The present disclosure generally relates to optical devices and fabrication methods and, more specifically, to a liquid crystal polarization hologram and a fabrication method thereof.
Liquid crystal polarization holograms (“LCPHs”) combine features of liquid crystal devices and polarization holograms. Liquid crystal displays (“LCDs”), having grown to a trillion dollar industry over the past decades, are the most successful examples of liquid crystal devices. The LCD industry has made tremendous investments to scale manufacturing, from the low end G2.5 manufacturing line to the high end G10.5+ to meet the market demands for displays. However, the LCD industry has recently faced competition from organic light-emitting diodes (“OLED”), e-paper and other emerging display technologies, which has flattened the growth rate of LCD industry and has rendered significant early generation capacity redundant. This provides an opportunity to repurpose the LCD idle capacity and existing supply chain to manufacture novel LC optical devices characterized by their polarization holograms.
LCPHs or LCPH elements have features such as small thickness (about 1 um), light weight, compactness, large aperture, high efficiency, simple fabrication, etc. Thus, LCPH elements have gained increasing interests in optical device and system applications, e.g., near-eye displays (“NEDs”), head-up displays (“HUDs”), head-mounted displays (“HMDs”), smart phones, laptops, televisions, or vehicles, etc. For example, LCPH elements may be used for addressing accommodation-vergence conflict, enabling thin and highly efficient eye-tracking and depth sensing in space constrained optical systems, developing optical combiners for image formation, correcting chromatic aberrations for image resolution enhancement of refractive optical elements in compact optical systems, and improving the efficiency and reducing the size of optical systems.
Consistent with an aspect of the present disclosure, a device is provided. The device includes a substrate, an alignment structure disposed on the substrate, and a layer of a birefringent medium disposed on the alignment structure. The birefringent medium has an extraordinary refractive index, an ordinary refractive index different from the extraordinary refractive index, and an intermediate refractive index between the extraordinary refractive index and the ordinary refractive index. Molecules of the birefringent medium are configured to form a plurality of helical structures having a helical axis. The layer is configured with an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. The out-of-plane principal refractive index is equal to the intermediate refractive index, and is substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices.
Consistent with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method includes obtaining a substrate with an alignment structure formed thereon. The method also includes forming a layer of a birefringent medium on the alignment structure. Molecules of the birefringent medium are aligned by the alignment structure to form a plurality of helical structures having a helical axis. The birefringent medium is configured with an extraordinary refractive index, an ordinary refractive index different from the extraordinary refractive index, and an intermediate refractive index between the extraordinary refractive index and the ordinary refractive index. The layer has an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. The out-of-plane principal refractive index is equal to the intermediate refractive index, and is substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices.
Consistent with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method includes forming a first layer including uniaxial molecules arranged in plurality of helical structures having a helical axis. The first layer is defined by a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension that are orthogonal to one another. The first dimension and the second dimension are within a surface of the first layer, and the third dimension is along a thickness direction of the first layer. The method also includes applying an asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to obtain a second layer having an induced local biaxial optical anisotropy. An out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer along the helical axis is greater than an in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. An out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer along the helical axis is substantially the same as an in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer within the plane perpendicular to the helical axis.
Other aspects of the present disclosure can be understood by those skilled in the art in light of the description, the claims, and the drawings of the present disclosure. The foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the claims.
The following drawings are provided for illustrative purposes according to various disclosed embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In the drawings:
Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are merely examples for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or similar parts, and a detailed description thereof may be omitted.
The phrase “at least one of A or B” may encompass all combinations of A and B, such as A only, B only, or A and B. Likewise, the phrase “at least one of A, B, or C” may encompass all combinations of A, B, and C, such as A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. The phrase “A and/or B” may be interpreted in a manner similar to that of the phrase “at least one of A or B.” For example, the phrase “A and/or B” may encompass all combinations of A and B, such as A only, B only, or A and B. Likewise, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” has a meaning similar to that of the phrase “at least one of A, B, or C.” For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” may encompass all combinations of A, B, and C, such as A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C.
The term “processor” used herein may encompass any suitable processor, such as a central processing unit (“CPU”), a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a programmable logic device (“PLD”), or any combination thereof. Other processors not listed above may also be used. A processor may be implemented as software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. The term “controller” may encompass any suitable electrical circuit, software, or processor configured to generate a control signal for controlling a device, a circuit, an optical element, etc. A “controller” may be implemented as software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, a controller may include a processor, or may be included as a part of a processor.
The term “film,” “layer,” “coating,” or “plate” may include rigid or flexible, self-supporting or free-standing film, layer, coating, or plate, which may be disposed on a supporting substrate or between substrates. The terms “film,” “layer,” “coating,” and “plate” may be interchangeable. The term “film plane” refers to a plane in the film, layer, coating, or plate that is perpendicular to the thickness direction or a normal of a surface of the film, layer, coating, or plate. The film plane may be a plane in the volume of the film, layer, coating, or plate, or may be a surface plane of the film, layer, coating, or plate. The term “in-plane” as in, e.g., “in-plane orientation,” “in-plane direction,” “in-plane pitch,” etc., means that the orientation, direction, or pitch is within the film plane. The term “out-of-plane” as in, e.g., “out-of-plane direction,” “out-of-plane orientation,” or “out-of-plane pitch” etc., means that the orientation, direction, or pitch is not within a film plane (i.e., non-parallel with a film plane). For example, the direction, orientation, or pitch may be along a line that is perpendicular to a film plane, or that forms an acute or obtuse angle with respect to the film plane. For example, an “in-plane” direction or orientation may refer to a direction or orientation within a surface plane, an “out-of-plane” direction or orientation may refer to a thickness direction or orientation non-parallel with (e.g., perpendicular to) the surface plane. In some embodiments, an “out-of-plane” direction or orientation may form an acute or right angle with respect to the film plane.
The term “orthogonal” as in “orthogonal polarizations” or the term “orthogonally” as in “orthogonally polarized” means that an inner product of two vectors representing the two polarizations is substantially zero. For example, two lights or beams with orthogonal polarizations (or two orthogonally polarized lights or beams) may be two linearly polarized lights (or beams) with two orthogonal polarization directions (e.g., an x-axis direction and a y-axis direction in a Cartesian coordinate system) or two circularly polarized lights with opposite handednesses (e.g., a left-handed circularly polarized light and a right-handed circularly polarized light).
The wavelength ranges, spectra, or bands mentioned in the present disclosure are for illustrative purposes. The disclosed optical device, system, element, assembly, and method may be applied to a visible wavelength band, as well as other wavelength bands, such as an ultraviolet (“UV”) wavelength band, an infrared (“IR”) wavelength band, or a combination thereof. The term “substantially” or “primarily” used to modify an optical response action, such as transmit, reflect, diffract, deflect, block or the like that describes processing of a light means that a major portion, including all, of a light is transmitted, reflected, diffracted, deflected, or blocked, etc. The major portion may be a predetermined percentage (greater than 50%) of the entire light, such as 100%, 98%, 90%, 85%, 80%, etc., which may be determined based on specific application needs. It is understood that when a light is transmitted, the propagation direction of the light is not affected. When a light is deflected (e.g., reflected, diffracted), the propagation direction is usually changed. The term “optic axis” may refer to a direction in a crystal. A light propagating in the optic axis direction may not experience birefringence (or double refraction). An optic axis may be a direction rather than a single line: lights that are parallel to that direction may experience no birefringence.
Liquid crystal (“LC”) molecules are characterized by their anisotropic molecular structure, which means that they have different physical and optical properties along different molecular axes. This anisotropic molecular structure gives LC materials their unique optical and electro-optical properties. When an LC material forms an LC layer, an overall optical property of the LC layer is determined by the collective behavior of the LC molecules forming the LC layer, in addition to the properties of individual LC molecules (or the LC material). For example, the overall optical property of the LC layer may be determined by the orientations of the LC molecules across the LC layer, and the properties of individual LC molecules (or the LC material). When LC molecules are oriented in a particular way, the collective molecular arrangement may give rise to one or more optic axes. Uniaxial LCs are characterized by having a single optic axis that is along the directors (or long molecular axes) of the LC molecules, whereas biaxial LCs are characterized by having two optic axes.
Conventional liquid crystal polarization hologram (“LCPH”) elements are often fabricated based on uniaxial LCs, such as a CLC element fabricated based on uniaxial LCs, a polarization volume hologram (“PVH”) fabricated based on uniaxial LCs, etc. A reflective PVH element may be based on self-organized CLCs, and may also be referred to as a slanted or patterned CLC element.
In each helical structure 117, the directors of the LC molecules 112 may continuously rotate around the helical axis 118 in a predetermined rotation direction, e.g., clockwise direction or counter-clockwise direction. Accordingly, the helical structure 117 may exhibit a handedness, e.g., right handedness or left handedness. The azimuthal angles of the LC molecules 112 may also exhibit a continuous periodic variation along the helical axis 118. An azimuthal angle of the LC molecule 112 may be defined as an angle of the LC director with respect to a predetermined in-plane direction within the Bragg planes 114, e.g., an x-axis direction in
The uniaxial LC molecules 112 in nematic phase may exhibit a refractive index ellipsoid after self-assembling.
When a group of the uniaxial LC molecules 112 are homogeneously aligned, e.g., the semi-axes 141, the semi-axes 142, and the semi-axes 143 of all the LC molecules 112 in the group are aligned in a same first direction (e.g., an x-axis direction), a same second direction (e.g., a y-axis direction), and a same third direction (e.g., a z-axis direction), respectively, the length of the semi-axis 141, 142, or 143 corresponds to a principal refractive index of the group of the uniaxial LC molecules 112. The refractive indices along the semi-axis 141, the semi-axis 142, and the semi-axis 143 may be ne, no, and no, respectively, where ne represents an extraordinary refractive index of an LC material forming the CLC layer 105, and no represents an ordinary refractive index of the LC material forming the CLC layer 105. For the LC material only including rod-like uniaxial LC molecules 112, the extraordinary refractive index ne is often greater than the ordinary refractive index no, i.e., ne>no. That is, the refractive indices along the semi-axis 142 and the semi-axis 143 may be the same, which is less than the refractive index along the semi-axis 141.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring back to
The principal refractive indices along the semi-axis 151 and the semi-axis 152 may be the same, i.e., nin-plane. That is, the optic axis of the CLC layer 105 may be along the semi-axis 153. As the LC material forming the CLC layer 105 often has the extraordinary refractive index ne greater than the ordinary refractive index no, the principal refractive index of the CLC layer 105 along the semi-axis 153 may be less than the principal refractive index of the CLC layer 105 along the semi-axis 151 or the semi-axis 152, i.e., no<nin-plane. As the in-plane principal refractive index is greater than the out-of-plane principal refractive index (i.e., nin-plane>no), the CLC layer 105 or the CLC element 100 may have a waveplate effect that is similar to a negative C-plate.
The CLC element 100 may function as a circular reflective polarizer, with a reflection bandwidth ΔλR=Δn*Ph, and a peak reflection wavelength λR=n*Ph, where Δn is the birefringence of an LC material (e.g., uniaxial LCs) used in the CLC element 100, and n is the average refractive index of the LC material. For an incident wavelength within the reflection band of the CLC element 100, a circularly polarized light with a handedness that is the same as the handedness of the helical structures 117 may be primarily or substantially reflected, and a circularly polarized light with a handedness that is different from (e.g., opposite to) the handedness of the helical structures 117 may be primarily or substantially transmitted.
Referring to
However, in practical applications, due to the waveplate effect (e.g., negative C-plate effect) of the CLC element 100, the polarization state of the reflected light 123 and/or the transmitted light 124 may be changed to an elliptical polarization. That is, the reflected light 123 and/or the transmitted light 124 may be an elliptically polarized light, rather than a circularly polarized light. This phenomenon is referred to as depolarization. The depolarization of the reflected light 123 and/or the transmitted light 124 may result in a light leakage of the CLC element 100, which may reduce a signal efficiency (e.g., the reflection efficiency or the transmission efficiency for the incident light 121, depending on different applications), and degrade the extinction ratio of the CLC element 100. Further, the light leakage of the CLC element 100 may increase as the incidence angle increases. Thus, the conventional CLC element 100 based on uniaxial LCs may have a narrow angle of incidence (“AOI”) range, which limits the applications.
In view of the limitations in the conventional technologies, the present disclosure provides a liquid crystal polarization hologram (“LCPT”) element including a layer of a birefringent medium having an intrinsic or induced biaxial optical anisotropy. The Molecules (or substructures) in the birefringent medium may be configured to form a plurality of helical structures across the layer. The birefringent medium may be configured, such that the layer where the helical structures are formed may exhibit a substantially isotropic effective refractive index ellipsoid. Accordingly, the disclosed LCPH element may reduce the light leakage, increase the efficiency, and enhance the extinction ratio over a wide AOI range.
The disclosed LCPH element may provide a circular polarization optical response. The disclosed LCPH element may be configured to reflect a circularly polarized light having a predetermined handedness, with a reduced light leakage, an increased signal efficiency, and an enhanced extinction ratio over a wide AOI range. The disclosed LCPH element may be configured to transmit a circularly polarized light having a handedness that is opposite to the predetermined handedness with a reduced light leakage, an increased signal efficiency, and an enhanced extinction ratio over a wide AOI range. The disclosed LCPH element may also be referred to as a circular polarization selective optical element.
LCPH elements may include polarization volume hologram (“PVH”) elements, Pancharatnam-Berry phase (“PBP”) elements, and cholesteric liquid crystal (“CLC”) elements, etc. A reflective PVH element may be based on self-organized CLCs, and may also be referred to as a slanted or patterned CLC element. The LCPH elements described herein may be fabricated based on various methods, such as holographic interference, laser direct writing, ink-jet printing, and various other forms of lithography. Thus, a “hologram” described herein is not limited to fabrication by holographic interference, or “holography.”
The substrates 205a and 205b may be configured to provide support and/or protection to various layers, films, and/or structures disposed at (e.g., on or between) the substrate 205a and 205b. In some embodiments, at least one of the first substrate 205a or the second substrate 205b may be optically transparent (e.g., having a light transmittance of about 60% or more) in at least a visible spectrum (e.g., wavelength ranging from about 380 nm to about 700 nm). In some embodiments, the substrates 205a and 205b may include a suitable material that is substantially transparent to lights of the above-listed wavelength ranges, such as, a glass, a plastic, a sapphire, a polymer, a semiconductor, or a combination thereof, etc. The substrates 205a and 205b may be rigid, semi-rigid, flexible, or semi-flexible. In some embodiments, the substrates 205a and 205b may have one or more surfaces in a flat, convex, concave, asphere, or freeform shape. In some embodiments, at least one of the first substrate 205a or the second substrate 205b may be a part of another optical element or device, or a part of another opto-electrical element or device. For example, at least one of the first substrate 205a or the second substrate 205b may be a solid optical lens or a part of a solid optical lens, or a part of a functional device (e.g., a display screen).
The LCPH element 200 may be a passive element or an active element (e.g., an electrically tunable element). When the LCPH element 200 is an active element, as shown in
In some embodiments, as shown in
In some embodiments, both of the first electrode layer 207a and the second electrode layer 207b may be disposed at the same substrate (e.g., at the first substrate 205a or the second substrate 205b) with an electrical insulating layer disposed therebetween. For example, one of the first electrode layer 207a and the second electrode layer 207b may be a continuous planar electrode layer, and the other may be a patterned planar electrode layer, or a protrusion electrode layer. In some embodiments, the LCPH element 200 may include a single electrode layer. That is, one of the first electrode layer 207a and the second electrode layer 207b may be omitted. The single electrode layer may include interdigitated electrodes, such as two individually addressable comb-like microelectrode array strips.
The first electrode layer 207a or the second electrode layer 207b may include a suitable conductive material, such as a transparent conductive oxide material (e.g., indium tin oxide (“ITO”), aluminum zinc oxide (“AZO”), etc.), a metal material, structured metal grids, a conducting polymer, a dielectric-metal-dielectric (“DMD”) structure, carbon nanotubes, silver nanowires, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) of the first electrode layer 207a or the second electrode layer 207b may include a flexible transparent conductive layer, such as ITO disposed on a plastic film. In some embodiments, the plastic film may include polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”). In some embodiments, the plastic film may include cellulose triacetate (“TAC”), which is a type of flexible plastic with a substantially low birefringence. For illustrative purposes,
Molecules (or other substructures) in the birefringent medium layer 215 may be arranged in a plurality of helical structures within a volume of the birefringent medium layer 215. The molecules (or other substructures) located in close proximity to a surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be aligned in a predetermined in-plane orientation pattern, which is at least partially defined by the first alignment structure 210a and/or the second alignment structure 210b. For example, as shown in
The first alignment structure 210a or the second alignment structure 210b may be configured to provide a surface alignment to the molecules (or other substructures) of the birefringent medium layer 215 located in close proximity to a surface of the respective alignment structure. In some embodiments, the first alignment structure 210a and the second alignment structure 210b may be configured to provide parallel surface alignments, anti-parallel surface alignments, or hybrid surface alignments (e.g., one providing a homogeneous surface alignment and the other providing a homeotropic surface alignment) to the molecules (or other substructures) in contact with the alignment structures.
At least one (e.g., each) of the first alignment structure 210a or the second alignment structure 210b may be configured to provide a predetermined, suitable surface alignment pattern. The molecules (or other substructures) located in close proximity to a surface (e.g., at least one of the first surface 215-1 or the second surface 215-2) of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be aligned in a predetermined in-plane orientation pattern according to the predetermined surface alignment pattern. In some embodiments, the molecules (or other substructures) within a film plane (e.g., within a plane in close proximity to the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 may also exhibit the predetermined in-plane orientation pattern.
The predetermined in-plane orientation pattern may be a uniform in-plane orientation pattern, or a non-uniform in-plane orientation pattern, etc. The non-uniform in-plane orientation pattern means that the orientations of the molecules (or other substructures) distributed along one or more in-plane directions may change in the one or more in-plane directions, and in some embodiments, the change of the orientations of the molecules (or other substructures) in the one or more in-plane directions may exhibit a rotation with a predetermined rotation direction, e.g., a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation direction. The uniform in-plane orientation pattern means that the orientations of the molecules (or other substructures) may be substantially constant. Depending on the in-plane orientation pattern, the LCPH element 200 may function as a circular reflective polarizer, a waveplate or phase retarder, a grating, a lens, a freeform phase plate, etc.
The first and second alignment structures 210a and 210b shown in
The birefringent medium layer 215 may include a birefringent medium, such as liquid crystals (e.g., active LCs, a liquid crystal polymer, etc.), an amorphous polymer, an organic solid crystal, or a combination thereof, etc. The birefringent medium may be a biaxial birefringent medium have a biaxial optical anisotropic, such as biaxial LCs, biaxial organic solid crystals, or a combination thereof, etc. In some embodiments, the biaxial optical anisotropic of the birefringent medium may be an intrinsic biaxial optical anisotropy, for example, the birefringent medium may include biaxial molecules (or other biaxial substructures) having a biaxial anisotropic molecular structure which exhibits a refractive index ellipsoid after self-assembling. In some embodiments, the biaxial optical anisotropic of the birefringent medium may be an induced biaxial optical anisotropy. For example, the birefringent medium may include a mixture of uniaxial molecules (or other uniaxial substructures) of different shapes, such as a mixture of uniaxial LC molecules having a rod shape and uniaxial LC molecules having a disc shape, a mixture of uniaxial LC molecules having a first rod shape and uniaxial LC molecules having a second, different rod shape, a mixture of uniaxial LC molecules having a first shape (e.g., a first rod shape) and nanocrystal particles having a second shape (e.g., a different rod shape or a disc shape), etc. Through mixing the uniaxial molecules (or other uniaxial substructures) of different shapes, the obtained birefringent medium may exhibit an induced biaxial optical anisotropy.
In some embodiments, the birefringent medium may include nematic LCs, twist-bend LCs, chiral nematic LCs, smectic LCs, ferroelectric LCs, etc., or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the birefringent medium may have an induced chirality, e.g., the birefringent medium may be doped with a chiral dopant. In some embodiments, the birefringent medium may have an intrinsic molecular chirality, e.g., birefringent material may include chiral LC molecules, or molecules having one or more chiral functional groups.
For discussion purposes, in the following description, a biaxial LC molecule having a biaxial anisotropic molecular structure is used as an example of the molecule (or substructure) in the birefringent medium layer 215, and the birefringent medium forming the birefringent medium layer 215 may be biaxial LCs having an intrinsic biaxial optical anisotropy. The birefringent medium layer 215 may be a CLC layer, e.g., a non-slanted CLC layer, or a slanted CLC layer (or R-PVH layer).
As shown in
In each helical structure 217, the directors of the biaxial LC molecules 212 may continuously rotate around the helical axis 218 in a predetermined rotation direction, e.g., clockwise direction or counter-clockwise direction. Accordingly, the helical structure 217 may exhibit a handedness, e.g., right handedness or left handedness. The azimuthal angles of the LC molecules 212 may also exhibit a continuous periodic variation along the helical axis 218. An azimuthal angle of the biaxial LC molecule 212 may be defined as an angle of the LC director with respect to a predetermined in-plane direction within the Bragg planes 214, e.g., an x-axis direction in
Further, the biaxial LC molecule 212 having a first same orientation (e.g., same first tilt angle and same first azimuthal angle) may form a first series of slanted and parallel refractive index planes (i.e., a first series of Bragg planes) 214 periodically distributed within the volume of the birefringent medium layer 215. Although not labeled, the biaxial LC molecules 212 with a second same orientation (e.g., same second tilt angle and same second azimuthal angle) different from the first same orientation may form a second series of slanted and parallel refractive index planes (i.e., a second series of Bragg planes) 214 periodically distributed within the volume of the birefringent medium layer 215. Different series of Bragg planes may be formed by the biaxial LC molecules 212 having different orientations. In the same series of Bragg planes, the biaxial LC molecules 212 may have the same orientation, and the refractive index may be the same. Different series of Bragg planes may correspond to different refractive indices. When the number of the Bragg planes (or the thickness of the birefringent medium layer 215) increases to a sufficient value, Bragg reflection may be established. The distance between adjacent Bragg planes 214 of the same series may be referred to as a Bragg period PB. In the embodiment shown in
When a group of the biaxial LC molecules 212 are homogeneously aligned, e.g., the semi-axes 241, the semi-axes 242, and the semi-axes 243 of all the biaxial LC molecules 212 in the group are aligned in a same first direction (e.g., an x-axis direction), a same second direction (e.g., a y-axis direction), and a same third direction (e.g., a z-axis direction), respectively, the length of the semi-axis 241, 242, or 243 corresponds to a principal refractive index of the group of the biaxial LC molecules 212. The refractive indices along the semi-axis 241, the semi-axis 242, and the semi-axis 243 may be ne, no, and nm, respectively, where ne, no, and nm represent an extraordinary refractive index, an ordinary refractive index, and an intermediate refractive index of the biaxial LCs forming birefringent medium layer 215, respectively. In the present disclosure, the intermediate refractive index nm may be configured to be between the extraordinary refractive index ne and the ordinary refractive index no.
In some embodiments, as shown in
An overall optical property of the birefringent medium layer 215 including the helical structures 217 may be determined by the orientations of the biaxial LC molecules 212 in the birefringent medium layer 215 and the properties of individual biaxial LC molecules 212 (or the biaxial LCs forming the birefringent medium layer 215). Referring to
The principal refractive indices of the birefringent medium layer 215 along the semi-axis 251, the semi-axis 252, and the semi-axis 253 may be nin-plane, nin-plane, and nm, respectively, where
The principal refractive indices along the semi-axis 251 and the semi-axis 252 may be the same, i.e., nin-plane, and the principal refractive index along the semi-axis 253 may be equal to the intermediate refractive index nm. That is, the optic axis of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be along the semi-axis 253. The principal refractive index along the semi-axis 253 may be referred to as an out-of-plane principal refractive index, and the principal refractive index along the semi-axis 251 or the semi-axis 252 may be referred to as an in-plane principal refractive index. That is, the in-plane principal refractive index of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be
and the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be equal to nm.
In the present disclosure, as the biaxial LCs forming the birefringent medium layer 215 has the intermediate refractive index nm between the extraordinary refractive index ne and the ordinary refractive index no, the out-of-plane principal refractive index nm of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be closer to the in-plane principal refractive index nin-plane of the birefringent medium layer 215 than the ordinary refractive index no of the biaxial LCs forming the birefringent medium layer 215. That is, the difference between the in-plane principal refractive index nin-plane and the out-of-plane principal refractive index nm may be less than the difference between the in-plane principal refractive index nin-plane and the ordinary refractive index no, i.e., |nin-plane−nm|>|nin-plane−no|.
In some embodiments, the in-plane principal refractive index nin-plane may be slightly different from the out-of-plane principal refractive index nm. In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index nm may be configured according to the following equation, such that the out-of-plane principal refractive index nm may be equal to the in-plane principal refractive index nin-plane (i.e., nm=nin-plane),
where φ is an angle defined by the orientation of the biaxial LC molecule 212 at the surface 215-1 or 215-2 of the birefringent medium layer 215. For example, φ may be an angle of the LC director with respect to a predetermined in-plane direction (e.g., the x-axis direction in
Thus, compared to the effective refractive index ellipsoid 150 of the CLC layer 105 shown in
The helical structures 217 (or the biaxial LC structures) in the birefringent medium layer 215 may have a dimension (e.g., the helical pitch and/or the in-plane pitch) that is comparable with (or at the same order as) the reflection wavelength of the LCPH element 200. Thus, the LCPH element 200 may modulate an input light having a wavelength within a reflection band of the LCPH element via Bragg reflection, and transmit an input light having a wavelength outside of the reflection band. The birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
For example, as shown in
Referring to
In some embodiments, for an incident light having a wavelength within the reflection bandwidth and a first circular polarization (that has the same handedness as the helical structures), the LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
An extinction ratio of the LCPH element 200 may be defined as a ratio between the reflectance of a light having the second circular polarization and the reflectance of a light having the first circular polarization, or a ratio between the transmittance of a light having the second circular polarization and the transmittance of a light having the first circular polarization. In some embodiments, the extinction ratio of the LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
The LCPH element 200 having the birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
In some embodiments, for an incident light having a wavelength within the reflection bandwidth and a first circular polarization (that has the same handedness as the helical structures), the LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
An extinction ratio of the LCPH element 200 may be defined as a ratio between the reflectance of a light having the second circular polarization and the reflectance of a light having the first circular polarization, or a ratio between the transmittance of a light having the second circular polarization and the transmittance of a light having the first circular polarization. In some embodiments, the extinction ratio of the LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 shown in
For the LCPH element 200 shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) of the first alignment structure 210a or the second alignment structure 210b may be configured to provide spatially non-uniform surface alignments. Thus, the orientations of the LC directors of the LC molecules 212 located in close proximity to the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 may exhibit a non-uniform in-plane orientation pattern. For example, orientations of the LC directors of the LC molecules located in close proximity to the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 may periodically or non-periodically vary in at least one in-plane direction within the surface, such as a linear direction, in a radial direction, in a circumferential (e.g., azimuthal) direction, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, the birefringent medium layer 215 may provide different optical functions. For example, the LCPH element 200 may function as a grating, a prism, a lens, a segmented waveplate or a segmented phase retarder, a lens array, a prism array, etc. Exemplary non-uniform alignment patterns of the LC molecules that are located in close proximity to the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 are shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In addition, within the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215, the orientations of the directors of the LC molecules 212 may rotate along the predetermined in-plane direction (e.g., the x-axis) in a predetermined rotation direction, e.g., a clockwise direction or a counter-clockwise direction. Accordingly, the rotation of the orientations of the directors of the LC molecules 212 along the predetermined in-plane direction (e.g., the x-axis) may exhibit a handedness, e.g., right handedness or left handedness. For discussion purposes,
Although not shown in
The in-plane orientation pattern of the LC directors shown in
The pitch Λ of the in-plane orientation pattern may be defined as a distance in the in-plane direction (e.g., a radial direction) over which the orientations of the LC directors (or azimuthal angles ϕ of the LC molecules 212) change by a predetermined angle (e.g., 180°) from a predetermined initial state.
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 configured with the in-plane orientation pattern shown in
In some embodiments, to broaden the reflection band of the LCPH element 200, the helical structures 217 in the birefringent medium layer 215 may be configured with a varying helical pitch.
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The LCPH element disclosed herein may be a passive or an active element. In some embodiments, when a voltage is applied to the birefringent medium layer 215, the local orientations of the LC molecules 212 in the helical structures 217 may be re-orientated, and/or the in-plane orientation pattern of the LC molecules located in close proximity to the surface of the birefringent medium layer 215 may be changed. Accordingly, the optical response of the LCPH element 200 shown in
In some embodiments, when the voltage applied to the birefringent medium layer 215 is sufficiently high, the biaxial LC molecules 212 may be substantially aligned in the electric field direction, and the helical structures 217 may be unwound. In this case, as shown in
The present disclosure also provides various fabrication methods for fabricating the LCPH elements disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated based on self-assembly of biaxial LC molecules (or other substructures), or self-assembly of uniaxial LC molecules (or other substructures) of different shapes. In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated by processing a layer of uniaxial LCs. In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated based on layered deposition of biaxial films formed by LC polymers or organic solid crystals.
In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated based on self-assembly of biaxial LC molecules (or other substructures). For example,
In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated by disposing the biaxial LCs having an intrinsic biaxial optical anisotropy (e.g., doped with chiral dopants) at an alignment structure (e.g., a photo-alignment layer) that provides a predetermined surface alignment pattern, or filling the biaxial LCs into a cell formed by two substrates provided with the alignment structures. The biaxial LC molecules may be self-assembled to form a plurality of helical structures, such as the helical structures 217 shown in
In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated based on self-assembly of a mixture of uniaxial LC molecules (or other uniaxial substructures) of different shapes. In some embodiment, the mixture of uniaxial LC molecules (or other uniaxial substructures) of different shapes may include first LC molecules (or other substructures) having a first shape, and second LC molecules (or other substructures) having a second shape different from the first shape. The first shape and the second shape may define uniaxial optical anisotropies in different directions, and the mixture of the first LC molecules (or other substructures) and the second LC molecules (or other substructures) may exhibit an induced biaxial optical anisotropy. That is, the mixture of the first LC molecules and the second LC molecules may form biaxial LCs having an induced biaxial optical anisotropy. In some embodiments, the first shape may correspond to a rod shape, and the second shape may correspond to a disc shape. In some embodiments, the first shape may correspond to a first rod shape, and the second shape may correspond to a second, different rod shape. In some embodiments, the mixture of uniaxial LC molecule (or other uniaxial substructure) may include LC molecules having the first shape (e.g., the rod shape) and nanocrystal particles having the second shape (e.g., the different rod shape or the disc shape).
When a group of the uniaxial LC molecules 509 are homogeneously aligned, e.g., the semi-axes 541, the semi-axes 542, and the semi-axes 543 of all the LC molecules 509 in the group are aligned in a same first direction (e.g., an x-axis direction), a same second direction (e.g., a y-axis direction), and a same third direction (e.g., a z-axis direction), respectively, the length of the semi-axis 541, 542, or 543 corresponds to a principal refractive index of the group of the uniaxial LC molecules 509. The refractive indices along the semi-axis 541, the semi-axis 542, and the semi-axis 543 may be ne, no, and no, respectively, where ne and no represent an extraordinary refractive index and an ordinary refractive index of the discotic LCs, respectively. For the discotic LCs only including the disc-like uniaxial LC molecule 509, the ordinary refractive index no is often greater than the extraordinary refractive index ne, i.e., ne<no. That is, the refractive indices along the semi-axis 542 and the semi-axis 543 may be the same, which is greater than the refractive index along the semi-axis 541.
For discussion purposes, the discotic LCs including the discotic LC molecules 509 where ne<no may be referred to as an LC material having a negative uniaxial optical anisotropy (or −LC material). The calamitic LCs including the uniaxial calamitic LC molecules 507 where ne>no may be referred to as an LC material having a positive uniaxial optical anisotropy (or +LC material). For discussion purposes, the extraordinary refractive index ne and the ordinary refractive index no of the +LC material may be represented as ne+ and no+, respectively. The extraordinary refractive index ne and the ordinary refractive index no of the −LC material may be represented as ne− and no−, respectively.
In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated by disposing the birefringent medium 510 (e.g., doped with chiral dopants) on an alignment structure (e.g., a photo-alignment layer) that provides a predetermined in-plane orientation pattern, or filing the birefringent medium 510 (e.g., doped with chiral dopants) into a cell formed by two substrates provided with the alignment structures. The uniaxial calamitic LC molecules 507 and the uniaxial discotic LC molecules 509 may be self-assembled to form a plurality of helical structures, such as the helical structures 217 shown in
The first LC material may be polymerizable, e.g., photo-polymerizable or thermo-polymerizable. For example, the first LC material may include reactive mesogens mixed with chiral dopants and photo-initiators. As shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, as shown in
Then the layer 540a may be exposed to a polymerization irradiation to form a liquid crystal polymer layer (also referred to as 540a for discussion purposes). Then a layer 560a of the second LC material that includes the second LC molecules 525 having the second shape may be disposed at the liquid crystal polymer layer 540a. The second LC molecules 525 may be self-assembled to form a plurality of helical structures within the volume of the layer 560a. Then the layer 560a may be exposed to the polymerization irradiation to form a liquid crystal polymer layer (also referred to as 560a for discussion purposes).
In some embodiments, the first LC molecules 520 having the first shape may be the uniaxial calamitic LC molecules 507, whereas the second LC molecules 525 having the second shape may be the uniaxial discotic LC molecules 509. In some embodiments, the uniaxial calamitic LC molecules 507 in the layer 540a may be aligned to have the short molecular axes along the helical axis of the helical structures, and the uniaxial discotic LC molecules 509 in the layer 560a may be aligned to have the long molecular axes along the helical axis of the helical structures. In some embodiments, the first LC molecules 520 having the first shape may be the uniaxial discotic LC molecules 509, whereas the second LC molecules 525 having the second shape may be the uniaxial calamitic LC molecules 507. In some embodiments, the first LC material and the second LC material may be configured to have matching refractive indexes, e.g., ne of the first LC material may be equal to no of the second LC material, and no of the first LC material may be equal to ne of the second LC material.
The fabrication processes of the liquid crystal polymer layer 540a and the liquid crystal polymer layer 560a may be repeated, such that a plurality of liquid crystal polymer layers 540a-540d of the first LC material (or the first molecules 520) and a plurality of liquid crystal polymer layers 560a-560d of the second LC material (or the second LC molecules 525) may be alternately arranged on the substrate 205a. The stack of the alternately arranged liquid crystal polymer layers 540a-540d and liquid crystal polymer layers 560a-560d may form an LCPH element 570 having a substantially isotropic effective refractive index ellipsoid, e.g., similar to the effective refractive index ellipsoid 250 shown in
In some embodiments, the LCPH element disclosed herein may be fabricated using three-dimensional (“3D”) patterning techniques. In some embodiments, the 3D patterning includes sequentially disposing (e.g., coating, depositing, printing, or spraying, etc.) the first LC material at a first location of a substrate and the second LC material at a second location of the substrate. The second location may be different from the first location. In some embodiments, the first LC material and the second LC material may be disposed at different locations to form a 3D matrix. For example, the 3D matrix may include multiple layers, such as a first layer and a second layer different from the first layer, where the first layer and the second layer may have different distributions of the first LC material and the second LC material. In some embodiments, each layer may include helical structures formed by the first LC molecules of the first material and the second LC molecules of the second material. In some embodiments, the helical axis of the helical structures may be slanted or non-slanted.
The asymmetric field may include an asymmetric electric field, an asymmetric magnetic field, an asymmetric mechanical force, or a combination thereof, etc. The asymmetric field may be configured, such that the CLC layer 615 that has been applied with the asymmetric field may exhibit a substantially isotropic effective refractive index ellipsoid, e.g., similar to the effective refractive index ellipsoid 250 shown in
In some embodiments, the CLC layer 615 may include active uniaxial LCs, and the CLC layer 615 may be coupled with two electrodes. An asymmetric electric field or an asymmetric magnetic field may be applied to the CLC layer 615 via the two electrodes. The applied asymmetric electric field or magnetic field may change the orientations of the uniaxial LC molecules in the CLC layer 615, which may induce a local biaxial optical anisotropy in the CLC layer 615. Accordingly, the effective refractive index ellipsoid of the CLC layer 615 may be changed. In some embodiments, the uniaxial LC layer 615 shown in
In some embodiments, the CLC layer 615 may be a liquid crystal polymer layer, and the asymmetric mechanical force applied to the CLC layer 615 may change the shape of the CLC layer 615 which, in turn, changes the anisotropic molecular structure of the LC molecules or fragments of polymeric molecules in the CLC layer 615. Accordingly, the effective refractive index ellipsoid of the CLC layer 615 may be changed. For example, as shown in
For example, as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
A difference between the in-plane optic axis angles of two adjacent liquid crystal polymer layers may be equal to 360°/N. For example, when N=6, a difference between the in-plane optic axis angles of two adjacent liquid crystal polymer layers may be equal to 60°, and the in-plane optic axis of the respective liquid crystal polymers 641-646 may be rotated by 60° with respect to the in-plane optic axis of an adjacent liquid crystal polymer layer. In some embodiments, the stack of liquid crystal polymer layers in the LCPH element 640 may have a thickness of about 2 micrometers to 15 micrometers, and the total number of the liquid crystal polymer layers in the LCPH element 640 may be within a range from 20 to 500.
The LCPH element disclosed herein may reduce the light leakage, increase the efficiency, and enhance the extinction ratio over a wide AOI range, e.g., for an incident light having an AOI ranging from 0 to 60 degrees and a visible wavelength range (e.g., from 400 nm to 750 nm). The LCPH elements described herein may be implemented in systems or devices for imaging, sensing, communication, biomedical applications, etc. For example, the LCPH elements described herein may be implemented in various systems for augmented reality (“AR”), virtual reality (“VR”), and/or mixed reality (“MR”) applications, e.g., near-eye displays (“NEDs”), head-up displays (“HUDs”), head-mounted displays (“HMDs”), smart phones, laptops, televisions, vehicles, etc. For example, the disclosed LCPH element may be implemented as a passive or active reflective polarizer in a path-folding lens assembly (e.g., a pancake lens assembly), implemented as a light guide image combiner in a light guide display assembly, implemented as an input or output coupler (or in-coupling element or out-coupling element) in a light guide illumination assembly, or implemented as a retinal projection combiner in a retinal projection display assembly, etc. The disclosed LCPH element may also be used to provide multiple image planes, pupil steered AR, VR, and/or MR display systems (e.g., holographic near eye displays, retinal projection eyewear, and wedged waveguide displays), smart glasses for AR, VR, and/or MR applications, compact illumination optics for projectors, light-field displays, etc. In some embodiments, the disclosed LCPH element may be implemented as a passive or active reflective polarizer in an object tracking system. The object tracking system including one or more disclosed LCPH elements may provide an object tracking with enhanced accuracy.
Exemplary applications of the disclosed biaxial LC polarization holograms in AR, VR, and/or MR systems will be explained. The various systems including one or more disclosed biaxial LC polarization holograms may be a part of a system for VR, AR, and/or MR applications (e.g., an NED, an HUD, an HMD, a smart phone, a laptop, or a television, etc.).
In some embodiments, the display element 705 may include a projector (e.g., retinal projection display) configured to output the image light 722. In some embodiments, the display element 705 may be an off-axis display element configured to provide an off-axis projection with respective to the off-axis combiner 720. For example, the image light 722 may be an off-axis light with respective to the off-axis combiner 720.
In some embodiments, the off-axis combiner 720 may include one or more LCPH elements disclosed herein, such as the LCPH element 200 shown in
When configured for AR or MR applications, the off-axis combiner 720 may also combine the image light 722 received from the display element 705 and a light (or beam) 710 from a real-world environment (referred to as a real-world light 710), and direct both of the lights 710 and 722 toward the eyebox 759. Thus, the off-axis combiner 720 may also be referred to as an off-axis image combiner. In some embodiments, the system 700 may include a compensator 725 coupled with (e.g., stacked with) the off-axis combiner 720. The off-axis combiner 720 may be disposed between the compensator 725 and the eyebox 759. The real-world light 710 may be incident onto the compensator 725 before being incident onto the off-axis combiner 720. In some embodiments, the controller 740 may be configured to control the compensator 725 and the off-axis combiner 720 to provide opposite steering effects and lensing effects to the real-world light 710. For example, when the optical powers provided by the compensator 725 and the off-axis combiner 720 have opposite signs and a substantially same absolute value, the steering provided by the compensator 725 and the off-axis combiner 720 may have opposite directions. Thus, the compensator 725 may compensate for the distortion of the real-world light 710 caused by the off-axis combiner 720, such that images of real-world objects viewed through the system 700 may be substantially unaltered. In some embodiments, when the system 700 is configured for VR applications, the compensator 725 may be omitted.
In some embodiments, the off-axis combiner 720 may be a passive element that is not tunable by an external field. In some embodiments, the off-axis combiner 720 may be an active element that is tunable by an external field. For example, the optical power of the off-axis combiner 720 may be tunable by an applied voltage. In some embodiments, the LC layer included in the off-axis combiner 720 may include a plurality of sub-layers stacked together. The plurality of sub-layers may be configured to have high diffraction efficiencies at a plurality of wavelengths, (e.g., red, green, and blue wavelength ranges), thereby enabling a full color display. For example, the off-axis image light 722 may be a visible polychromatic light, and the respective sub-layers may be configured to focus the respective portions of the off-axis image light 722 associated with different wavelength ranges to the same exit pupil 757.
In some embodiments, the LC layer included in the off-axis combiner 720 may include a plurality of sub-layers stacked together, and different sub-layers may be configured to reflect and focus the off-axis image light 722 to propagate through different exit pupils 757. That is, different sub-layers may be configured to steer the off-axis image light 722 by different steering angles to propagate through different exit pupils 757. In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-layers may function as passive elements, each of which may be configured to simultaneously reflect and focus the off-axis image light 722 to propagate through one of the exit pupils 757 with a relatively low efficiency. The plurality of sub-layers may be configured to simultaneously reflect and focus the off-axis image light 722 to propagate through a plurality of exit pupils 757 forming the eyebox 759. For discussion purposes, each exit pupil 757 may also referred to as a sub-eye box, and the eyebox 759 formed by the plurality of exit pupils 757 may also be referred to as an uncompressed eyebox, which is relatively large.
In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-layers may function as active elements, each of which may be configured to operate in an active state to reflect the off-axis image light 722 to an exit-pupil 757 with a relatively high efficiency, and operate in a non-active state to transmit the off-axis image light 722. In some embodiments, one or more (not all) of the sub-layers may be configured to operate in the active state to focus the off-axis image light 722 to propagate through one or more exit pupils 757 (or one or more sub-eye boxes), forming a compressed eyebox having a size smaller than a size of the uncompressed eyebox. The remaining sub-layers may operate in the non-active state to transmit the off-axis image light 722. In some embodiments, the controller 740 may be communicatively coupled with one or more power sources (not shown) to adjust the voltages applied to the respective sub-layers included in the off-axis combiner 720.
In some embodiments, the eye tracking device 735 may include one or more light sources (e.g., infrared light sources) and one or more optical sensors. The one or more light sources may be configured to emit IR lights to illuminate one or both eyes of the user, and the optical sensors may be configured to receive the IR light reflected from the eyes. In some embodiments, the optical sensors may be configured to generate image data of one or both eyes of the user based on the received IR lights. For example, the optical sensors may be imaging devices, such as cameras. In some embodiments, a processor included in the eye tracking device 735 may be configured to obtain, in real time, the eye-tracking information relating to the eye pupil 758 by analyzing the captured images of the eye pupil 758.
The eye-tracking information may include at least one of a position (or location), a moving direction, a size, or a viewing direction of the eye pupil 758. The position, moving direction, size, or viewing direction of the eye pupil 758 may be dynamically changing. Thus, the eye tracking device 735 may dynamically capture the images of the eye pupil 758 and dynamically obtain and/or provide the eye-tracking information in real time. In some embodiments, the eye tracking device 735 may measure or determine (e.g., through the processor) the position and/or movement of the eye pupil 758 up to six degrees of freedom (i.e., 3D position, roll, pitch, and yaw).
In some embodiments, the eye tracking device 735 may transmit, through a transmitter included in the eye tracking device 735, the eye-tracking information to the controller 740. In some embodiments, the eye tracking device 735 may transmit the images (i.e., image data) of the eye pupil 758 to the controller 740, and the controller 740 may analyze the images to obtain the eye-tracking information in real time. In some embodiments, the controller 740 may determine, based on one or more types of the eye-tracking information (e.g., based on the position of the eye pupil 758), the operation state of the off-axis combiner 720, such as, the operation states of the active sub-layers included in the off-axis combiner 720.
According to the eye-tracking information, the off-axis combiner 720 may provide different steering angles to the off-axis image light 722 to focus the off-axis image light 722 to propagate through different exit pupils 757. In other words, the off-axis combiner 720 may function as a pupil steering element that provide a pupil steering function. For example, during an operation, based on the eye-tracking information, the controller 740 may control one or more of the sub-layers included in the off-axis combiner 720 to operate in the active state, and the remaining sub-layers to operate in the non-active state. For illustrative purposes,
At a second time instance, the eye tracking device 735 may detect that the eye pupil 758 of the user has moved to a new position P2 at the eyebox 759 in the x-axis direction from the previous position P1. Based on new eye-tracking information relating to the new position P2, the controller 740 may control a second, different sub-layer in the off-axis combiner 720 to operate in the active state while the remaining sub-layers to operate in the non-active state. The second sub-layer may reflect and focus the off-axis image light 722 as an image light 726 (represented by dashed lines), which propagates through an exit pupil 757 (e.g., a second sub-eye box) that substantially coincides with the position P2 of the eye pupil 758.
For discussion purposes,
The display panel 820 may output an image light 829 representing a virtual image (having a predetermined image size associated with a linear size of the display panel 820) toward the collimating lens 825. The image light 829 may be a divergent image light including a bundle of rays. For illustrative purposes,
The in-coupling element 835 may couple the image light 830 into the light guide 810 as an in-coupled image light 831, which may propagate inside the light guide 810 toward the out-coupling element 845 via total internal reflection (“TIR”). The out-coupling element 845 may couple the in-coupled image light 831 out of the light guide 810 as a plurality of output image lights 832 at different locations along the longitudinal direction (e.g., x-axis direction) of the light guide 810, each of which may have an output FOV that may be substantially the same as the input FOV (e.g., as represented by an angle α). For discussion purposes,
Each output image light 832 may include the same image content as the virtual image displayed on the display panel 820. Thus, the light guide 810 coupled with the in-coupling element 835 and the out-coupling element 845 may replicate the image light 830 at the output side of the light guide 810, to expand an effective pupil of the system 800. For discussion purposes,
The plurality of image lights 832 may propagate through the exit pupils 757 located in the eyebox 759 of the system 800. The size of a single exit pupil 757 may be larger than and comparable with the size of the eye pupil 758. The exit pupils 757 may be sufficiently spaced apart, such that when one of the exit pupils 757 substantially coincides with the position of the eye pupil 758, the remaining one or more exit pupils 757 may be located beyond the position of the eye pupil 758 (e.g., falling outside of the eye pupil 758). The light guide 810 and the out-coupling element 845 may also transmit a light 842 from a real-world environment (referred to as a real-world light 842), combining the real-world light 842 with the output image light 832 and delivering the combined light to the eye 760. Thus, the eye 760 may observe the virtual scene optically combined with the real world scene.
In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, based on the eye tracking information from the eye tracking system (not shown), the controller 740 may be configured to control the lens assembly 853 to steer and focus the plurality of output image lights 832 to an image plane within the eyebox 759, where one or more exit pupils 757 are located. In some embodiments, the lens assembly 853 may be configured to provide a 3D beam steering to the output image lights 832. For example, the lens assembly 853 may be configured to laterally steer (or shift) the focus of the output image lights 832 in one or two dimensions (e.g., an x-axis direction and/or a y-axis direction). In some embodiments, the lens assembly 853 may also be configured to vertically shift the image plane, at which the output image lights 832 are focused, in a third dimension (e.g., in a z-axis direction). Thus, a continuous or discrete shift of the exit pupil 757 of the system 850 may be provided in a 3D space to cover an expanded eyebox based on the eye tracking information.
In some embodiments, the vertical distance of the image plane of the display element 820 with respect to the eyebox 759 may be adjusted for addressing the vergence accommodation conflict. Accordingly, the user experience of the system 850 may be improved. For example, the display element 820 may display a virtual image. Based on the eye tracking information provided by the eye tracking system (not shown), the controller 740 may determine a virtual object within the virtual image at which the eyes 760 are currently looking. The controller 740 may determine a vergence depth (dv) of the gaze of the user based on the gaze point or an estimated intersection of gaze lines determined by the eye tracking system. The gaze lines may converge or intersect at the distance dv, where the virtual object is located. The controller 740 may control the lens assembly 853 to adjust the optical power to provide an accommodation that matches the vergence depth (dv) associated with the virtual object at which the eyes 760 are currently looking, thereby reducing the accommodation-vergence conflict in the system 850. For example, the controller 740 may control the lens assembly 853 to operate in a desirable operation state to provide an optical power corresponding to a focal plane (or an image plane) that matches the vergence depth (dv).
In some embodiments, when used for AR and/or MR applications, in addition to the lens assembly 853 (referred to as a first lens assembly 853), the system 850 may further include a second lens assembly 855. The first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may be disposed at two sides of the light guide 810. The controller 740 may be communicatively coupled with the second lens assembly 855. In some embodiments, when used for AR and/or MR applications, the controller 740 may be configured to control the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 to provide opposite steering effects and lensing effects to the real-world light 842. For example, the optical powers provided by the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may have opposite signs and a substantially same absolute value, the steering provided by the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may have opposite directions. Thus, the second lens assembly 855 may be configured to compensate for the distortion of the real-world light 842 caused by the first lens assembly 853, such that images of the real-world objects viewed through the system 850 may be substantially unaltered.
In some embodiments, each of the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may be an active element. For example, the steering effect and lensing effect of the first lens assembly 853 or the second lens assembly 855 may be adjustable by an external field. When the LC layer included in the first lens assembly 853 or the second lens assembly 855 includes a plurality of sub-layers, the steering effect and lensing effect of each sub-layer may be adjustable by an external field.
In some embodiments, each of the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may be a passive element. Each of the first lens assembly 853 and the second lens assembly 855 may be coupled with a switchable halfwave plate. The switchable halfwave plate may control the polarization of a light that is to be incident onto the first lens assembly 853 or the second lens assembly 855. The steering effect and lensing effect of the first lens assembly 853 or the second lens assembly 855 may be adjustable by controlling the switchable halfwave plate. When the LC layer included in the first lens assembly 853 or the second lens assembly 855 includes a plurality of sub-layers, each sub-layer may be coupled with a switchable halfwave plate, and the steering effect and lensing effect of each sub-layer may be adjustable controlling the switchable halfwave plate.
The light 951 may be guided by the light guide 930 to the display panel 901 for illuminating the display panel 901. The in-coupling element 935 may couple the light 951 into the light guide 930 as an in-coupled light 953 that prorogates along the light guide 930 toward the out-coupling element 945 via total internal reflection (“TIR”). The out-coupling element 945 may couple the in-coupled light 953 out of the light guide 930 as a light 955 propagating toward the display panel 901 to illuminate the display panel 901. Thus, the light 955 may also be referred to as an illuminating light 955. In some embodiments, the in-coupling element 935 may include a direct edge illumination, an input grating, a prism, a mirror, and/or photonic integrated circuits. In some embodiments, at least one of the in-coupling element 935 or the out-coupling element 945 may include an LCPH element disclosed herein, such as the LCPH element 200 shown in
The light 955 may be normally incident onto the display panel 901. The display panel 901 may modulate and convert the light 955 into an image light 957 that represents a virtual image generated by the display panel 901. The lens assembly 902 may focus the image light 957 to an exit pupil 757 in the eyebox 759. Thus, the eye 760 located at the exit pupil 757 may perceive the image light 959 that represents the virtual image displayed on the display panel 901. In some embodiments, the lens assembly 902 may be configured to provide at least one of an adjustable optical power or an adjustable steering angle to the image light 959.
The display panel 901 may be a reflective display panel or a transmissive display panel. For illustrative purposes,
In some embodiments, as shown in
In some embodiments, the display element 1050 may be a monochromatic display that includes a narrowband monochromatic light source (e.g., a 30-nm-bandwidth light source). In some embodiments, the display element 1050 may be a polychromatic display (e.g., a red-green-blue (“RGB”) display) that includes a broadband polychromatic light source (e.g., 300-nm-bandwidth light source covering the visible wavelength range). In some embodiments, the display element 1050 may be a polychromatic display (e.g., an RGB display) including a stack of a plurality of monochromatic displays, which may include corresponding narrowband monochromatic light sources respectively.
In some embodiments, the path-folding lens assembly 1001 may include a first optical element (e.g., a first optical lens) 1005 and a second optical element (e.g., a second optical lens) 1010. In some embodiments, the path-folding lens assembly 1001 may be configured as a monolithic pancake lens assembly without any air gaps between optical elements included in the path-folding lens assembly. In some embodiments, one or more surfaces of the first optical element 1005 and the second optical element 1010 may be shaped (e.g., curved) to compensate for field curvature. In some embodiments, one or more surfaces of the first optical element 1005 and/or the second optical element 1010 may be shaped to be spherically concave (e.g., a portion of a sphere), spherically convex, a rotationally symmetric asphere, a freeform shape, or some other shape that can mitigate field curvature. In some embodiments, the shape of one or more surfaces of the first optical element 1005 and/or the second optical element 1010 may be designed to additionally compensate for other forms of optical aberration. The disclosed LCPH element may be formed on one or more curved surfaces of at least one of the first optical element 1005 or the second optical element 1010. In some embodiments, one or more of the optical elements within the path-folding lens assembly 1001 may have one or more coatings, such as an anti-reflective coating, to reduce ghost images and enhance contrast. In some embodiments, the first optical element 1005 and the second optical element 1010 may be coupled together by an adhesive 1015. Each of the first optical element 1005 and the second optical element 1010 may include one or more optical lenses. In some embodiments, at least one of the first optical element 1005 or the second optical element 1010 may have at least one flat surface.
The first optical element 1005 may include a first surface 1005-1 facing the display element 1050 and an opposing second surface 1005-2 facing the eye 760. The first optical element 1005 may be configured to receive an image light at the first surface 1005-1 from the display element 1050 and output an image light with an altered property at the second surface 1005-2. The path-folding lens assembly 1001 may also include a linear polarizer 1002, a waveplate 1004, and a mirror 1006 arranged in an optical series, each of which may be an individual layer, film, or coating disposed at (e.g., bonded to or formed at) the first optical element 1005. The linear polarizer 1002, the waveplate 1004, and the mirror 1006 may be disposed at (e.g., bonded to or formed at) the first surface 1005-1 or the second surface 1005-2 of the first optical element 1005. For illustrative purposes,
In some embodiments, the waveplate 1004 may be a quarter-wave plate (“QWP”). A polarization axis of the waveplate 1004 may be oriented relative to the polarization direction of a linearly polarized light to convert the linearly polarized light into a circularly polarized light or vice versa for a visible spectrum and/or an IR spectrum. In some embodiments, for an achromatic design, the waveplate 1004 may include a multilayer birefringent material (e.g., a polymer, liquid crystals, or a combination thereof) to produce quarter-wave birefringence across a wide spectral range. For example, an angle between the polarization axis (e.g., the fast axis) of the waveplate 1004 and the transmission axis of the linear polarizer 1002 may be configured to be in a range of about 35-50 degrees. In some embodiments, for a monochrome design, an angle between the polarization axis (e.g., the fast axis) of the waveplate 1004 and the transmission axis of the linear polarizer 1002 may be configured to be about 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the mirror 1006 may be a polarization non-selective partial reflector that is partially reflective to reflect a portion of a received light. In some embodiments, the mirror 1006 may be configured to transmit about 50% and reflect about 50% of a received light, and may be referred to as a “50/50 mirror.” In some embodiments, the handedness of the reflected light may be reversed, and the handedness of the transmitted light may remain unchanged.
The second optical element 1010 may have a first surface 1010-1 facing the first optical element 1005 and an opposing second surface 1010-2 facing the eye 760. The path-folding lens assembly 1001 may also include a reflective polarizer 1008, which may be an individual layer, film, or coating disposed at (e.g., bonded to or formed at) the second optical element 1010. The reflective polarizer 1008 may be configured to primarily reflect a circularly polarized light having a first handedness and primarily transmit a circularly polarized light having a second handedness that is orthogonal to the first handedness.
In the embodiment shown in
The reflective polarizer 1008 may be disposed at (e.g., bonded to or formed at) the first surface 1010-1 or the second surface 1010-2 of the second optical element 1010 and may receive a light output from the mirror 1006. For illustrative purposes,
Referring to
In some embodiments, one or more of the first surface 1005-1 and the second surface 1005-2 of the first optical element 1005 and the first surface 1010-1 and the second surface 1010-2 of the second optical element 1010 may be curved surface(s) or flat surface(s). In some embodiments, the path-folding lens assembly 1001 may have one of the optical elements 1005 and 1010, or may include more than two optical elements that may be similar to the optical elements 1005 or 1010. In some embodiments, the path-folding lens assembly 1001 may further include other optical elements in addition to the first and second optical elements 1005 and 1010, such as one or more linear polarizers, one or more waveplate, one or more circular polarizers, etc.
For discussion purposes, as shown in
As shown in
The lens assembly 1101 may include a first circular polarizer 1103, a first polarization selective reflector 1105 (e.g., a first reflective PVH element configured with a first optical power (i.e., functioning as a first PVH lens)), a polarization non-selective partial reflector 1107 (also referred to as a partial reflector 1107), a second polarization selective reflector 1115 (e.g., a second reflective PVH element configured with a second optical power (i.e., functioning as a second PVH lens)), and a second circular polarizer 1113 arranged in an optical series. For discussion purposes, the first polarization selective reflector 1105 and the second polarization selective reflector 1115 are referred to as a first PVH element 1105 and a second PVH element 1115, respectively.
In the embodiment shown in
The partial reflector 1107 may be configured to partially transmit an input light while maintaining the polarization and propagation direction, and partially reflect the input light while changing the polarization, independent of the polarization of the input light. That is, regardless of the polarization of the input light, the partial reflector 1107 may partially transmit the input light and partially reflect the input light. For discussion purposes, the partial reflector 1107 is also referred to as a mirror. In some embodiments, the mirror 1107 may be configured to transmit about 50% of an input light and reflect about 50% of the input light (referred to as a 50/50 mirror).
In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
When the image light 1123L is normally incident onto the mirror 1107, the image light 1124R may propagate in a direction opposite to the propagation direction of the image light 1123L. That is, the image light 1124R and the image light 1123L may substantially coincide with one another and have opposite propagation directions. To better illustrate the optical paths of the image light 1124R and the image light 1123L,
In the embodiment shown in
The system 1300 may also include a transmissive lens 1307 (also referred to as a third lens 1307) disposed between the eyebox 759 and the second circular polarizer 1113. The transmissive lens 1307 may include a conventional solid lens including at least one curved surface (e.g., a glass lens, a polymer lens, or a resin lens, etc.), a liquid lens, a Fresnel lens, a meta lens, a transmissive PVH lens, etc. The transmissive lens 1307 may be configured with a fixed optical power or a tunable optical power. For discussion purposes,
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, the controller 740 (not shown) may be communicatively coupled with the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 to control the operation state thereof. For example, the first PVH lens 1105 or the second PVH lens 1115 may be electrically coupled with a power source (not shown). The controller 740 may control the output of the power source to control the electric field in the first PVH lens 1105 or the second PVH lens 1115, thereby controlling the operation state of the first PVH lens 1105 or the second PVH lens 1115.
The optical power of the first PVH lens 1105 or the second PVH lens 1115 may be fixed or adjustable. The first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 may be configured to have at least one of different optical powers or different axial distances (e.g., L1 and L2) to the mirror 1107 along the optical axis 1120. For example, in some embodiments, the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 may be configured to have the same optical power, and different axial distances to the mirror 1107. In some embodiments, the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 may be configured to have different optical powers, and the same axial distance to the mirror 1107. In some embodiments, the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 may be configured to have different optical powers, and different axial distances to the mirror 1107. For discussion purposes,
For discussion purposes, in
Referring back to
The first PVH lens 1105 may reflect and converge, via diffraction, the image light 1337R as an image light 1339R toward the mirror 1107. The mirror 1107 may transmit a first portion of the image light 1339R toward the second PVH lens 1115 as an image light 1341R, and reflect a second portion of the image light 1339R back to the first PVH lens 1105 as a left-handed circularly polarized image light (not shown). The second PVH lens 1115 may substantially transmit the image light 1341R as an image light 1343R toward the second circular polarizer 1113. The second circular polarizer 1113 may transmit the image light 1343R as an image light 1345R toward the transmissive lens 1307. The transmissive lens 1307 may focus the image light 1345R into an image light 1347L. The light intensity of the image light 1347L may be about 25% of the light intensity of the image light 1332L output from the display element 1050. The optical path of an image light from being the image light 1332L to being the image light 1347L may be referred to as a first optical path.
The lens assembly 1301 may image the display element 1050 to a first image plane 1305 having a first axial distance of da1 to the eyebox 759, along the optical axis 1120 of the lens assembly 1301. Thus, the first virtual object displayed by the display element 1050 (e.g., displayed on the display panel) may be imaged, by the lens assembly 1301, to the first image plane 1305 that is apart from the eyebox 759 by the first axial distance of da1. In other words, the lens assembly 1301 may form an image of the first virtual object at the first image plane 1305. Accordingly, for the eye 760 placed at the exit pupil 757 within the eyebox 759, the accommodation distance of the first virtual object may be substantially equal to the first axial distance da1.
As shown in
The second PVH lens 1115 may reflect and converge, via diffraction, the image light 1366L as an image light 1368L toward the mirror 1107. The mirror 1107 may transmit a first portion of the image light 1368L toward the first PVH lens 1105 as a left-handed circularly polarized image light (not shown), and reflect a second portion of the image light 1368L back to the second PVH lens 1115 as an image light 1370R. The second PVH lens 1115 may substantially transmit the image light 1370R as an image light 1372R toward the second circular polarizer 1113. The second circular polarizer 1113 may transmit the image light 1372R as an image light 1374R toward the transmissive lens 1307. The transmissive lens 1307 may focus the image light 1374R into an image light 1376L. The light intensity of the image light 1376L may be about 25% of the light intensity of the image light 1362L output from the display element 1050. The optical path of an image light from being the image light 1363L to being the image light 1376L may be referred to as a second optical path.
The lens assembly 1301 may image the display element 1050 to a second image plane 1310 having a second axial distance of da2 to the eyebox 759, along the optical axis 1120 of the lens assembly 1301. Thus, the second virtual object displayed by the display element 1050 (e.g., displayed on the display panel) may be imaged by the lens assembly 1301 to be at the second image plane 1310 that is spaced apart from the eyebox 759 by the second axial distance of da2. In other words, the lens assembly 1301 may form an image of the second virtual object at the second image plane 1310. Accordingly, for the eye 760 placed at the exit pupil 757 within the eyebox 759, the accommodation distance of the second virtual object may be substantially equal to the second axial distance da2.
Referring to
Thus, when each of the transmissive lens 1307, the first PVH lens 1105, and the second PVH lens 1115 is presumed to have a fixed optical power, the lens assembly 1301 may image the display element 1050 to two different image planes having different axial distances to the eyebox 759. In other words, the lens assembly 1301 may form respective images of the first virtual object and the second virtual object displayed by the display element 1050 (e.g., displayed on the display panel) at two different image planes that are spaced apart from the eyebox 759 by different axial distances. Accordingly, for the eye 760 placed at the exit pupil 757 within the eyebox 759, the accommodation distance of the first virtual object and the second virtual object may be different from one another.
When the display element 1050 displays the first virtual object and the second virtual object associated with different vergence distances (from the eye 760 placed at the exit pupil 757 within the eyebox 759), the respective optical powers of the transmissive lens 1307, the first PVH lens 1105, and the second PVH lens 1115 may be configured, and the axial distances L1, and L2 for the lens assembly 1301 may be configured, such that the first axial distance da1 may be substantially equal to the vergence distance of the first virtual object, and the second axial distance da2 may be substantially equal to the vergence distance of the second virtual object.
Thus, the vergence-accommodation conflict in the system 1300 may be reduced, and the user experience may be enhanced. In some embodiments, when at least one of the transmissive lens 1307, the first PVH lens 1105, or the second PVH lens 1115 has an adjustable optical power, the lens assembly 1301 may image the virtual content displayed by the display element 1050 to more than two different image planes having different axial distances to the eyebox 759. The accommodation capability of the lens assembly 1301 may be further improved.
In some embodiments, during a display frame of the display element 1050, a distant virtual object and a close virtual object may be displayed by the display element 1050, during different sub-frames of the display frame. The display element 1050 may render the close virtual object to appear closer to the eyes 760 than the distant virtual object. Referring to
The display element 1050 may be configured to display virtual objects associated with different vergence distances in a time sequential manner during the operation of the system 200. For example, the display element 1050 may be configured to switch between displaying the distant virtual object and displaying the close virtual object at a predetermined frequency or predetermined frame rate. In some embodiments, the display frame of the display element 1050 may include a first sub-frame and a second sub-frame. The controller 740 may be configured to control the display element 1050 to display the distant virtual object and the close virtual object during the respective sub-frames of the display frame of the display element 1050. In some embodiments, the frame rate of the display element 1050 may be at least 60 Hz according to the frame rate of the human vision.
In addition, during the operation of the system 1300, the controller 740 may be configured to control each of the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 to switch between the active state and the non-active state. In some embodiments, when the display frame of the display element 1050 includes a first sub-frame and a second sub-frame, the controller 740 may be configured to control the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 to sequentially operate in the active state during the two sub-frames. The switching of the first PVH lens 1105 and the second PVH lens 1115 may be synchronized with the switching of the display element 1050 between displaying the distant virtual object and the close virtual object.
For example, during the first sub-frame, the controller 740 may be configured to control the display element 1050 to display only the distant virtual object, and output the image light 1332 representing the distant virtual object (as shown in
During the second sub-frame, the controller 740 may be configured to control the display element 1050 to display only the close virtual object, and output the image light 1362 representing the close virtual object (as shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The polarization selective optical element 1420 may be a reflective polarization selective optical element, which may be configured to backwardly diffract the light 1404 reflected by the eye 760 as a first signal light 1406 propagating in a first direction toward the first optical sensor 1410-1, and a second signal light 1408 propagating in a second direction toward the second optical sensor 1410-2. The first direction may be substantially different from the second direction, and may not be parallel with the second direction. In some embodiments, the first signal light 1406 and the second signal light 1408 may be orthogonally polarized lights.
In some embodiments, the first optical sensor 1410-1 and the second optical sensor 1410-2 may be positioned with suitable orientations or directions to receive the first signal light 1406 and the second signal light 1408, respectively. The first optical sensor 1410-1 and the second optical sensor 1410-2 may be configured to generate signals, data, or information based on the first signal light 1406 and the second signal light 1408, respectively. In some embodiments, individual images of the eye 760 may be generated by the optical sensors 1410-1 and 1410-2 based on first signal light 1406 and the second signal light 1408, respectively, thereby providing multiple perspective views of the eye 760. For example, a first perceptive view of the eye 760 may be obtained from a first image generated by the first optical sensor 1410-1 based on the first signal light 1406, and a second perceptive view of the eye 760 may be obtained from a second image generated by the second optical sensor 1410-2 based on the second signal light 1408.
In some embodiments, the polarization selective optical element 1420 may include one or more disclosed LCPH elements, such as the LCPH element 200 including the birefringent medium layer 215 (functioning as a reflective PVH element) shown in
The first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 may be configured with different polarization selectivities. For example, one of the first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 may be configured to substantially backwardly diffract the right-handed circularly polarized (or left-handed circularly polarized) component of the light 1404, and substantially transmit, with negligible diffraction, the left-handed circularly polarized (or right-handed circularly polarized) component of the light 1404. The other of the first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 may be configured to substantially backwardly diffract the left-handed circularly polarized (or right-handed circularly polarized) component of the light 1404, and substantially transmit, with negligible diffraction, the right-handed circularly polarized (or left-handed circularly polarized) component of the light 1404.
For example, in some embodiments, the first LCPH element 1421 may function as a right-handed PVH lens, and the second LCPH element 1422 may function as a left-handed PVH lens. A PVH lens may provide a large field of view. Although not shown, in some embodiments, the first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 may function as PVH gratings. The first LCPH element (e.g., right-handed PVH lens) 1421 may be configured to substantially backwardly diffract and converge or diverge the right-handed circularly polarized component of the light 1404 as the first signal light (e.g., that is substantially close to a right-handed circularly polarized light) 1406 having a positive diffraction angle and propagating toward the first optical sensor 1410-1. The first LCPH element 1421 may substantially transmit, with negligible diffraction, the left-handed circularly polarized component of the light 1404 as a light (e.g., that is substantially close to a left-handed circularly polarized light) 1407 propagating toward the second LCPH element (e.g., left-handed PVH lens) 1422.
The second LCPH element 1422 may be configured to substantially backwardly diffract and converge or diverge the light 1407 as a light (e.g., that is substantially close to a left-handed circularly polarized light) 1409 having a negative diffraction angle and propagating toward the first LCPH element 1421. The first LCPH element 1421 may substantially transmit the light 1409 as the second signal light (e.g., that is substantially close to a left-handed circularly polarized light) 1408 propagating toward the second optical sensor 1410-2. That is, the first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 may split, via diffraction, the IR light 1404 reflected by the eye 760 spatially as the first signal light 1406 and the second signal light 1408.
As the first LCPH element 1421 and the second LCPH element 1422 reduce the light leakage, increase the efficiency, and enhance the extinction ratio over a wide AOI range, the system 1400 may provide more accurate eye tracking information and a larger tracking ranges of the eye 760 in the horizontal and/or vertical directions, as compared to conventional eye tracking systems.
For discussion purposes,
In some embodiments, the left-eye and right-eye display systems 1210L and 1210R each may include suitable image display components configured to generate virtual images, such as the display element 705 shown in
In some embodiments, the artificial reality device 1200 may also include a viewing optics system 1224 disposed between the left-eye display system 1210L or right-eye display system 1210R and the eyebox 759. The viewing optics system 1224 may be configured to guide an image light (representing a computer-generated virtual image) output from the left-eye display system 1210L or right-eye display system 1210R to propagate through one or more exit pupils 757 within the eyebox 759. For example, the viewing optics system 1224 may include the off-axis combiner 720 shown in
In some embodiments, as shown in
In some embodiments, the layer may have an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index may be equal to the intermediate refractive index, and may be substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include biaxial molecules having a biaxial molecular structure. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include a mixture of liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape and nanocrystal particles. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include a mixture of first uniaxial molecules having a first shape and second uniaxial molecules having a second shape different from the first shape.
In some embodiments, forming the layer of the birefringent medium on the alignment structure includes: forming a first sub-layer including the first uniaxial molecules on the alignment structure, the first uniaxial molecules being configured to form the helical structures within the first sub-layer; polymerizing the first sub-layer to form a polymerized first sub-layer that is a porous film including a plurality of pores; and forming a second sub-layer including the second uniaxial molecules on the polymerized first sub-layer, wherein the second uniaxial molecules at least partially fill the pores of the polymerized first sub-layer. In some embodiments, forming the layer of the birefringent medium on the alignment structure includes: forming a plurality of sub-layers stacked along the helical axis on the substrate, wherein molecules in each sub-layer are configured with a same orientation, and molecules in two adjacent sub-layers are configured with different orientations. In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-layers include a plurality of biaxial liquid crystal polymer layers or a plurality of biaxial organic solid crystals.
In some embodiments, an out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer along the helical axis may be different from (e.g., greater than or less than) an in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. In some embodiments, an out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer along the helical axis may be substantially the same as an in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer within the plane perpendicular to the helical axis. In some embodiments, the asymmetric field includes at least one of an asymmetric electric field, an asymmetric magnetic field, or an asymmetric mechanical force.
In some embodiments, applying the asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to obtain the second layer includes: applying an asymmetric mechanical field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to change a shape of the first layer. A ratio among a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension of the second layer may be different from a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the first layer. In some embodiments, applying an asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to change the shape of the first layer includes: pulling the first layer to increase at least one of the first dimension, the second dimensions, or the third dimension of the first layer, or compressing the first layer to decrease at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, or the third dimension of the first layer.
In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is smaller than the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer, and the in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is greater than the in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer. In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is greater than the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer, and the in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is smaller than the in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer.
According to some embodiments, the present disclosure provides wide-view circular reflective polarizers and fabrication methods thereof. The biaxial circular reflective polarizers may be configured to reflect a light having a predetermined circular polarization while transmitting a light having a circular polarization orthogonal to the predetermined circular polarization. While reflecting the light having the predetermined circular polarization, the biaxial circular reflective polarizer may maintain the polarization of the light. In some embodiments, the biaxial circular reflective polarizers of the present disclosure may be configured to reflect an incident light with a broad incident angle range. In accordance with some embodiments, a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer includes obtaining a layer of liquid crystals extending along a first plane. The liquid crystals have a uniaxial anisotropy. The liquid crystals are arranged in a plurality of helical patterns. The layer is defined by a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension that are orthogonal to one another. The method includes changing a shape of the layer of liquid crystals so that a ratio among a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension of the changed layer of liquid crystals is different from a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the layer of liquid crystals prior to the change. The liquid crystals in the changed layer of liquid crystals have a biaxial refractive index anisotropy.
In accordance with some embodiments, a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer includes obtaining molecules having biaxial anisotropy. The method includes arranging the molecules having biaxial anisotropy in a layer by self-assembly such that the molecules are arranged in helical patterns. The layer may reflect a light having a first circular polarization and transmit a light having a second circular polarization orthogonal to the first circular polarization.
In accordance with some embodiments, a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer includes forming a first layer of liquid crystals on a substrate. The first layer of liquid crystals includes a first plurality of liquid crystal molecules having a first shape defining a uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in a first direction. The method includes polymerizing the first layer of liquid crystals. The method also includes forming a second layer of liquid crystal on the polymerized first layer of liquid crystals. The second layer of liquid crystals includes a second plurality of liquid crystal molecules having a second shape. The second shape is different from the first shape. The second plurality of liquid crystal molecules define a uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in a second direction different from the first direction. The method forms a film of biaxial anisotropic material having a biaxial refractive index anisotropy as a combination of the first direction and the second direction.
In accordance with some embodiments, a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer includes sequentially depositing materials to form a circular reflective polarizer. Sequentially depositing the materials includes depositing a first material at a first location and depositing a second material at a second location different from the first location.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a device that includes a substrate, an alignment structure disposed on the substrate, and a layer of a birefringent medium disposed on the alignment structure. The birefringent medium has an extraordinary refractive index, an ordinary refractive index different from the extraordinary refractive index, and an intermediate refractive index between the extraordinary refractive index and the ordinary refractive index. Molecules of the birefringent medium are configured to form a plurality of helical structures having a helical axis. The layer is configured with an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. The out-of-plane principal refractive index is equal to the intermediate refractive index, and is substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include biaxial molecules having a biaxial molecular structure. In some embodiments, the birefringent medium includes at least one of liquid crystal molecules having parallelepiped platelets shapes, liquid crystal molecules having bent shapes, multipodes, or a liquid-crystalline side-chain polymer. In some embodiments, the birefringent medium includes a mixture of liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape and nanocrystal particles. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include a mixture of first uniaxial molecules having a first shape and second uniaxial molecules having a second shape different from the first shape. In some embodiments, the first uniaxial molecules having the first shape include first uniaxial liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape, and the second uniaxial molecules having the second shape include second uniaxial liquid crystal molecules having a disc shape. In some embodiments, the first uniaxial molecules having the first shape include first uniaxial liquid crystal molecules having a first rod shape, and the second uniaxial molecules having the second shape include second uniaxial liquid crystal molecules having a second rod shape different from the first rod shape. In some embodiments, the layer of the birefringent medium is a porous liquid crystal polymer layer including a plurality of pores, the first uniaxial molecules are configured to form the helical structures, and the second uniaxial molecules are located within the pores. In some embodiments, the layer of the birefringent medium includes a plurality of sub-layers stacked along the helical axis, the molecules in each sub-layer being configured with a same orientation, and the molecules in two adjacent sub-layers being configured with different orientations. In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-layers include a plurality of biaxial liquid crystal polymer layers or a plurality of biaxial organic solid crystals. In some embodiments, the helical axis is perpendicular to a surface of the layer of the birefringent medium, or tilted with respect to the surface of the layer of the birefringent medium.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method. The method includes obtaining a substrate with an alignment structure formed thereon. The method also includes forming a layer of a birefringent medium on the alignment structure. Molecules of the birefringent medium are aligned by the alignment structure to form a plurality of helical structures having a helical axis, and the birefringent medium is configured with an extraordinary refractive index, an ordinary refractive index different from the extraordinary refractive index, and an intermediate refractive index between the extraordinary refractive index and the ordinary refractive index. The layer has an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. The out-of-plane principal refractive index is equal to the intermediate refractive index, and is substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices.
In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include biaxial molecules having a biaxial molecular structure. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include a mixture of liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape and nanocrystal particles. In some embodiments, the molecules of the birefringent medium include a mixture of first uniaxial molecules having a first shape and second uniaxial molecules having a second shape different from the first shape. In some embodiments, forming the layer of the birefringent medium on the alignment structure includes: forming a first sub-layer including the first uniaxial molecules on the alignment structure, the first uniaxial molecules being configured to form the helical structures within the first sub-layer; polymerizing the first sub-layer to form a polymerized first sub-layer that is a porous film including a plurality of pores; and forming a second sub-layer including the second uniaxial molecules on the polymerized first sub-layer, wherein the second uniaxial molecules at least partially fill the pores of the polymerized first sub-layer. In some embodiments, forming the layer of the birefringent medium on the alignment structure includes: forming a plurality of sub-layers stacked along the helical axis on the substrate, wherein molecules in each sub-layer are configured with a same orientation, and molecules in two adjacent sub-layers are configured with different orientations. In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-layers include a plurality of biaxial liquid crystal polymer layers or a plurality of biaxial organic solid crystals.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method. The method includes forming a first layer including uniaxial molecules arranged in plurality of helical structures having a helical axis, the first layer being defined by a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension that are orthogonal to one another, the first dimension and the second dimension being within a surface of the first layer, and the third dimension being along a thickness direction of the first layer. The method also includes applying an asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to obtain a second layer having an induced local biaxial optical anisotropy. An out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer along the helical axis is greater than an in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer within a plane perpendicular to the helical axis. An out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer along the helical axis is substantially the same as an in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer within the plane perpendicular to the helical axis. In some embodiments, the asymmetric field includes at least one of an asymmetric electric field, an asymmetric magnetic field, or an asymmetric mechanical force. In some embodiments, applying the asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to obtain the second layer includes: applying an asymmetric mechanical field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to change a shape of the first layer, wherein a ratio among a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension of the second layer is different from a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the first layer. In some embodiments, applying an asymmetric field to the first layer along the third dimension and at least one of the first dimension or the second dimension to change the shape of the first layer includes: pulling the first layer to increase at least one of the first dimension, the second dimensions, or the third dimension of the first layer, or compressing the first layer to decrease at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, or the third dimension of the first layer. In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is smaller than the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer, and the in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is greater than the in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer. In some embodiments, the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is greater than the out-of-plane principal refractive index of the second layer, and the in-plane principal refractive index of the first layer is smaller than the in-plane principal refractive index of the second layer.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method. The method includes forming a layer including uniaxial molecules arranged in a plurality of helical structures having a helical axis perpendicular to a surface of the layer, wherein short molecular axes of the uniaxial molecules have an acute angle with respect to the helical axis. The method also includes applying an electric field to the layer to tilt the helical axis to form a predetermined tilt angle with respect to the surface of the layer, a direction of the electric field being perpendicular to the surface of the layer. The layer applied with the electric field has an out-of-plane principal refractive index along the titled helical axis, and two equal in-plane principal refractive indices within a plane perpendicular to the titled helical axis. The out-of-plane principal refractive index is substantially the same as the two equal in-plane principal refractive indices.
According to some embodiments, the present disclosure provides circular reflective polarizers with wide viewing angles. The disclosed circular reflective polarizers may have a large extinction ratio (e.g., 1000:1 or greater for a light at a normal incidence angle, and 100:1 or greater at an angle of incidence of 60 degrees or greater). The disclosed circular reflective polarizers may provide a large extinction ratio without requiring an external compensator. The disclosed circular reflective polarizers may be formed on a flat surface or a curved surface. The disclosed circular reflective polarizers may be used in various applications, such as wide-angle folded optical systems (e.g., pancake lenses), which can increase the viewing angle of near-eye displays of head-mounted display devices, or light emitting diodes or semiconductor laser devices. In some configurations, the circular reflective polarizer includes a layer of biaxial anisotropic material arranged in helical patterns. The layer selectively interacts with the incident light based on polarization, wavelength and/or incident angle of the light. For example, a layer of biaxial anisotropic materials arranged in helical patterns may redirect an incident light having a first polarization and a first wavelength range while transmitting an incident light having a polarization different from the first polarization and/or an incident light having a wavelength outside the first wavelength range. Due to the biaxial anisotropic nature of the material forming the helical patterns, the layer may efficiently redirect light with a wide range of incident angles while maintaining a high extinction ratio.
The biaxial circular reflective polarizers (e.g., circular reflective polarizers that include molecules or structures having biaxial refractive index anisotropy) described herein have a high reflectance and a high polarization extinction ratio at incident angles ranging from 0 to 60 degrees for a visible wavelength range (e.g., from 400 nm to 750 nm). In some embodiments, a biaxial circular reflective polarizer has a reflectance more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, or more than 99% when reflecting a light having a first circular polarization (e.g., either left circular polarization or right circular polarization) with an incident angle ranging from 0 to 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the biaxial circular reflective polarizer transmits more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, more than 99% of a light having a second circular polarization at an incident angle ranging from 0 to 60 degrees. The second circular polarization is orthogonal to the first circular polarization (e.g., the first circular polarization corresponds to left-handed circularly polarized light and the second circular polarization corresponds to right-handed circularly polarized light, or vice versa). In some embodiments, a polarization extinction ratio defined as a ratio between the transmittance of the light having the second circular polarization and the transmittance of the light having the first circular polarization is greater than 100:1 (e.g., greater than 100:1, 200:1, 300:1, 400:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, 1000:1, 1100:1, 1200:1, 1300:1, 1400:1, 1500:1, 1600:1, 1700:1, 1800:1, 1900:1, 2000:1, 3000:1, 4000:1, 5000:1, 6000:1, 7000:1, 8000:1, 9000:1, 10000:1, 15000:1, 20000:1, or between any two of the aforementioned ratios).
In some embodiments, two or more circular reflective polarizers are stacked together. In some embodiments, a stack includes a first circular reflective polarizer configured to reflect a light in a first wavelength range, a second circular reflective polarizer configured to reflect a light in a second wavelength range, and a third circular reflective polarizer configured to reflect a light in a third wavelength range. The first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength are different from each other. For example, the first wavelength range corresponds to a red color, the second wavelength range corresponds to a green color, and the third wavelength range corresponds to a blue color. In some embodiments, at least two of the first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength range partially overlap with each other. In some embodiments, at least two of the first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength range partially overlap with each other. In some embodiments, none of the first wavelength range, the second wavelength range, and the third wavelength range overlap with one another. In some embodiments, the polarization extinction ratio for a stack of circular reflective polarizers ranges from 100:1 to 2000:1 (e.g., from 100:1 to 1900:1, from 100:1 to 1800:1, from 100:1 to 1700:1, from 100:1 to 1600:1, from 100:1 to 1500:1, from 200:1 to 1900:1, from 200:1 to 1800:1, from 200:1 to 1700:1, from 200:1 to 1600:1, from 200:1 to 1500:1, from 300:1 to 1900:1, from 300:1 to 1800:1, from 300:1 to 1700:1, from 300:1 to 1600:1, or from 300:1 to 1500:1, etc.) for an incident angle between 0 and 60 degrees.
In some embodiments, a circular reflective polarizer is fabricated by obtaining molecules having biaxial anisotropy and arranging the molecules in a layer by self-assembly such that the molecules form helical patterns. In some embodiments, the method includes adding one or more chiral dopants to the molecules to assist in arranging the molecules in the helical patterns. In some embodiments, the molecules include molecules having biaxial shapes. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial shapes include board-shaped (e.g., parallelepiped platelets, such as a rectangular prism with a length, a width, and a thickness that are different from one another) or bent-shaped (e.g., V-shaped or J-shaped) biaxial molecules. In some embodiments, the molecules include multipod substructures (e.g., multipods having a rod shape forming a symmetric or asymmetric polymer network).
In some embodiments, the molecules include a mixture of molecules (or other substructures) having a first shape and molecules (or other substructures) having a second shape different from the first shape. The first shape and the second shape define uniaxial anisotropies in different directions such that a mixture of the molecules having the first shape and the molecules having the second shape has a biaxial anisotropy. In some embodiments, the molecules are liquid crystal molecules. In some embodiments, the first shape corresponds to a rod shape and the second shape corresponds to a disc shape (or a spherical shape). In some embodiments, the molecules include a mixture of liquid crystal molecules having a first shape (e.g., the rod shape) and nanocrystal particles having a second shape (e.g., a different rod shape).
In some embodiments, a circular reflective polarizer is fabricated by a polymer post-stretching method. The stretching method includes obtaining a layer of molecules (e.g., cholesteric liquid crystals) arranged in helical patterns on a substrate. The layer extends along a first plane (e.g., x-y plane). The layer has a shape defined by three dimensions (e.g., a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension that are orthogonal to one another, such as x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis directions). The CLCs have a uniaxial anisotropy and are arranged in helical patterns. In some embodiments, the method includes stretching or pulling the layer of helically arranged molecules for changing the shape of the layer (and accordingly, the arrangement of the molecules within the layer). The shape is changed such that a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the stretched layer of molecules is different from a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the original (non-stretched) layer of molecules. For example, the layer of molecules is stretched in the first dimension thereby increasing a length of the layer along the first dimension while a length along the second dimension and a length along the third dimension remain substantially constant (or the length along the second dimension and the length along the third dimension may decrease, depending the Poisson's ratio of the base material of the layer). By changing the ratio, the anisotropy of the molecules (or the local anisotropy of the helical arrangement of the molecules) is changed from the uniaxial anisotropy to a biaxial anisotropy. The molecules in the stretched layer of molecules thereby have a biaxial refractive index anisotropy. In some embodiments, the layer of molecules is compressed instead of being stretched or pulled. Compressing the layer of molecules changes the shape of the layer of molecules such that a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the pressed layer of molecules is different from the ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the original layer of molecules. In some embodiments, compressing the layer of molecules permanently (or semi-permanently) changes the shape of the layer of molecules. In some embodiments, compressing the layer of molecules permanently (or semi-permanently) changes the shape of the layer of molecules temporarily (e.g., the layer of molecules returns to its original shape once the force for changing the layer of molecules is removed).
In some embodiments, a circular reflective polarizer is fabricated by periodic layering. In some embodiments, the circular reflective polarizer fabricated by periodic layering includes a plurality of layers of liquid crystals arranged in helical patterns with alternating positive uniaxial anisotropy in a first direction and negative uniaxial anisotropy in a second direction (e.g., +LC/−LC/+LC/−LC/ . . . ). A positive uniaxial anisotropy corresponds to a molecule having the extraordinary refractive index (ne) greater than the ordinary refractive index (no). A negative uniaxial anisotropy corresponds to a molecule having the ordinary refractive index greater than the extraordinary refractive index. The alternating layers of liquid crystals having positive and negative uniaxial anisotropies form a circular reflective polarizer having a biaxial refractive index anisotropy as a combination of the first direction and the second direction. In some embodiments, the alternating layers of liquid crystals include liquid crystal molecules of different shapes. For example, a first layer may include liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape and a second layer may include liquid crystal molecules having a disc shape. In some embodiments, the first layer and the second layer have matching indices of refraction such that ne+ of the first layer equals to no− of the second layer, and no+ of the first layer equals to ne− of the second layer. In some embodiments, the method for fabricating the layered circular reflective polarizer includes forming a first layer of liquid crystal molecules on a substrate and polymerizing the first layer of liquid crystal molecules (e.g., the first layer having liquid crystal molecules with a positive uniaxial anisotropy). The method also includes forming a second layer of liquid crystal molecules on the polymerized first layer of liquid crystal molecules (e.g. the second layer having liquid crystal molecules with a negative uniaxial anisotropy). In some embodiments, the first layer and the second layer are different from each other. In some embodiments, the first layer forms a porous polymer and the second layer is at least partially immersed within the pores of the first layer. In some embodiments, a multilayered circular reflective polarizer includes a number of discrete layers ranging from 20 to 500. In some embodiments, the second layer is also polymerized. In some embodiments, the second layer remains unpolymerized (e.g., for switchable operations).
In some embodiments, each layer of a multilayer circular reflective polarizer includes liquid crystals in helical patterns that rotate continuously along a depth of the layer. In some embodiments, each layer includes liquid crystals oriented at a predetermined angle (e.g., at 0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, 120 degrees, 150 degrees, 180 degrees, 210 degrees, 240 degrees, 270 degrees, 300 degrees, 330 degrees, etc.) on a plane parallel to the substrate (e.g., a surface of the liquid crystal layer). Such liquid crystal layers define discrete optical axes in a direction parallel with the substrate. In some embodiments, the liquid crystal layers defining the discrete optical axes provide a high polarization extinction ratio. In some embodiments, the polarization extinction ratio of a multilayer circular reflective polarizer ranges between 90:1 and 2500:1 and depends on a thickness, a refractive index, and a total number of layers (e.g., the refractive index ranges from 0.3 to 1, the thickness ranges from 2 micrometers to 15 micrometers, and the total number of layers ranges from 20 to 500).
In some embodiments, circular reflective polarizers are fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) patterning techniques. In some embodiments, the 3D patterning includes sequentially depositing a first material at a first location of a substrate and a second material at a second location of a substrate. The second location is different from the first location. In some embodiments, the first material and the second material are deposited at different locations to form a 3D matrix (e.g., the 3D matrix includes multiple layers, including a first layer and a second layer different from the first layer, where the first layer and the second layer have different distributions of the first material and the second material). In some embodiments, the first material has an extraordinary refractive index greater than an ordinary refractive index, and the second material has an ordinary refractive index less than an extraordinary refractive index. In some embodiments, the first material and the second material include liquid crystals forming helical patterns. In some embodiments, the helical patterns have helical axes that are non-parallel and non-perpendicular to a plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer (e.g., the helical patterns are tilted with respect to the substrate and/or surface of the circular reflective polarizer).
In some embodiments, nz of the molecules equals to nc across the entire circular reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, nz of the molecules equals to nc only in one or more portions, less than all, of the circular reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, nz of the molecules is between no and ne. In some embodiments, nz of the molecules gradually changes from no or ne along a direction perpendicular to a plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, nz of the molecules gradually changes from no or ne along the plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, nz of the molecules gradually changes from no or ne in a direction that is non-parallel with and non-perpendicular to the plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer. The method includes obtaining a layer of molecules extending along a first plane. The molecules have a uniaxial anisotropy, the molecules are arranged in a plurality of helical patterns. The layer is defined by a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension that are orthogonal to one another. The method also includes changing a shape of the layer of molecules such that a ratio among a first dimension, a second dimension, and a third dimension of the changed layer of molecules, orthogonal to one another, is different from a ratio among the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension of the layer of molecules. The molecules in the changed layer of molecules have a local biaxial refractive index anisotropy. In some embodiments, changing the shape of the layer of molecules includes pulling the layer of molecules to increase one or more of the first dimension, the second dimensions, or the third dimension. In some embodiments, changing the shape of the layer of molecules includes compressing the layer of molecules to decrease one or more of the first dimension, the second dimension, or the third dimension. In some embodiments, the molecules in the layer of molecules have a first ordinary refractive index and a first extraordinary refractive index that is different from the first ordinary refractive index; the molecules in the changed layer of molecules have a second ordinary refractive index and a second extraordinary refractive index that is different from the second ordinary refractive index; the molecules in the layer of molecules have a refractive index along an axis perpendicular to the first plane corresponding to the first ordinary refractive index; and the molecules in the changed layer of molecules have a refractive index along the axis perpendicular to the first plane, the refractive index along the axis being determined based on the second ordinary refractive index and the second extraordinary refractive index. In some embodiments, the first extraordinary refractive index is different from the second extraordinary refractive index. In some embodiments, wherein the first ordinary refractive index is different from the second ordinary refractive index.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer. The method includes obtaining molecules having biaxial anisotropy; and arranging the molecules having biaxial anisotropy in a layer by self-assembly such that the molecules are arranged in helical patterns. The layer reflects a light having a first circular polarization and transmits a light having a second circular polarization orthogonal to the first circular polarization. In some embodiments, arranging the molecules having biaxial anisotropy includes adding one or more chiral dopants to the molecules having biaxial anisotropy for arranging the molecules having biaxial anisotropy in helical patterns. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial anisotropy includes liquid crystal molecules having parallelepiped platelets shapes. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial anisotropy includes liquid crystal molecules having bent shapes. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial anisotropy include multipod substructures. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial anisotropy include a mixture of first molecules having a first shape and second molecules having a second shape different from the first shape. In some embodiments, the molecules having biaxial anisotropy include a mixture of liquid crystal molecules having a rod shape and nanocrystal particles.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer. The method includes forming a first layer of liquid crystals on a substrate, the first layer of liquid crystals including a first plurality of liquid crystal molecules having a first shape defining a uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in a first direction; polymerizing the first layer of liquid crystals; and forming a second layer of liquid crystal on the polymerized first layer of liquid crystals, the second layer of liquid crystals including a second plurality of liquid crystal molecules having a second shape, different from the first shape, defining a uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in a second direction different from the first direction, thereby forming a film of biaxial anisotropic material having a biaxial refractive index anisotropy as a combination of the first direction and the second direction. In some embodiments, the first plurality of liquid crystal molecules have a rod shape and the second plurality of liquid crystals molecules have a disc shape. In some embodiments, the first plurality of liquid crystal molecules of the first layer of liquid crystals have a first extraordinary refractive index and a first ordinary refractive index, the first extraordinary refractive index being greater than the first ordinary refractive index; the second plurality of liquid crystals of the second layer of liquid crystals have a second extraordinary refractive index and a second ordinary refractive index, the second ordinary refractive index being greater than the second extraordinary refractive index. The first extraordinary refractive index corresponds to the second ordinary refractive index, and the first ordinary refractive index corresponds to the second extraordinary refractive index. In some embodiments, the first layer of liquid crystals is different from the second layer of liquid crystals. The method further includes: polymerizing the second layer of liquid crystals; forming a third layer of liquid crystals on the polymerized second layer of liquid crystals, the third layer of liquid crystals including a third plurality of liquid crystal molecules having the first shape defining the uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in the first direction; polymerizing the third layer of liquid crystals; forming a fourth layer of liquid crystals on the polymerized third layer of liquid crystals, the fourth layer of liquid crystals including a fourth plurality of liquid crystal molecules having the second shape defining the uniaxial refractive index anisotropy in the second direction; polymerizing the fourth layer of liquid crystals. In some embodiments, a total number of layers in the film of biaxial anisotropic material ranges from 20 to 500. In some embodiments, the polymerized first layer of liquid crystals is porous; the second layer of liquid crystals is at least partially immersed within the pores of the first layer of liquid crystals.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for fabricating a circular reflective polarizer. The method includes sequentially depositing materials to form a circular reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, the method includes depositing a first material at a first location; and depositing a second material at a second location different from the first location. In some embodiments, the first material has a first rotation angle with respect to a plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer at the first location and the second material has a second rotation angle with respect to the plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer at the second location. In some embodiments, the first material has an extraordinary refractive index greater than an ordinary refractive index, and the second material has an ordinary refractive index less than an extraordinary refractive index. In some embodiments, the first material and the second material include liquid crystals forming helical patterns, the helical patterns having helical axes non-parallel and non-perpendicular to a plane defined by the circular reflective polarizer.
The present disclosure also provides methods for fabricating LCPH elements with varying slant angles or twist angles. LCPH elements with spatially varying slant angles or twist angles may provide an enhanced angular and achromatic performance compared to LCPH elements with a constant slant angle or twist angle.
For illustrative purposes, the LC molecules 1612 shown in
In some embodiments, the LC molecules 1612 may be configured with a varying in-plane orientation pattern, in which the directors of the LC molecules may periodically or non-periodically vary in at least one in-plane direction along which the LC molecules 1612 are distributed. The in-plane direction may be an in-plane linear direction (e.g., an x-axis direction, a y-axis direction), an in-plane radial direction, an in-plane circumferential (e.g., azimuthal) direction, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, the optic axis of the birefringent medium layer 1615 may be configured with a spatially varying orientation in the at least one in-plane direction along which the molecules 1612 are distributed.
As shown in
For example, as shown in
The enlarged view of the central portion in
The orientations of the LC directors of the LC molecules 1612 arranged along a single helical structure 1617 may continuously rotate around the helical axis 1618 in a predetermined rotation direction, e.g., clockwise direction or counter-clockwise direction. Accordingly, the helical structure 1617 may exhibit a handedness, e.g., a right handedness or a left handedness. The azimuthal angles of the LC molecules 1612 may exhibit a continuous periodic variation along the helical axis 1618. The helical pitch Ph may be defined as a distance along the helical axis 1618 over which the orientations of the LC directors exhibit a rotation around the helical axis 1618 by 360°, or the azimuthal angles of the LC molecules vary by 360°.
Further, the LC molecules 1612 having a same first orientation (e.g., same first tilt angle and same first azimuthal angle) may form a first series of slanted and parallel refractive index planes (i.e., a first series of Bragg planes) 1614 periodically distributed within the volume of the birefringent medium layer 1615. Although not labeled, the LC molecules 1612 with a same second orientation (e.g., same second tilt angle and same second azimuthal angle) different from the first orientation may form a second series of slanted and parallel refractive index planes (i.e., a second series of Bragg planes) periodically distributed within the volume of the birefringent medium layer 1615. Different series of slanted and parallel refractive index planes may be formed by the LC molecules 1612 having different orientations. In the same series of parallel and periodically distributed, slanted refractive index planes 1614, the LC molecules 1612 may have the same orientation and the refractive index may be the same. Different series of slanted refractive index planes may correspond to different refractive indices. When the number of the slanted refractive index planes (or the thickness of the birefringent medium layer) increases to a sufficient value, Bragg diffraction may be established according to the principles of volume gratings. A distance (or a period) between adjacent Bragg planes 1614 of the same series may be referred to as a Bragg period PB. The Bragg period PB shown in
A slant angle β of the LCPH element 1600 (or the helical twist structures in the LCPH element 1600) may be defined as β=90°−α, where α=arcsin (PB/Pin). That is, the slant angle β of the LCPH element 1600 may be a complementary angle of the tilt angle α of the Bragg plane 1614. The slant angle β may be a function of a ratio between the Bragg period PB and the horizontal in-plane pitch Pin. For example, when the horizontal in-plane pitch Pin is presumed to be constant across the LCPH element 1600, as the helical pitch Ph increases, the Bragg period PB may increase. Thus, the tilt angle α of the Bragg plane 1614 may increase and, accordingly, the slant angle β of the LCPH element 1600 may decrease. As the helical pitch Ph decreases, the Bragg period PB may decrease. Thus, the tilt angle α of the Bragg plane 1614 may decrease and, accordingly, the slant angle β of the LCPH element 1600 may increase. In some embodiments, the LCPH element 1600 having the out-of-plane orientations shown in the enlarged view in
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, the variation of the twist angle may be in one or more in-plane directions within the film plane and/or the thickness direction. For discussion purposes,
For example, as shown in
The enlarged views in
The present disclosure provides methods for fabricating LCPH elements with varying slant angles or twist angles, such as a PVH element with varying slant angle, a PBP elements with varying twist angle, or a CLC element with varying twist angle, etc. An LCPH element fabricated based on the disclosed methods may be in the form of an optical film having a predetermined slant angle or twist angle pattern (or profile). In some embodiments, the predetermined slant angle or twist angle pattern may include one or more predetermined slant angle or twist angle variations in one or more directions within a film plane and/or a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation in a thickness direction of the optical film. A slant angle or twist angle variation refers to a variation in the slant angle or twist angle within a volume or body (including the surfaces) of the optical film. A slant angle or twist angle variation means that local slant angles or twist angles at different portions or points of the optical film are different. That is, the local slant angle or twist angle may vary from one portion to another within the volume or body (including the surfaces) of the optical film. For example, a local slant angle or twist angle may be 35° at one portion of the optical film, and 40° at another portion of the optical film.
When the optical film has a slant angle or twist angle variation in one direction within the film plane or in the thickness direction, the optical film is referred to as having a one-dimensional (“1D”) slant angle or twist angle variation. When the optical film has two slant angle or twist angle variations in two directions within the film plane, or in one direction within the film plane and in the thickness direction, the optical film is referred to as having a two-dimensional (“2D”) slant angle or twist angle variation. The slant angle or twist angle variations in the two directions may be different. When the optical film has two slant angle or twist angle variations in two directions (e.g., two perpendicular directions) within the film plane and a slant angle or twist angle variation in the thickness direction, the optical film is referred to as having a three-dimensional (“3D”) slant angle or twist angle variation. The two slant angle or twist angle variations in the two directions within the film plane may be the same, similar, or different. The slant angle or twist angle in the thickness direction may be different from the two slant angle or twist angle variations within the film plane.
The disclosed fabrication methods may be used to fabricate LCPH elements having a 1D, 2D, or 3D slant angle variation or twist angle variation(s). The disclosed methods may include non-contact methods configured to introduce a 1D, 2D, or 3D helical twisting power variation in the LCPH element. The 1D, 2D, or 3D helical twisting power variation in LCPHs may result in a 1D, 2D, or 3D helical pitch variation in LCPHs which, in turn, may result in the 1D, 2D, or 3D slant angle variation or twist angle variation in LCPHs. The LCPHs fabricated by the disclosed methods may provide a specific optical response, such as a spatially varying optical response that is specifically designed or controlled. Conventional LCPHs with thickness variations may also provide a spatially varying optical response. However, as compared with conventional LCPHs with thickness variations, LCPHs fabricated by the disclosed methods may provide complex optical functions while maintaining a small form factor, compactness and light weight. The disclosed fabrication methods may provide robust processes for mass production of LCPHs having spatially varying slant angles or twist angles with compactness and enhanced optical performance. In some embodiments, the disclosed methods for introducing the varying slant angles or twist angles may fabricate an LCPH with a uniform thickness. In some embodiments, the disclosed methods for introducing the varying slant angles or twist angles may be compatible with a thickness variation of an LCPH, thereby further enhancing an optical performance of the LCPH.
The alignment structure 1710 may provide any suitable alignment pattern corresponding to a predetermined in-plane orientation pattern, such as an in-plane orientation pattern with uniform orientations, periodic or non-periodic linear orientations, periodic or non-periodic radial orientations, periodic or non-periodic azimuthal orientations, or a combination thereof, etc. The alignment structure 1710 may include any suitable alignment structure, such as a photo-alignment material (“PAM”) layer, a mechanically rubbed alignment layer, an alignment layer with anisotropic nanoimprint, an anisotropic relief, or a ferroelectric or ferromagnetic material layer, etc.
In some embodiments, the alignment structure 1710 may be a PAM layer, and the alignment pattern provided by the PAM layer may be formed via any suitable approach, such as holographic interference, laser direct writing, ink-jet printing, or various other forms of lithography. The PAM layer may include a polarization sensitive material (e.g., a photo-alignment material) that can have a photo-induced optical anisotropy when exposed to a polarized irradiation. The polarized irradiation may have a spatially uniform polarization (e.g., a linear polarization with a fixed polarization direction) or a spatially varying polarization (e.g., a linear polarization with a spatially varying polarization direction) in a predetermined space in which the polarization sensitive material (e.g., photo-alignment material) is disposed. As the PAM layer is substantially thin, the intensity of the polarized irradiation within the PAM layer is presumed to be uniform. Under the polarized irradiation, molecules (or fragments) and/or photo-products of the polarization sensitive material may be configured to generate an orientational ordering under the polarized irradiation. After being subjected to a sufficient exposure of the polarized irradiation, local alignment directions of the anisotropic photo-sensitive units may be induced in the polarization sensitive material, resulting in an alignment pattern (or in-plane modulation) of an optic axis of the polarization sensitive material.
HTP (unit of μm−1) of a chiral dopant (stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 or non-stimuli-responsive chiral dopant) is the ability of the chiral dopant to twist a host birefringent material. The HTP of the chiral dopant may exhibit a handedness, e.g., right-handedness or left-handedness. The helical pitch Ph of helical twist structures formed in the host birefringent material may be determined by, in part, the HTP of the chiral dopant and the weight concentration (or molar fraction) of the chiral dopant in the host birefringent material. In some embodiments, the helical pitch Ph of the helical twist structures formed in the host birefringent material may be inversely proportional to the HTP of the chiral dopant, and inversely proportional to the weight concentration (or molar fraction) of the chiral dopant in the host material. That is, when the concentration of the chiral dopant is fixed, a greater HTP of the chiral dopant may lead to a shorter helical pitch Ph of the helical twist structures. When the HTP of the chiral dopant is fixed, a greater weight concentration (or molar fraction) of the chiral dopant in the host birefringent material may lead to a shorter helical pitch Ph of the helical twist structures. In some embodiments, the HTP of the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may increase or decrease as the external stimulus changes. In some embodiments, the handedness of the HTP of the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may be reversed as the external stimulus changes.
The host birefringent material may have an intrinsic birefringence, and may include optically anisotropic molecules. In some embodiments, the host birefringent material may include nematic LCs, twist-bend LCs, ferroelectric LCs, smectic LCs, etc., or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the host birefringent material may not have an intrinsic or induced chirality. In some embodiments, the host birefringent material may have an intrinsic molecular chirality. For example, the host birefringent material may include chiral LC molecules, or molecules having one or more chiral functional groups.
In some embodiments, the host birefringent material may be photo-polymerizable, such as reactive mesogens (“RMs”), a polymer dispersed liquid crystal precursor mixture, a polymer stabilized liquid crystal precursor mixture, or a dye-doped liquid crystal mixture (e.g., a dye-doped polymer dispersed liquid crystal precursor mixture, or a dye-doped stabilized liquid crystal precursor mixture), etc. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal precursor mixture or polymer stabilized liquid crystal precursor mixture may be a mixture of RMs and LCs. The dye-doped liquid crystal mixture may be a mixture of RMs, LCs, and dyes.
RMs may also be referred to as a polymerizable mesogenic or liquid-crystalline compound, or polymerizable LCs. For discussion purposes, the term “liquid crystal molecules” or “LC molecules” may encompass both polymerizable LC molecules (e.g., RM molecules) and non-polymerizable LC molecules. For discussion purposes, in the following descriptions, RMs are used as an example of polymerizable birefringent materials, and RM molecules are used as an example of optically anisotropic molecules included in a polymerizable birefringent material. In some embodiments, polymerizable birefringent materials other than RMs may also be used.
The photo-initiator may be a compound that generates polymerization initiating species under a light (or light irradiation) of a suitable wavelength range, upon absorbing a light energy of the suitable wavelength range. The polymerization initiating species may react with the monomer double bonds in the polymerizable birefringent material, resulting in a polymerization of the birefringent material. The light irradiation used for polymerizing the birefringent material (or to which the photo-initiator is sensitive) may be referred to as polymerization irradiation. For example, in some embodiments, the photo-initiator may be sensitive to a UV irradiation. In some embodiments, an absorptive band of the photo-initiator may include the UV spectrum. The photo-initiator may absorb the UV light and generate the polymerization initiating species.
In some embodiments, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may include a photo-responsive chiral dopant (also referred to as 1702) with a photo-responsive HTP. The HTP of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may vary when the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 is exposed to a light irradiation of a suitable wavelength range, due to the photo-isomerization of the photo-responsive chiral dopant. The HTP of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may vary (e.g., increase, decrease, or reverse the handedness) as the degree of the photo-isomerization of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 varies. In some embodiments, the photo-isomerization of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may be reversible.
The light irradiation used for varying the HTP of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 (or to which the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 is sensitive) may be referred to as a stimulus irradiation. A suitable device may be used to generated the stimulus irradiation. The stimulus irradiation may be different from the polymerization irradiation. The stimulus irradiation may only activate the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 to change the HTP, and may not activate the photo-initiator to generate the polymerization initiating species. That is, the photo-initiator may not respond to the stimulus irradiation, and the stimulus irradiation may not cause the polymerization of the birefringent material. The polymerization irradiation may only activate the photo-initiator to generate the polymerization initiating species, and may not activate the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 to vary the HTP. That is, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may not respond to the polymerization irradiation, and the polymerization irradiation may not change the HTP of the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant 1702.
In some embodiments, the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may undergo different degrees of photo-isomerization in response to different external light stimuli (or different stimulus irradiations), such as stimulus irradiations having different parameters. A variable parameter of the stimulus irradiation may include one of the light intensity, the wavelength, the time duration, and the dose (or amount). One or more parameters may be changed to generate different stimulus irradiations. The wavelength (or wavelength range) of the stimulus irradiation may be within (or correspond to) the UV wavelength range, the visible wavelength range, the infrared wavelength range, or a combination thereof, depending on different types of photo-responsive chiral dopants.
In some embodiments, the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 may include azobenzene, diarylethene overcrowded alkene, spirooxazine, fulgide, α,β-unsaturated ketone, naphthopyran, or a combination thereof.
Referring back to
In some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1704 may be configured to uniformly distribute within the birefringent medium layer 1715, at a predetermined concentration. In some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1704 may be non-uniformly distributed within the birefringent medium layer 1715. For example, the absorbing additive 1704 may be non-uniformly distributed along a thickness direction (e.g., the z-axis direction in
In some embodiments, the respective ingredients of the birefringent medium layer 1715 may be dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. A suitable amount of the solution may be dispensed (e.g., coated, or sprayed, etc.) on the alignment structure 1710 to form the birefringent medium layer 1715. In some embodiments, the solution may be coated on the alignment structure 1710 using a suitable process, e.g., spin coating, slot coating, blade coating, spray coating, or jet (ink-jet) coating or printing. In some embodiments, the formed birefringent medium layer 1715 may be heated to remove the residual solvent. The alignment structure 1710 may provide a surface alignment to the optically anisotropic molecules that are in close proximity to (including in contact with) the alignment structure 1710, thereby aligning the optically anisotropic molecules that are in close proximity to (including in contact with) in the predetermined in-plane orientation pattern.
In some embodiments, controlling the stimulus irradiation 1744 in the birefringent medium layer 1715 may include configuring the intensity, wavelength, dose, and/or time duration variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 in one or more directions within the film plane (e.g., the x-y plane) of the birefringent medium layer 1715. The intensity, wavelength, dose, and/or time duration variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 in one or more directions within the film plane (e.g., the x-y plane) of the birefringent medium layer 1715 may be configured via any suitable devices, e.g., a projector, a photomask, or a direct writing lithography device. In some embodiments, controlling the stimulus irradiation 1744 in the birefringent medium layer 1715 may also include configuring the intensity variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 in the thickness direction (e.g., the z-axis direction) of the birefringent medium layer 1715. The intensity variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 in the thickness direction (e.g., the z-axis direction) of the birefringent medium layer 1715 may be configured via controlling the distributed variation (or concentration variation) along the thickness direction (e.g., the z-axis direction in
For discussion purposes,
Referring to
The stimulus irradiation 1744 with the predetermined 1D intensity variation or 2D intensity variations within the wavefront may be generated via any suitable devices, e.g., a projector, a photomask, or a direct writing lithography device. In some embodiments, as shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Referring to
In some embodiments, the photomask 1755 may be a binary half-tone photomask that uses two levels of grey tones, e.g., including optically opaque regions with a relatively low transmittance and optically transparent regions with a relatively high transmittance. In some embodiments, the photomask 1755 may be a grey-tone photomask that uses at least three levels of grey tones, providing at least three different levels of transmission, such as 0%, 175%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, etc. In
The direct writing system 1780 may also include a scanning stage 1767 on which the substrate 1705, the alignment structure 1710, and the birefringent medium layer 1715 is mounted. The direct writing system may also include a controller (not shown) communicatively coupled with the light source 1760 and the scanning stage 1767 to control the operations thereof. The controller may control the scanning stage 1767 to translate the substrate 1705 (on which the birefringent medium layer 1715 is disposed) in one or more directions (e.g., in the x-axis direction, y-axis direction) within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715, thereby scanning the focal spot or the focal line in one or more two dimensions within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715. The controller may control the light source 1760 to adjust the intensity of the output light 1762 in accordance with the scanning of the focal spot or the focal line within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715. For example, the controller may control the intensity of the output light 1762 to vary over time in a predetermined intensity variation profile while controlling the scanning stage 1767 to translate the birefringent medium layer 1715 in a predetermined scanning profile (e.g., including the information of the scanning speed and the scanning path, etc.). The spatial resolution of the scanning (or the smallest scanning step) provided by the scanning stage 1767 may be equal to, less than, or greater than the width of small spot (e.g., focal spot) or the small line (e.g., focal line).
Although not shown, in some embodiments, the scanning stage 1767 shown in
Referring back to
In some embodiments, the absorption variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 along the thickness direction may be achieved through configuring the composition, the concentration, and/or the concentration variation of the absorbing additive 1704 along the thickness of the birefringent medium layer 1715. For example, in some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1704 may be configured with a non-uniform distribution along the thickness direction (e.g., z-axis direction) of the birefringent medium layer 1715. The non-uniform distribution may also be referred to as a non-uniform concentration, or a predetermined concentration variation. For discussion purposes,
Thus, when the stimulus irradiation 1744 propagates inside the birefringent medium layer 1715 along the thickness direction thereof, the intensity of the stimulus irradiation 1744 may be configured to vary in a controlled manner according to a desirable intensity variation profile, pattern, or distribution, along the thickness direction from a light incidence surface (e.g., a first surface) 1715-1 to a light exiting surface (e.g., a second surface) 1715-2. For example, the intensity of the stimulus irradiation 1744 may be configured to vary in a predetermined gradient manner, such as a predetermined linearly gradient manner, a predetermined non-linearly gradient manner, a predetermined stepped gradient manner, or a suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, by configuring the distribution of the absorbing additive 1704 in a suitable profile, the intensity of the stimulus irradiation 1744 may first increase in a predetermined gradient manner, then decrease in another predetermined gradient manner. After the process of photo-isomerization of the photo-responsive chiral dopant 1702 via the stimulus irradiation 1744, the slant angle or twist angle may vary in a predetermined gradient manner along the thickness direction from the first surface 1715-1 to the second surface 1715-2.
In some embodiments, although not shown, the stimulus irradiation 1744 may be configured with a uniform intensity within the wavefront, and the exposure intensity variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715 may be generated through configuring an absorption variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715. The absorbing additive 1704 may be configured with a predetermined non-uniform distribution (or concentration variation) in one or more directions with the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1715. In some embodiments, although not shown, the absorbing additive 1704 may form a separate layer, rather than being doped into the birefringent medium layer 1715. The separate layer of the absorbing additive 1704 may be disposed at a surface of the birefringent medium layer 1715 facing the stimulus irradiation 1744. The absorbing additive 1704 may be configured with a predetermined non-uniform distribution (or concentration variation) in one or more directions with the film plane of the separate layer. Thus, the stimulus irradiation 1744 transmitted through the separate layer of the absorbing additive 1704 may have a predetermined non-uniform intensity variation.
The intensity variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 within the birefringent medium layer 1715 is used as an example of the stimulus irradiation variation in illustrating and explaining the principles of introducing a slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer 1715. The principles may be applicable to introducing a slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer 1715 via a light intensity, wavelength, dose, and/or time duration variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 within the birefringent medium layer 1715.
As shown in
Referring to
In some embodiments, the exposure of the birefringent medium layer 1717 under the polymerization irradiation 1784 may be carried out in air, in an inert atmosphere formed by, e.g., nitrogen, argon, carbon-dioxide, or in vacuum. The polymerization irradiation 1784 may be unpolarized or polarized (e.g., linearly polarized). The polarization of the polymerization irradiation 1784 may be spatially uniform in a predetermined space within which the birefringent medium layer 1717 is disposed. For example, the polymerization irradiation 1784 may be linearly polarized with a fixed polarization direction in the predetermined space.
In comparison,
In conventional technology, a conventional birefringent medium layer may not include the absorbing additive 1704. As the stimulus irradiation 1744 propagates inside the conventional birefringent medium layer that does not include the absorbing additive 1704 along the thickness direction, the intensity of the stimulus irradiation 1744 may naturally decrease due to beam attenuation by the birefringent medium layer through, e.g., absorption, reflection, and/or scattering, etc. When the ingredients of the birefringent medium layer are fixed, the attenuation coefficient of the birefringent medium layer may be constant. In addition, the attenuation coefficient of the birefringent medium layer may not change significantly when the concentrations of the birefringent material, chiral dopants, and the photo-initiator in the conventional birefringent medium layer vary. Thus, in conventional technology, the natural intensity variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer may not be controllable and adjustable. Accordingly, the HTP variation in the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer of the birefringent medium layer may also be non-controllable and non-adjustable. Once the birefringent material is selected, the natural decay of the intensity of the stimulus irradiation 1744 in the thickness direction as the stimulus irradiation 1744 propagates therethrough cannot be conveniently controlled or adjusted. In some situations, in the thickness direction of the conventional birefringent medium layer, the intensity variation of the stimulus irradiation 1744 caused by the natural attenuation of the birefringent material may not be sufficiently large to cause a noticeable HTP variation in the thickness direction. That is, the HTP in the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer may be deemed as constant or uniform.
Compared to the conventional processes, the disclosed processes shown in
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Thus, through configuring a predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D temperature variation(s) of the thermal-responsive chiral dopant 1902 (or the birefringent medium layer 1915), a predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D HTP variation(s) of the thermal-responsive chiral dopant 1902 may be achieved in the birefringent medium layer 1915, which, in turn, results in a predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D helical pitch variation(s) in the birefringent medium layer 1915. The predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D helical pitch variation in the birefringent medium layer 1915 may result in a predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D slant angle or twist angle variation of the helical twist structures in the birefringent medium layer 1915.
Referring to
In some embodiments, configuring a predetermined 1D, 2D, or 3D temperature variation(s) of the thermal-responsive chiral dopant 1902 (or the birefringent medium layer 1915) may include configuring a predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation(s) within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915, and/or configuring a predetermined 1D temperature variation along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer 1915. In some embodiments, the predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation(s) within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915 may be configured via configuring the IR irradiation, the thermal processing device, the electric field, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the predetermined temperature variation along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer 1915 may be configured via controlling the distributed variation (or concentration variation) of the absorbing additive 1904 along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer 1915. In some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1904 may be configured to absorb an IR irradiation that may activate the thermal-responsive chiral dopant 1902. In some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1904 may include absorbing dyes that absorb an IR light for generating heat (referred to as IR absorbing dyes).
In the embodiment shown in
Similar to controlling the stimulus irradiation 1744 shown in
In some embodiments, the intensity variation of the IR irradiation 1944 along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer 1915 may be generated through configuring the absorption variation of the IR irradiation 1944 along the thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer 1915. In some embodiments, the absorption variation of the IR irradiation 1944 along the thickness direction may be configurable through configuring the composition, the concentration, and/or the concentration variation of the absorbing additive 1904 along the thickness of the birefringent medium layer 1915.
In some embodiments, the absorbing additive 1904 may be configured with a non-uniform distribution along the thickness direction (e.g., z-axis direction) of the birefringent medium layer 1915. Thus, when the IR irradiation 1944 propagates inside the birefringent medium layer 1915 along the thickness direction thereof, the intensity of the IR irradiation 1944 may be configured to vary in a controlled manner according to a desirable intensity variation profile, pattern, or distribution, along the thickness direction from a light incidence surface (e.g., a first surface) 1915-1 to a light exiting surface (e.g., a second surface) 1915-2. For discussion purposes,
In some embodiments, although not shown, the IR irradiation 1944 may be configured with a uniform intensity within the wavefront, the exposure intensity variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915 may be generated through configuring an absorption variation of the IR irradiation 1944 within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915. The absorbing additive 1904 may be configured with a predetermined non-uniform distribution (or concentration variation) in one or more directions with the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915. In some embodiments, although not shown, the absorbing additive 1904 may form a separate layer, rather than being doped into the birefringent medium layer 1915. The separate layer of the absorbing additive 1904 may be disposed at a surface of the birefringent medium layer 1915 facing the IR irradiation 1944. The absorbing additive 1904 may be configured with a predetermined non-uniform distribution (or concentration variation) in one or more directions with the film plane of the separate layer. Thus, the IR irradiation 1944 transmitted through the separate layer of the absorbing additive 1904 may have a predetermined non-uniform intensity variation.
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, the resistive heating element 1907 may include an indium tin oxide (“ITO”) layer configured with a predetermined 1D or 2D resistance variation(s) within the film plane of the ITO layer. In some embodiments, the resistive heating element 1907 may include a plurality of heating units (e.g., resistive wires having a substantially small diameter (e.g., about 25 micrometers)). The heating units may be configured with a predetermined 1D or 2D distribution density within the film plane of the resistive heating element 1907.
In
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, each alignment structure 1710 may be configured to provide a planar alignment (or an alignment with a small pretilt angle), and the alignment structures 1710-1 and 1710-2 may provide parallel or anti-parallel surface alignments. In some embodiments, the alignment structures 1710-1 and 1710-2 may be configured to provide hybrid surface alignments. For example, one of the alignment structures 1710-1 and 1710-2 may be configured to provide a planar alignment (or an alignment with a small pretilt angle), and the other one of the alignment structures 1710-1 and 1710-2 may be configured to provide a homeotropic alignment. Although not shown, in some embodiments, only one alignment structure may be included.
In the embodiment shown in
For example, in some embodiments, the pixel electrodes 1912-1 may be applied with the same voltage (e.g., grounded), and the voltage applied to respective pixel electrodes 1912-2 may be configured to have the same frequency and a predetermined 1D or 2D amplitude variation within a film plane of the electrode layer 1910. Thus, a vertical electric field with a predetermined 1D or 2D amplitude (or field intensity) may be generated within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915, which, in turn, results in a predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915. Although not shown, in some embodiments, one of the conductive electrode layers 1910-1 and 1910-2 may be a planar, continuous electrode layer that functions as a common electrode.
In some embodiments, the pixel electrodes 1912-1 may be applied with the same voltage (e.g., grounded), and the voltage applied to respective pixel electrodes 1912-2 may be configured to have the same amplitude and a predetermined 1D or 2D frequency variation within a film plane of the electrode layer 1910. Thus, a vertical electric field with a predetermined 1D or 2D frequency variation may be generated within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915, which, in turn, results in a predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915.
In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, the arrays 1921 of microelectrode strips may be applied with the same voltage (e.g., grounded), and the voltage applied to the respective arrays 1922 of microelectrode strips may be configured to have the same frequency and a predetermined 1D or 2D amplitude variation within a film plane of the electrode layer 1920. Thus, a horizontal electric field with a predetermined 1D or 2D amplitude (or field intensity) may be generated within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915, which, in turn, results in a predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915. Although not shown, in some embodiments, the arrays 1921 of microelectrode strips may adhere to each other, functioning as a common electrode.
In some embodiments, the arrays 1921 of microelectrode strips may be applied with the same voltage (e.g., grounded), and the voltage applied to the respective arrays 1922 of microelectrode strips may be configured to have the same amplitude and a predetermined 1D or 2D frequency variation within a film plane of the electrode layer 1920. Thus, a vertical electric field with a predetermined 1D or 2D frequency variation may be generated within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915, which, in turn, results in a predetermined 1D or 2D temperature variation within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 1915.
Referring to
In some embodiment, although not shown, the birefringent medium layer 1715 shown in
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The chiral dopant 2005 may be dispensed at the birefringent medium layer 2015 via any suitable methods, e.g., via inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, spray printing, screen printing, or 3D printing, etc. For discussion purposes,
In some embodiments, the printhead 2006 may include a nozzle 2008 with an ink outlet, an ink supply channel 2012 through which a body of ink is supplied to the nozzle 2008. The ink (chiral dopant) may be stored in an ink cartridge (not shown). The printhead 2006 may include a flow control device 2014 configured to control the amount (e.g., volume) of the chiral dopant to be dispensed onto birefringent medium layer 2015. In some embodiments, the flow control device 2014 may include a piezoelectric actuator or any other suitable flow control actuators. In some embodiments, the inkjet printer may include a controller (not shown) configured to control the movement of the supporting stage and/or the carriage, thereby controlling the relative position of the printhead 2006 with respect to the birefringent medium layer 2015. In some embodiments, the controller may also control a driving voltage supplied to the flow control device 2014. For example, the controller may control a waveform of the driving voltage (also referred to as a driving voltage waveform) supplied to the flow control device 2014 to control the volume of the droplet (or the size of the droplet).
The inkjet printer may be configured to print lines, dots, and/or any other suitable patterns. In some embodiments, the inkjet printer may be communicatively coupled to a computer. The computer may control the printing operations of the inkjet printer and may receive data from the inkjet printer. In some embodiments, the computer may receive input from a user, and may transmit a programmed moving or printing path to the controller at the inkjet printer for controlling the movement of the supporting stage or the carriage. In some embodiments, the computer may receive input from the user regarding the waveform for controlling the amount of ink dispensed at each location on the birefringent medium layer 2015, and may transmit the waveform to the controller at the inkjet printer for controlling the flow control device 2014. In some embodiments, the controller may be a part of the computer or may be a part of the inkjet printer.
For example, as shown in
Referring back to
Although one printhead 2006 is shown in
Referring to
After the entire printing path 2020 is completed, a first predetermined 1D or 2D concentration (or amount) variation of the first chiral dopant 2005 and a second predetermined 1D or 2D concentration (or amount) variation of the second chiral dopant 2025 may be established within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 2015. For discussion purposes,
Although one first printhead 2006 and one second printhead 2026 are shown in
In the embodiment shown in
For discussion purposes,
For discussion purposes,
Thus, after the first chiral dopant 2005 diffuses into the volume of the birefringent medium layer 2015, helical twist structures having the second handedness may be formed in the left portion of the birefringent medium layer 2015, with the helical pitches increasing in the +x-axis direction, and the slant angle or the twist angle decreasing in the +x-axis direction. Helical twist structures having sufficiently large helical pitches may be formed in the center portion of the birefringent medium layer 2015, or helical twist structures may disappear in the center portion of the birefringent medium layer 2015. Helical twist structures having the first handedness may be formed in the right portion of the birefringent medium layer 2015, with the helical pitches decreasing in the +x-axis direction, and the slant angle or the twist angle increasing in the +x-axis direction.
Referring to
In some embodiments, as shown in
For discussion purposes,
The amount of the birefringent medium 2065 and the amount of the chiral dopant 2005 dispensed at a same predetermined location of the alignment structure 1710 may be configured, or a ratio between the volume (or amount) of the birefringent medium 2065 and the volume (or amount) of the chiral dopant 2005 dispensed at a same predetermined location of the alignment structure 1710 may be controlled. Accordingly, the helical pitch at a corresponding location of the birefringent medium layer 2017 may be controlled, which, in turn, controls the twist angle or slant angle at the corresponding location. Thus, by configuring the ratios between the volumes of the birefringent medium 2065 and the volumes of the chiral dopant 2005 dispensed at predetermined locations of the alignment structure 1710, the birefringent medium layer 2017 may be fabricated with a predetermined 1D or 2D slant angle or twist angle variation(s) within the film plane of the birefringent medium layer 2017. In some embodiments, the birefringent medium layer 2017 may be exposed to a polymerization irradiation (e.g., 1784 shown in
The polymerized birefringent medium layer 2019 may be a first polymerized birefringent medium layer configured with a first predetermined 1D or 2D slant angle or twist angle variation(s) within the film plane thereof. In some embodiments, although not shown, a second polymerized birefringent medium layer configured with a second predetermined 1D or 2D slant angle or twist angle variation(s) within the film plane thereof may be formed at (e.g., on a top surface of) the first polymerized birefringent medium layer 2019, via processes similar to those forming the first polymerized birefringent medium layer 2019. In some embodiments, through the first predetermined 1D or 2D slant angle or twist angle variation(s) and the second predetermined 1D or 2D slant angle or twist angle variation(s), a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation along the thickness direction of the stack of the first and second polymerized birefringent medium layers may be achieved.
Although one printhead 2006 and one printhead 2036 are shown in
In some embodiments, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant may include a photo-responsive chiral dopant with a photo-responsive HTP. In some embodiments, the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may include at least one of a predetermined intensity variation, a predetermined wavelength variation, a predetermined time duration variation, or a predetermined dose variation. In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation may have a wavelength (or wavelength range) within a UV wavelength range, a visible wavelength range, an infrared wavelength range, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant may include a thermal-responsive chiral dopant with a thermal-responsive HTP, and the stimulus irradiation may have a wavelength (or wavelength range) within an infrared wavelength range.
In some embodiments, the mixture may also include an absorbing additive configured to have an absorption band associated with the wavelength spectrum of the stimulus irradiation. The absorbing additive may have a predetermined non-uniform distribution in a thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may be generated via a projector, a photomask, or a direct writing device. In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may be generated by a projector through projecting an image light with a predetermined intensity, wavelength, and/or time duration variation within a wavefront of the image light, onto the birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may be a first stimulus irradiation with a predetermined intensity variation, and the first stimulus irradiation with the predetermined intensity variation may be generated based on a second stimulus irradiation with a spatially uniform intensity. The second stimulus irradiation may transmit through a photomask, and the photomask may convert the second stimulus irradiation into the first stimulus irradiation with the predetermined intensity variation. The photomask may be configured with a predetermined transmittance variation within a film plane of the photomask for the second stimulus irradiation.
In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may be generated through focusing a light output from a light source into a spot or a line at a focal plane; and varying an intensity of the light over time in a predetermined intensity variation profile. In some embodiments, exposing the birefringent medium layer to the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation may include scanning the spot or the line in one or two directions within a film plane and/or a thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer in a predetermined scanning profile. The method may include other steps not listed in the flowchart, including those processes described above in connection with other figures.
In some embodiments, the chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of locations of the birefringent medium layer may be a first chiral dopant having a chirality of first handedness, and the mixture may include a second dopant chiral dopant having a chirality of second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness. In some embodiments, the chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of locations of the birefringent medium layer may be a first chiral dopant having a chirality of first handedness. The plurality of locations of the birefringent medium layer at which the first chiral dopant is dispensed are a plurality of first locations. The first chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of first locations of the birefringent medium layer may be configured with a first predetermined amount variation. In some embodiments, after dispensing the plurality of amounts of the first chiral dopant at the plurality of first locations of the birefringent medium layer and before exposing the birefringent medium layer with the first chiral dopant to a polymerization irradiation to form the polymerized birefringent medium layer, the method may include dispensing a plurality of amounts of a second chiral dopant at a plurality of second locations of the birefringent medium layer. The second dopant chiral dopant may have a chirality of second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness. In some embodiments, the second chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of second locations of the birefringent medium layer may be configured with a second predetermined amount variation.
In some embodiments, the chiral dopant may be a first chiral dopant having a chirality of first handedness, and the mixture may include a second dopant chiral dopant having a chirality of second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness. In some embodiments, the polymerized birefringent medium layer may be a first polymerized birefringent medium layer, and the method may include dispensing an amount of the birefringent medium and an amount of the chiral dopant at a first location of the first polymerized birefringent medium layer according to a third ratio to obtain a third mixture; dispensing an amount of the birefringent medium and an amount of the chiral dopant at a second location of the first polymerized birefringent medium layer according to a fourth ratio to obtain a fourth mixture; and polymerizing the third mixture and the fourth mixture to form a second polymerized birefringent medium layer on the first polymerized birefringent medium.
The LCPH elements fabricated based on the disclosed processes and methods may be implemented in systems or devices for imaging, sensing, communication, biomedical applications, etc. For example, the LCPH elements fabricated based on the disclosed processes and methods may be implemented in various systems for augmented reality (“AR”), virtual reality (“VR”), and/or mixed reality (“MR”) applications. An artificial reality system, such as a head-mounted display (“HMD”) or heads-up display (“HUD”) system, generally includes a near-eye display (“NED”) system in the form of a headset or a pair of glasses, and configured to present content to a user via an electronic or optic display within a short distance, for example, about 10-20 mm in front of the eyes of a user. The NED system may display virtual objects or combine images of real objects with virtual objects, as in VR, AR, or MR applications. For example, in an AR system, a user may view both images of virtual objects (e.g., computer-generated images (“CGIs”)) and the surrounding environment by, for example, seeing through transparent display glasses or lenses (also referred to as an optical see-through AR system).
In some embodiments, a method is provided. The method includes generating a stimulus irradiation with a predetermined variation in a predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation; forming a birefringent medium layer based on a mixture of a host birefringent material, a stimuli-responsive chiral dopant, and a photo-initiator for polymerization; exposing the birefringent medium layer to the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter to form a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer; and exposing the birefringent medium layer with the predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation to a polymerization irradiation to form a polymerized birefringent medium layer with the predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation.
In some embodiments, the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation includes at least one of a predetermined intensity variation, a predetermined wavelength variation, a predetermined time duration variation, or a predetermined dose variation. In some embodiments, the stimulus irradiation has a wavelength range within at least one of an ultraviolet wavelength range, a visible wavelength range, or an infrared wavelength range. In some embodiments, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant includes a photo-responsive chiral dopant with a photo-responsive helical twisting power. In some embodiments, the stimuli-responsive chiral dopant includes a thermal-responsive chiral dopant with a thermal-responsive helical twisting power.
In some embodiments, the mixture further includes an absorbing additive configured to have an absorption band associated with a wavelength range of the stimulus irradiation, the method further includes configuring a predetermined non-uniform distribution of the absorbing additive in a thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer. In some embodiments, generating the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation includes: generating the stimulus irradiation with the predetermined variation in the predetermined parameter of the stimulus irradiation through a projector, a photomask, or a direct writing device.
In some embodiments, a method is provided. The method includes forming a birefringent medium layer based on a mixture of a host birefringent material, a thermal-responsive chiral dopant, and a photo-initiator for polymerization, wherein a helical twisting power of the thermal-responsive chiral dopant varies with a temperature of the chiral dopant. The method also includes generating a predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer to form a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer. The method also includes exposing the birefringent medium layer with the predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation to a polymerization irradiation to form a polymerized birefringent medium layer with the predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation.
In some embodiments, generating the predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer to form a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer includes: generating an infrared irradiation with a predetermined intensity variation; and exposing the birefringent medium layer to the infrared irradiation with the predetermined intensity variation to form the predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, the mixture further includes an absorbing additive configured to have an absorption band associated with a wavelength range of the infrared irradiation, and the method further includes configuring a predetermined non-uniform distribution of the absorbing additive in a thickness direction of the birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, generating the predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer to form a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer includes: configuring a thermal processing device to provide an output thermal energy variation; and thermally processing the birefringent medium layer using the thermal processing device to generate the predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer. In some embodiments, the thermal processing device includes a resistive heating element configured with a predetermined resistance variation.
In some embodiments, generating the predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer to form a predetermined slant angle or twist angle variation within the birefringent medium layer includes: generating, via at least one conductive electrode layer, an electric field within the birefringent medium layer, the electric field having at least one of a predetermined amplitude variation or a predetermined frequency variation and configured to produce the predetermined temperature variation within the birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, a method is provided. The method includes forming a birefringent medium layer based on a mixture of a host birefringent material and a photo-initiator for polymerization. The method also includes dispensing a plurality of amounts of a chiral dopant at a plurality of locations on the birefringent medium layer, the chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of locations on the birefringent medium layer being configured with a predetermined amount variation. The method includes exposing the birefringent medium layer with the chiral dopant to a polymerization irradiation to form a polymerized birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, dispensing the plurality of amounts of the chiral dopant at the plurality of locations on the birefringent medium layer includes: dispensing, via inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, spray printing, screen printing, or 3D printing, the plurality of amounts of the chiral dopant at the plurality of locations on the birefringent medium layer. In some embodiments, the chiral dopant is a first chiral dopant having a chirality of a first handedness, and the mixture includes a second chiral dopant having a chirality of a second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness. In some embodiments, the chiral dopant is a first chiral dopant having a chirality of a first handedness, the plurality of locations on the birefringent medium layer at which the first chiral dopant is dispensed are a plurality of first locations, and the first chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of first locations on the birefringent medium layer are configured with a first predetermined amount variation, and the method further comprises: after dispensing the plurality of amounts of the first chiral dopant at the plurality of first locations on the birefringent medium layer and before exposing the birefringent medium layer with the first chiral dopant to a polymerization irradiation to form the polymerized birefringent medium layer, dispensing a plurality of amounts of a second chiral dopant at a plurality of second locations on the birefringent medium layer. The second chiral dopant has a chirality of a second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness, and the second chiral dopant dispensed at the plurality of second locations on the birefringent medium layer are configured with a second predetermined amount variation. In some embodiments, at least one of the first locations is different from at least one of the second locations.
In some embodiments, a method is provided. The method includes dispensing a first amount of a birefringent medium and a first amount of a chiral dopant at a first location on an alignment structure according to a first ratio to obtain a first mixture, the birefringent medium including a host birefringent material and a photo-initiator for polymerization. The method also includes dispensing a second amount of the birefringent medium and a second amount of the chiral dopant at a second location on the alignment structure according to a second ratio to obtain a second mixture. The method also includes polymerizing the first mixture and the second mixture to form a polymerized birefringent medium layer.
In some embodiments, dispensing the first amount of the birefringent medium and the first amount of the chiral dopant at the first location on the alignment structure according to the first ratio to obtain the first mixture includes: dispensing, via inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, spray printing, screen printing, or 3D printing, the first amount of the birefringent medium and the first amount of the chiral dopant at the first location on the alignment structure according to the first ratio to obtain the first mixture. In some embodiments, the chiral dopant is a first chiral dopant having a chirality of a first handedness, and the birefringent medium includes a second chiral dopant having a chirality of a second handedness that is opposite to the first handedness. In some embodiments, the polymerized birefringent medium layer is a first polymerized birefringent medium layer, and the method further comprises: dispensing a third amount of the birefringent medium and a third amount of the chiral dopant at a first location on the first polymerized birefringent medium layer according to a third ratio to obtain a third mixture; dispensing a fourth amount of the birefringent medium and a fourth amount of the chiral dopant at a second location on the first polymerized birefringent medium layer according to a fourth ratio to obtain a fourth mixture; and polymerizing the third mixture and the fourth mixture to form a second polymerized birefringent medium layer on the first polymerized birefringent medium layer.
The foregoing description of the embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for the purpose of illustration. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that modifications and variations are possible in beam of the above disclosure.
Any of the steps, operations, or processes described herein may be performed or implemented with one or more hardware and/or software modules, alone or in combination with other devices. In one embodiment, a software module is implemented with a computer program product including a computer-readable medium containing computer program code, which can be executed by a computer processor for performing any or all of the steps, operations, or processes described. In some embodiments, a hardware module may include hardware components such as a device, a system, an optical element, a controller, an electrical circuit, a logic gate, etc.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the specific purposes, and/or it may include a general-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, which may be coupled to a computer system bus. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium can be any medium that can store program codes, for example, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (“ROM”), or a random access memory (“RAM”), an Electrically Programmable read only memory (“EPROM”), an Electrically Erasable Programmable read only memory (“EEPROM”), a register, a hard disk, a solid-state disk drive, a smart media card (“SMC”), a secure digital card (“SD”), a flash card, etc. Furthermore, any computing systems described in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processors for increased computing capability. The processor may be a central processing unit (“CPU”), a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), or any processing device configured to process data and/or perform computation based on data. The processor may include both software and hardware components. For example, the processor may include a hardware component, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a programmable logic device (“PLD”), or a combination thereof. The PLD may be a complex programmable logic device (“CPLD”), a field-programmable gate array (“FPGA”), etc.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may also relate to a product that is produced by a computing process described herein. Such a product may include information resulting from a computing process, where the information is stored on a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium and may include any embodiment of a computer program product or other data combination described herein.
Further, when an embodiment illustrated in a drawing shows a single element, it is understood that the embodiment or an embodiment not shown in the figures but within the scope of the present disclosure may include a plurality of such elements. Likewise, when an embodiment illustrated in a drawing shows a plurality of such elements, it is understood that the embodiment or an embodiment not shown in the figures but within the scope of the present disclosure may include only one such element. The number of elements illustrated in the drawing is for illustration purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiment. Moreover, unless otherwise noted, the embodiments shown in the drawings are not mutually exclusive, and they may be combined in any suitable manner. For example, elements shown in one figure/embodiment but not shown in another figure/embodiment may nevertheless be included in the other figure/embodiment. In any optical device disclosed herein including one or more optical layers, films, plates, or elements, the numbers of the layers, films, plates, or elements shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only. In other embodiments not shown in the figures, which are still within the scope of the present disclosure, the same or different layers, films, plates, or elements shown in the same or different figures/embodiments may be combined or repeated in various manners to form a stack.
Various embodiments have been described to illustrate the exemplary implementations. Based on the disclosed embodiments, a person having ordinary skills in the art may make various other changes, modifications, rearrangements, and substitutions without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, while the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, the present disclosure is not limited to the above described embodiments. The present disclosure may be embodied in other equivalent forms without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is defined in the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/483,534, filed on Feb. 6, 2023, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/488,477, filed on Mar. 3, 2023. The contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63483534 | Feb 2023 | US | |
63488477 | Mar 2023 | US |