Patent Application
20240131238
The present invention relates to treatment of renal diseases, and, in particular, to localized delivery of therapeutic agents to a patient's kidney.
Gene therapy and cell therapy techniques in the treatment of various renal conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, have attracted increased attention due to their potential to be uniquely tailored and efficacious in addressing the root cause pathogenesis of various renal conditions. Nevertheless, issues related to delivery, including vector efficiency, dose, specificity, and safety remain. As such, there is a need for further research directed to ways of achieving a more targeted, homogenous delivery of drugs suitable for treatment of various renal conditions that are also effective, well tolerated, and minimally invasive.
It is an object of the present invention to provide methods for perfusing a drug in one or both kidneys of a patient in a minimally invasive manner.
It is an object of the present invention to provide methods for circulating a perfusate (which may contain one or more of blood or a drug) through one or both kidneys of a patient such that the perfusate is isolated from the patient's systemic circulation.
It is an object of the present invention to provide loco-regional delivery of pharmaco-gene therapy.
It is an object of the present invention to reduce the overall dose of a drug delivered to a patient for treating a renal condition.
It is an object of the present invention to reduce risks and/or adverse immune response to the administration of a drug suitable for treatment of a renal condition.
It is an object of the present invention to allow for re-dosing and/or dosing a pharmaco-gene therapy drug to patients who possess neutralizing antibodies, e.g., to a gene therapy vector, that would otherwise be unsuitable candidates for receiving such drugs.
It is an object of the present invention to circulate a perfusate through the kidneys and isolate the renal circulation from the patient's systemic circulation so as to allow a potentially nephrotoxic drug to be introduced into the systemic circulation while preventing or reducing exposure of the drug to the kidneys.
It is an object of the present invention to treat renal conditions such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and nephronopthisis.
It is an object of the present invention to provide loco-regional delivery of pharmaco-gene therapy to treat gene mutations such as mutations in the PKD2 and NPHP1 genes.
The above objects and others are met by the present invention which in certain embodiments are directed to a method of perfusing a drug in one or both kidneys of a patient. In one aspect, a method comprises: positioning a perfusion catheter in the renal artery of the kidney; positioning a recovery catheter in the renal vein of the kidney such that the perfusion catheter and the recovery catheter together with a membrane oxygenation device form a closed perfusion circuit through the kidney; and causing a perfusate to flow through the closed circuit. In some embodiments, the closed circuit isolates perfusion through the kidney from the systemic circulation of the patient.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises: positioning a recovery balloon catheter in the bladder of the patient to measure urine excretion during the perfusion.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises: positioning an additional recovery catheter in each of two ureters of the patient to differentially measure excretion of both kidneys of the patient.
In some embodiments, positioning the perfusion catheter in the renal artery comprises positioning the perfusion catheter via the arteria femoralis.
In some embodiments, positioning the recovery catheter in the renal vein comprises positioning the perfusion catheter via the vena femoralis.
In some embodiments, causing the perfusate to flow through the closed circuit comprises: causing the perfusate to pass through the membrane oxygenation device prior to entering the renal artery via the perfusion catheter. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding additional perfusate to the closed circuit or diluting the perfusate by about 5% to about 50% v/v of a saline solution to account for bladder excretion volume.
In some embodiments, the closed circuit maintains a flow rate of the perfusate at about 500 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney to about 650 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney for about 15 min to about 4 hours.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying negative pressure at the recovery catheter, such that the negative pressure ranges from about −100 mmHg to 0 mmHg.
In some embodiments, one or more of the perfusion catheter and the recovery catheter are introduced percutaneously.
In some embodiments, the perfusate comprises autologous blood, matched blood from donors, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, blood components are chosen according to one or more parameters, such that the one or more parameters comprise presence or absence of selected antibodies.
In some embodiments, the perfusion is maintained over a duration of about 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or within any range defined therebetween.
In some embodiments, the perfusate comprises a therapeutic polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the therapeutic polynucleotide sequence is present in one or more viral vectors. In some embodiments, the one or more viral vectors is selected from the group consisting of an adeno-associated virus, an adenovirus, a retrovirus, a herpes simplex virus, a bovine papilloma virus, a lentiviral vector, a vaccinia virus, a polyoma virus, a sendai virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, papovavirus, picornavirus, pox virus, alphavirus, variations thereof, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the viral vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV). In some embodiments, the AAV is one or more of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, variations thereof, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the therapeutic polynucleotide sequence comprises a promoter.
In some embodiments, less than about 20% v/v, less than about 15% v/v, less than about 10% v/v, less than about 5% v/v, less than about 4% v/v, less than about 3% v/v, less than about 2% v/v, less than about 1% v/v, less than about 0.5% v/v, or substantially no (0% v/v) blood circulated through the closed circuit leaks outside of the closed circuit.
In some embodiments, less than about 20% v/v, less than about 15% v/v, less than about 10% v/v, less than about 5% v/v, less than about 4% v/v, less than about 3% v/v, less than about 2% v/v, less than about 1% v/v, less than about 0.5% v/v, or substantially no (0% v/v) perfusate circulated through the closed circuit leaks outside of the closed circuit.
In some embodiments, one or more of the perfusion catheter or the recovery catheter is a balloon catheter.
In another aspect, a method comprises: positioning a perfusion catheter in the renal artery of the kidney; positioning a recovery catheter in the renal vein of the kidney such that the perfusion catheter and the recovery catheter together with a membrane oxygenation device form a closed perfusion circuit through the kidney; and causing oxygenated blood to flow through the closed circuit, such that the closed circuit isolates the kidney from the patient's systemic circulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing a nephrotoxic drug into the patient's systemic circulation. In some embodiments, the exposure of the nephrotoxic drug to the kidney is prevented or reduced compared to administration of the nephrotoxic drug without the presence of the closed circuit.
In another aspect, a system for performing loco-regional perfusion of a kidney of a patient when fluidly coupled thereto comprises: a perfusion catheter adapted for insertion into the renal artery of the kidney; a recovery catheter adapted for insertion into the renal vein of the kidney; a membrane oxygenation device fluidly coupled to the perfusion catheter, the recovery catheter, and an oxygen source, such that the perfusion catheter, the recovery catheter, and the membrane oxygenation device together form a closed circuit through the kidney that is isolated from the patient's systemic circulation when the perfusion catheter is inserted into the renal artery and the recovery catheter is inserted into the renal vein; and a pump configured to drive fluid flow through the perfusion catheter and the recovery catheter.
In some embodiments, the system further comprises a recovery balloon catheter adapted for insertion into the bladder of the patient to measure urine excretion during the perfusion.
In some embodiments, the system further comprises additional recovery catheters adapted for insertion into each of two ureters of the patient to differentially measure excretion of both kidneys of the patient.
In some embodiments, the membrane oxygenation device comprises a reservoir configured for injecting a drug into the closed circuit during perfusion.
In some embodiments, the system is adapted to maintain a flow rate of a perfusate through the closed circuit at about 500 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney to about 650 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney for about 15 min to about 4 hours.
In another aspect, a system for performing loco-regional perfusion of a kidney of a patient comprises: a perfusion catheter inserted into the renal artery of the kidney; a recovery catheter inserted into the renal vein of the kidney; and a membrane oxygenation device fluidly coupled to the perfusion catheter, the recovery catheter, and an oxygen source, such the perfusion catheter, the recovery catheter, and the membrane oxygenation device together with the kidney form a closed circuit through the kidney that is isolated from the patient's systemic circulation; and a pump configured to drive fluid flow into the kidney via the perfusion catheter out of the kidney via the recovery catheter.
In some embodiments, the system further comprises: a recovery balloon catheter inserted into the bladder of the patient to measure urine excretion during the perfusion.
In some embodiments, the system further comprises: additional recovery catheters inserted into each of two ureters of the patient to differentially measure excretion of both kidneys of the patient.
In some embodiments, the membrane oxygenation device comprises a reservoir configured for injecting a drug into the closed circuit during perfusion.
In some embodiments, the system is adapted to maintain a flow rate of a perfusate through the closed circuit at about 500 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney to about 650 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney for about 15 min to about 4 hours.
In another aspect, a system of any of the foregoing systems is configured to perform a method of any of the foregoing methods.
The above objects and others are further met by the present invention which in certain embodiments are directed to a loco-regional perfusion system configured to perform any of the aforementioned methods.
The above and other features of the present disclosure, their nature, and various advantages will become more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a drug” includes a single drug as well as a mixture of two or more different drugs; and reference to a “viral vector” includes a single viral vector as well as a mixture of two or more different viral vectors, and the like.
Also as used herein, “about,” when used in connection with a measured quantity, refers to the normal variations in that measured quantity, as expected by one of ordinary skill in the art in making the measurement and exercising a level of care commensurate with the objective of measurement and the precision of the measuring equipment. In certain embodiments, the term “about” includes the recited number ±10%, such that “about 10” would include from 9 to 11.
Also as used herein, “polynucleotide” has its ordinary and customary meaning in the art and includes any polymeric nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA molecules, as well as chemical derivatives known to those skilled in the art. Polynucleotides include not only those encoding a therapeutic protein, but also include sequences that can be used to decrease the expression of a targeted nucleic acid sequence using techniques known in the art (e.g., antisense, interfering, or small interfering nucleic acids). Polynucleotides can also be used to initiate or increase the expression of a targeted nucleic acid sequence or the production of a targeted protein within cells of the cardiovascular system. Targeted nucleic acids and proteins include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids and proteins normally found in the targeted tissue, derivatives of such naturally occurring nucleic acids or proteins, naturally occurring nucleic acids or proteins not normally found in the targeted tissue, or synthetic nucleic acids or proteins. One or more polynucleotides can be used in combination, administered simultaneously and/or sequentially, to increase and/or decrease one or more targeted nucleic acid sequences or proteins.
Also as used herein, “perfusion,” “perfused,” and “perfusing” have their ordinary and customary meaning in the art and refer to administration for a time period (typically a minute or more) that is substantially longer than the art recognized term of “injection” or “bolus injection” (typically less than a minute). The flow rate of the perfusion will depend at least in part on the volume administered.
Also as used herein, “exogenous” nucleic acids or genes are those that do not occur in nature in the vector utilized for nucleic acid transfer; e.g., not naturally found in the viral vector, but the term is not intended to exclude nucleic acids encoding a protein or polypeptide that occurs naturally in the patient or host.
Also as used herein, “renal cell” includes any cell of a kidney that is involved in maintaining a structure or providing a function of the kidney.
Also as used herein, “isolated,” “substantially isolated,” “largely isolated,” and their variants are terms that do not require complete or absolute isolation of the renal or systemic circulation; rather, they are intended to mean that a majority, preferably the major part or even substantially all of the specified circulation is isolated. Also as used herein, “partially isolated” refers to any nontrivial portion of the specified circulation being isolated.
Also as used herein, “non-naturally restricted” includes any method of restricting the flow of fluid through a blood vessel, e.g., balloon catheter, sutures, etc., but does not include naturally occurring restriction, e.g., plaque build-up (stenosis). Non-natural restriction includes substantial or total isolation of, for example, the renal circulation.
Also as used herein, “minimally invasive” is intended to include any procedure that does not require open surgical access to the kidney or vessels closely associated with the kidney. Such procedures include the use of endoscopic means to access the kidney, and also catheter-based means relying on access via large arteries and veins.
Also as used herein, “adeno-associated virus” or “AAV” encompasses all subtypes, serotypes, and pseudotypes, as well as naturally occurring and recombinant forms. A variety of AAV serotypes and strains are known in the art and are publicly available from sources, such as the ATCC and academic or commercial sources. Alternatively, sequences from AAV serotypes and strains which are published and/or available from a variety of databases may be synthesized using known techniques.
Also as used herein, “serotype” refers to an AAV which is identified by and distinguished from other AAVs based on capsid protein reactivity with defined antisera. There are at least twelve known serotypes of human AAV, including AAV1 through AAV12, however additional serotypes continue to be discovered, and use of newly discovered serotypes are contemplated.
Also as used herein, “pseudotyped” AAV refers to an AAV that contains capsid proteins from one serotype and a viral genome including 5′ and 3′ inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of a different or heterologous serotype. A pseudotyped recombinant AAV (rAAV) would be expected to have cell surface binding properties of the capsid serotype and genetic properties consistent with the ITR serotype. A pseudotyped rAAV may comprise AAV capsid proteins, including VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins, and ITRs from any serotype AAV, including any primate AAV serotype from AAV1 through AAV12, as long as the capsid protein is of a serotype heterologous to the serotype(s) of the ITRs. In a pseudotyped rAAV, the 5′ and 3′ ITRs may be identical or heterologous. Pseudotyped rAAV are produced using standard techniques described in the art.
Also as used herein, a “chimeric” rAAV vector encompasses an AAV vector comprising heterologous capsid proteins; that is, a rAAV vector may be chimeric with respect to its capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, such that VP1, VP2, and VP3 are not all of the same serotype AAV. A chimeric AAV as used herein encompasses AAV such that the capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 differ in serotypes, including for example but not limited to capsid proteins from AAV1 and AAV2; are mixtures of other parvo virus capsid proteins or comprise other virus proteins or other proteins, such as for example, proteins that target delivery of the AAV to desired cells or tissues. A chimeric rAAV as used herein also encompasses an rAAV comprising chimeric 5′ and 3′ ITRs.
Also as used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier” refers to any inert ingredient in a composition that is combined with an active agent in a formulation. A pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can include, but is not limited to, carbohydrates (such as glucose, sucrose, or dextrans), antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid or glutathione), chelating agents, low-molecular weight proteins, high-molecular weight polymers, gel-forming agents, or other stabilizers and additives. Other examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents, or preservatives, which are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid. Examples of carriers, stabilizers or adjuvants can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 17th ed. (1985).
Also as used herein, a “patient” refers to a subject, particularly a human (but could also encompass a non-human), who has presented a clinical manifestation of a particular symptom or symptoms suggesting the need for treatment, who is treated prophylactically for a condition, or who has been diagnosed with a condition to be treated.
Also as used herein, a “subject” encompasses the definition of the term “patient” and does not exclude individuals who are otherwise healthy.
Also as used herein, “treatment of” and “treating” include the administration of a drug with the intent to lessen the severity of or prevent a condition, e.g., a renal condition or renal disease.
Also as used herein, “prevention of” and “preventing” include the avoidance of the onset of a condition, e.g., a renal condition or renal disease.
Also as used herein, a “condition” or “conditions” refers to those medical conditions, such as a renal disease, that can be treated, mitigated, or prevented by administration to a subject of an effective amount of a drug.
Also as used herein, an “effective amount” refers to the amount of a drug that is sufficient to produce a beneficial or desired effect at a level that is readily detectable by a method commonly used for detection of such an effect. In some embodiments, such an effect results in a change of at least 10% from the value of a basal level where the drug is not administered. In other embodiments, the change is at least 20%, 50%, 80%, or an even higher percentage from the basal level. As will be described below, the effective amount of a drug may vary from subject to subject, depending on age, general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the particular drug administered, and the like. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the pertinent texts and literature and/or by using routine experimentation.
Also as used herein, an “active agent” refers to any material that is intended to produce a therapeutic, prophylactic, or other intended effect, whether or not approved by a government agency for that purpose.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to illuminate certain materials and methods and does not pose a limitation on scope. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosed materials and methods.
Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for treating a renal condition in a minimally invasive manner. Certain other embodiments of the present disclosure relate to organ-selective delivery of AAV to the kidney using a minimally-invasive percutaneous delivery system. An exemplary method may comprise isolating a patient's renal circulation from the patient's systemic circulation and perfusing a fluid, such as a drug-containing fluid, into the patient's isolated or substantially isolated renal circulation. The perfusion may be performed in one or both kidneys, and may be used to deliver one or more drugs, including, but not limited to, gene therapy vectors, exosomes, nanoparticles, antibodies, chemotherapy, etc., without exposing the systemic circulation and, thus, other organs to the drug(s) chosen. The methods may also be used to isolate the renal circulation to allow administration, for example, of a nephrotoxic drug to the patient's systemic circulation in order to protect the kidneys from adverse effects. Isolation of the patient's renal circulation is described in more detail below with reference to
Renal conditions or diseases that may be treated by the methods disclosed herein may include, without limitations, nephronophthisis, particularly caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the NPHP1 gene, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, particularly caused by haploinsufficiency of the PKD2 gene. Nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive kidney disease leading to end stage kidney failure. The most common form is caused by mutations, most commonly bi-allelic deletions, of NPHP1 (Hildebrandt, F. et al., Nature Genetics, vol. 17, 149-153, 1997; Saunier, S. et al., Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 6, no. 13, 2317-2323, 1997). The NPHP1 gene results in the 733 amino acid protein, nephrocystin-1 (cDNA of 2199 bases in length), located at adherens junctions and focal adhesions of renal epithelial cells that can be vectorized in an AAV. It is contemplated that substitution of nephrocystin-1 to the target tissue can alleviate or correct nephronophthisis type 1.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has an incidence of 1/1000 individuals, and about 15% of these are due to mutations in the PKD2 protein. PKD2 is a 968 amino acid polypeptide, and is an integral membrane protein localizing to the cilia. The major pathomechanism is haploinsufficiency (Veldhuisen, B. et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 61, 547-555, 1997). It is contemplated that supplementing PKD2 protein levels by AAV-mediated gene therapy can alleviate ADPKD.
Transduction of solid organs by systemic administration of recombinant AAV vectors has been challenging because it requires high doses and has led to severe adverse events (SAE), particularly hepatotoxicity and thrombotic microangiopathy. Certain embodiments relate to a loco-regional delivery and perfusion system that enables the selective perfusion of solid organs. The embodiments demonstrate that targeted delivery of AAV vectors to one or both kidneys is possible without relevant discharge into the systemic circulation.
To demonstrate the efficacy of the embodiments described herein, the left renal artery and vein of AAV-seronegative adult domestic pigs (approx. 90 kg) were catheterized percutaneously via internal jugular and femoral access. To isolate the kidney from the systemic circulation, a closed-loop was established using each animal's own heparinized blood priming (perfusate), and the loco-regional perfusion (LRP) was initiated using an extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) system. AAV vector with a CMV-EGFP transgene cassette was injected into the closed-loop LRP system and the loco-regional perfusion of the kidney was performed for up to 2 hours. Blood samples were collected longitudinally for safety evaluation, and vector titration and immunological assessment (e.g. complement activation, anti-AAV antibodies) was performed prior to, during, and after the procedure. After completion of the procedure, the vector-containing perfusate was withdrawn, and the catheters were removed. Animals were assessed for 2 weeks before they were euthanized and harvested for tissue processing. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the presence of vector genomes, and transgene expression were assessed by qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The procedure was successful in all animals and no peri-procedural complications occurred. The animals made a swift recovery without any clinical signs of renal injury or impairment. Vector concentration remained high and stable in the perfusate of the closed-loop throughout the procedure, with no relevant leakage to the systemic circulation or the urine. AAV particles were evenly distributed in the treated renal tissue. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed homogeneously in the perfused kidney. No vector was detected in the untreated contralateral kidney, the liver, or other organs. Anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies only mildly increased compared to baseline and no complement activation was detected. Further testing is discussed in greater detail below.
In some embodiments, the system includes an arterial access catheter that may be inserted, for example, via the arteria femoralis and sealed within the renal artery with a flow rate appropriate to perfuse and oxygenate the kidney for the duration of the procedure, typically 500-600 mL/min/kidney in a 70 kg adult (or 1000-1200 mL/1.73 m2). In some embodiments, the system includes a venous recovery catheter that may be inserted, for example, via the vena femoralis and sealed within the renal vein with a flow rate appropriate for recovery of the venous flow. In some embodiments, the system includes an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator system that fluidly connects the venous blood flow from the kidney to the arterial blood flow of the kidney, and is capable of oxygenizing the venous blood.
In some embodiments, the system includes one or more additional access lines allowing for drug administration or fluid addition. In some embodiments, a balloon catheter may be inserted into the patient's bladder to measure urine excretion during the procedure. In other embodiments, individual ureter catheters are placed in each of both ureters to differentially measure the excretion of both kidneys. In some embodiments, the system is adapted to replace a fluid volume of the perfusate that is lost due to bladder excretion. For example, in some embodiments, additional perfusate (e.g., blood) and/or other physiologically acceptable solutions (e.g., plasma or saline solution) may be used to replace about 5% v/v to about 50% v/v of the lost perfusate volume to account for bladder excretion.
In some embodiments, the system and method allow for loco-regional perfusion of one kidney with a target drug for a duration such as 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, one hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or for any range defined therebetween. In some embodiments, the system and method allow for selective drug-targeting of one kidney or both kidneys with zero or minimal exposure of the systemic circulation and other organs to the drug. In some embodiments, a gene therapy drug may be used to treat a renal condition, which may utilize a viral vector (e.g., an adeno-associated virus), naked or encapsulated DNA or RNA molecules, synthetic DNA or RNA analogs (e.g., antisense). In some embodiments, chemotherapy may be used to target a renal tumor. In some embodiments, other drugs or biologics/antibodies may be used. In some embodiments, a combination of the aforementioned drugs may be used.
There are a number of advantages to isolating the renal circulation of the patient from the systemic circulation of the patient when treating a renal condition. These advantages include, but are not limited to: (1) loco-regional delivery of the drug, minimal leakage of the drug to other organs, and reduced overall drug dose; (2) increased targeted drug dose; (3) reduced risks and side-effects; and (4) the possibility to re-dose select patients or to dose patient populations that were not suitable therapy candidates for certain therapies (such as gene therapy with viral vectors to patients who had antibodies to the viral vectors).
Exemplary recovery catheters and perfusion catheters are now described. The catheters can be configured for the anatomy of any target organ (e.g., a kidney), for which LRP is to be performed, as would be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, it is to be understood that any of the catheters described as “recovery catheters” could also be used as “perfusion catheters,” and vice versa. The embodiments described herein are not limited to LRP of a kidney, but may also be used to isolate the circulation of the kidney from the systemic circulation, for example, to reduce or prevent exposure of the kidney to a drug or other agent introduced into the systemic circulation that may have a deleterious effect on the kidney. Those of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate other uses of the catheter embodiments described herein, for example, in applications for which sealing of a blood vessel is desired.
Embodiments of exemplary catheters for use as recovery catheters in an LRP system are now described. In at least one embodiment, the recovery catheters are designed to support a liquid suction flow rate of about 400 mL/min or greater (e.g., about 700 m/min or greater). For example, in certain embodiments, an exemplary catheter can support an in vitro suction flow rate of about 800 mL/min at about −80 mmHg.
In certain embodiments, one or more of the catheters may be multi-lumen catheters, such as double-lumen catheters. In certain embodiments, the multi-lumen catheters allow for liquid flow (e.g., a perfusate) and enable inflation of one or more balloons. In certain embodiments, one or more of the catheters may be multi-balloon catheters having two or more balloons. In certain embodiments, one or more of the balloons may be deployed or deflated independently.
The catheter 100 includes a tip portion 108 at the distal end 102 and an expandable balloon structure 110 disposed along a portion 112 of the inner lumen shaft 106. In at least one embodiment, the tip portion 108 includes an elongated shaft extending from the balloon structure 110 to the distal end 102. In at least one embodiment, the length of the elongated shaft of the tip portion is from about 2 mm to about 35 mm, about 5 mm to about 30 mm, about 10 mm to about 25 mm, about 15 mm to 25 mm, or within any subrange defined between (e.g., about 2 mm to about 5 mm). In at least one embodiment, the tip portion 108 includes an opening at the distal end 102 and one or more perforations along the elongated shaft. In at least one embodiment, the tip portion is formed from a compliant material that is more flexible than the material of the inner lumen shaft 106.
In at least one embodiment, the inner lumen shaft 106 includes a concentric inner flow path surrounding the liquid flow path. The concentric inner flow path provides a path for gas flow from the balloon structure 110 to a port 114, which can be used to inflate or deflate the balloon depending on the pressure applied at the port 114. In at least one embodiment, an outermost surface of the inner lumen shaft 106 at the portion 112 is removed such that the portion 112 is sealed by the balloon structure 110 to isolate gas flow from the concentric inner flow path to the balloon structure 110. In at least one embodiment, an expanded diameter of the balloon structure is from about 15 mm to about 30 mm, about 15 mm to about 20 mm, about 20 mm to about 25 mm, about 24 mm to about 28 mm, or about 25 mm to about 30 mm.
It is noted that the vessel or chamber 350, the vessel 352, and the vessel 354 are illustrative of the anatomy of, respectively, the right atrium, the coronary sinus, and the middle cardiac vein of a heart to illustrate various types of occlusion techniques for which the exemplary catheters can be utilized. However, they are referred to herein as generic vessels as it is to be understood that the deployment of any of the catheters described herein may be adapted to specific anatomies for target organs (e.g., a kidney) in which LRP or occlusion is to be performed. For example, the vessel 350 and the vessel 352 may correspond, respectively, to the inferior vena cava and the renal vein of a kidney (without the presence of the vessel 354).
In at least one embodiment, during deployment, the outer lumen shaft 406 can be moved distally to abut against the deployed balloon structure 410, resulting in additional pressure by the balloon structure 410 against the ostium of the vessel 352 to further stabilize the position of the catheter 400. In at least another embodiment, a wire structure may be utilized to apply pressure to the balloon structure 410. The wire structure, for example, may have a sinusoidal shape that is deployable to an expanded flower-like structure extending radially from the outer lumen shaft 406 or the inner lumen shaft 404. When brought into contact with the balloon structure 410, the wire structure may produce a more even pressure profile across the surface of the balloon structure 410. Prior to deployment, the wire structure may be covered by the outer lumen shaft 406, or may be covered by an additional lumen outside of the outer lumen shaft 406.
Embodiments of exemplary catheters for use as perfusion catheters in an LRP system are now described. In at least one embodiment, the perfusion catheters are designed to support a liquid perfusion flow rate of about 400 mL/min or greater (e.g., about 700 mL/min or greater). In embodiments that utilize multiple perfusion catheters can support a combined flow capacity of 700 mL/min or greater.
In certain embodiments, one or more of the catheters may be multi-lumen catheters, such as double-lumen catheters. In certain embodiments, the multi-lumen catheters allow for liquid flow (e.g., a perfusate) and enable inflation of one or more balloons. In certain embodiments, one or more of the catheters may be multi-balloon catheters having two or more balloons. In certain embodiments, one or more of the balloons may be deployed or deflated independently.
The catheter 1100 includes an expandable balloon structure 1110 disposed along a portion 1112 corresponding to the inner lumen shaft 1106 and a tip portion formed by an additional lumen. In at least one embodiment, the inner lumen shaft 1106 includes a concentric inner flow path surrounding the liquid flow path. The concentric inner flow path provides a path for gas flow from the balloon structure 1110 to a port 1114, which can be used to inflate or deflate the balloon structure 1110 depending on the pressure applied at the port 1114. In at least one embodiment, an outermost surface of the inner lumen shaft 1106 at the portion 1112 is removed such that the portion 1112 is sealed by the balloon structure 1110 to isolate gas flow from the concentric inner flow path to the balloon structure 1110. In at least one embodiment, an expanded diameter of the balloon structure 1110 is from about 15 mm to about 30 mm, about 15 mm to about 20 mm, about 20 mm to about 25 mm, about 24 mm to about 28 mm, about 25 mm to about 30 mm, or within any subrange defined therebetween (e.g., about 20 mm to about 28 mm).
The catheter 1200 further includes a plug 1210 near the distal end 1202. In at least one embodiment, the plug 1210 is formed from a flexible material, such as silicone or a foam material. In at least one embodiment, the plug 1210 includes an inner portion 1210A that fits onto the inner lumen shaft 1206 and a flexible outer portion 1210B shaped to be configurable between a retracted state (
The catheter 1300 further includes a wedge 1310 near the distal end 1302, which may be shaped to adapt to a vessel or ostium. In at least one embodiment, the wedge 1310 is formed from a flexible material, such as silicone or a foam material. In at least one embodiment, the outer lumen shaft 1304 may be configured to cover the wedge 1310 prior to deployment. When deployed in a vessel, the shape of the wedge can leverage back-up forces from the vessel wall to further enhance stability during occlusion and perfusion of the vessel.
Examples of pre-shaped catheter lumens are illustrated in
The first catheter 1822 and the second catheter 1824 may be introduced percutaneously and in a minimally invasive manner. In some embodiments, the first catheter 1822 and/or the second catheter 1824 may be introduced via antegrade intubation. In other embodiments, the first catheter 1822 and/or the second catheter 1824 may be introduced via retrograde intubation. The first catheter 1822 may be referred to herein as a “drug delivery catheter” and the second catheter 1824 may be referred to herein as a “drug collection catheter” when the catheters are used for drug delivery to the kidney or kidneys.
The first catheter 1822 may be a standard infusion catheter that may optionally include a standard guidewire and infusion pump, and is capable of delivering a perfusate to the kidney 1810, which may contain, for example, a drug to be delivered to the kidney 1810 during loco-regional perfusion. In some embodiments, the first catheter 1822 is positioned in the renal artery via the arteria femoralis. In some embodiments, the second catheter 1824 is positioned in the renal vein via the vena femoralis. In some embodiments, the second catheter 1824 is a balloon catheter such that the balloon may be inflated within the renal vein to ensure that all the blood circulated through the closed circuit flows through the second catheter 1824. The balloon catheter may be a Fogarty® catheter, or any other catheter suitable for the purposes discussed herein as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the first catheter 1822 and the second catheter 1824 may each be a balloon catheter to help reduce leakage. In some embodiments, any of the catheters may be selected from one or more of the catheters described with respect to
The LRP system 1800 may further comprise one or more additional components, such as, without limitations, one or more pumps (e.g., the vacuum pump 1848), one or more suction mechanisms, one or more perfusates, and combinations thereof. For example, the LRP system 1800 may include the pressure wire and console 1844, which in some embodiments is operatively coupled to or part of the membrane oxygenation device 1820. The pressure wire and console 1844 and the ECMO pump console 1846 may collectively be used to control the perfusion rate (i.e., flowrate) and ensure safety by continuously monitoring the renal artery pressure. A first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor, for example, may be co-inserted with the first catheter 1822 and the second catheter 1824, respectively, to measure the pressures within the renal artery and the renal vein, respectively. The LRP system 1800 is further depicted as including a BGA monitor 1830 that is operatively coupled to the membrane oxygenation device 1820 to measure, for example, the gas concentrations in the perfusate (e.g., when the perfusate contains blood) prior to perfusion via the first catheter 1822 and/or after the perfusate is collected by the second catheter 1824. The membrane oxygenation device 1820 and one or more additional components may be placed between the first catheter 1822 and the second catheter 1824.
In some embodiments, the LRP system 1800 includes a third catheter 1826 for draining the bladder 1812. In some embodiments, the third catheter 1826 is a balloon catheter to block the leakage of fluid from the bladder 1812. A flow measurement device 1842 may be used to measure an excreted volume of urine from the bladder 1812 during the LRP procedure. In some embodiments, a fluid source 1840 may be used to replace the volume of excreted fluid that is lost from the perfusate by injecting the fluid into the closed circuit via a fluid line 1841. In some embodiments, the fluid is the same as the perfusate, or has less than all components of the perfusate (e.g., without additional drug). In some embodiments, the fluid is a physiologically acceptable solution (e.g., a saline solution).
In some embodiments, the LRP system 1800 may be modified so as to simultaneously establish closed circuits within each of the patient's kidneys. In some embodiments, two separate LRP systems may be used for each of the patient's kidneys.
In some embodiments, while the closed circuit is established, one or more drugs may be perfused through the patient's systemic circulation. For example, if the drug is nephrotoxic or potentially harmful to the kidneys but systemic delivery is desirable, establishing closed circuits through the kidneys to isolate the renal perfusion from the systemic perfusion is advantageous in preventing or reducing exposure of the drug to the kidneys.
As illustrated in
The perfusate may comprise one or more of blood (or its components such as plasma or serum) and/or drug suitable for treatment of the renal condition and/or a vehicle such as saline or dextrose solutions. The delivery pump 1858 may deliver the perfusate into the first catheter 1822. In some embodiments, the perfusate may be contained in an IV bag or a syringe and may be administered directly to the first catheter 1822 with or without the delivery pump 1858.
A suction mechanism may be used to apply negative suction pressure on the second catheter 1824 to minimize blood and/or drug leakage outside of the closed circuit. The negative suction pressure may be about −150 mmHg, about −100 mmHg, about −50 mmHg, about −20 mmHg, about −15 mmHg, about −10 mmHg, about −5 mmHg, 0 mmHg, or within a subrange defined by any of these points.
Blood circulated through the closed circuit may be autologous blood, matched blood from donors, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, blood components, such as serum or plasma, are chosen according to one or more parameters. One of the parameters may be the presence or absence of selected antibodies. For instance, when the drug is one or more viral vectors encompassing a therapeutic nucleic acid sequence, the patient's autologous blood may be screened to determine whether antibodies to the one or more viral vectors are present. Presence of antibodies in the patient's autologous blood may reduce and/or negate altogether the effectiveness of the treatment and/or may result in an undesirable immune response. As such, it may be possible to dilute or replace the patient's autologous blood with a seronegative matched blood from donors, thereby reducing a patient's immune response to the drug and enhancing the effectiveness of the drug.
While the various components illustrated in
The LRP system 1800 may be set up and operated as follows: (1) a recovery catheter (e.g., the second catheter 1824) is carefully placed and tightly sealed in the renal vein to enable the collection of de-oxygenated venous blood; (2) a perfusion catheter (e.g., the first catheter 1822) is placed in the renal artery in a sealed fashion; (3) an additional recovery catheter (e.g., the third catheter 1826) is inserted into the bladder, into the ureter, or both in a sealed fasion; (4) the perfusion and recovery catheters are then connected to arterial and venous lines of the membrane oxygenation device 1820 using standard tubes; (5) operation of the LRP system 1800 is started, and the renal artery is antegradely perfused with oxygenated blood, while the returning de-oxygenated blood is collected from the renal vein via the recovery catheter using gentle negative pressure; (6) blood is then directed into the reservoir 1860 and is subsequently oxygenated by the membrane oxygenator 1866 and antegradely re-infused (driven by the delivery pump 1858) into the kidney via the first catheter 1822; and (7) fluid volume excreted through the bladder is then measured using the flow measurement device 1842 and is replaced in the perfusate by the fluid source 1840. If a drug (e.g., a vector) is administered, this can be added into the perfusate via the reservoir 1860 after priming with blood or plasma, and blood samples can be taken, or drugs can be applied via the reservoir 1860 during the entire perfusion process.
In some embodiments, diluting or replacing a patient's antibody-containing autologous blood with a seronegative matched blood from donors (e.g., exchanging the volume circulating in the system by removing venous blood and flushing in antibody-free blood to reduce the amount of circulating antibodies specific to the viral vector used) may result in a reduced adverse immune response and/or improved drug efficacy. For instance, the adversity of a patient's immune response may be reduced by about 10%, by about 20%, by about 30%, by about 40%, by about 50%, by about 60%, by about 70%, by about 80%, by about 90%, or alleviated altogether, upon dilution or replacement of autologous blood with seronegative matched blood from donors as compared to a patient's immune response without autologous blood dilution or replacement. The efficacy of a drug administered may be increased by about 10%, by about 20%, by about 30%, by about 40%, by about 50%, by about 60%, by about 70%, by about 80%, by about 90%, by about 100%, by about 150%, by about 200%, by about 300%, by about 400%, or by about 500%, upon dilution or replacement of autologous blood with seronegative matched blood from donors as compared to the drug's efficacy in a patient without autologous blood dilution or replacement.
In some embodiments, the blood portion of the perfusate may range from about 5 mL to about 5000 mL, from about 50 mL to about 2500 mL, from about 100 mL to about 1000 mL, from about 150 mL to about 500 mL, about 50 mL, about 75 mL, about 100 mL, about 125 mL, about 150 mL, about 175 mL, about 200 mL, about 225 mL, about 250 mL, about 275 mL, about 300 mL, about 325 mL, about 350 mL, about 375 mL, about 400 mL, about 425 mL, about 450 mL, about 475 mL, about 500 mL, about 550 mL, about 600 mL, about 650 mL, about 700 mL, about 750 mL, about 800 mL, about 850 mL, about 900 mL, about 950 mL, or about 1000 mL.
The ratio of autologous blood to blood matched from donors in the blood that is circulated through the closed circuit may be adjusted, as needed, to obtain a blood mixture that would be most receptive to the drug and would generate the least immune response upon introduction of the drug. In some embodiments the ratio may range from about 1:100 to about 100:1, from about 1:80 to about 80:1, from about 1:50 to about 50:1, from about 1:30 to about 30:1, from about 1:20 to about 20:1, from about 1:10 to about 10:1, from about 1:8 to about 8:1, from about 1:5 to about 5:1, from about 1:3 to about 3:1, or from about 1:2 to about 2:1 of (volume autologous blood):(volume blood matched from donors).
The flow rate of the perfusate through the closed circuit may be adjusted to match the patient's blood flow rate. As appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the blood flow rate varies from patient to patient, and for any given patient, varies throughout the day. Accordingly, the flow rate of the perfusate circulated through the closed circuit may be adjusted in situ. The flow rate may be measured over the closed circuit. In certain embodiments, the flow rate may be measured with a transonic probe (such as a clamp over tubing). In some embodiments, the flow rate of the perfusate, at any given time during the perfusion, may be within about 20%, within about 15%, within about 10%, within about 8%, within about 5%, within about 3%, within about 2%, within about 1%, or within about 0.5% of the patient's blood flow rate, based on mL/min units. It is important that the flow rate of the perfusate circulated through the closed circuit does not deviate significantly from the patient's own blood flow rate in order to avoid ischemia and/or under perfusion.
Exemplary flow rates for the perfusate circulated through the closed circuit may range, without limitations, from about 75 mL/min to about 750 mL/min, from about 100 mL/min to about 650 mL/min, from about 125 mL/min to about 600 mL/min, from about 150 mL/min to about 500 mL/min, from about 175 mL/min to about 400 mL/min, from about 200 mL/min to about 300 mL/min, about 150 mL/min, about 175 mL/min, about 200 mL/min, about 225 mL/min, about 250 mL/min, about 275 mL/min, about 300 mL/min, about 325 mL/min, or about 350 mL/min. In some embodiments, the system maintains a flow rate of the perfusate in the closed circuit at about 500 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney to about 650 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area per kidney for about 15 min to about 4 hours.
The perfusate may be circulated through the closed circuit for a duration ranging, without limitations, from about 5 minutes to about 5 hours, from about 15 minutes to about 4 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 3 hours, or from about 1 hour to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the treatment duration may occur over the span of days, e.g., 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, and so on.
With the system disclosed herein, in some embodiments, a higher dose of drug than could otherwise be administered safely through systemic delivery may be administered directly and only to the kidney or kidneys. In some embodiments, a lower overall dose of drug may be required to attain the same therapeutic effect (as was attained with a larger dose that was subjected to systemic circulation or that was subjected to only partial isolation of the renal circulation), since there may be substantially no leakage of the perfusate outside of the kidney or kidneys.
In some embodiments, less than about 50% v/v, less than about 40% v/v, less than about 30% v/v, less than about 20% v/v, less than about 15% v/v, less than about 10% v/v, less than about 5% v/v, less than about 4% v/v, less than about 3% v/v, less than about 2% v/v, less than about 1% v/v, less than about 0.5% v/v, or substantially no (0% v/v) perfusate (e.g., blood and/or drug) circulated through the closed circuit leaks outside of the closed circuit during the perfusion process.
The reduced perfusate leakage outside of the closed circuit (as compared to other methods disclosed in the art) may be due to the tight seal formed within the closed circuit and each individual component utilized in the closed circuit.
In certain embodiments, some perfusate leakage from the closed circuit may remain. For instance, up to about 0.5% v/v, about 1% v/v, about 2% v/v, about 3% v/v, about 4% v/v, about 5% v/v, about 10% v/v, about 15% v/v, about 20% v/v, about 30% v/v, about 40% v/v, or about 50% v/v of the perfusate circulated through the closed circuit may leak outside of the closed circuit. Any drug amount lost through leakage of the perfusate may be replaced in the perfusate in order to keep the drug exposure to the kidney constant over the calculated exposure time. The calculated exposure time may, in certain embodiments, range from about 5 minutes to about 5 hours, from about 15 minutes to about 4 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 3 hours, from about 1 hour to about 2 hours, or any sub-range in between.
Therapeutic Compositions
Drugs suitable for treatment of the renal condition (i.e., drugs included in the perfusate) may include therapeutic polynucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, the therapeutic polynucleotide sequences may encode to a protein for the treatment of a renal condition. The protein for treatment of the renal condition may be of human origin or may be derived from different species (e.g., without limitations, mouse, cat, pig or monkey). In some embodiments, the protein encoded by the therapeutic polynucleotide sequence may correspond to a gene expressed in a human kidney.
Exemplary proteins may include, without limitations, NPHP1, PKD2, variants thereof, or combinations thereof. The protein or proteins used may also be functional variants of the proteins mentioned herein and may exhibit a significant amino acid sequence identity compared to the original protein. For instance, the amino acid identity may amount to at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%. In this context, the term “functional variant” means that the variant of the protein is capable of, partially or completely, fulfilling the function of the naturally occurring corresponding protein. Functional variants of a protein may include, for example, proteins that differ from their naturally occurring counterparts by one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions.
The amino acid substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative. It is preferred that the substitutions are conservative substitutions, i.e., a substitution of an amino acid residue by an amino acid of similar polarity, which acts as a functional equivalent. Preferably, the amino acid residue used as a substitute is selected from the same group of amino acids as the amino acid residue to be substituted. For example, a hydrophobic residue can be substituted with another hydrophobic residue, or a polar residue can be substituted with another polar residue having the same charge. Functionally homologous amino acids, which may be used for a conservative substitution comprise, for example, non-polar amino acids such as glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Examples of uncharged polar amino acids comprise serine, threonine, glutamine, asparagine, tyrosine and cysteine. Examples of charged polar (basic) amino acids comprise histidine, arginine, and lysine. Examples of charged polar (acidic) amino acids comprise aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
Also considered as variants are proteins that differ from their naturally occurring counterparts by one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or 15) additional amino acids. These additional amino acids may be present within the amino acid sequence of the original protein (i.e., as an insertion), or they may be added to one or both termini of the protein. Basically, insertions can take place at any position if the addition of amino acids does not impair the capability of the polypeptide to fulfill the function of the naturally occurring protein in the treated subject. Moreover, variants of proteins also comprise proteins in which, compared to the original polypeptide, one or more amino acids are lacking. Such deletions may affect any amino acid position provided that it does not impair the ability to fulfill the normal function of the protein.
Finally, variants of target proteins also refer to proteins that differ from the naturally occurring protein by structural modifications, such as modified amino acids. Modified amino acids are amino acids which have been modified either by natural processes, such as processing or post-translational modifications, or by chemical modification processes known in the art. Typical amino acid modifications comprise phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, O-linked N-acetylglucosamination, glutathionylation, acylation, branching, ADP ribosylation, crosslinking, disulfide bridge formation, formylation, hydroxylation, carboxylation, methylation, demethylation, amidation, cyclization, and/or covalent or non-covalent bonding to phosphotidylinositol, flavine derivatives, lipoteichonic acids, fatty acids, or lipids.
The therapeutic polynucleotide sequence encoding the target protein may be administered to the subject to be treated in the form of a gene therapy vector, i.e., a nucleic acid construct which comprises the coding sequence, including the translation and termination codons, next to other sequences required for providing expression of the exogenous nucleic acid such as promoters, kozak sequences, polyA signals, and the like.
For example, the gene therapy vector may be part of a mammalian expression system. Useful mammalian expression systems and expression constructs are commercially available. Also, several mammalian expression systems are distributed by different manufacturers and can be employed in the present invention, such as plasmid- or viral vector based systems, e.g., LENTI -Smart™ (InvivoGen), GenScript™ Expression vectors, pAdVAntage™ (Promega), ViraPower™ Lentiviral, Adenoviral Expression Systems (Invitrogen), and adeno-associated viral expression systems (Cell Biolabs).
Gene therapy vectors for expressing an exogenous therapeutic polynucleotide sequence of the invention can be, for example, a viral or non-viral expression vector, which is suitable for introducing the exogenous therapeutic polynucleotide sequence into a cell for subsequent expression of the protein encoded by said nucleic acid. The expression vector can be an episomal vector, i.e., one that is capable of self-replicating autonomously within the host cell, or an integrating vector, i.e., one which stably incorporates into the genome of the cell. The expression in the host cell can be constitutive or regulated (e.g., inducible).
In a certain embodiment, the gene therapy vector is a viral expression vector. Viral vectors for use in the present invention may comprise a viral genome in which a portion of the native sequence has been deleted in order to introduce a heterogeneous polynucleotide without destroying the infectivity of the virus. Due to the specific interaction between virus components and host cell receptors, viral vectors are highly suitable for efficient transfer of genes into target cells. Suitable viral vectors for facilitating gene transfer into a mammalian cell can be derived from different types of viruses, for example, from an AAV, an adenovirus, a retrovirus, a herpes simplex virus, a bovine papilloma virus, a lentivirus, a vaccinia virus, a polyoma virus, a sendai virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, papovavirus, picornavirus, pox virus, alphavirus, or any other viral shuttle suitable for gene therapy, variations thereof, and combinations thereof.
“Adenovirus expression vector” or “adenovirus” is meant to include those constructs containing adenovirus sequences sufficient (a) to support packaging of the therapeutic polynucleotide sequence construct, and/or (b) to ultimately express a tissue and/or cell-specific construct that has been cloned therein. In one embodiment of the invention, the expression vector comprises a genetically engineered form of adenovirus. Knowledge of the genetic organization of adenovirus, a 36 kilobase (kb), linear, double-stranded DNA virus, allows substitution of large pieces of adenoviral DNA with foreign sequences up to 7 kb.
Adenovirus growth and manipulation is known to those of skill in the art, and exhibits broad host range in vitro and in vivo. This group of viruses can be obtained in high titers, e.g., 109 to 1011 plaque-forming units per mL, and they are highly infective. The life cycle of adenovirus does not require integration into the host cell genome. The foreign genes delivered by adenovirus vectors are episomal and, therefore, have low genotoxicity to host cells. No side effects have been reported in studies of vaccination with wild-type adenovirus, demonstrating their safety and/or therapeutic potential as in vivo gene transfer vectors.
Retroviruses (also referred to as “retroviral vector”) may be chosen as gene delivery vectors due to their ability to integrate their genes into the host genome, transferring a large amount of foreign genetic material, infecting a broad spectrum of species and cell types and for being packaged in special cell-lines.
The retroviral genome contains three genes, gag, pol, and env, that encode for capsid proteins, polymerase enzyme, and envelope components, respectively. A sequence found upstream from the gag gene contains a signal for packaging of the genome into virions. Two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences are present at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the viral genome. These contain strong promoter and enhancer sequences and are also required for integration in the host cell genome.
In order to construct a retroviral vector, a nucleic acid encoding a gene of interest is inserted into the viral genome in the place of certain viral sequences to produce a virus that is replication-defective. In order to produce virions, a packaging cell line is constructed containing the gag, pol, and/or env genes but without the LTR and/or packaging components. When a recombinant plasmid containing a cDNA, together with the retroviral LTR and packaging sequences is introduced into this cell line (by calcium phosphate precipitation for example), the packaging sequence allows the RNA transcript of the recombinant plasmid to be packaged into viral particles, which are then secreted into the culture media. The media containing the recombinant retroviruses is then collected, optionally concentrated, and used for gene transfer. Retroviral vectors are able to infect a broad variety of cell types. However, integration and stable expression require the division of host cells.
The retrovirus can be derived from any of the subfamilies. For example, vectors from Murine Sarcoma Virus, Bovine Leukemia, Virus Rous Sarcoma Virus, Murine Leukemia Virus, Mink-Cell Focus-Inducing Virus, Reticuloendotheliosis Virus, or Avian Leukosis Virus can be used. The skilled person will be able to combine portions derived from different retroviruses, such as LTRs, tRNA binding sites, and packaging signals to provide a recombinant retrovirus. These retroviruses are then normally used for producing transduction competent retroviral vector particles. For this purpose, the vectors are introduced into suitable packaging cell lines. Retroviruses can also be constructed for site-specific integration into the DNA of the host cell by incorporating a chimeric integrase enzyme into the retroviral particle.
Because herpes simplex virus (HSV) is neurotropic, it has generated considerable interest in treating nervous system disorders. Moreover, the ability of HSV to establish latent infections in non-dividing neuronal cells without integrating into the host cell chromosome or otherwise altering the host cell's metabolism, along with the existence of a promoter that is active during latency makes HSV an attractive vector. And though much attention has focused on the neurotropic applications of HSV, this vector also can be exploited for other tissues given its wide host range.
Another factor that makes HSV an attractive vector is the size and organization of the genome. Because HSV is large, incorporation of multiple genes or expression cassettes is less problematic than in other smaller viral systems. In addition, the availability of different viral control sequences with varying performance (temporal, strength, etc.) makes it possible to control expression to a greater extent than in other systems. It also is an advantage that the virus has relatively few spliced messages, further easing genetic manipulations.
HSV also is relatively easy to manipulate and can be grown to high titers. Thus, delivery is less of a problem, both in terms of volumes needed to attain sufficient multiplicity of infection (MOI) and in a lessened need for repeat dosing. Avirulent variants of HSV have been developed and are readily available for use in gene therapy contexts.
Lentiviruses are complex retroviruses, which, in addition to the common retroviral genes gag, pol, and env, contain other genes with regulatory or structural function. The higher complexity enables the virus to modulate its life cycle, as in the course of latent infection. Some examples of lentivirus include the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) and the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Lentiviral vectors have been generated by multiply attenuating the HIV virulence genes, for example, the genes env, vif, vpr, vpu, and nef are deleted making the vector biologically safe.
Lentiviral vectors are plasmid-based or virus-based, and are configured to carry the essential sequences for incorporating foreign nucleic acid, for selection and for transfer of the nucleic acid into a host cell. The gag, pol, and env genes of the vectors of interest also are known in the art. Thus, the relevant genes are cloned into the selected vector and then used to transform the target cell of interest.
Vaccinia virus vectors have been used extensively because of the ease of their construction, relatively high levels of expression obtained, wide host range and large capacity for carrying DNA. Vaccinia contains a linear, double-stranded DNA genome of about 186 kb that exhibits a marked “A-T” preference. Inverted terminal repeats of about 10.5 kb flank the genome. The majority of essential genes appear to map within the central region, which is most highly conserved among poxviruses. Estimated open reading frames in vaccinia virus number from 150 to 200. Although both strands are coding, extensive overlap of reading frames is not common.
At least 25 kb can be inserted into the vaccinia virus genome. Prototypical vaccinia vectors contain transgenes inserted into the viral thymidine kinase gene via homologous recombination. Vectors are selected on the basis of a tk-phenotype. Inclusion of the untranslated leader sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus results in a level of expression that is higher than that of conventional vectors, with the transgenes accumulating at 10% or more of the infected cell's protein in 24 hours.
The empty capsids of papovaviruses, such as the mouse polyoma virus, have received attention as possible vectors for gene transfer. The use of empty polyoma was first described when polyoma DNA and purified empty capsids were incubated in a cell-free system. The DNA of the new particle was protected from the action of pancreatic DNase. The reconstituted particles were used for transferring a transforming polyoma DNA fragment to rat FIII cells. The empty capsids and reconstituted particles consist of all three of the polyoma capsid antigens VP1, VP2, and VP3.
AAVs are parvoviruses belonging to the genus Dependovirus. They are small, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses which require a helper virus in order to replicate. Co-infection with a helper virus (e.g., adenovirus, herpes virus, or vaccinia virus) is necessary in order to form functionally complete AAV virions. In vitro, in the absence of co-infection with a helper virus, AAV establishes a latent state in which the viral genome exists in an episomal form, but infectious virions are not produced. Subsequent infection by a helper virus “rescues” the genome, allowing it to be replicated and packaged into viral capsids, thereby reconstituting the infectious virion. Recent data indicate that in vivo both wild type AAV and recombinant AAV predominantly exist as large episomal concatemers. In one embodiment, the gene therapy vector used herein is an AAV vector. The AAV vector may be purified, replication incompetent, pseudotyped rAAV particles.
AAV are not associated with any known human diseases, are generally not considered pathogenic, and do not appear to alter the physiological properties of the host cell upon integration. AAV can infect a wide range of host cells, including non-dividing cells, and can infect cells from different species. In contrast to some vectors, which are quickly cleared or inactivated by both cellular and humoral responses, AAV vectors have been shown to induce persistent transgene expression in various tissues in vivo. The persistence of recombinant AAV-mediated transgenes in non-diving cells in vivo may be attributed to the lack of native AAV viral genes and the vector's ITR-linked ability to form episomal concatemers.
AAV is an attractive vector system for use in the cell transduction of the present invention as it has a high frequency of persistence as an episomal concatemer and it can infect non-dividing cells, including cardiomyocytes, thus making it useful for delivery of genes into mammalian cells, for example, in tissue culture and in vivo.
Typically, rAAV is made by cotransfecting a plasmid containing the gene of interest flanked by the two AAV terminal repeats and/or an expression plasmid containing the wild-type AAV coding sequences without the terminal repeats, for example pIM45. The cells are also infected and/or transfected with adenovirus and/or plasmids carrying the adenovirus genes required for AAV helper function. Stocks of rAAV made in such a fashion are contaminated with adenovirus, which must be physically separated from the rAAV particles (for example, by cesium chloride density centrifugation or column chromatography). Alternatively, adenovirus vectors containing the AAV coding regions and/or cell lines containing the AAV coding regions and/or some or all of the adenovirus helper genes could be used. Cell lines carrying the rAAV DNA as an integrated provirus can also be used.
Multiple serotypes of AAV exist in nature, with at least twelve serotypes (AAV1-AAV12). Despite the high degree of homology, the different serotypes have tropisms for different tissues. Upon transfection, AAV elicits only a minor immune reaction (if any) in the host. Therefore, AAV is highly suited for gene therapy approaches.
The present disclosure may be directed in some embodiments to a drug comprising an AAV vector that is one or more of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, ANC AAV, chimeric AAV derived thereof, variations thereof, and combinations thereof, which will be even better suitable for high efficiency transduction in the tissue of interest. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 1 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 2 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 3 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 4 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 5 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 6 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 7 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 8 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 9 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 10 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 11 vector. In certain embodiments, the gene therapy vector is an AAV serotype 12 vector.
A suitable dose of AAV for humans may be in the range of about 1×108 vector genomes per kilogram of body weight (vg/kg) to about 3×1014 vg/kg, about 1×108 vg/kg, about 1×109 vg/kg, about 1×1010 vg/kg, about 1×1011 vg/kg, about 1×1012 vg/kg, about 1×1013 vg/kg, or about 1×1014 vg/kg. The total amount of viral particles or DRP is, is about, is at least, is at least about, is not more than, or is not more than about, 5×1015 vg/kg, 4×1015 vg/kg, 3×1015 vg/kg, 2×1015 vg/kg, 1×1015 vg/kg, 9×1014 vg/kg, 8×1014 vg/kg, 7×1014 vg/kg, 6×1014 vg/kg, 5×1014 vg/kg, 4×1014 vg/kg, 3×1014 vg/kg, 2×1014 vg/kg, 1×1014 vg/kg, 9×1013 vg/kg, 8×1013 vg/kg, 7×1013 vg/kg, 6×1013 vg/kg, 5×1013 vg/kg, 4×1013 vg/kg, 3×1013 vg/kg, 2×1013 vg/kg, 1×1013 vg/kg, 9×1012 vg/kg, 8×1012 vg/kg, 7×1012 vg/kg, 6×1012 vg/kg, 5×1012 vg/kg, 4×1012 vg/kg, 3×1012 vg/kg, 2×1012 vg/kg, 1×1012 vg/kg, 9×1011 vg/kg, 8×1011 vg/kg, 7×1011 vg/kg, 6×1011 vg/kg, 5×1011 vg/kg, 4×1011 vg/kg, 3×1011 vg/kg, 2×1011 vg/kg, 1×1011 vg/kg, 9×1010 vg/kg, 8×1010 vg/kg, 7×1010 vg/kg, 6×1010 vg/kg, 5×1010 vg/kg, 4×1010 vg/kg, 3×1010 vg/kg, 2×1010 vg/kg, 1×1010 vg/kg, 9×109 vg/kg, 8×109 vg/kg, 7×109 vg/kg, 6×109 vg/kg, 5×109 vg/kg, 4×109 vg/kg, 3×109 vg/kg, 2×109 vg/kg, 1×109 vg/kg, 9×108 vg/kg, 8×108 vg/kg, 7×108 vg/kg, 6×108 vg/kg, 5×108 vg/kg, 4×108 vg/kg, 3×108 vg/kg, 2×108 vg/kg, or 1×108 vg/kg, or falls within a range defined by any two of these values. The above listed dosages being in vg/kg renal tissue units.
With the systems and methods disclosed herein, in some embodiments, a higher dose of drug than could otherwise be administered safely through systemic delivery may be administered directly and only to the kidney, since there is substantially no leakage of the perfusate outside of the kidney. Without being construed as limiting, it is believed that AAV toxicity may be due to systemic effects such as hepatotoxicity, platelet activation and loss, and complement activation and loss. All of these toxicities and others may be reduced, minimized, or completely avoided via the loco-regional perfusate application described in the methods and systems disclosed herein. As such, doses up to about 5×1015 vg/kg renal tissue may be well tolerated. In certain embodiments, AAV doses to the kidney, expressed as vg/kg renal tissue, may exceed the highest systemically administered doses by a factor of about 2 to about 200, about 5 to about 150, about 10 to about 100, or any sub-range therein.
Apart from viral vectors, non-viral expression constructs may also be used for introducing a gene encoding a target protein or a functioning variant or fragment thereof into a cell of a patient. Non-viral expression vectors which permit the in vivo expression of protein in the target cell include, for example, a plasmid, a modified RNA, an mRNA, a cDNA, antisense oligomers, DNA-lipid complexes, nanoparticles, exosomes, any other non-viral shuttle suitable for gene therapy, variations thereof, and a combination thereof.
Apart from viral vectors and non-viral expression vectors, nuclease systems may also be used, in conjunction with a vector and/or an electroporation system, to enter into a cell of a patient and introduce therein a gene encoding a target protein or a functioning variant or fragment thereof. Exemplary nuclease systems may include, without limitations, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), a DNA cutting enzyme (e.g., Cas9), meganucleases, TALENs, zinc finger nucleases, any other nuclease system suitable for gene therapy, variations thereof, and a combination thereof. For instance, in one embodiment, one viral vector (e.g., AAV) may be used for a nuclease (e.g., CRISPR) and another viral vector (e.g., AAV) may be used for a DNA cutting enzyme (e.g., Cas9) to introduce both (the nuclease and the DNA cutting enzyme) into a target cell.
Other vector delivery systems which can be employed to deliver a therapeutic polynucleotide sequence encoding a therapeutic gene into cells are receptor-mediated delivery vehicles. These take advantage of the selective uptake of macromolecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis in almost all eukaryotic cells. Because of the cell type-specific distribution of various receptors, the delivery can be highly specific. Receptor-mediated gene targeting vehicles may include two components: a cell receptor-specific ligand and a DNA-binding agent.
Suitable methods for the transfer of non-viral vectors into target cells are, for example, the lipofection method, the calcium-phosphate co-precipitation method, the DEAE-dextran method and direct DNA introduction methods using micro-glass tubes, ultrasound, electroporation, and the like. Prior to the introduction of the vector, the renal cells may be treated with a permeabilization agent, such as phosphatidylcholine, streptolysins, sodium caprate, decanoylcarnitine, tartaric acid, lysolecithin, Triton X-100, and the like. Exosomes may also be used to transfer naked DNA or AAV-encapsidated DNA.
A gene therapy vector of the invention may comprise a promoter that is functionally linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding to the target protein. The promoter sequence should be compact and ensure a strong expression. Preferably, the promoter provides for an expression of the target protein in the kidney of the patient that has been treated with the gene therapy vector. In some embodiment, the gene therapy vector comprises a nephron-specific promoter which is operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the target protein. As used herein, a “nephron-specific promoter” refers to a promoter whose activity in renal cells is at least 2-fold higher than in any other non-renal cell type. Preferably, a nephron-specific promoter suitable for being used in the vector of the invention has an activity in renal cells which is at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, or at least 50-fold higher compared to its activity in a non-renal cell type. Moreover, a nephron-specific promoter may be specific to a particular subunit of the nephron (e.g., proximal tubule, distal tubule, glomerulum etc.) to provide higher or exclusive expression in that particular subunit.
The nephron-specific promoter may be a selected human promoter, or a promoter comprising a functionally equivalent sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the selected human promoter. Exemplary non-limiting promoters may include kidney-specific cadherin (KSPC), Na+/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), sodium potassium 2 chloride co-transporter 2 (NKCC2), and E-cadherin (ECAD).
The vectors useful in the present invention may have varying transduction efficiencies. As a result, the viral or non-viral vector transduces more than, equal to, or at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, or 100% of the cells of the targeted vascular territory. More than one vector (viral or non-viral, or combinations thereof) can be used simultaneously or in sequence. This can be used to transfer more than one polynucleotide, and/or target more than one type of cell. Where multiple vectors or multiple agents are used, more than one transduction/transfection efficiency can result.
Pharmaceutical compositions that contain gene therapy vectors may be prepared either as liquid solutions or suspensions. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention can include commonly used pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as diluents and carriers. In particular, the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., water, saline, Ringer's solution, or dextrose solution. In addition to the carrier, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, dyes, and the like.
In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition will comprise a therapeutically effective gene dose, which is a dose that is capable of preventing or treating a renal condition in a subject, without being toxic to the subject. Prevention or treatment of the renal condition may be assessed as a change in a phenotypic characteristic associated with the renal condition with such change being effective to prevent or treat the renal condition. Thus, a therapeutically effective gene dose is typically one that, when administered in a physiologically tolerable composition, is sufficient to improve or prevent the pathogenic renal phenotype in the treated subject.
The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the disclosure and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the embodiments described and claimed herein. Such variations of the embodiments, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or minor changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the embodiments incorporated herein.
The LRP system discussed below includes the following components: a percutaneous arterial catheter for occlusive antegrade perfusion of the renal artery (accessed via the femoral artery); a percutaneous venous catheter for occlusion of the renal vein and return of venous blood to the LRP system (accessed via the jugular vein); and an ECMO device with a reservoir and associated tubing to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood in the LRP system. The LRP procedure starts when the arteries are anterogradely perfused with oxygenated blood, while the returning de-oxygenated blood is collected from the venous system via the venous catheter. The blood is then collected in the reservoir, oxygenated, and anterogradely re-infused into the organ via the arterial catheters. Blood samples can be taken, or drugs can be introduced, via the reservoir during the entire procedure.
LRP was performed on pigs utilizing the LRP system 1800 illustrated in and described with respect to
The custom catheter was used as a venous recovery catheter, and included the following dimensions: a crossing profile of 19 Fr (6.3 mm); an inner diameter of 12 Fr (4.0 mm); a usable length of 80 cm; a balloon diameter of 25 mm; and a tip length of 20 mm (similar to the exemplary custom catheter shown in and described with respect to
A detailed protocol of the LRP procedure that was followed in this example is now described:
An intravenous control animal was also tested. It was found that kidney LRP led to a more even transduction profile across the different sections measured, while the IV control showed preferential transduction in the cortical section of the kidney. Transduction in the liver was significantly less for kidney LRP versus the IV control, where 17.2 vg/dg was detected in the liver for the IV control while virtually no transduction was observable in the liver for kidney LRP.
These examples demonstrate targeted AAV delivery to the kidney, resulting in homogenous transgene biodistribution using a clinically relevant animal model. The embodiments described and exemplified herein enable the development of next generation advanced therapies for the kidney by minimizing systemic adverse effects, significantly reducing required vector doses, overcoming immunologic limitations, and with the potential to repeat treatment. Use of the LRP system and methods are contemplated for use with other therapeutic agents and strategies.
In the foregoing description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific materials, dimensions, processes parameters, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. The words “example” or “exemplary” are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the words “example” or “exemplary” is simply intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X includes A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X includes A; X includes B; or X includes both A and B, then “X includes A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment”, “certain embodiments”, or “one embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “an embodiment”, “certain embodiments”, or “one embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
The present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/312,029, filed on Feb. 20, 2022, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/305,960, filed on Feb. 2, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/151,933, filed on Feb. 22, 2021, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/054360 | 2/22/2022 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63151933 | Feb 2021 | US | |
| 63305960 | Feb 2022 | US | |
| 63312029 | Feb 2022 | US |
