Patent Application
20120052835
The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for locating wireless devices, also called mobile stations (MS) or User Elements (UE), such as those used in analog or digital cellular systems, personal communications systems (PCS), enhanced specialized mobile radios (ESMRs), and other types of wireless communications systems. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to a method for improving the accuracy of a lower accuracy wireless location by the use of higher accuracy historical call information.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,555; “Enhanced Time-Difference Localization System” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,013; “Enhanced Time-Difference Localization System” both by Maloney et al and owned by TruePosition Inc. and included herein via reference, use of collateral information as a factor in the calculation of a location estimate for a voice or data wireless caller can increase the accuracy of a wireless location system both for the current call and overall. Use of historical calling patterns with associated location information offers a new avenue for improving location accuracy for all location technology types.
Digital wireless cellular networks provide coverage to a geographic area by locating cell sites throughout that area. The range of a cell site's coverage is determined by the height of the transmit/receive antenna(s), the transmitter's power output, the spatial response of the antenna(s) and their orientation. Omnidirectional sites utilize antennas that transmit RF energy equally in all directions from the cell site. Sectored sites utilize antennas that transmit energy in a smaller portion of the 360 degree angular range.
Typically, sectored sites will divide the 360 degree angular range into three equiangular regions. Three antennas will be utilized with azimuthal beamwidths of 120 degrees and pointed at three uniformly spaced azimuth angles, i.e. 0 degrees, 120 degrees and 240 degrees. Sectored cell sites are utilized to increase the capacity, i.e. the number of wireless calls it can handle simultaneously, by approximately a factor of three. This sectored approach will still provide omnidirectional coverage but increased capacity over the this service area.
Wireless digital communications systems require the handset and cell site to be synchronized in time to certain accuracy. As an example, the well-known Global System for Mobility (GSM) is a time-division-multiple-access (TDMA), frequency-division-multiple-access (FDMA) digital communications system using frequency separated carriers, each carrier with eight time slots per TDM frame permitting up to eight simultaneous phone calls on a single frequency. Thus, for maximum capacity, each mobile station (MS) is assigned a time slot and must only transmit in that time slot. Each time slot is 577 microseconds in duration. GSM handsets can adjust their time of transmission in increments of 1.8 microseconds. Since radio waves propagate at a constant velocity this also corresponds to a range width, or band, of 554 meters. Thus, a GSM base station will instruct a handset to adjust their time of transmission so that it is transmitting in the correct time slot. This process of time synchronizing the handset to the base station also permits the base station to determine the range the handset is from it. In GSM networks this range value is derived from the timing advance (TA) value that the GSM network determines for each mobile so that it transmits at the correct time and duration for efficient wireless communications. In sectored cell sites this range value and sector information, i.e. in GSM the Cell Global Identity (CGI), can be used to approximate the location of mobile. This type of location estimate is commonly known as Cell Global Identity plus Timing Advance (CGI+TA). The CGI thus corresponds to a cell when omni-directional antenna is used and a sector of a cell when directional (i.e. sectored) antennas are used.
In the evolved Universal Mobile Telephony System Terrestrial Radio Access Network (eUTRAN), also known as the Long-Term-Evolution (LTE) system, as another example; the Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) radio access network uses scalable radio resources for each session (voice or data). The LTE bandwidth is a divided into sets of 15 kHz subcarriers. These subcarriers grouped by 12's into 180 kHz bands. Each band is divided in time into 0.5 millisecond slots and the slots are grouped into 1.0 millisecond subframe. The 12 subcarriers bandwidth and single subframe (two 0.5 ms timeslots) are each 1 resource block (RB). With a subcarrier bandwidth of 15 KHz, the LTE symbol period is set to 66.7 microseconds. The symbol length is equal to the reciprocal of the carrier spacing so that orthogonality as required by the OFM modulation scheme is achieved.
The LTE Timing Advance (Tadv) as defined in Third Generation Partnership (3GPP) Technical Specification section 7.3, “Timing Advance”. The Tadv is specified in units of (16*Ts), and the mobile must adhere to it with an accuracy of (4*Ts).
Ts=1/(15,000*2048)˜=32.55×10−9 seconds.
So, Tadv has a resolution of 520.8333 nanoseconds, and is adhered to with an accuracy of ˜130.2 nanoseconds by the UE. Since radio waves propagate at a constant velocity this also corresponds to a range width, or band, of 156 meters for LTE. In LTE, the cell and sector identification (which corresponds to a geographic location) is encoded in the Physical Cell ID (PCI) rather then a unique CGI (as in GSM) for each sector of the service area.
Similar timing bands can be computed for other wireless communications systems using either timing settings or chip rates. Use of mobile transmit power can also be used as a range estimate if the transmit power is known, allowing computation of path-loss.
Wireless location technologies can be grouped as network-based or mobile-based characterized by the point of signal reception.
Network-based location solutions use specialized receivers and/or passive monitors within, or overlaid on, the wireless communications network to collect uplink (mobile device-to-base station) signaling used to determine location and velocity of the mobile device. Network-based location estimation techniques include uplink Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA), Angle-Of-Arrival (AOA), Multipath Analysis (RF fingerprinting), and signal strength measurement (SSM).
Mobile-device based location solutions use specialized electronics and/or software within the mobile device to collect signaling. Location determination can take place in the device or information can be transmitted to a landside server which determines the location. Mobile Device-based location estimation techniques include CID (serving Cell-ID, e.g. the CGI for GSM and the PCI for LTE), CID+TA (serving cell-ID plus time-based ranging), Enhanced Cell-ID (ECID, a serving cell, time-based ranging and power difference of arrival hybrid), Advanced-Forward-Link-Trilateration (AFLT), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Observed-Time-Difference-of-Arrival (OTDOA) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning. A current example of a GNSS system is the United States NavStar Global Positioning System.
Overviews of example standardized location techniques can be found in Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) Technical Specification 23.271, “Functional stage 2 description of LoCation Services (LCS)” (Release 10), in the Third Generation Partnership Program 2 (3GPP2) specifications C.S0022-0 and C.S0022-A, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard 802.16e-2009 Annex K, and the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Secure User Plane Location (SUPL V2.0) specification.
Hybrids of the network-based and mobile device-based techniques can be used to generate improved quality of services including speed, accuracy, yield, and uniformity of location. A geographic position estimate, an altitude estimate, a speed estimate and a heading can all be derived using one or more wireless location technologies as hybrids.
Since the advent of cellular telecommunications in the 1980's, and especially in the past two decades, the cellular industry has increased the number of air interface protocols available for use by wireless telephones, increased the number of frequency bands in which wireless or mobile telephones may operate, and expanded the number of terms that refer or relate to mobile telephones to include “personal communications services,” “wireless,” and others. The air interface protocols now used in the wireless industry include AMPS, N-AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM, TACS, ESMR, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCDMA, WiMAN, WiMAX, LTE (eUTRAN), LTE Advanced and others.
The present invention uses historical high accuracy location data for past callers as a factor in the estimation of location for a current caller without additional load on the high accuracy wireless location system.
The foregoing summary as well as the following detailed description are better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
a depicts an illustrative model of an Omni-directional cell with idealized the range bands and use of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid to create addressable subsections of the cell.
b depicts an illustrative model of a sectored cell with idealized the range bands and use of a two-dimensional Cartesian grid to create addressable subsections of a single sector.
a geographically illustrates a range band sectioned into grid boxes with associated call counts.
b depicts in 3-dimensions a range band sectioned into the geographic grid boxes with associated call counts.
We will now describe illustrative embodiments of the present invention. First, we provide a detailed overview of the problem and then a more detailed description of our solutions.
Using a high-accuracy wireless location system (WLS), either network-based or mobile-based, it is possible to statistically improve lower accuracy location estimation by taking into account a priori probabilities of callers locations. Use of lower accuracy location allows for more efficient use of the high accuracy location resources though use of wireless communications network (WCN) provided antenna and ranging information already in use in the WCN operations.
The location probability function that is currently computed can be thought of as the a posteriori probability of a caller's location given a range band measurement. This can be expressed in the form of Bayes Theorem as follows:
where p(L|D) is the a posteriori probability of location given an observed range band, p(L) is the a priori probability of location, p(D) is the a priori probability of the range band, and p(D|L) is the probability of the range band, given a specific location of the caller. For a conventional approach, p(L|D) is computed directly from the high accuracy location measurements. This implicitly makes the assumption that the a priori probability of a caller's location, p(L), and the range band, p(D) are uniform. The probability of range band may be uniform, but certainly, caller locations are not uniformly distributed.
In
The WCN 101 is shown with it's ancillary or associated systems and distinct subsystems such as the Core Network (CN) 108, Radio Access Network (RAN) 103, served mobile device(s) 107, Operational Support system (OSS) 110 and high accuracy wireless location system (WLS) 109.
Also shown are the Public Data Network (PDN) 115 which is nominally a packet-switched digital network and the Location Application Server 116 which could be a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) or specialized location host for location-based services.
The local wireless communications network (WCN) 101 comprises a Radio Access Network (RAN) 103 and Core Network (CN) 108. The Radio Access Network (RAN) 103 provides radio signaling 105 between the mobile 107 and the core network (CN 108). Interconnection between the RAN 103 and the CN 108 is provided by wired or wireless backhaul 117. The CN 108 manages the mobility management and switching of calls between mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network (landline) users. Together, the RAN 103 and CN 108 make up the wireless communications network (WCN) 101 that provides the mobile device(s) 107 communications linkage with switching (circuit switched) and routing (packet switched) and various telecommunications services including location-based services.
The RAN 103 is a subsystem of the WCN 101. The RAN 103 is shown here as a single base station 106 with coverage area 104 for the purposes of clarity. The coverage area 104 is shown divided into range bands. Said range bands are based on the granularity of the timing and/or power control settings used in the RAN 103 radio signaling 105.
The mobile unit 107, also called a Mobile Station (MS) or User Equipment (UE), is a voice, data or voice/data electronic unit allowing radio communications between the mobile user and the cellular radio access network 103 via geographically distributed base station radio transceivers interconnected over wired or wireless backhaul connections 117.
The OSS 110 is a subsystem of the WCN 101 and allows the exporting of the location and radio related data, settings, and parameters. The OSS 110 is nominally connected to the CN 108 via high speed LAN or WAN digital data links 119. The GIS system 111 provides the maps and cartographic tools to map the coverage areas of the local WCN 101. The GIS 111 is generally connected to the Location Node 112 via LAN or WAN digital data links 122 dependent on the installation.
The HA WLS 109 is a mobile-based, network-based or hybrid location system that have coverage over and supplies service to the mobiles 107 within the local WCN 101. The HA WLS 109 can supply historical or near-real time extended high accuracy location records to the Location Node 112 over a generic local-area-network (LAN) or wide-area-network (WAN) digital data link 121. The HA WLS 109 may be integral or hosted on the computing platforms of the core network 108 or be distinct (as shown here), interconnected to the CN 108 (and to the MS 107 via the CN 108, RAN 103, and air interface 105 in the case of user plane, mobile-based or mobile-assisted locations) over standardized digital data connections 118 such as the E3 or E10 (ANSI/ETSI), Lb (GSM), Lup (SUPL) Iupc (UMTS), or Lpp (LTE).
The Location Server 102 is comprised of general purpose computing platform(s) and databases. The location node 112 is a general computing platform or a cluster of such platforms. The location node 112 contains within its programming and memory the algorithms and data structures (henceforth deemed “engines” or “servers”) for location calculation using an improved Cell-ID Engine (Cell-ID here includes cell-ID with timing-based or and/or power-based ranging (e.g. Cell-Global-Identifier with Timing Advance (CGI+TA) for GSM, Cell ID with Round Trip Time (CI+RTT) for UMTS, Cell-Global-Identifier with Returned Signal Strength Indicator (CGI+RSSI) for GSM, Cell ID with serving-one-way-delay for CDMA, CID with Reference signal received power (RSRP) for LTE, CID with Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) for LTE, CID with Rx-Tx time difference and/or cell ID (CID) with LTE Timing Advance (Tadv))
The coverage area sectional database (CASD) 113 is a relational database either internal to the location node 112 server or running on dedicated computing server with a sized storage array interconnected to the location node 112 via a high-speed digital data connection 124. Details of the local WCN 101 service area, mapping data, and RAN 103 settings and parameters are stored here.
The improved cell-id with ranging database (ICRD) 114 is a relational database either internal to the location node 112 server or running on dedicated computing server with a sized storage array interconnected to the location node 112 via a high-speed digital data connection 125. The model of the sub-sectioned coverage areas with associated call details is stored here. The database subsystems of the Location Server 102 may be preferably configured as either Storage Area Networks (SANs) or Network Attached Storage (NAS).
a illustrates the result of sub-sectioning the coverage area (and areas of possible overlapping service) provided by an omnidirectional cell. The omnidirectional cell has a single antenna array at the center of the cell 201. In this example, 4 ranging bands 202203204205 are shown. The sub-sectioning operation results in separately addressable geographic grid boxes 206. In the example shown in
b illustrates the result of sub-sectioning the coverage area (and areas of possible overlapping service) provided by a sector of a cell using directional antenna. The omnidirectional cell has a directional antenna at the center of the cell 201. In this example, 4 ranging bands 202203204205 are shown. The sub-sectioning operation results in separately addressable geographic grid boxes 206. In the example shown in
Cell-based positioning methods attempt to reuse the innate timing and/or power measurements necessary for the cellular system to function.
The geographic position of the serving base station antenna is known 402. When a call is made, the range band 408 (as constrained by an inner range 406 and an outer range 407 and the sector edges 403404) is developed to allow timing and power control for the mobile. Since only the range band 408 and cell site location 402 are known, a location 411 is estimated to be on an arc called the “TA-distance” 409 halfway between the inner range 406 and an outer range 407 as to be centered within the range band 408 on the sector bisector 410. The TA-distance is a range estimate between the known BTS location 402 and the unknown MS location 412.
Mathematically, the TA-distance can be described as:
TA-distance=[(TA-value+0.5)(deltaTA)]
where
deltaTA=0.5[symbol period·Speed-of-Light(in air)] or 0.5(3.69×10−6·3×108)=554 meters.
The CGI+TA model for location is idealized in that it does not take into account the multipath environment of radio operation or the real-world imperfection in antenna broadcast patterns in the generation and definition of a sectors radio coverage area. The term “call” includes mobile originations, terminations, Short-message-service, data session and control events such as paging, page response, registration, location updating, authentication, AnyTimelnterrogation (ATI), and device identity auditing.
The geographic position of the serving base station antenna is known 501. When a call is made, the range band 507 (as constrained by an inner range 506 and an outer range 505 and the sector edges 503504) is developed to allow timing and power control for the mobile. Since only the range band 507 and cell site location 501 are known, a first location 508 is estimated to be on the sector bisector 511 midway between the inner range 506 and an outer range 505 as to be centered within the range band 507. Assuming a uniform random distribution within the range band 507, the error to any mobile within the range band 507 can be calculated. For a mobile at position (r, θ) 510 the error 509 is the distance between (r, θ) and the nominal TA-distance location for the range band (ro,θo) 508.
As shown in
The RMS location error is a determined by first calculating the expected values of (r, θ), i.e. (ro,θo), and formulating the distance squared between an arbitrary point, (r, θ), and (ro,θo) in the TA band. This is the error squared. The expected value of the error squared is determined by integrating the pdf over the appropriate ranges of r and θ. The RMS is the square root of this result. However, the constant of the two dimensional pdf must first be determined. This can be determined by using a property of rv pdfs that they are equal to one when integrated over their entire two dimensional range. This is written:
where ƒrθ(r,θ) is the two dimensional pdf and, for a uniform distribution, is equal to the constant K.
Evaluating this two dimensional integral yields the value of K as:
Next we calculate the expected value of each of the rvs. The expected value of θ can be determined as:
Evaluating this integral yields:
E(θ)=θo=0
This is as expected since it is half of the angular range from the lower limit, −Δθ/2, to the upper limit, Δθ/2.
We will now calculate the expected value of r.
Evaluating this integral yields:
Note that the expected value of r, ro, is not at the midpoint of the timing band as might be expected but is shifted toward the outer radius. This results because of the greater area towards the outer radius r2 as opposed to the inner radius r1. The error squared is simply the distance from (ro,θo) to an arbitrary point, (r, θ), squared as shown in the figure. This is expressed in the more familiar Cartesian coordinates as:
error2=(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2
which can be converted to cylindrical coordinates with the conversions x=r cos θ and y=r sin θ.
Substituting yields:
error2=(r cos θ−r0 cos θ0)2+(r sin θ−r0 sin θ0)2
Substituting for θ0 equal to its expected value, i.e. zero, and rearranging via trigonometric identities yields:
error2=(r cos θ−r0)2+(r sin θ)2=r2−2rr0 cos θ+r02
The expected value of the error squared, i.e., the mean of the squared error (MSE), is determined by integrating the error squared function over the two dimensional pdf of r and θ. This is written as:
The RMS is determined by taking the square root of the expected value of the error squared. Evaluation of this integral yields:
Substituting for r0 and simplifying provides:
The RMS location error is simply the square root of the E(error2).
In
The Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) Location Error for a uniform random distribution of mobiles in the range band is shown by the Y axis 601. The X axis 602 shows the estimated range for the mobile. The RMS Location Error versus the Estimated Range is shown by plot 603.
An analysis of the plotted line 603 yields a linear function with a slope of ⅗. Thus, for every 1000 meters a subscriber is from the cell site his RMS location error will increase by 600 meters.
The illustration in
In the
The graph in
First, the wireless network information and geographic information must be obtained 801. The preferred method is for collection of wireless network settings and parameters is via electronic transfer from the Operational Support System (OSS) that manages the provisioning and inventory databases for the wireless communications network. Geographic information is obtained from a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS system may be part of the operators WCN but can be from a third party. Both the OSS and GIS information is periodically updated or ad hoc when large network or geographic events occur (addition of cell towers, road openings, closings, flooding, etc).
The collected WCN information can include:
In the cases where power-based ranging is used, power level contours will be constructed and numbered to form the required range bands.
Next the nominal geographic coverage areas of the ranging bands are determined from the wireless network information 802.
Then the coverage areas are sectioned and separately addressable, geographical grid boxes are formed over the service area 803. The size of the grid boxes are selected to be consistent with the accuracy of the highest accuracy location technique providing the a priori location estimates. The location, i.e. latitude and longitude, of the center of each grid box is noted. Thus, each grid box possesses an identifying number and a location.
Finally, using the coverage areas and ranging bands previously generated, and initial association of grid boxes with coverage areas and ranging bands is created 804.
A process populating the improved cell-ID with ranging database is shown in
First, high accuracy location estimates for calls placed within the coverage areas is obtained 901. The historical information records may be obtained all-at-once as a data dump or piecemeal over a provisioning period. Continuous or periodic delivery of new historical information records can be used to further update the improved cell-ID with ranging database. The map shown on
Once a high volume of high accuracy location estimates for the coverage area is collected, each a priori high accuracy location is associated with a grid box 902. A location counter is associated with each grid box and is updated 903. Then the range band(s) associated with the updated grid box is identified 904. Finally, the a posteriori, i.e. improved, location estimate for the range band(s) is updated 905.
The improved location estimate for each range band is calculated by multiplying the latitude and longitude of each grid box by the number of locations in each grid box and summing these results for all of the grid boxes in the range band. Finally, the results are divided by the summation of the number of location in all of the grid boxes in the range band. Mathematically, for a range band associated with N grid boxes this is written as:
where i indicates the grid box index, latitude, is the latitude of the center of the ith grid box, longitude, is the longitude of the center of the ith grid box and Mi is the number of high accuracy locations in the ith grid box. Similarly, the location error and error ellipse can be calculated for each range band.
Default Improved Locations
The improved location technique can be initialized before high accuracy locations are available by setting the count equal to zero in each grid box associated with every range band over the WCN coverage area. If an improved location is requested for a specific cell sector and range band before any high accuracy location estimates have been obtained for this specific cell sector and range band then it will have a count of zero for all of the grid boxes. The default improved location will be determined by summing the latitudes and longitudes for all of the grid boxes and dividing by the total number of grid boxes. Mathematically, the default improved location estimate for a range band associated with N grid boxes is written as:
This will provide a location estimate assuming a uniform distribution of subscribers about the range band.
During a call (voice call, messaging service, or data session), the cell-ID and ranging information are obtained from the WCN 1001. This ranging information may be power or time based. The ranging information is used to determine the range band and the improved cell-ID location with ranging estimate for that range band will be determined 1002. This improved cell-ID location with ranging estimate will then be reported to the location application server 1003.
Additional Embodiments
If high accuracy location data is available for every cell sector and range band of the WCN then the technique can be implemented without information about the WCN. This is accomplished by gridding the entire coverage area. Each grid box of the grid is assigned an identifier and a latitude and longitude associated with its center. Each high accuracy location record will possess a latitude and longitude and a cell sector identifier and range band. Each grid box will have a counter associated with each cell sector identifier/range band of high accuracy locations that are in the latitude and longitude range of the grid box. Thus, some grid boxes will have no counters if no high accuracy locations occur at the grid box's location. Similarly, some grid boxes will have more than one counter because it overlaps range bands and/or cell sectors due to wireless propagation phenomena such as multipath reflections, refraction, etc. The improved location estimate will be calculated by considering only those grid boxes associated with the specific cell sector/range band of the improved location request and only the counter of those grid boxes associated with the specific cell sector/range band.
Using Extended High Accuracy Location Records to Adjust Range Bands
If the cell idea and range data is available in the location record for historical high-accuracy locations, then the range bands may be adjusted using this data. As shown in
This type of adaptive range banding is expected to increase the accuracy of the improved cell-id with ranging location estimate. Due to antenna delay, multipath reflections and refraction of the radio waves, actual geographic coverage of a range band may not match the predicted coverage. This automatic adjustment using extended high-accuracy location records
Using Time-of-Day and Date Adjustments
As the improved cell-id with ranging database (ICRD) increases in size with the addition of more high accuracy location records, calling patterns may be observed, for instance; the call distribution in a range band coverage area may change based on the time of day, on the day-of-the-week, with seasonality or time of year. Use of the time and date stamp included in the high accuracy location records allows for use of the observed call distribution over time to further increase the accuracy of an improved cell-id with ranging location estimate.
Additional Call-Related Information
If the high accuracy location record includes the called/calling number or a service identifier (e.g. the teleservices identifier), the additional call-related information can be included in the creation of the distribution factor for a particular called number or service type within the ICRD database. For example, emergency services calls (e.g. 9-1-1, 1-1-2, 9-9-9) may have a markedly different distribution factor from other voice calls or data sessions. Indexing of the improved cell-id with ranging database (ICRD) with the calling/called number or services identifier allows for separate distribution factors to be computed for each service or number, resulting in highest accuracy for the particular service or call.
The true scope the present invention is not limited to the presently preferred embodiments disclosed herein. For example, the foregoing disclosure of illustrative embodiments of a wireless location system and associated wireless communications system uses explanatory terms, such as LMU, WLS, Timing Advance (TA), and the like, that refer to structures, protocols and technical standards which represent exemplary, and in some cases presently preferred, implementations of the inventive concepts described herein, but these are by no means intended to limit the invention. Accordingly, except as they may be expressly so limited, the scope of protection of the following claims is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments described above.
