, vacancy is created in the place of additive elements M.
When the vacancy is created, the additive elements M positioned between the AyPz layers may move between the layers by an external magnetic field or electric field, and accordingly, the layered compound may exhibit ferroelectric-like properties.
In general, ferroelectric-like properties are found in oxides of an asymmetric structure such as BaTiO3 having a perovskite structure. In the oxides of an asymmetric structure such as BaTiO3, ferroelectric-like properties are shown according to changes in the position of Ba located in the center.
In contrast, the layered compound and nanosheet according to an embodiment of the invention exhibit ferroelectric-like properties due to the movement of additive elements between the layers, despite having a polar-symmetry structure instead of the asymmetric structure.
In this stable MxAyPz, as the partial removal of the additive elements M comes with ferroelectric-like properties, m has to be greater than 0, and smaller than x to make sure that at least some of the additive elements remain.
Meanwhile, when m is removed in a too small amount, the movement between the layers may not be easy, and thus, m is 0.1x or greater, and when m is removed in an excessive amount, the layered structure may break down or the crystal structure may change, thereby failing to achieve ferroelectric properties, and thus, m is preferably 0.8x or less, and more preferably 0.2x to 0.7x. In this case, the layered compound or the nanosheet may exhibit a two-dimensional bond structure to have a space group of P63/mmc.
In addition, with an increase in m, the crystal structure of the Group III-V compound layers may change, and in particular, the structure may change to a zinc blende structure of existing GaP or InP. For example, in the case where the Group III-V compound is CaIn2P2, when x is greater than 0.8, the structure may change to a zinc blende structure, and despite the change to the zinc blende structure, the layered structure is kept because the bonding between the Group III-V compound layers is still formed by the residual additive elements, and the residual additive elements may allow the Group III-V compound layers to exhibit electrical properties such as ferroelectric properties.
In addition, the layered compound and nanosheet according to an embodiment of the invention may exhibit resistance switching properties.
When a material has resistance switching properties, current does not increase linearly according to voltages applied to the material, but when an initial voltage is applied, the material keeps a high resistance state to have an insignificant increase in the current and then when the material reaches a certain critical point, the material switches to a low resistance state to have a sharp increase in the current.
These resistance switching properties are generally found in oxides, and recently, using these properties, memory devices such as a memristor capable of storing information like a flash memory have been actively developed.
When preparing a Group III-V compound according to an embodiment of the invention or a nanosheet formed of the compound, M as an additive element is added to synthesize a layered compound having a composition of MxAyPz, and then the additive element, M is partially removed using an acid, and a layered compound having a composition of Mx-mAyPz may thus be prepared.
As such, when the additive element is removed through the strong acid, the place where the additive element is partially removed is replaced with hydrogen ions included in the strong acid, and as shown in Formula 2 below, a hydrogen-containing layered compound and nanosheet may be prepared.
Mx-mHnAyPz [Formula 2]
(Where M is at least one of Group II elements, A is at least one of Group III elements, x, y, and z are positive numbers which are determined according to stoichiometric ratios to ensure charge balance when m is 0, and 0<m<x, and 0<n≤m).
As described above, the range of m may be preferably equal to or more than 0.1x and equal to or less than 0.8x, and more preferably equal to or more than 0.2x and equal to or less than 0.7x. Even in this case, the crystal structure may have a space group of P63/mmc.
Meanwhile, m may be greater than 0.8, and accordingly, the layered compound and nanosheet may have a zinc blende structure.
As such, the hydrogen-containing layered compound and nanosheet may have ferroelectric-like properties despite having a polar-symmetry structure as described above, and have resistance switching properties as well to be applied to various electrical devices, and in particular, to become applicable to memory devices such as memristors.
1) Synthesis of CaGa2P2 Having a Layered Structure
Ga, Ga, and P were weighed at a molar ratio of 1:2:2, placed in an alumina crucible, and additionally 4 times gallium was added thereto to achieve the total molar ratio of 1:10:2. Next, the mixture was placed in a quartz tube which was then double-sealed to block outside air. Thereafter, the added raw materials were heated to 1000° C. to be entirely liquefied and kept at the same temperature for 40 hours.
Subsequently, the resultant was subjected to cooling at a rate of 10° C. per hour to room temperature, and the collected sample was washed with a hydrochloric acid solution and deionized water to remove residual P and Ga to synthesize CaGa2P2.
2) Removal of Ca
Ca ions were removed from the layered CaGa2P2 through nitric acid.
The amount of Ca removal was controlled at varied concentration and time of nitric acid, and the results are shown in the Table below.
3) Process of Preparing Nanosheets
The samples prepared as in Table 1 above were irradiated with ultrasonic waves in ethanol to prepare nanosheets peeled off therefrom using a tape.
1) Synthesis of CaIn2P2 Having a Layered Structure
Ca, In, and P were weighed at a molar ratio of 1:2:2, mixed, and then put into an alumina crucible. Next, the mixture was placed in a quartz tube which was then double-sealed to block outside air. The process was performed in a glove box under argon atmosphere. Thereafter, in the box furnace, the temperature was raised to allow all Ca, In, and P to be present as a liquid, which were kept for 20 hours, cooled to 500° C. for 100 hours, and kept again for 100 hours to obtain a sample of CaIn2P2.
2) Removal of Ca
The sample was subjected to reaction in a 30% nitric acid IPA mixed solution over time to remove Ca from the layered CaIn2P2. Changes in the elemental ratio of In came along with the removal of Ca, and the results are shown in the table below.
3) Process of Preparing Nanosheets
The samples prepared as in Table 2 above were irradiated with ultrasonic waves in ethanol to prepare peeled nanosheets using a tape.
Results of analyzing the samples prepared according to Examples 1 and 2 will be described below.
However, even when changed to the zinc blende structure as such, the layered structure still stays as it is, because even when Ca positioned between the GaP layers is removed, the plane where Ca occupied still forms a cleavage plane or cracks.
This change is shown in
In
In
In addition, current changes according to voltages were measured for the nanosheet peeled off from Sample B, and results are shown in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2020-0115373 | Sep 2020 | KR | national |
| 10-2020-0149109 | Nov 2020 | KR | national |
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| 20160043270 | Li | Feb 2016 | A1 |
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| 2003261400 | Sep 2003 | JP |
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| 2020-176044 | Oct 2020 | JP |
| 20180103550 | Sep 2018 | KR |
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| 10-2057700 | Dec 2019 | KR |
| 20200073081 | Jun 2020 | KR |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220073351 A1 | Mar 2022 | US |
