Patent Grant
8431943
The present invention relates to a translucent substrate, a process for producing the same, an organic LED element and a process for producing the same, and particularly relates to a light-extraction structure of an organic LED (organic light emitting diode) or the like.
An organic LED element is one in which an organic layer is put between electrodes, and a voltage is applied between the electrodes to inject holes and electrons, which are allowed to be recombined in the organic layer, thereby extracting light that a light-emitting molecule emits in the course of transition from an excited state to a ground state, and has been used for display, backlight and lighting applications.
The refractive index of the organic layer is from about 1.8 to about 2.1 at 430 nm. On the other hand, the refractive index, for example, at the time when ITO (indium tin oxide) is used as a translucent electrode layer is generally from about 1.9 to about 2.1, although it varies depending on the ITO film-forming conditions or composition (Sn—In ratio). Like this, the organic layer and the translucent electrode layer are close to each other in refractive index, so that emitted light reaches an interface between the translucent electrode layer and a translucent substrate without totally reflecting between the organic layer and the translucent electrode layer. A glass or resin substrate is usually used as the translucent substrate, and the refractive index thereof is from about 1.5 to about 1.6, which is lower in the refractive index than the organic layer or the translucent electrode layer. Considering Snell's law, light which tries to enter the glass substrate at a shallow angle is reflected by total reflection in an organic layer direction, and reflected again at a reflective electrode to reach the interface of the glass substrate again. At this time, the incident angle to the glass substrate does not vary, so that reflection is repeated in the organic layer and the translucent electrode layer to fail to extract the light from the glass substrate to the outside. According to an approximate estimate, it is known that about 60% of the emitted light cannot be extracted by this mode (organic layer-translucent electrode layer propagation mode). The same also occurs at an interface between the substrate and the air, whereby about 20% of the emitted light propagates in the glass and fails to be extracted (substrate propagation mode). Accordingly, the amount of the light which can be extracted to the outside of the organic LED element is less than 20% of the emitted light in the present circumstances.
Patent Document 1 proposes a structure in which a light scattering layer as a semi-translucent material layer is provided on one surface of a substrate (paragraphs 0039 to 0040). This embodiment proposes a structure in which glass particles are firmly fixed to the surface of the substrate with an acrylic adhesive to perform an aggregation arrangement on the surface of the substrate, thereby providing a light scattering portion between the substrate and an organic EL element.
Further, intending to improve extraction efficiency, Patent Document 2 discloses “an organic EL element comprising a translucent substrate having provided thereon a scattering layer comprising an additional layer composed of a translucent material in which SiO2 particles, resin particles, a metal powder or metal oxide particles are dispersed, by a resin-based adhesive, spraying, vapor deposition, sputtering, dipping, spin coating or the like” (paragraph 0057).
Patent Document 3 discloses a light-emitting device in which a diffusing layer obtained by dispersing at least two kinds of fine particles one digital or more different in average particle size in a resin is provided adjacent to a translucent electrode, thereby efficiently extracting wave-guided light.
Further, Patent Document 4 proposes a technique of preventing total reflection in the inside of a display formed by using a light-emitting device, thereby intending to increase luminance. In Patent Document 4, it is described that “a high diffusion material may be coated on a layer of a light-emitting device such as a substrate, a translucent electrode, an optical film or another component” (Patent Document 4, paragraph 0027). Furthermore, it is described that “for example, particles may be arranged in glass frit, suitably coated, flattened and fired to form a glass substrate or a layer on a glass substrate, which acts as a high diffusion TIR frustrator” (Patent Document 4, paragraph 0027).
Moreover, also in Patent Document 5, there are descriptions similar to those of Patent Document 4 (Patent Document 5, paragraph 0026).
Patent Document 6 proposes a light scattering layer containing a light-transmitting resin layer and plural particles dispersed in the resin layer, on a substrate (paragraph 0013). It is proposed in Patent Document 6 to use an acryl resin as a material of the resin layer.
Patent Document 7 proposes a light scattering layer constituted of an ultraviolet curing resin having a solvent added thereto, on a substrate (paragraph 0029).
Patent Document 8 proposes one in which marking is applied in a translucent substrate such as a glass substrate or a resin substrate by laser, thereby forming a light scattering portion, and proposes that many light scattering portions are provided at the side near a light incidence surface or a light output surface (paragraph 0030).
However, in Patent Document 1, paraffin or the like is fixed as a semi-translucent material layer onto the substrate with the resin binder (paragraph 0040). Namely, the light scattering portion of Patent Document 1 is the resin, and liable to absorb water. Accordingly, the organic EL device of Patent Document 1 has a problem that it cannot withstand use for a long period of time. Similarly, in Patent Documents 6 and 7, the light scattering layer is constituted of the resin. Therefore, Patent Documents 6 and 7 have the same problem.
Further, Patent Document 2 discloses that the refractive index of the translucent substrate is brought near that of the scattering layer. However, it makes no mention of the relationship between the refractive index of the scattering layer and that of a translucent electrode layer at all. Further, Patent Document 2 discloses that a surface of the scattering layer may be uneven, in a text of the specification.
Further, Patent Documents 4 and 5 suggest use of the glass layer which is decreased in high-temperature degradation and stable, but makes no mention of unevenness of a surface of the scattering layer at all.
When the surface is uneven herein, the unevenness tends to be formed on a surface of a first electrode formed on this upper layer. When a layer having a light emitting function or the like is formed on this upper layer by a vapor deposition method or the like, coatability of the organic layer to the unevenness deteriorates, resulting in the occurrence of variation in thickness of the organic layer. Further, as a result, variation occurs in interelectrode distance between the above-mentioned first electrode and a surface of a second electrode formed on the organic layer. As a result, it has been known that in a region small in interelectrode distance, a large current locally flows through the organic layer to cause an interelectrode short circuit, leading to non-lighting. Furthermore, when a display device constituted by fine pixels such as a high-resolution display is formed, it is necessary to form a fine pixel pattern. There has been a problem that not only the unevenness of the surface contributes to the occurrence of variation in position of pixels and size, but also an organic element is short-circuited by this unevenness.
As described above, none of the above mentioned Patent Documents 1 to 8 has made mention of the flatness (arithmetic average roughness) of the surface of the scattering layer. Further, none of the Patent Documents has shown an example of preparing the scattering layer by glass.
Further, the organic EL element is formed by laminating thin films, so that angular dependency of color is high due to interference, which has also posed a problem that color is not exactly reproduced according to a seeing direction.
Also from such a viewpoint, demand for a translucent substrate having a scattering layer which is thin, high in flatness and further high in refractive index increases.
Patent Document 8 discloses that many light-scattering portions are provided at the side near light incident plane or light outgoing plane, but does not specifically refer to positions thereof. Further, as described in paragraph 0036 of Patent Document 8, laser pulse is concentrated in the inside of a transparent material such as a glass, and damage, change in refractive index, change in density, and the like are caused by a nonlinear effect due to its strong optical electric field. A light-scattering portion is constituted by giving local stress after the formation of a glass material. Further, increase in distribution density of the light scattering portion has the limit, and there is no concept that the light-scattering portions are formed so as to cause scattering uniformly in the plane.
In other words, the disclosure of Patent Document 8 is not a sufficient disclosure that one skilled in the art can carry out, but is merely a disclosure to an extent of describing just a desire. Actually, when the light-scattering portion is formed by laser processing, the refractive index gently changes, so that the refractive index difference at the interface is small. For this reason, in order to form the light-scattering layer having the desired refractive index, laser processing must be conducted with high density. There is, for example, a problem of breakage at the time of laser processing, and it is difficult to obtain the desired distribution. Additionally, a sufficient production yield cannot be obtained, and it was far from the condition to obtain the desired extraction efficiency in the recent laser processing technology. Further, in the case where damage is formed, strength of a glass itself is decreased, and it was difficult to obtain a translucent substrate capable of maintaining strength stably in forming a device or at the time of using the device. Furthermore, when it is tried to form damage portion and refractive index-change portion in the vicinity of the surface of a glass substrate, influence of stress applied at the time of the formation reaches the surface of the glass, and as a result, the substrate breaks during laser processing or strength is remarkably deteriorated. For this reason, the damage portion and the refractive index-change portion must be provided in the inside of the substrate, and as a result, there was a problem that only a glass substrate having a large thickness is applied.
Furthermore, when the glass substrate having a thickness of about 3 mm is used, change portions of damage, refractive index and the like must be provided up to the vicinity of the glass surface in order to secure scattering capability. However, when laser light is concentrated in the vicinity of the surface, possibility of breakage of a glass is high, and generally this is a method unsuitable for a glass plate for used in lighting and display.
Further, in an embodiment of the invention, it is an object to provide a high-strength translucent substrate having a scattering layer excellent in scattering characteristics and having a desired refractive index, while keeping surface smoothness.
Furthermore, in another embodiment of the invention, it is an object to provide a high-efficient, long-life organic LED element by improving light-extraction efficiency.
In addition, in still another embodiment of the invention, it is an object to provide an organic LED element which can inhibit an angular dependency of color.
Further, in another embodiment of the invention, when a reflective electrode is used as an electrode facing to a translucent electrode formed on a translucent substrate, it is an object to provide the translucent substrate and an organic EL element in which the appearance thereof is not spoiled by the occurrence of reflection due to the reflective electrode at the time of non-light emission.
Accordingly, the translucent substrate of the invention comprises a translucent glass substrate; a scattering layer formed on the glass substrate and comprising a glass which contains a base material having a first refractive index for at least one wavelength of light to be transmitted and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material, and a translucent electrode formed on the scattering layer and having a third refractive index higher than the first refractive index, wherein distribution of the scattering materials in the scattering layer decreases toward the translucent electrode in a vicinity of a surface at a translucent electrode side of the scattering layer.
Further, a process for producing a translucent substrate of the present invention comprises steps of: preparing a translucent glass substrate, forming on the glass substrate a scattering layer comprising a base material having a first refractive index for at least one wavelength region of light to be transmitted and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material; and forming on the scattering layer a translucent electrode having a third refractive index higher than the first refractive index, wherein the scattering layer forming step includes steps of: applying a coating material containing a glass powder onto the glass substrate; and firing the applied glass powder.
The organic LED element of the present invention comprises a translucent glass substrate, a scattering layer formed on the glass substrate and comprising a glass which contains a base material having a first refractive index for at least one wavelength of light to be transmitted and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material, a translucent electrode formed on the scattering layer and having a third refractive index higher than the first refractive index, an organic layer formed on the translucent electrode, and a reflective electrode formed on the organic layer.
A process for producing an organic LED element of the invention comprises steps of: preparing a translucent glass substrate; forming on the glass substrate a scattering layer comprising a base material having a first refractive index for at least one wavelength of light to be transmitted and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material; forming on the scattering layer a translucent electrode having a third refractive index higher than the first refractive index, forming an organic layer on the translucent electrode; and forming a reflective electrode on the organic layer.
According to the invention, the light-extraction efficiency can be improved, and it becomes possible to provide a translucent substrate which can provide an optical device having high extraction efficiency.
Further, scatterability can be increased, so that the angular dependency of color can be decreased.
Furthermore, a scattering layer is constituted by glass, thereby being able to realize stability and high strength, which makes it possible to provide a translucent substrate excellent in scatterability without increasing the thickness compared with an original translucent substrate made of glass.
According to the invention, an organic LED element can be provided in which the extraction efficiency is improved up to 80% of the emitted light.
According to the invention, the first refractive index of the base material may be smaller than the third refractive index of the translucent electrode, so that the degree of freedom in the selection of usable materials is increased. Further, a high refractive index glass is liable to cause devitrification, and is liable to increase costs. However, by using a glass with a low refractive index if only a little, it becomes possible to intend to the improvement of productivity even though light-extraction efficiency is slightly decreased. However, even in this case, a refractive of the base material is desired to be high as possible. Therefore, it is preferred that the base material is a high refractive index glass as possible.
The electrode-attached translucent substrate (laminate for an organic LED element) of the invention and the organic LED element being laminated for an organic LED element will be described below with reference to the drawings.
The organic LED element of the invention comprises an electrode-attached translucent substrate (laminate for an organic LED element) 100, an organic layer 110 and a reflective electrode 120, as shown in
The electrode-attached translucent substrate 100 used in the invention comprises the translucent glass substrate 101, the scattering layer 102 comprising a glass and formed on the glass substrate, and the translucent electrode 103. The scattering layer comprises a base material having a first refractive index at one wavelength of light to be transmitted and a plurality of scattering materials 104 dispersed in the base material and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material. The distribution of the scattering materials in the scattering layer has in-plane uniformity, and additionally decreases from the inside of the scattering layer toward the translucent electrode in the vicinity at the translucent electrode surface side of the scattering layer. The translucent electrode 103 has a third refractive index higher than the first refractive index.
The vicinity at the translucent electrode surface side of the scattering layer means a surface side of a half thickness or more of the scattering layer.
The in-plane uniformity means that the scattering materials are not distributed by pattern formation, but are distributed on the entire plane.
Further, the density ρ1 of the scattering material at a half thickness (δ/2) of the scattering layer 102 comprising a glass and the density ρ2 of the scattering material at a distance x (δ/2<x≦δ) from a surface of the scattering layer on the side facing to the translucent electrode (namely, a surface on the substrate side) satisfy ρ1≧ρ2.
Further, from another standpoint, the density ρ3 of the scattering material at a distance x (x≦0.2 μm) from the translucent electrode side surface of the scattering layer comprising a glass and the density ρ4 of the scattering material at a distance x=2 μm satisfy ρ4>ρ3. This is also clear from
Furthermore, from still another standpoint, the density ρ3 of the scattering material at a distance x (x≦0.2 μm) from the translucent electrode side surface of the scattering layer comprising a glass and the density ρ5 of the scattering material at a distance x=5 μm satisfy ρ3>ρ5. This is also clear from
According to this constitution, the probability that pores, precipitated crystals or the scattering material comprising a material different in composition from the base material exists in a surface layer of the scattering layer comprising a glass layer and directly thereunder is lower than in the inside of the scattering layer, so that a smooth surface can be obtained. For this reason, for example, in the case of forming an organic EL element, a surface of the translucent substrate, namely a surface of the scattering layer, is smooth, so that a surface of the translucent electrode (first electrode) formed on this upper layer is smooth. Also in the case of forming a layer having a light-emitting function, or the like on this upper layer by a coating method or the like, the layer having a light-emitting function can be uniformly formed, and the interelectrode distance between the translucent electrode and a surface of the reflective electrode (second electrode) formed on the layer having a light-emitting function becomes uniform. As a result, it does not happen that a large current is locally applied to the layer having a light-emitting function, so that the lifetime can be prolonged. Further, when a display device constituted by fine pixels such as a high-resolution display is formed, it is necessary to form a fine pixel patter. There has been a problem that not only the unevenness of the surface contributes to the occurrence of variation in position of pixels and size, but also an organic EL element is short-circuited by this unevenness. However, the fine pattern can be formed with high accuracy.
Incidentally, although the scattering layer is directly formed on the glass substrate, it may be formed with the interposition of a barrier layer, for example, such that a thin silica film is formed on the glass substrate by a sputtering method or the like, and then scattering layer is formed thereon. However, an extremely stable and flat surface can be obtained by forming the scattering layer comprising a glass with no interposition of an adhesive or an organic layer. Moreover, it becomes possible to form a thermally stable and long-life device by constituting it with only inorganic materials.
Characteristics of such a translucent substrate will be described in detail.
When a glass powder is fired, schematic view of a state in which the glass powder is applied by a suitable method is shown in
Supposing that the glass particle size of the glass particles G has distribution, it is conceivable that a structure in which a small glass particle enters the space between the large glass particles G is obtained. When the temperature is further increased, the glass particles starts to be fused to one another at a temperature 10° C. to 20° C. lower than the softening temperature of the glass. A state at this time is shown in
When the temperature is further increased, softening and fluidity of the glass proceed, and the space in the inside of the glass forms a spherical pore. On the glass outermost surface 200, the depression caused by the space between the glass particles G is smoothed. This state is shown in
Like this, it is possible to inhibit the generation of the pores and depressions in the outermost surface of the glass layer while leaving the pores in the glass layer by adjusting the material composition and firing temperature for forming the glass layers. Namely, it becomes possible to provide the electrode-attached translucent substrate excellent in scattering characteristics and high in surface smoothness by adjusting the firing temperature profile and adjusting the firing temperature so as to prevent the scattering material form rising and to leave the pore in the glass layer not to rise to the surface.
Further, at this time, the surface of the glass layer undulates in some cases depending on the treating temperature, the glass material for the glass layer, the size of the glass particles and the substrate material. A schematic view thereof is shown in
The waviness roughness Ra and average wavelength Rλa as used herein mean values calculated based on JIS B0601 (2001) Standard (translated standard of ISO97) with a cut-off value of short wavelength of 25.0 μm, and a cut-off value of long wavelength of 2.5 mm.
Further, the surface roughness Ra means surface roughness microscopically observed, and means a value calculated based on the JIS B0601 (1994) as a cut-off value of long wavelength being 10 μm.
When the treating temperature is low, a microscopic concave portion of the outermost surface is left in some cases. However, the shape of the concave portion becomes gentle as shown in
Further, use of the easily crystallizable glass makes it possible to precipitate crystals in the inside of the glass layer. At this time, when the crystals have a size of 0.1 μm or more, they act as a light scattering material. A state at this time is shown in
When the temperature is too high, the crystals also precipitate in the outermost surface of the glass layer to be liable to lose smoothness of the outermost surface. This is therefore unfavorable. A schematic view thereof is shown in
As described above, the translucent substrate in which the density of the scattering material in the outermost surface of the scattering layer is lower than the density of the scattering material in the inside of the scattering layer can be obtained by adjusting the material composition and the firing conditions.
Further, it becomes possible to obtain the translucent substrate having sufficient scattering characteristics and a smooth surface by using a translucent substrate in which there is present such δ that the density ρ1 of the scattering material at a half thickness of the scattering layer comprising a glass and the density ρ2 of the scattering material at a distance x from the outermost surface of the scattering layer, which satisfies δ/2≦x≦δ, satisfy ρ1≧ρ2.
Further, in the scattering layer, the surface forms waviness constituting a curved surface, thereby being able to inhibit the appearance from being spoiled by reflection, when the organic EL element formed on the scattering layer has a reflective electrode. When the reflective electrode is used, it has been a problem that the appearance is spoiled by reflection due to the reflective electrode at the time of non-light emission. However, according to the invention, the accuracy of a pattern formed on the scattering layer is not deteriorated, variation does not occurs in interelectrode distance, and the contact area of the electrode and the layer having a light-emitting function can be increased, by making the conditions suitable when the scattering layer is formed. Accordingly, the effective element area can be increased, thereby being able to form the long-life, high-intensity organic EL element.
Furthermore, as the waviness is schematically shown in
In addition, the surface roughness Ra of the surface of the scattering layer is desirably 30 nm or less. More desirably, the surface roughness of the scattering layer is 10 nm or less.
For example, when the organic EL element is formed on such a translucent substrate, for example, the translucent substrate is required to be thinly formed. It is at a surface roughness of 30 nm or less, desirably 10 nm or less that this translucent electrode can be formed without being affected by a ground. When the surface roughness exceeds 30 nm, coatability of the organic layer formed thereon deteriorates in some cases, and a short circuit occurs between the translucent electrode formed on the glass scattering later and the other electrode in some cases. The interelectrode short circuit causes non-lighting of the element, but it is possible to restore it by applying an overcurrent in some cases. In order to make the restoration possible, the roughness of the glass scattering layer is desirably 10 nm or less, and more desirably 3 nm or less.
Incidentally, in a certain material system, it is known that a surface roughness Ra of 10 nm or less can be obtained when the firing temperature is adjusted to 570° C. or more. Although the optimum firing conditions vary depending on the material system, the scattering material is inhibited from being present in the outermost surface by controlling the kind or size of scattering material, thereby being able to obtain the scattering layer with an excellent surface smoothness.
Further, when the pores are present in the scattering layer, an increase in size of the pores increases buoyancy in a scattering layer forming process such as firing, resulting in an easy rising of the pores to the surface. When the pores reach the outermost surface, there is the possibility that they burst to significantly deteriorate the surface smoothness. Furthermore, the number of the scattering materials relatively decreases in that portion, so that scatterability decreases only in that portion. Coagulation of such large pores also results in visual observation as unevenness. Moreover, the ratio of the pores having a size of 5 μm or more is desirably 15 vol % or less, more desirably 10 vol % or less, and still more desirably 7 vol % or less. In addition, even when the scattering material is other than the pores, the number of the scattering material relatively decreases in that portion, so that scatterability decreases only in that portion. Accordingly, the ratio of the scattering material having a maximum length of 5 μm or more is desirably 15 vol % or less, more desirably 10 vol % or less, and still more desirably 7 vol % or less.
Still further, when the reflective electrode is used, there has been a problem that the appearance is spoiled by the occurrence of reflection due to the reflective electrode at the time of non-light emission. However, when the scattering layer is formed, the conditions are optimized, thereby being able to form waviness shape on the surface of the scattering layer. The waviness of the surface of the scattering layer was measured. SURFCOM 1400D manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd. was used for the measurement. The cutoff wavelength used herein was 2.5 mm. Then, aluminum was vacuum vapor deposited on this scattering layer-attached glass substrate to a thickness of 80 nm, the diffuse reflectivity of a film formation surface of the aluminum layer was measured, and the ratio b of scattering light was calculated. LANBDA 950 manufactured by Perkin Elmer Inc. was used for the measurement.
The results thereof are shown in Table 1.
Here, A is glass materials comprising 23.1 mol % of P2O5, 12.0 mol % of B2O3, 11.6 mol % of Li2O, 16.6 mol % of Bi2O3, 8.7 mol % of TiO2, 17.6 mol % of Nb2O5 and 10.4 mol % of WO3 and fired at the respective temperatures, B is a glass material having the same composition as A with exception that Bi2O3 is decreased to 5.5 mol % and that Na2O and K2O are added in amounts of 4 mol % and 2.5 mol %, respectively, and fired at 530° C., and C is a glass material having the composition shown in Table 12 and obtained by firing a scattering layer constituted. The glass transition temperature Tg of A is 499° C., and that of B is 481° C.
By adjusting the firing conditions like this, the waviness can be given to the surface, and this makes it possible to reduce specular reflectivity. Accordingly, even when scatterability of the scattering layer is low, reflection due to the fact that the reflective electrode has specularity can be decreased.
Here, it is described that the ratio (Ra/Rλa) between the waviness roughness Ra and the wavelength Rλa of the waviness of the surface is desirably from 1.0×10−3 to 3.0×10−2. This fact can be confirmed from Table 1. In Table 1, C has smaller Ra to such an extent that the ratio (Ra/Rλa) is less than 1.0×10−3, so that sufficient diffuse reflection ratio cannot be obtained. Further, when Rλa is large to such an extent that the ratio (Ra/Rλa) is less than 1.0×10−3, or the waviness roughness Ra is small, sufficient diffuse reflection ratio cannot be obtained. Furthermore, when the waviness rough is large to such an extent that the ratio (Ra/Rλa) exceeds 3.0×10−2, it is difficult to form a device.
Further, the content of the scattering materials in the scattering layer is desirably at least 1 vol %.
The experiment results reveal that when the scattering material is contained in an amount of 1 vol % or more, sufficient light scatterability can be obtained. Further desirably, when the scattering material is contained in an amount of 5 vol % or more, better light scatterability can be obtained.
Furthermore, there are the case where the scattering material is pores, the case where it is material particles having a composition different from that of the base layer and the case where it is precipitated crystals of the base layer. These may be used either alone or as mixture thereof.
When the scattering material is pores, the size of the pores, pore distribution or density can be adjusted by adjusting the firing conditions such as the firing temperature.
When the scattering material is material particles having a composition different from that of the base material, the size, distribution or density of the scattering material can be adjusted by adjusting the material composition or the firing conditions such as the firing temperature.
When the scattering material is precipitated crystals of the glass constituting the base layer, the size of the pores, pore distribution or density can be adjusted by adjusting the firing conditions such as the firing temperature.
The scattering layer of the invention obtains the glass layer containing the scattering material by coating and firing, so that the in-plane distribution of the scattering materials is basically nearly uniform.
Further, the first refractive index of the base layer for at least one wavelength of wavelengths λ (430 nm<λ<650 nm) is desirably 1.8 or more, but it is difficult to form a high refractive index material layer. Therefore, in the invention, even when a material in which the first refractive index of the base layer is smaller than the third refractive index which is a refractive index of the translucent electrode is used, the refractive index is adjusted by adjusting the scattering material in the glass material, thereby making it possible to increase the extraction efficiency.
Here, the in-plane uniformity has been described. The in-plane distribution of the scattering material is desirably uniform, but may not always be uniform.
Further, the distribution in a depth direction of the scattering material is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and can be appropriately modified.
The respective members will be described in detail below.
Substrate
A material having a high refractive index for visible light, mainly a glass substrate, is used as a substrate 101 used for the formation of the translucent substrate. As the material having a high refractive index, specifically, a plastic substrate as well as the glass substrate may be used. As a material for the glass substrate, an inorganic glass such as alkali glass, non-alkali glass or quartz glass may be mentioned. Further, as a material for the plastic substrate, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a polyether, a polysulfone, a polyethersulfone, a polyvinyl alcohol or a fluorine-containing polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinyl fluoride may be mentioned. Incidentally, in order to prevent moisture from passing though the substrate, the plastic substrate may be constituted so that barrier properties are given thereto. The thickness of the translucent substrate 101 is preferably from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm in the case of glass. However, too thin substrate results in a decrease in strength, so that it is particularly preferred that the thickness is from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm.
Incidentally, in order to prepare the scattering layer by glass frit, the thermal expansion coefficient is preferably 50×10−7/° C. or more, more preferably 70×10−7/° C. or more and still more preferably 80×10−7/° C. or more, because of a problem of strain and the like are encountered.
Further, it is desirable that the average thermal expansion coefficient of the scattering layer at 100° C. to 400° C. is from 70×10−7 (° C.−1) to 95×10−7 (° C.−1), and that the glass transition temperature is from 450° C. to 550° C.
Scattering Layer
A constitution, a preparation method and characteristics of the scattering layer and a measuring method of the refractive index will be described in detail below. Incidentally, in order to realize an improvement of the light-extraction efficiency which is the principal object of the invention, the refractive index of the scattering layer must be equivalent to or higher than the refractive index of a translucent electrode material, although details thereof are described later. In the invention, the scattering layer having a refractive index equivalent to or higher than the third refractive index which is a refractive index of the translucent electrode material is realized by adjusting the scattering material, while the first refractive index of the base layer constituting the scattering layer is small.
Calculating Method
In order to obtain characteristics of the scattering layer described later, the present inventors performed optical simulations, and examined, for respective parameters, influences exerted on the extraction efficiency thereby. A computing software used is a software SPEOS manufactured by OPTIS Corporation. This software is a ray trace software, and at the same time, it is possible to apply a theoretical formula of Mie scattering to the scattering layer. The thickness of the organic layer actually used as a layer having a light-emitting function, such as a charge-injection-transport layer or a light-emitting layer, is actually from about 0.1 μm to about 0.3 μm in total. However, in the ray trace, the angle of a ray does not change even when the thickness is changed. Accordingly, it was taken as 1 μm of the minimum thickness allowed in the software. For a similar reason, the total thickness of the glass substrate and the scattering layer was taken as 100 μm. Further, for simplicity, calculation was made dividing the organic layer and the translucent electrode into three of the charge-injection layer and the light-emitting layer, a hole-injection-transport layer, and the translucent electrode. In the calculation, the refractive indexes of these are assumed as the same. However, the refractive indexes of the organic layer and the translucent electrode are equivalent value, so that the calculated results are not largely changed. Strictly considered, a waveguide mode caused by interference stands, because the organic layer is thin. However, the results are not largely changed, even when geometric-optically treated. This is therefore sufficient for estimating the advantages of this invention. In the organic layer, emitted light is assumed to be outgone from a total of 6 faces without having directivity. The calculation was made, taking the total light flux amount as 1,000 lm and the number of light rays as 100,000 rays or 1,000,000 rays. The light outgone from the translucent substrate was captured by a receiving surface mounted 10 μm above the translucent substrate, and the extraction efficiency was calculated from the illuminance thereof.
Constitution
In this embodiment, as described above, the scattering layer 102 is formed by forming a glass powder on the glass substrate by a method such as coating and firing it at a desired temperature, and has the base material 102 having a first refractive index and a plurality of scattering materials 104 dispersed in the base material 102 and having a second refractive index different from that of the base material. The intralayer distribution of the scattering materials in the scattering layer decreases from the inside of the scattering layer to the outermost surface. Use of the glass layer makes it possible to keep smoothness of the surface while having excellent scattering characteristics, as described above, and use thereof on the light outgoing surface side of the light-emitting device or the like makes it possible to realize extremely high-efficient light extraction.
Further, as the scattering layer, a material (base material) having a main surface coated and having a high light transmittance may be used. As the base material, a glass, a crystallized glass, a translucent resin or a translucent ceramic may be used. As a material for the glass, an inorganic glass such as soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, non-alkali glass or quartz glass may be used. Incidentally, a plurality of scattering materials 104 (for example, pores, precipitated crystals, material particles different from the base material or phase-separated glass) are formed in the inside of the base material. The particle as used herein means a small solid material, and there is a filler or a ceramic. Further, the pore means an air or gas material. Furthermore, the phase-separated glass means a glass composed of two or more kinds of glass phases. Incidentally, when the scattering material is the pore, the size of the scattering material indicates a size of a void.
Further, in order to realize an improvement of the light-extraction efficiency which is normally the principal object of the invention, the refractive index of the scattering layer must be equivalent to or higher than the refractive index of the translucent electrode material. When the refractive index is low, a loss due to total reflection occurs at an interface between the base material and the translucent electrode material. For this reason, in the invention, even when the refractive index of the base material is small, the extraction efficiency is compensated by the distribution of the scattering material, thereby increasing the refractive index as the whole scattering layer to a refractive index equivalent to or higher than the refractive index of the translucent electrode, so that the extraction efficiency is improved. Here, the refractive index of the scattering layer is only required to exceed for at least one portion (for example, red, blue, green or the like) in the emission spectrum range of the light-emitting layer. However, it exceeds preferably over the whole region (430 nm to 650 nm) of the emission spectrum range, and more preferably over the whole region (360 nm to 830 nm) of the wavelength range of visible light.
Further, in order to prevent the interelectrode short circuit of the organic LED element, the main surface of the scattering layer is required to be smooth. For that purpose, it is unfavorable that the scattering materials protrude from the main surface of the scattering layer. Also in order to prevent the scattering materials from protruding from the main surface of the scattering layer, it is preferred that the scattering materials are not present within 0.2 μm from the main surface of the scattering layer. The arithmetic average roughness (surface roughness: Ra) of the main surface of the scattering layer specified in JIS B0601-1994 is preferably 30 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or less (see Table 1), and particularly desirably 1 nm or less. Although both the refractive indexes of the scattering material and the base material may be high, the difference (Δn) in the refractive indexes is preferably 0.2 or more for at least one portion in the emission spectrum range of the scattering layer. In order to obtain sufficient scattering characteristics, the difference (Δn) in the refractive indexes is more preferably 0.2 or more over the whole region (430 nm to 650 nm) of the emission range or the whole region (360 nm to 830 nm) of the wavelength range of visible light.
In order to obtain the maximum refractive index difference, a constitution of using a high refractive index glass as the high light transmittance material and the glass material, namely pores, as the scattering material is desirable. In the invention, the refractive index of the base material may be smaller than the refractive index of the translucent electrode, so that the degree of freedom in the selection of usable materials is increased. However, even in this case, the refractive index of the base material is desirably as high as possible, so that the high refractive index glass is preferably used as the base material. For components of the high refractive index glass, there can be used the high refractive index glass containing one or two or more kinds of components selected from P2O5, SiO2, B2O3, Ge2O and TeO2 as network formers, and one or two or more kinds of components selected from TiO2, Nb2O5, WO3, Bi2O3, La2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2, ZnO, BaO, PbO and Sb2O3 as high refractive index components. In addition, in a sense of adjusting characteristics of the glass, an alkali oxide, an alkaline earth oxide, a fluoride or the like may be used within the range not impairing characteristics required for the refractive index. Specific glass systems include a B2O3—ZnO—La2O3 system, a P2O5—B2O3—R′2O—R″O—TiO2—Nb2O5—WO3—Bi2O3 system, a TeO2—ZnO system, a B2O3—Bi2O3 system, a SiO2—Bi2O3 system, a SiO2—ZnO system, a B2O3—ZnO system, a P2O5—ZnO system and the like, wherein R′ represents an alkali metal element, and R″ represents an alkaline earth metal element. Incidentally, the above are examples, and the glass system is not construed as being limited to these examples as long as it is constituted so as to satisfy the above-mentioned conditions.
It is also possible to change color of light emission by allowing the base material to have a specific transmittance spectrum. As colorants, known ones such as a transition metal oxide, a rare earth metal oxide and a metal colloid can be used alone or in combination thereof.
Here, in general, while light emission is necessary for backlight and lighting applications. For whitening, there are known a method in which red, blue and green are spatially selectively coated (selective coating method), a method of laminating light-emitting layers having different light emission colors (lamination method) and a method of color changing light emitted in blue with a color changing material spatially separately provided (color changing method). In the backlight and lighting applications, what is necessary is just to uniformly obtain while color, so that the lamination method is generally used. The light-emitting layers to be laminated are used in such a combination that white color is obtained by additive color mixing. For example, a blue-green layer and an orange layer are laminated, or red, blue and green are laminated, in some cases. In particular, in the lighting application, color reproducibility at a reflective surface is important, so that it is desirable to have an emission spectrum necessary for a visible light region. When the blue-green layer and the orange layer are laminated, lighting of one with a high proportion of green deteriorates color reproducibility, because of low light emission intensity of green color. The lamination method has a merit that it is unnecessary to spatially change a color arrangement, whereas it has the following two problems. The first problem is that the emitted light extracted is influenced by interference, because the film thickness of the organic layer is thin as described above. Accordingly, color changes depending on the viewing angle. In the case of white color, such a phenomenon becomes a problem in some cases, because the sensitivity of the human eye to color is high. The second problem is that a carrier balance is disrupted during light emission to cause changes in light-emitting luminance in each color, resulting in changes in color.
A conventional organic LED element has no idea of dispersing a fluorescent material in a scattering layer or a diffusing layer, so that it cannot solve the above problem of changes in color. Accordingly, the conventional organic LED element has been insufficient yet for the backlight and lighting applications. However, in the substrate for an organic LED element and the organic LED element of the invention, the fluorescent material can be used in the scattering material or the base material. This can cause an effect of performing wavelength conversion by light emission from the organic layer to change color. In this case, it is possible to decrease the light emission colors of the organic LED, and the emitted light is extracted after being scattered. Accordingly, the angular dependency of color and changes in color with time can be inhibited.
Preparation Method of Scattering Layer
The preparation of the scattering layer is carried out by coating and firing. In particular, from the viewpoint of forming rapidly and uniformly a film thickness of 10 to 100 μm with a large area, a method of preparing the layer by using a frit-pasted glass is preferred. In order to utilize a frit paste method, it is desirable that the softening point (Ts) of the glass of the scattering layer is lower than the strain point (SP) of the substrate glass, and that the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient (α) is small, for inhibiting thermal deformation of the substrate glass. The difference between the softening point and the strain point is preferably 30° C. or more, and more preferably 50° C. or more. Further, the difference in the expansion coefficient between the scattering layer the substrate glass is preferably ±10×10−7 (1/K) or less, and more preferably ±5×10−7 (1/K) or less. The frit paste as used herein indicates one in which a glass powder is dispersed in a resin, a solvent, a filler or the like. Glass layer coating becomes possible by patterning the frit paste using a pattern forming technique such as screen printing and firing it. The technical outline will be described below.
Frit Paste Material
1. Glass Powder
The particle size of the glass powder is from 1 μm to 10 μm. In order to control the thermal expansion of the film fired, a filler is incorporated in some cases. As the filler specifically, zircon, silica, alumina or the may be used, and the particle size thereof is from 0.1 μm to 20 μm.
Glass materials will be described below.
In the invention, the scattering layer uses a glass containing 20 to 30 mol % of P2O5, 3 to 14 mol % of B2O3, 10 to 20 mol % of Li2O, Na2O and K2O in terms of total amount thereof, 10 to 20 mol % of Bi2O3, 3 to 15 mol % of TiO2, 10 to 20 mol % of Nb2O5 and 5 to 15 mol % of WO3, wherein the total amount of the above components is 90 mol % or more.
The glass composition for forming the scattering layer is not particularly limited, as long as desired scattering characteristics are obtained and it can be frit-pasted and fired. However, in order to maximize the extraction efficiency, examples thereof include a system containing P2O5 as an essential component and further one or more components of Nb2O5, Bi2O3, TiO2 and WO3; a system containing B2O3, ZnO and La2O3 as essential components and one or more components of Nb2O5, ZrO2, Ta2O5 and WO3; a system containing SiO2 as an essential component and one or more components of Na2O5 and TiO2; and a system containing Bi2O3 as a main component and SiO2, B2O3 and the like as network forming components, and the like.
Incidentally, in all glass systems used as the scattering layer in the invention, As2O3, PbO, CdO, ThO2 and HgO which are components having adverse effects on the environment are not contained, except for the case of inevitable contamination therewith as impurities derived from raw materials.
The scattering layer containing P2O5 and one or more components of Nb2O5, Bi2O3, TiO2 and WO3 is preferably a glass within the composition range of 15 to 30% of P2O5, 0 to 15% of SiO2, 0 to 18% of B2O3, 5 to 40% of Nb2O5, 0 to 15% of TiO2, 0 to 50% of WO3, 0 to 30% of Bi2O3, provided that Nb2O5+TiO2+WO3+Bi2O3 is from 20 to 60%, 0 to 20% of Li2O, 0 to 20% of Na2O, 0 to 20% of K2O, provided that Li2O+Na2O+K2O is from 5 to 40%, 0 to 10% of MgO, 0 to 10% CaO, 0 to 10% of SrO, 0 to 20% of BaO, 0 to 20% of ZnO and 0 to 10% of Ta2O5, in terms of mol %.
Effects of the respective components are as follows in terms of mol %.
P2O5 is an essential component forming a skeleton of this glass system and performing vitrification. However, when the content is too small, devitrification of the glass increases to result in failure to obtain the glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 15% or more, and more preferably 18% or more. On the other hand, when the content is too large, the refractive index decreases to result in failure to achieve the object of the invention. Accordingly, the content is preferably 30% or less, and more preferably 28% or less.
B2O3 is an optional component as a component which is added into the glass, thereby improving resistance to devitrification and decreasing the thermal expansion coefficient. When the content is too large, the refractive index decreases. The content is preferably 18% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
SiO2 is an optional component as a component which is added in slight amounts, thereby stabilizing the glass and improving resistance to devitrification. When the content is too large, the refractive index decreases. It is therefore preferably 15% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and particularly preferably 8% or less.
Nb2O5 is an essential component improving the refractive index and also having an effect of enhancing weather resistance at the same time. Accordingly, the content is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 8% or more. On the other hand, when the content is too large, devitrification increases to result in failure to obtain the glass. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 35% or less.
TiO2 is an optional component improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, coloring of the glass increases to cause an increased loss in the scattering layer, resulting in failure to achieve the object of the improving the light-extraction efficiency. Accordingly, the content is preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 13% or less.
WO3 is an optional component improving the refractive index and decreasing the glass transition temperature to decrease the firing temperature. However, excessive introduction thereof results in coloring of the glass to cause a decrease in the light-extraction efficiency. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 50% or less, and more preferably 45% or less.
Bi2O3 is a component improving the refractive index, and can be introduced into the glass in relatively large amounts while keeping stability of the glass. However, excessive introduction thereof poses a problem that the glass is colored to decrease the transmittance. Accordingly, the content is preferably 30% or less, and more preferably 25% or less.
In order to increase the refractive index more than the desired value, one or more components of Nb2O5, TiO2, WO3 and Bi2O3 described above must be necessarily contained. Specifically, the total amount of (Nb2O5+TiO2+WO3+Bi2O3) is preferably 20% or more, and more preferably 25% or more. On the other hand, when the total amount of these components is too large, coloring occurs, or devitrification excessively increases. It is therefore preferably 60% or less, and more preferably 55% or less.
Ta2O5 is an optional component improving the refractive index. However, when the amount added is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases. In addition to this, it is expensive. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 5% or less.
The alkali metal oxides (R2O) such as Li2O, Na2O and K2O have an effect of improving meltability to decrease the glass transition temperature and concurrently an effect of enhancing affinity with the glass substrate to increase adhesion. For this reason, it is desirable to contain one or two or more kinds of these. These are contained preferably in an amount of 5% or more, and more preferably in an amount of 10% or more, as the total amount of (Li2O+Na2O+K2O). However, when they are excessively contained, stability of the glass is impaired. In addition to this, all are components decreasing the refractive index, so that the refractive index of the glass decreases, resulting in failure to obtain the desired improvement of the light-extraction efficiency. Accordingly, the total content is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 35% or less.
Li2O is a component for decreasing the glass transition temperature and improving solubility. However, the content is too much, devitrification excessively increases to result in failure to obtain homogeneous glass. Further, the thermal expansion coefficient excessively increases to increase the difference in the expansion coefficient from the substrate. At the same time, the refractive index also decreases to result in failure to achieve a desired improvement of the light-extraction efficiency. Accordingly, the content is desirably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
Both of Na2O and K2O are optional components improving meltability. However, excessive inclusion thereof causes a decrease in the refractive index, resulting in failure to achieve the desired light-extract efficiency. Accordingly, the contents are each preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
ZnO is a component improving the refractive index and decreasing the glass transition temperature. However, when it is excessively added, devitrification of the glass increases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
BaO is a component improving the refractive index and concurrently improving solubility. However, when it is excessively added, stability of the glass is impaired. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
MgO, CaO and SrO are optional components improving solubility, and components decreasing the refractive index at the same time. Accordingly, the contents are each preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 8% or less.
In order to obtain the high refractive index and stable glass, the total amount of the above components is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 93% or more, and still more preferably 95% or more.
In addition to the components described above, a refining agent, a vitrification enhancing component, a refractive index adjusting component, a wavelength converting component or the like may be added in small amounts within the range not impairing necessary glass characteristics. Specifically, the refining agents include Sb2O3 and SnO2, the vitrification enhancing components include GeO2, Ga2O3 and In2O3, the refractive index adjusting components include ZrO2, Y2O3, Gd2O3 and Yb2O3, and the wavelength converting components include rare earth components such as CeO2, Eu2O3 and Er2O3, and the like.
The scattering layer containing B2O3 and La2O3 as essential components and one or more components of Nb2O5, ZrO2, Ta2O5 and WO3 is preferably a glass within a composition range of: 20 to 60% of B2O3, 0 to 20% of SiO2, 0 to 20% of Li2O, 0 to 10% of Na2O, 0 to 10% of K2O, 5 to 50% of ZnO, 5 to 25% of La2O3, 0 to 25% of Gd2O3, 0 to 20% of Y2O3, 0 to 20% of Yb2O3, provided that La2O3+Gd2O3+Y2O3+Yb2O3 is from 5 to 30%, 0 to 15% of ZrO2, 0 to 20% of Ta2O5, 0 to 20% of Nb2O5, 0 to 20% of WO3, 0 to 20% of Bi2O3 and 0 to 20% of BaO, in terms of mol %.
Effects of the respective components are as follows in terms of mol %.
B2O3 is a network forming oxide and is an essential component in this glass system. When the content is too small, glass formation is not performed, or resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases. Accordingly, it is contained preferably in an amount of 20% or more, and more preferably in an amount of 25% or more. On the other hand, when the content is too large, the refractive index decreases, and further, weather resistance decreases. Accordingly, the content is restricted to 60% or less, and more preferably, it is 55% or less.
SiO2 is a component improving stability of the glass when added into the glass of this system. However, the amount introduced is too large, the refractive index decreases, and the glass transition temperature increases. For this reason, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Li2O is a component decreasing the glass transition temperature. However, when the amount introduced is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases. For this reason, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Na2O and K2O improve solubility. However, introduction thereof causes a decrease in resistance to devitrification and a decrease in the refractive index. Accordingly, each content is preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 8% or less.
ZnO is an essential component improving the refractive index of the glass and decreasing the glass transition temperature. For this reason, the amount thereof is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 7% or more. On the other hand, when the amount added is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 50% or less, and more preferably 45% or less.
La2O3 is an essential component achieving a high refractive index and improving weather resistance when introduced into the B2O3 system glass. For this reason, the amount introduced is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 7% or more. On the other hand, when the addition amount is too large, the glass transition temperature increases, or resistance to devitrification of the glass increases, resulting in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 25% or less, and more preferably 22% or less.
Gd2O3 is a component achieving a high refractive index, improving resistance when introduced into the B2O3 system glass and improving stability of the glass by coexistence with La2O3. However, when the amount introduced is too large, stability of the glass decreases. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 25% or less, and more preferably 22% or less.
Y2O3 and Yb2O3 are components achieving a high refractive index, improving resistance when introduced into the B2O3 system glass and improving stability of the glass by coexistence with La2O3. However, when the amount introduced is too large, stability of the glass decreases. Accordingly, the contents are each preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
The rare earth oxides such as La2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3 and Yb2O3 are components essential for achieving a high refractive index and improving weather resistance of the glass. Accordingly, the total amount of these components, La2O3+Gd2O3+Y2O3+Yb2O3, is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 8% or more. However, when the amount introduced is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 30% or less, and more preferably 25% or less.
ZrO2 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases, or the liquid phase temperature is excessively increased. Accordingly, the content is preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 10% or less.
Ta2O5 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases, or the liquid phase temperature is excessively increased. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
Nb2O5 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases, or the liquid phase temperature is excessively increased. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
WO3 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases, or the liquid phase temperature is excessively increased. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
Bi2O3 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases, or coloring occurs in the glass to cause a decrease in the refractive index, resulting in a decrease in extraction efficiency. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
BaO is a component for improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification decreases. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
In order to conform to the object of the present invention, the total amount of the above components is desirably 90% or more, and more preferably 95% or more. A component other than the above components may be added for the purposes of refining or an improvement of solubility, as along as it does not deviate from the effect of the present invention. Such components include, for example, Sb2O3, SnO2, MgO, CaO, SrO, GeO2, Ga2O3, In2O3 and fluorine.
The scattering layer containing SiO2 as an essential component and one or more components of Nb2O5, TiO2 and Bi2O3 is preferably a glass within the composition range of 20 to 50% of SiO2, 0 to 20% of B2O3, 1 to 20% of Nb2O5, 1 to 20% of TiO2, 0 to 15% of Bi2O3, 0 to 15% of ZrO2, provided that Nb2O5+TiO2+Bi2O3+ZrO2 is from 5 to 40%, 0 to 40% of Li2O, 0 to 30% of Na2O, 0 to 30% of K2O, provided that Li2O+Na2O+K2O is from 1 to 40%, 0 to 20% of MgO, 0 to 20% CaO, 0 to 20% of SrO, 0 to 20% of BaO and 0 to 20% of ZnO, in terms of mol %.
SiO2 is an essential component acting as a network former for forming the glass. When the content thereof is too small, glass is not formed. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or more, and more preferably 22% or more.
B2O3 is added in relatively small amounts with SiO2, thereby assisting glass formation and decreasing devitrification. However, when the content is too large, the refractive index decreases. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Nb2O5 is an essential component for improving the refractive index, and the content thereof is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 3% or more. However, excessive addition thereof causes a decrease in resistance to devitrification of the glass to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content thereof is desirably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
TiO2 is an essential component for improving the refractive index, and the content thereof is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 3% or more. However, excessive addition thereof causes a decrease in resistance to devitrification of the glass to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass and causes coloring to increase loss due to absorption at the time when light propagates in the scattering layer. For this reason, the content thereof is desirably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Bi2O3 is a component for improving the refractive index. However, excessive addition thereof causes a decrease in resistance to devitrification of the glass to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass and causes coloring to increase loss due to absorption at the time when light propagates in the scattering layer. For this reason, the content thereof is desirably 15% or less, and more preferably 12% or less.
ZrO2 is a component for improving the refractive index without deteriorating the degree of coloring. However, when the content is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass increases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. For this reason, the content is preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 10% or less.
In order to obtain the high refractive index glass, Nb2O5+TiO2+Bi2O3+ZrO2 is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 8% or more. On the other hand, when this total amount is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases, or coloring occurs. Accordingly, the total amount is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 38% or less.
Li2O, Na2O and K2O are components improving solubility, decreasing the glass transition temperature and enhancing affinity with the glass substrate. For this reason, the total amount of these components, Li2O+Na2O+K2O, is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 3% or more. On the other hand, when the content of the alkali oxide component is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 35% or less.
BaO is a component improving the refractive index and improving solubility at the same time. However, when BaO is excessively contained, stability of the glass is impaired to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
MgO, CaO, SrO and ZnO are components improving solubility of the glass, and moderate addition thereof can decrease resistance to devitrification of the glass. However, when those components are excessively contained, devitrification increases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the contents thereof are each preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
In order to conform to the object of the present invention, the total amount of the above components is desirably 90% or more. A component other than the above components may be added for the purposes of refining or an improvement of solubility, as along as it does not impair the advantages of the invention. Such components include, for example, Sb2O3, SnO2, GeO2, Ga2O3, In2O3, WO3, Ta2O5, La2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3 and Yb2O3.
The scattering layer containing Bi2O3 as a main component and SiO2, B2O3 and the like as glass forming auxiliaries is preferably a glass within the composition range of 10 to 50% of Bi2O3, 1 to 40% of B2O3, 0 to 30% of SiO2, provided that B2O3+SiO2 is from 10 to 40%, 0 to 20% of P2O5, 0 to 15% of Li2O, 0 to 15% of Na2O, 0 to 15% of K2O, 0 to 20% of TiO2, 0 to 20% of Nb2O5, 0 to 20% of TeO2, 0 to 10% of MgO, 0 to 10% of CaO, 0 to 10% of SrO, 0 to 10% of BaO, 0 to 10% of GeO2 and 0 to 10% of Ga2O3, in terms of mol %.
Effects of the respective components are as follows in terms of mo %.
Bi2O3 is an essential component achieving a high refractive index and stably forming the glass when introduced in large amounts. For this reason, the content thereof is preferably 10% or more, and more preferably 15% or more. On the other hand, excessive addition thereof causes coloring in the glass to absorb light which should originally transmit, resulting in a decrease in extraction efficiency. In addition to this, devitrification increases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 50% or less, and more preferably 45% or less.
B2O3 is an essential component acting as a network former in the glass containing Bi2O3 in large amounts to assist glass formation, and the content thereof is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 3% or more. However, when the amount added is too large, the refractive index of the glass decreases. Accordingly, the content is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 38% or less.
SiO2 is a component acting to assist Bi2O3 in glass formation as a network former. However, when the content is too large, the refractive index decreases. Accordingly, the content is preferably 30% or less, and more preferably 25% or less.
B2O3 and SiO2 improve glass formation by a combination thereof, so that the total amount thereof is preferably 5% or more, and more preferably 10% or more. On the other hand, the amount introduced is too large, the refractive index decreases. Accordingly, the total amount is preferably 40% or less, and more preferably 38% or less.
P2O5 is a component assisting glass formation and inhibiting deterioration of the degree of coloring. However, when the content is too large, the refractive index decreases. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Li2O, Na2O and K2O are components for improving glass solubility and further decreasing the glass transition temperature. However, when those are excessively contained, devitrification increases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the contents thereof are each preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 13% or less. Further, when the total amount of the above alkali oxide components, Li2O+Na2O+K2O, is too large, the refractive index decreases, and further, resistance to devitrification decreases. Accordingly, the total amount is preferably 30% or less, and more preferably 25% or less.
TiO2 is a component improving the refractive index. However, when the content is too large, coloring occurs, or resistance to devitrification decreases, resulting in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. Accordingly, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
Nb2O5 is a component improving the refractive index. However, when the amount added is too large, resistance to devitrification of the glass decreases to result in failure to obtain the homogeneous glass. For this reason, the content is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 18% or less.
TeO2 is a component improving the refractive index without deteriorating the degree of coloring. However, excessive introduction thereof results in a decrease in resistance to devitrification, which causes coloring at the time when fired after fritting. Accordingly, the content thereof is preferably 20% or less, and more preferably 15% or less.
GeO2 is a component improving stability of the glass while keeping the refractive index high. However, it is extremely expensive, so that the content is preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 8% or less. It is still more preferred not contain it.
Ga2O3 is a component improving stability of the glass while keeping the refractive index high. However, it is extremely expensive, so that the content is preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 8% or less. It is still more preferred not contain it.
In order to conform to the object of the present invention, the total amount of the above components is desirably 90% or more, and more preferably 95% or more. A component other than the above components may be added for the purposes of refining, an improvement of solubility, adjustment of the refractive index, and the like as along as it does not impair the advantages of the invention. Such components include, for example, Sb2O3, SnO2, In2O3, ZrO2, Ta2O5, WO3, La2O3, Gd2O3, Y2O3, Yb2O3 and Al2O3.
The glass composition for forming the scattering layer is not particularly limited, as long as desired scattering characteristics are obtained and it can be frit-pasted and fired. However, in order to maximize the extraction efficiency, examples thereof include a system containing P2O5 and one or more components of Nb2O5, Bi2O3, TiO2 and WO3; a system containing B2O3 and La2O3 as essential components and one or more components of Nb2O5, ZrO2, Ta2O5 and WO3; a system containing SiO2 as an essential component and one or more components of Nb2O5 and TiO2; and a system containing Bi2O3 as a main component and SiO2, B2O3 and the like as glass forming auxiliaries, and the like. Incidentally, in all glass systems used as the scattering layer in the invention, As2O3, PbO, CdO, ThO2 and HgO which are components having adverse effects on the environment should not be contained, except for the case of inevitable contamination therewith as impurities derived from raw materials.
Further, the case that the refractive index may be low can use either of R2O—RO—BaO—B2O3—SiO2, RO—Al2O3—P2O5, R2—B2O3—SiO2 and the like (R2O is any of Li2O, Na2O or K2O, and RO is any of MgO, CaO or SrO).
2. Resin
The resin supports the glass powder and the filler after screen printing. As a specific example, there is used ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, an acrylic resin, a vinyl acetate resin, a butyral resin, a melamine resin, an alkyd resin, a rosin resin or the like. Used as base resins are ethyl cellulose and nitrocellulose. Incidentally, a butyral resin, a melamine resin, an alkyd resin and a rosin resin are used as additives for improving coated film strength. The debinderizing temperature at the time of firing is from 350° C. to 400° C. for ethyl cellulose and from 200° C. to 300° C. for nitrocellulose.
3. Solvent
The solvent dissolves the resin and adjusts the viscosity necessary for printing. Further, it does not dry during printing, and rapidly dries in a drying process. One having a boiling point of 200° C. to 230° C. is desirable. For adjustment of the viscosity, the solid content ratio and the drying rate, a mixture of some solvents is used. Specific examples include ether type solvents (butyl carbitol (BC), butyl carbitol acetate (BCA), diethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibutyl ether, tripropylene glycol butyl ether and butyl cellosolve acetate), alcohol type solvents (α-terpineol, pine oil and Dowanol), ester type solvents (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate) and phthalic acid ester type solvents (DBP (dibutyl phthalate), DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DOP (dioctyl phthalate)). Mainly used are α-terpineol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate. Incidentally, DBP (dibutyl phthalate), DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DOP (dioctyl phthalate) also function as a plasticizer.
4. Others
A surfactant may be used for viscosity adjustment and frit dispersion promotion. A silane coupling agent may be used for frit surface modification.
Preparation Method of Frit Paste Film
(1) Frit Paste
A glass powder and a vehicle are prepared. The vehicle as used herein means a mixture of a resin, a solvent and a surfactant. Specifically, it is obtained by putting the resin, the surfactant and the like in the solvent heated at 50° C. to 80° C., and then, allowing the resulting mixture to stand for about 4 hours to about 12 hours, followed by filtering.
Then, the glass powder and the vehicle are mixed by a planetary mixer, and then, uniformly dispersed in a three-roll mill. Thereafter, the resulting mixture is kneaded by a kneader. Usually, the vehicle is used in an amount of 20 to 30 wt % based on 70 to 80 wt % of the glass material.
The glass powder used herein desirably has a particle size that D10 is 0.2 μm or more and D90 is 5 μm or less. When D90 of the particle size exceeds 5 μm, the value of the scattering layer to the film thickness increases, resulting in a decrease in uniformity of the surface. On the other hand, when D10 of the particle size is less than 0.2 μm, the coexistence ratio of the interface increases, causing the problems that crystals are liable to be precipitated and devitrification is liable to occur.
(2) Printing
The frit paste prepared in (1) is printed by using a screen printer. The film thickness of a frit paste film formed can be controlled by the mesh roughness of a screen plate, the thickness of an emulsion, the pressing force in printing, the squeegee pressing amount and the like. After printing, drying is performed in a firing furnace.
(3) Firing
A substrate printed and dried is fired in the firing furnace. The firing comprises debinderizing treatment for decomposing the resin in the frit paste and allowing it to disappear and firing treatment for sintering and softening the glass powder. The debinderizing temperature is from 350° C. to 400° C. for ethyl cellulose, and from 200° C. to 300° C. for nitrocellulose. Heating is carried out in the atmosphere for 30 minutes to 1 hour. Then, the temperature is raised to sinter and soften the glass. The firing temperature is from the softening temperature to the softening temperature +20° C., and the shape and size of pores remaining in the inside vary depending on the treatment temperature. However, the film uniformly coated on the entire surface is fired, so that the film is basically formed so as to have uniform pore distribution over the plane. Then, cooling is carried out to form a glass layer on the substrate. Although the thickness of the film obtained is from 5 μm to 30 μm, a thicker glass layer can be formed by lamination printing.
Incidentally, when a doctor blade printing method or a die coat printing method is used in the above printing process, it becomes possible to form a thicker film (green sheet printing). A film is formed on a PET film or the like, and dried, thereby forming a green sheet. Then, the green sheet is heat pressed on the substrate by a roller or the like, and a fired film is obtained through a firing procedure similar to that of the frit paste. The thickness of the resulting film is from 50 μm to 400 μm. However, it is possible to form a thicker glass film by using the green sheets laminated.
Density of Scattering Material in Scattering Layer and Size of Scattering Material
Incidentally, the graph also shows the relationship between the size of the scattering material and the light-extraction efficiency. Specifically, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 1 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 70% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 2 vol % to 15 vol %, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. Further, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 2 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 65% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is 5 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. Furthermore, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 3 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 60% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is 5 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. In addition, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 5 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 50% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is 10 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. Further, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 7 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 45% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is 10 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. Furthermore, in the case where the size of the scattering material is 10 μm, the light-extraction efficiency can be 40% or more, even when the content of the scattering material is within the range of 1 vol % to 20 vol %. In particular, when the content of the scattering material is 15 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. The above shows that when the size of the scattering material is large, the efficiency is improved with an increase in the content. On the other hand, it is seen that when the size of the scattering material is small, the light-extraction efficiency is improved, even in the case where the content is small.
Refractive Index of Scattering Material
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer. However, it is set in this calculation as that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base layer of the scattering layer (here, it is calculated as that the hole-injection-transport layer and the translucent electrode are combined, and both has the refractive index of nearly about 1.9). For this reason, it is estimated that the light-extraction efficiency of the invention which is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the graph obtained by the above calculation result. As shown in the graph, when the difference between the refractive index (2.0) of the base material and the refractive index of the scattering material is 0.2 or more (the refractive index of the scattering material is 1.8 or less), the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. This is therefore particularly preferred. Incidentally, even when the difference between the refractive index of the base material and the refractive index of the scattering material is 0.1 (the refractive index of the scattering material is 1.9), the light-extraction efficiency can be 65% or more.
Thickness of Scattering Layer
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer. However, it is set in this calculation as that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base layer of the scattering layer. For this reason, it is estimated that the light-extraction efficiency of the invention which is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the graph obtained by the above calculation result.
As shown in the graph, in the case where the content of the scattering material in the scattering layer is 1 vol % or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 55% or more, even when the thickness of the scattering layer is 15 μm or less. This is therefore preferred. Further, in the case where the content of the scattering material in the scattering layer is from 5 vol % to 15 vol %, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more, even when the thickness of the scattering layer is 15 μm or less, or 60 μm or more. This is therefore particularly preferred.
Number of Scattering Materials
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer. However, it is set in this calculation as that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base layer of the scattering layer. For this reason, it is estimated that the light-extraction efficiency of the invention which is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the graph obtained by the above calculation result.
In the measurement, an evaluation element was prepared. A region having a scattering layer and a region not having a scattering area are formed on the same glass substrate, and an organic LED element is formed thereon. Namely, the evaluation element has a glass substrate, a scattering layer, an ITO film, and Alq3 (tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum complex) and an Ag film. In order to compare herein the difference in the light-extraction efficiency due to the presence or absence of the scattering layer, the evaluation element was divided into to two parts of a region having a scattering layer and a region not having a scattering layer. The evaluation element of the region having a scattering layer is that the scattering layer is formed on the glass substrate. The evaluation element of the region not having a scattering layer is that an ITO film is formed on the glass substrate.
As the glass substrate, there was used a glass substrate, PD200 manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. This glass has a strain point of 570° C. and a thermal expansion coefficient of 83×10−7 (1/° C.). The glass substrate having such a high strain point and a high thermal expansion coefficient is suitable when a glass frit paste is fired to form the scattering layer.
The refractive index was measured with a refractometer (manufactured by Kalnew Optical Industrial Co., Ltd., trade name: KRP-2).
As shown in the graph, when the number of the scattering materials per 1 mm2 of the scattering layer is 1×104 or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 55% or more. This is therefore preferred. Further, when the number of the scattering materials per 1 mm2 of the scattering layer is 2.5×105 or more, the light-extraction efficiency can be 75% or more. This is therefore more preferred. Furthermore, when the number of the scattering materials per 1 mm2 of the scattering layer is 5×105 to 2×106, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. This is therefore particularly preferred. Here, even when the size of the scattering material is 60 μm or more and the number of the scattering materials is 3×106, the light-extraction efficiency can be 70% or more.
Transmittance of Base Material of Scattering Layer
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer. However, it is set in this calculation as that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base layer of the scattering layer. For this reason, it is estimated that the light-extraction efficiency of the invention which is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the graph obtained by the above calculation result.
As shown in the graph, even when the transmittance of the base material of the scattering layer is 50%, the light-extraction efficiency can be 55% or more. Further, when the transmittance of the base material of the scattering layer is 90%, the light-extraction efficiency can be 80% or more. When a glass is used as the base material, the transmittance thereof is about 98%. Accordingly, the light-extraction efficiency can exceed 80%.
Reflectivity of Cathode
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer. However, it is set in this calculation as that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base layer of the scattering layer. For this reason, it is estimated that the light-extraction efficiency of the invention which is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material of the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the graph obtained by the above calculation result. As shown in the graph, when the reflectivity of the cathode decreases, the light-extraction efficiency also decreases. Here, the cathode reflectivity of a blue LED is from 80% to 90%, so that it is seen that the light-extraction efficiency of 40% to 50% is obtained. Here, the reflectivity of the organic LED element of Patent Document 1 is assumed to be 100%, and the light-extraction efficiency thereof is about 50%. On the other hand, when the reflectivity of the organic LED element of the invention is taken as 100% and the same conditions as in the reflectivity of the organic LED element of Patent Document 1 are applied, the light-extraction efficiency thereof exceeds 80%, as seen from the graph. Namely, it is seen that the light-extraction efficiency of the organic LED element of the invention is 1.6 times better than the light-extraction efficiency of the organic LED element of Patent Document 1. Accordingly, the organic LED of the invention can be used as a light source for lighting in place of a fluorescent lamp.
Refractive Indexes of Scattering Layer and Anode
Measuring Methods of Refractive Index of Scattering Layer
There are the following two methods for measuring the refractive index of the scattering layer. One is a method of analyzing composition of the scattering layer, thereafter preparing a glass having the same composition, and evaluating the refractive index by a prism method. The other is a method of polishing the scattering layer as thin as 1 to 2 μm, and performing ellipsometry in a region of about 10 μm in size having no pores to evaluate the refractive index. Incidentally, in the invention, it is assumed that the refractive index is evaluated by the prism method.
Surface Roughness Ra of Scattering Layer
The scattering layer has a main surface on which the translucent electrode is provided. As described above, the scattering layer of the invention contains the scattering material. As described above, when the size of the scattering material is large, even the smaller content thereof can improve the light-extraction efficiency. However, according to experiments of the inventors, there is a tendency that the larger the size is, the larger the arithmetic average roughness (surface roughness: Ra) of the main surface of the scattering layer becomes, when projected from the main surface of the scattering layer. As described above, the translucent electrode is provided on the main surface of the scattering layer. Accordingly, there is a problem that the larger arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of the main surface of the scattering layer causes a short circuit between the translucent electrode and the scattering layer, resulting in no light emission of the organic EL element. The above-mentioned Patent Document 1 discloses, in paragraph 0010, that the unevenness formed on the substrate poses a problem even when it is about several microns. However, according to the experiments by the inventors, it has been proved that light emission of the organic EL element is not obtained in the case of several microns.
Translucent Electrode
The translucent electrode (anode) 103 is required to have a translucency of 80% or more, in order to extract the light generated in the organic layer 110 to the outside. Further, in order to inject many holes, one having a high work function is required. Specifically, there is used a material such as ITO, SnO2, ZnO, IZO (indium zinc oxide), AZO (Zn—Al2O3; a zinc oxide doped with aluminum), GZO (ZnO—Ga2O3; a zinc oxide doped with gallium), Nb-doped TiO2 or Ta-doped TiO2. The thickness of the anode 103 is preferably 100 nm or more. Incidentally, the refractive index of the anode 103 is from 1.9 to 2.2. Here, an increase in carrier concentration can decrease the refractive index of ITO. ITO is commercially available as a standard containing 10 wt % of SnO2. The refractive index of ITO can be decreased by increasing the Sn concentration more than this. However, although the carrier concentration is increased by an increase in the Sn concentration, the mobility and transmittance are decreased. It is therefore necessary to determine the Sn amount, achieving a balance of these. Here, the refractive index of ITO is preferably determined by considering the refractive index of the base material 105 constituting the scattering layer 102 and the refractive index of the reflective electrode 120. Considering waveguide calculation, the reflectivity of the reflective electrode 120, and the like, the difference between the refractive index of ITO and the refractive index of the base material 105 is 0.2 or less, and is preferably high.
Incidentally, it goes without saying that the translucent electrode may be used as the cathode.
Organic Layer (Layer Having Light-Emitting Function)
The organic layer 110 is a layer having a light-emitting function and comprises a hole-injection layer 111, a hole-transport layer 112, a light-emitting layer 113, an electron-transport layer 114 and an electron-injection layer 115. The refractive index of the organic layer 110 is from 1.7 to 1.8.
Hole-Injection Layer
As the hole-injection layer 111, one whose ionization potential is not so different from the anode 103 is required, in order to lower a hole-injection barrier. An improvement of charge-injection efficiency from an electrode interface in the hole-injection layer 111 decreases the driving voltage of the element and increases charge-injection efficiency thereof. There is widely used polyethylenedioxythiophene doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) (PEDOT:PSS) as a polymer, and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) of the phthalocyanine family as a low-molecular substance.
Hole-Transport Layer
The hole-transport layer 112 plays a role to transport holes injected from the hole-injection layer 111 to the light-emitting layer 133. As the hole-transport layer 112, there is used, specifically, a triphenylamine derivative, N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPD), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-[N-phenyl-N-(2-naphthyl)-4′-aminobiphenyl-4-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPTE), 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (HTM2), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-diphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD) or the like. The thickness of the hole-transport layer 112 is preferably from 10 nm to 150 nm. The thinner the thickness is, the lower the voltage can be. However, it is particularly preferably from 10 nm to 150 nm, in terms of a problem of the interelectrode short circuit.
Light-Emitting Layer
The light-transmitting layer 113 provides a field in which injected electrons and holes recombine with each other, and a material having high light-emitting efficiency is used. To describe in detail, a light-emitting host material and a doping material of a light-emitting dye used in the light-emitting layer 113 function as recombination centers of the holes and the electrons injected from the anode and the cathode. Further, doping of the host material in the light-emitting layer with the light-emitting dye provides high light-emitting efficiency, and converts the light-emitting wavelength. These are required to have a suitable energy level for charge injection, to be excellent in chemical stability and heat resistance, and to form a homogeneous amorphous film. Further, these are required to be excellent in the kind of emission color and color purity, and to have high light-emitting efficiency. The organic light-emitting materials include low-molecular and polymer materials. Further, they are classified into fluorescent and phosphorescent materials according to the light-emitting mechanism. Specifically, the light-emitting layer 113 includes metal complexes of quinoline derivatives such as tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum complex (Alq3), bis(8-hydroxy)quinaldine aluminum phenoxide (Alq′2OPh), bis(8-hydroxy)quinaldine aluminum 2,5-dimethylphenoxide (BAlq), a mono(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)-lithium complex (Liq), a mono(8-quinolinolate)sodium complex (Naq), a mono(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)lithium complex, a mono(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)-sodium complex and a bis(8-quinolinolate)calcium complex (Caq2), and fluorescent substances such as tetraphenylbutadiene, phenylquinacridone (QD), anthracene, perylene and coronene. As the host material, preferred is a quinolinolate complex, and particularly preferred is an aluminum complex having 8-quinolinol or a derivative thereof as a ligand.
Electron-Transport Layer
The electron-transport layer 114 plays a role to transport holes injected from the electrode. As the electron-transport layer 114, there is used, specifically, a quinolinol aluminum complex (Alq3), an oxadiazole derivative (for example, 2,5-(bis(1-naphthyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (BND), 2-(4-t-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) or the like), a triazole derivative, a bathophenanthroline derivative, a silole derivative or the like.
Electron-Injection Layer
As the electron-injection layer 115, one which increases electron injection efficiency is required. Specifically, a layer doped with an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs) is provided on a cathode interface, as the electron-injection layer 115.
Reflective Electrode
As the reflective electrode (cathode) 120, a metal having a small work function or an alloy thereof may be used. Specifically, examples of the cathode 120 include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a metal of group 3 in the periodic table. Of these, aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), an alloy thereof or the like is preferably used. Further, as a cathode 120, a co-vapor-deposited film of Al and MgAg, a laminated electrode in which Al is vapor-deposited on a thin vapor-deposited film of LiF or Li2O, or the like may be used. Further, in system using a polymer, a laminate of calcium (Ca) or barium (Ba) and aluminum (Al), or the like may be used as the cathode 120.
Incidentally, it goes without saying that the reflective electrode may be used as the anode.
Process for Producing Translucent Electrode-Attached Translucent Substrate (Laminate for Organic LED Element)
The process for producing the translucent electrode-attached translucent substrate of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawing.
First, the translucent substrate is prepared (step 1100). Specifically, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate is used as the translucent substrate.
Then, there is prepared a scattering layer-forming material comprising the base material having a first refractive index at a wavelength of emitted light of the organic LED element and a plurality of scattering materials provided inside the base material and having a refractive index different from that of the base material. Then, by coating the scattering layer-forming material prepared and firing the same, the scattering layer in which the scattering materials have uniformly been distributed in the plane is formed on the translucent substrate (step 1110).
Then, the translucent electrode having a third refractive index equal to or higher than the first refractive index is formed on the scattering layer (step 1120). To describe it specifically, an ITO film is formed on the substrate, and the ITO film is etched, thereby forming the translucent electrode. The film formation of ITO can be uniformly performed over the whole surface of the glass substrate by sputtering or vapor deposition. An ITO pattern is formed by photolithography and etching. This ITO pattern becomes the translucent electrode (anode). A phenol novolak resin is used as a resist, and exposure and development are conducted. The etching may be either wet etching or dry etching. For example, patterning of ITO can be performed by using a mixed aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. As a resistor remover, there can be used, for example, monoethanolamine.
Process for Producing Organic LED Element
The process for producing the organic LED element of the invention will be described below by using the drawing.
After steps 1100 to 1120 have been performed, the organic layer is formed on the translucent electrode (step 1200). The organic layer is formed herein by a combination of a coating method and a vapor deposition method. For example, when some one or more of the organic layers are formed by the coating method, the other layers are formed by the vapor deposition method. When the layer is formed by the coating method and the upper layer is formed thereon by the vapor deposition method, condensation, drying and curing are performed before the organic layer is formed by the vapor deposition method. Further, the organic layer may be formed by only the coating method or only the vapor deposition method.
Then, the reflective electrode is formed on the organic layer (step 1210). To describe it specifically, a metal material such as aluminum is vapor-deposited on the organic layer, thereby forming the reflective electrode.
Next, there will be described the step of producing an opposed substrate for sealing, in order to seal the organic EL light-emitting element formed by the above steps. First, a glass substrate different from the element substrate is prepared. This glass substrate is processed to form a desiccant housing portion for housing a desiccant. The glass substrate is coated with a resist, and a part of the substrate is exposed by exposure and development to form the desiccant housing portion. This exposed portion is made thin by etching, thereby forming the desiccant housing portion.
As shown in
Light emission from the organic layer 110 is outgone in a direction of the arrow. An optical sheet 1340 is attached to a surface of the substrate 101 opposite to a surface on which the organic LED element is formed, namely, an outgoing surface. The optical sheet 1340 has a polarizing plate and a ¼ wavelength plate, and functions as an antireflective film. The light from the organic thin film layer is extracted to the side of the surface on which this optical sheet 1340 is provided.
Unnecessary portions in the vicinity of the periphery of the substrate are cut and removed. A signal electrode driver is connected to anode wiring 1350, and a scanning electrode driver is connected to cathode connection wiring. At an end portion of the substrate, a thermal portion connected to each wiring is formed. An anisotropically-conductive film (ACF) is attached to this terminal portion, and a TCP (tape carrier package) provided with a driving circuit is connected thereto. Specifically, the AFC is temporarily pressed on the terminal portion. Then, the TCP containing the driving circuit is securely pressed on the terminal portion. The driving circuit is mounted thereby. This organic EL display panel is attached to a box to complete the organic EL display device. Although the above shows the case of a dot matrix display element, character display may be used. This is not limited to the above constitution depending on the element specification.
Then, constitutions of the electrode-attached translucent substrate (laminate for an organic LED element) and the laminate for an organic LED element of embodiment 2 of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. Incidentally, the same reference numbers are given to the same constitutions as those in
The light-emitting layer 113 of the organic LED element of
In the above embodiments, descriptions have been made for the constitution in which the organic layer is sandwiched between the translucent electrode and the reflective electrode. However, a bifacial light emission type organic EL layer may be constituted by making both electrodes translucent.
Further, the translucent electrode-attached translucent substrate of the invention is effective to increase the efficiency of optical devices such as various light-emitting devices such as inorganic EL elements and liquid crystals and light-receiving devices such as light quantity sensors and solar cells, without being limited to the organic EL elements.
An experimental proof for showing that the scattering layer is effective for an improvement of the light-extraction efficiency will be described below. Sample 1 is an example having the scattering layer of the invention, and Sample 2 is a comparative example having the scattering layer in the inside of which no scattering material is provided. The calculating method is the same as the calculating method of the scattering layer described above. The respective conditions and results (front extraction efficiency) are shown in Table 2 below.
The results of comparison of front extraction efficiency between the example and the comparative example are shown in
The refractive index of the translucent electrode of the invention is higher than the refractive index of the base material in the scattering layer. However, in this calculation, it is regarded that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is the same as the refractive index (1.9) of the hole-injection-transport layer, and the refractive index of the translucent electrode is lower than the refractive index (2.0) of the base material in the scattering layer. For this reason, it is presumed that the light-extraction efficiency of the present invention that is the case that the refractive index of the translucent electrode is higher than the refractive index of the base material in the scattering layer is slightly lower than the above calculation result. However, it goes without saying that even though the refractive index of the hole-injection-transport layer (containing the translucent electrode) is higher than the refractive index of the base material in the scattering layer, the light-extraction efficiency is greatly improved as compared with the conventional light-extraction efficiency. Therefore, consideration is made using the above table.
Experimental Proof between Refractive Index of Base Material in Scattering Layer and Refractive Index of Translucent Electrode
Using the drawing, the simulation result in which the relationship between the refractive index of the base material in the scattering layer and the refractive index of the translucent electrode has been considered from the waveguide standpoint is shown below. The consideration from waveguide standpoint used herein means that the proportion of existence of mode which is permitted to exist in the inside of the translucent electrode is calculated. Specifically, light was entered in the organic layer from the outside, and it was calculated as to what extent of the light transfers to the translucent electrode from the organic layer and propagates in the translucent electrode without leakage.
The model assumed as above was calculated using BPM method (Beam Propagation Method). Here, the calculating wavelength was 470 nm, the mode of light entering the organic layer was Gaussian mode, the output monitor showing the calculation result was light intensity present in the translucent electrode, the calculating steps were X=0.01 μm, Y=0.005 μm and Z=0.5 μm, and the calculation regions were X: ±4 μm, Y: +4 μm, −2 μm, and Z: +1000 μm. The result is shown in the drawing.
Generally, when the organic LED element is prepared by laminating a translucent substrate, a scattering layer, a translucent electrode, an organic layer and a reflective electrode, in this order, the refractive index difference between the scattering layer and the translucent substrate is increased with increasing the refractive index of the scattering layer, and light reflected at the interface between the scattering layer and the translucent substrate goes to the reflective electrode through the organic layer, reflects by the reflective electrode, and returns to the scattering layer. However, the reflectivity of the reflective electrode is not 100%, and light decays during repeating reflection by the reflective electrode. Thus, in the case that the reflectivity of the reflective electrode is low, when the refractive index of the base material in the scattering layer is decreased and approaches the refractive index of the substrate, reflection at the interface between the scattering layer and the substrate is decreased. As a result, light decay at the reflective electrode can be reduced. In this case, when Δn is 0.2 or less, loss of the waveguide mode is minor, and the light-extraction efficiency can be improved. Δn may be 0.2 or less at a certain emitting wavelength of the organic LED element, and Δn may be 0.2 or less at all of emitting wavelengths.
Photograph of the scattering layer of the translucent substrate of the embodiment of the invention is shown in
Although the present invention has been described in detail and by reference to the specific embodiments, it is apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications or changes can be made without departing the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The present application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-292522 filed on Nov. 9, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entity.
As has been described above, the electrode-attached translucent substrate of the invention has the scattering layer which is excellent in light scatterability and high in reliability, so that light-extraction efficiency or incorporation efficiency can be increased to be applicable to light-emitting devices, light-receiving devices and the like.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2008/070239 | Nov 2008 | US |
| Child | 12775971 | US |
