TREA

Low-band reflector for dual band directional antenna

Follow

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 10230161
  • Patent Number
    10,230,161
  • Date Filed
    Monday, March 17, 2014
    10 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, March 12, 2019
    5 years ago
Information
Abstract
A dual band directional antenna with low frequency band reflectors that form desired antenna patterns in a low frequency band while remaining transparent to a higher frequency band. As a result of such frequency transparency, pattern changes in the lower frequency bands do not affect patterns in the higher band frequencies.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention


The present invention generally relates to dual band directional antennas. The present invention more specifically relates to reflector switching between high-band and low-band patterns.


Description of the Related Art


Antennas that provide dual band coverage (for example, 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz) with a single feed are common. Attempting to form a directional pattern in one of the frequency bands using commonly available antennas with reflecting parasitic elements, however, will often cause unwanted changes in the patterns of the other band. Such changes complicate simultaneous operation in both frequency bands.


More specifically, changes in lower frequency band reflectors are prone to affect patterns in the higher frequency band patterns. Changes in the high frequency band reflectors typically will not affect low frequency band patterns because high frequency band reflectors are shorter with respect to the low-band wavelength. As a result, the band patterns of the lower frequencies are not affected. This is true, however, only when the frequency ratio between the high frequency band and low frequency band is sufficiently large (e.g., a frequency ratio of 2:1 or greater). When the frequency ratio between the high frequency band and low frequency band is not large enough (e.g., less than 2:1), the high frequency band may interfere with low frequency band operations.


There is a need in the art for dual band directional antennas that allow for simultaneous operation in high and low frequency bands. More specifically, there is a need for dual band directional antennas with low frequency band reflectors that form desired patterns in low frequency while remaining transparent to high frequency bands such that patterns in the high frequency are not otherwise adversely affected.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS


FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary meander line reflector;



FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary meander line reflector including a plurality of stacked horizontal transmission lines; and



FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary equivalent circuit as used in a meander line reflector.





SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide for a dual band directional antenna with low frequency band reflectors that form desired antenna patterns in a low frequency band while remaining transparent to a higher frequency band. As a result of such frequency transparency, pattern changes in the lower frequency bands do not affect patterns in the higher band frequencies. As used herein, transparency, with respect to a reflector, refers to a reflector in one band (e.g., the low-band) that is invisible to or will not otherwise affect the pattern of another frequency band (e.g., the high-band).


Embodiments of the present invention use low frequency reflectors rather than ground plane slots or otherwise inefficient reflectors such as inductively tuned short reflectors. Embodiments of the presently disclosed antenna system allow for two-band independent pattern steering with minimized hardware costs and without sacrificing peak gain, front-to-back ratio, or pattern bandwidth in either band. The use of a dual band array, as opposed to two separate smart antenna systems, may result in reduced size and hardware costs. Additional radio chains may also be supported in a given radio frequency (RF) environment.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention involve the use of reflectors for dual band directional antennas in the low frequency band such that the reflectors form desired patterns yet remain transparent in the high frequency band thereby avoiding unwanted or otherwise undesirable changes to patterns in that band.


While reference is made to operation in the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz range, these references are exemplary with respect to the operation of a dual band antenna. It will be understood that the dual band directional antennas described herein may operate in any suitable frequency bands, which may include the 2.4 GHz or 5.0 GHz frequency bands or any other suitable frequency bands. Embodiments of the present invention allow for a dual-band directional antenna with a dual-band driven element and switched high-band and low-band reflectors to be switched on or off as to the low-band reflectors without disturbing the high-band patterns.


In some embodiments, a directional antenna system includes a dual band driven element, a high-band reflector positioned relative the dual band driven element, and a low-band reflector element positioned relative the dual band driven element. The low-band reflector element may include a meander line, for example, meander line 100 of FIG. 1 or meander line 200 of FIG. 2, as described below.



FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary meander line 100 and a high-band reflector element 400 positioned relative the meander line 100 of the low-band reflector element. In some embodiments, meander line 100 may be implemented as a trace on a dielectric substrate, on a printed circuit board (PCB), as a sheet metal part, or can be constructed from wires or bent tubing such as a copper conductor. Meander line 100 includes meander feed-105, transmission lines 160 connected by vertical sections 165 of height hvert 150, and ground plane 110. In some embodiments, meander line 100 may be implemented in a low-band reflector element of a directional antenna system.


Reflectors for directional antennas over a ground plane (i.e., ground plane 110) are usually in the order of λ/4 in height, where λ denotes wavelength. In some embodiments, meander line 100 (i.e., low-band reflector with meander line 100) is implemented when there are restrictions on reflector height. For example, the available height h, shown as 135, may be less than λ/4. Thus, a meander line may allow for implementation of the dual band directional antenna in space-constrictive form factors, especially with regard to restrictions on height h 135. In some embodiments, a specifically configured meander line reflector 100 may be specifically configured so that it may be used to shorten the low-band reflector while simultaneously making it transparent to high-band frequencies.



FIG. 2 illustrates meander line 200. In some embodiments, meander line 200 is similar to meander line 100 of FIG. 1. Meander line 200 includes meander feed 210. Meander line 200 includes horizontally stacked, short circuited transmission lines 280, which are connected by short vertical sections 220, each having a vertical height denoted hvert, shown, for example, in FIG. 1 as 150. The reactance seen between points “a” and “b” and then “c” and “d,” shown as 230, 240, 250, and 260 in FIG. 2 (also shown as 115, 120, 125, and 130 in FIG. 1) is given by Equation 1:

Xn=Z0·tan(2πltr/λ),  (1)

where ltr denotes electrical length of the transmission line 290, λ denotes wavelength, and Xn, denotes the reactance of the nth transmission line at the frequency, F. The frequency F is given by F=c/λ, wherein c denotes velocity of propagation in the transmission media.


The wavelength λ varies as a function of the frequency F, as illustrated in Equations 2a and 2b:

λhigh=c/Fhigh  (2a)
λlow=c/Flow  (2b)

As used herein, Z0 denotes the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Z0 is a function of the parameters w, shown as 155 in FIG. 1, and sptr, shown as 145 in FIGS. 1 and 270 in FIG. 2, and the dielectric constant of the material in which the low-band reflector element including meander line 200 is immersed.



FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary equivalent circuit 300 for use in a meander line. In some embodiments, equivalent circuit 300 may be implemented with the meander line 100 of FIG. 1 or the meander line 200 of FIG. 2. Equivalent circuit 300 includes feed 310 and ground plane 320. Equivalent circuit 300 is illustrated as including resistor 360 and any number of inductors, with exemplary inductors “x1,” “x2,” and “x3” respectively shown as 330, 340, and 350. The value of the reactance of the nth transmission line Xn, may differ at high-band and low-band frequencies. In order to make the reflector transparent at the high-band, the electrical length of the transmission line, ltr, (e.g., ltr 290 of FIG. 2 and ltr 140 of FIG. 1) may be adjusted according to Equation 3:

2πltr/πhigh=90  (3)


Adjusting the length of the transmission line according to Equation 3 results in a very large reactance Xn, if not theoretically infinite. No current flows in the reflector, and as a result, the reflector is transparent to high-band radiation. At the low-band, Xn is given by Equation 1 with λ=λlow, as defined in Equation 2b. By adjusting the number of sections and the parameter hvert, shown s 150 in FIG. 1, the reflector can be tuned to resonance in the low-band.


While the foregoing reflector implementation is described as a single instance, multiple reflectors may be implemented to create an array of the same. For example, a dual band driven element may be positioned relative a 2 GHz and a 5 GHz reflector implementation. Further instances of that reflector implementation may be disposed around the dual band driven element to allow for the formation of multiple beams in different directions, for example, a 2 GHz beam in one direction and a 5 GHz beam in a different direction.


The foregoing detailed description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments of the present invention as modifications and variations are possible and envisioned in light of the above teachings. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the technology and its practical application to thereby allow one of skill in the art to understand how to implement the same.

Claims
  • 1. A directional antenna system, the system comprising: a high-band reflector element; anda low-band reflector element positioned relative the high-band reflector element,wherein the low-band reflector element is a reflecting parasitic element operated to form a directional pattern in a direction perpendicular to a ground plane in a low-frequency band of two distinct frequency bands, andwherein the low-band reflector element includes a meander line coupled directly to the ground plane and having a plurality of short circuited horizontal transmission lines stacked along a vertical direction and connected by vertical sections, each vertical section having a vertical height such that the low-band reflector element is tuned to resonate in the low frequency band,wherein the low-band reflector element is transparent to an antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element,wherein the low-band reflector element is switched on and off without disturbing the antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element.
  • 2. The directional antenna system of claim 1, wherein the low frequency band is at 2.4 GHz and a high frequency band of the two distinct frequency bands is at 5.0 GHz.
  • 3. The directional antenna system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of transmission lines have an electrical length such that the low-band reflector element is transparent to the antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element.
  • 4. The directional antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element is not affected by the low-band reflector element.
  • 5. The directional antenna system of claim 1, further comprising: a second high-band reflector element positioned relative the high-band reflector element; anda second low-band reflector element positioned relative the low band reflector element, the second low-band reflector element having a meander line.
  • 6. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the horizontal transmission lines has substantially the same length.
  • 7. A method for implementing directional antenna patterns in a directional antenna system, the method comprising: generating a first directional antenna pattern by reflecting a high frequency band of two distinct frequency bands by a high-band reflector element; andgenerating a second directional antenna pattern in a direction perpendicular to a ground plane by reflecting a low frequency band of the two distinct frequency bands by a low-band reflector element positioned relative the-high band reflector element,wherein the low-band reflector element is a reflecting parasitic element, andwherein the low-band reflector element comprises a meander line coupled directly to the ground plane that includes a plurality of short circuited horizontal transmission lines stacked along a vertical direction and connected by vertical sections, each vertical section having a vertical height such that the low-band reflector element is tuned to resonate in the low frequency band,wherein the low-band reflector element is transparent to the first directional antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element,wherein the low-band reflector element is switched on and off without disturbing the first directional antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element.
  • 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the low frequency band is at 2.4 GHz and the high frequency band is at 5.0 GHz.
  • 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of transmission lines have an electrical length such that the low-band reflector element is transparent to the first directional antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element.
  • 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first directional antenna pattern emitted by the high-band reflector element is not affected by the low-band reflector element.
  • 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: generating a third antenna pattern at a second high-band reflector element positioned relative the high-band reflector element; andgenerating a fourth antenna pattern at a second low-band reflector element positioned relative the low band reflector element, the second low-band reflector element having a meander line.
  • 12. The method of claim 7, wherein each of the horizontal transmission lines has substantially the same length.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application No. 61/800,854 filed Mar. 15, 2013. The disclosures of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference.

US Referenced Citations (307)
Number Name Date Kind
723188 Tesla Mar 1903 A
725605 Tesla Apr 1903 A
1869659 Broertjes Aug 1932 A
2292387 Markey et al. Aug 1942 A
3488445 Chang Jan 1970 A
3568105 Felsenheld et al. Mar 1971 A
3577196 Pereda May 1971 A
3846799 Gueguen Nov 1974 A
3918059 Adrian Nov 1975 A
3922685 Opas Nov 1975 A
3967067 Potter Jun 1976 A
3982214 Burns Sep 1976 A
3991273 Mathes Nov 1976 A
4001734 Burns Jan 1977 A
4145693 Fenwick Mar 1979 A
4176356 Foster et al. Nov 1979 A
4193077 Greenberg et al. Mar 1980 A
4253193 Kennard Feb 1981 A
4305052 Baril et al. Dec 1981 A
4513412 Cox Apr 1985 A
4554554 Olesen et al. Nov 1985 A
4587524 Hall May 1986 A
4733203 Ayasli Mar 1988 A
4814777 Monser Mar 1989 A
4845507 Archer et al. Jul 1989 A
4975711 Lee Dec 1990 A
5063574 Moose Nov 1991 A
5097484 Akaiwa Mar 1992 A
5132698 Swineford Jul 1992 A
5173711 Takeuchi et al. Dec 1992 A
5203010 Felix Apr 1993 A
5208564 Burns et al. May 1993 A
5220340 Shafai Jun 1993 A
5282222 Fattouche et al. Jan 1994 A
5291289 Hulyalkar et al. Mar 1994 A
5311550 Fouche et al. May 1994 A
5373548 McCarthy Dec 1994 A
5507035 Bantz Apr 1996 A
5532708 Krenz et al. Jul 1996 A
5559800 Mousseau et al. Sep 1996 A
5610617 Gans et al. Mar 1997 A
5629713 Mailandt et al. May 1997 A
5754145 Evans May 1998 A
5767755 Kim et al. Jun 1998 A
5767809 Chuang et al. Jun 1998 A
5786793 Maeda et al. Jul 1998 A
5802312 Lazaridis et al. Sep 1998 A
5964830 Durrett Oct 1999 A
5990838 Burns et al. Nov 1999 A
6006075 Smith et al. Dec 1999 A
6011450 Miya Jan 2000 A
6018644 Minarik Jan 2000 A
6031503 Preiss, II et al. Feb 2000 A
6034638 Thiel et al. Mar 2000 A
6052093 Yao et al. Apr 2000 A
6091364 Murakami et al. Jul 2000 A
6094177 Yamamoto Jul 2000 A
6097347 Duan et al. Aug 2000 A
6101397 Grob et al. Aug 2000 A
6104356 Hikuma et al. Aug 2000 A
6166694 Ying Dec 2000 A
6169523 Ploussios Jan 2001 B1
6204825 Wilz Mar 2001 B1
6239762 Lier May 2001 B1
6252559 Donn Jun 2001 B1
6266528 Farzaneh Jul 2001 B1
6292153 Aiello et al. Sep 2001 B1
6307524 Britain Oct 2001 B1
6317599 Rappaport et al. Nov 2001 B1
6323810 Poilasne et al. Nov 2001 B1
6326922 Hegendoerfer Dec 2001 B1
6337628 Campana et al. Jan 2002 B2
6337668 Ito et al. Jan 2002 B1
6339404 Johnson et al. Jan 2002 B1
6345043 Hsu Feb 2002 B1
6356242 Ploussios Mar 2002 B1
6356243 Schneider et al. Mar 2002 B1
6356905 Gershman et al. Mar 2002 B1
6377227 Zhu et al. Apr 2002 B1
6392610 Braun et al. May 2002 B1
6404386 Proctor, Jr. et al. Jun 2002 B1
6407719 Ohira et al. Jun 2002 B1
RE37802 Fattouche et al. Jul 2002 E
6414647 Lee Jul 2002 B1
6424311 Tsai et al. Jul 2002 B1
6442507 Skimore et al. Aug 2002 B1
6445688 Garces et al. Sep 2002 B1
6452556 Ha et al. Sep 2002 B1
6452981 Raleigh Sep 2002 B1
6456242 Crawford Sep 2002 B1
6493679 Rappapport et al. Dec 2002 B1
6496083 Kushitani et al. Dec 2002 B1
6498589 Horii Dec 2002 B1
6499006 Rappaport et al. Dec 2002 B1
6507321 Oberschmidt et al. Jan 2003 B2
6531985 Jones et al. Mar 2003 B1
6583765 Schamberger et al. Jun 2003 B1
6586786 Kitazawa et al. Jul 2003 B2
6606059 Barabash Aug 2003 B1
6611230 Phelan Aug 2003 B2
6621464 Fang Sep 2003 B1
6625454 Rappaport et al. Sep 2003 B1
6633206 Kato Oct 2003 B1
6642889 McGrath Nov 2003 B1
6674459 Ben-Shachar et al. Jan 2004 B2
6701522 Rubin et al. Mar 2004 B1
6720925 Wong et al. Apr 2004 B2
6724346 Le Bolzer Apr 2004 B2
6725281 Zintel et al. Apr 2004 B1
6741219 Shor May 2004 B2
6747605 Lebaric Jun 2004 B2
6753814 Killen et al. Jun 2004 B2
6753826 Chiang et al. Jun 2004 B2
6762723 Nallo et al. Jul 2004 B2
6774846 Fullerton et al. Aug 2004 B2
6779004 Zintel Aug 2004 B1
6786769 Lai Sep 2004 B2
6801790 Rudrapatna Oct 2004 B2
6819287 Sullivan et al. Nov 2004 B2
6839038 Weinstein Jan 2005 B2
6859176 Choi Feb 2005 B2
6859182 Horii Feb 2005 B2
6876280 Nakano Apr 2005 B2
6876836 Lin et al. Apr 2005 B2
6888504 Chiang et al. May 2005 B2
6888893 Li et al. May 2005 B2
6892230 Gu et al. May 2005 B1
6903686 Vance et al. Jun 2005 B2
6906678 Chen Jun 2005 B2
6910068 Zintel et al. Jun 2005 B2
6914581 Popek Jul 2005 B1
6924768 Wu et al. Aug 2005 B2
6931429 Gouge et al. Aug 2005 B2
6937206 Puente Ballarda et al. Aug 2005 B2
6941143 Mathur Sep 2005 B2
6943749 Paun Sep 2005 B2
6946996 Koyama Sep 2005 B2
6950019 Bellone et al. Sep 2005 B2
6950069 Gaucher et al. Sep 2005 B2
6961026 Toda Nov 2005 B2
6961028 Joy et al. Nov 2005 B2
6965353 Shirosaka et al. Nov 2005 B2
6973622 Rappaport et al. Dec 2005 B1
6975834 Forster Dec 2005 B1
6980782 Braun et al. Dec 2005 B1
7023909 Adams et al. Apr 2006 B1
7034769 Surducan et al. Apr 2006 B2
7034770 Yang et al. Apr 2006 B2
7039363 Kasapi et al. May 2006 B1
7043277 Pfister May 2006 B1
7050809 Lim May 2006 B2
7053844 Gaucher et al. May 2006 B2
7053845 Holloway et al. May 2006 B1
7064717 Kaluzni et al. Jun 2006 B2
7068234 Sievenpiper Jun 2006 B2
7075485 Song et al. Jul 2006 B2
7084816 Watanabe Aug 2006 B2
7084823 Caimi et al. Aug 2006 B2
7085814 Ghandhi et al. Aug 2006 B1
7088299 Siegler et al. Aug 2006 B2
7089307 Zintel et al. Aug 2006 B2
7130895 Zintel et al. Oct 2006 B2
7171475 Weisman et al. Jan 2007 B2
7193562 Shtrom et al. Mar 2007 B2
7196674 Timofeev et al. Mar 2007 B2
7277063 Shirosaka et al. Oct 2007 B2
7308047 Sadowsky Dec 2007 B2
7312762 Puente Ballarda et al. Dec 2007 B2
7319432 Andersson Jan 2008 B2
7327328 Yoneya et al. Feb 2008 B2
7362280 Shtrom et al. Apr 2008 B2
7375694 Jung May 2008 B2
7388552 Mori Jun 2008 B2
7424298 Lastinger et al. Sep 2008 B2
7493143 Jalali Feb 2009 B2
7498996 Shtrom et al. Mar 2009 B2
7525486 Shtrom et al. Apr 2009 B2
7603141 Dravida Oct 2009 B2
7609223 Manasson et al. Oct 2009 B2
7646343 Shtrom et al. Jan 2010 B2
7652632 Shtrom et al. Jan 2010 B2
7675474 Shtrom et al. Mar 2010 B2
7696940 Macdonald Apr 2010 B1
7696943 Chiang et al. Apr 2010 B2
7696948 Abramov et al. Apr 2010 B2
7868842 Chair Jan 2011 B2
7880683 Shtrom et al. Feb 2011 B2
7899497 Kish et al. Mar 2011 B2
7965252 Shtrom et al. Jun 2011 B2
8031129 Shtrom et al. Oct 2011 B2
8199063 Moon et al. Jun 2012 B2
8314749 Shtrom et al. Nov 2012 B2
8698675 Shtrom et al. Apr 2014 B2
8860629 Shtrom et al. Oct 2014 B2
20010046848 Kenkel Nov 2001 A1
20020031130 Tsuchiya et al. Mar 2002 A1
20020047800 Proctor, Jr. et al. Apr 2002 A1
20020054580 Strich et al. May 2002 A1
20020080767 Lee Jun 2002 A1
20020084942 Tsai et al. Jul 2002 A1
20020101377 Crawford Aug 2002 A1
20020105471 Kojima et al. Aug 2002 A1
20020112058 Weisman et al. Aug 2002 A1
20020140607 Zhou Oct 2002 A1
20020158798 Chiang et al. Oct 2002 A1
20020170064 Monroe et al. Nov 2002 A1
20030026240 Eyuboglu et al. Feb 2003 A1
20030030588 Kalis et al. Feb 2003 A1
20030063591 Leung et al. Apr 2003 A1
20030076264 Yuanzhu Apr 2003 A1
20030122714 Wannagot et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030169330 Ben-Shachar et al. Sep 2003 A1
20030184490 Raiman et al. Oct 2003 A1
20030189514 Miyano et al. Oct 2003 A1
20030189521 Yamamoto et al. Oct 2003 A1
20030189523 Ojantakanen et al. Oct 2003 A1
20030210207 Suh et al. Nov 2003 A1
20030227414 Saliga et al. Dec 2003 A1
20030231138 Weinstein Dec 2003 A1
20040014432 Boyle Jan 2004 A1
20040017310 Runkle et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040017315 Fang et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040017860 Liu Jan 2004 A1
20040027291 Zhang et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040027304 Chiang et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040032378 Volman et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040036651 Toda Feb 2004 A1
20040036654 Hsieh Feb 2004 A1
20040041732 Aikawa et al. Mar 2004 A1
20040048593 Sano Mar 2004 A1
20040058690 Ratzel et al. Mar 2004 A1
20040061653 Webb et al. Apr 2004 A1
20040070543 Masaki Apr 2004 A1
20040075609 Li Apr 2004 A1
20040080455 Lee Apr 2004 A1
20040095278 Kanemoto et al. May 2004 A1
20040114535 Hoffman et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040125777 Doyle et al. Jul 2004 A1
20040145528 Mukai et al. Jul 2004 A1
20040150567 Yuanzhu Aug 2004 A1
20040160376 Hornsby et al. Aug 2004 A1
20040183727 Choi Sep 2004 A1
20040190477 Olson et al. Sep 2004 A1
20040203347 Nguyen Oct 2004 A1
20040239571 Papziner et al. Dec 2004 A1
20040260800 Gu et al. Dec 2004 A1
20050001777 Suganthan et al. Jan 2005 A1
20050022210 Zintel et al. Jan 2005 A1
20050041739 Li et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050042988 Hoek et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050048934 Rawnick et al. Mar 2005 A1
20050074018 Zintel et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050074108 Dezonno et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050083236 Louzir et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050097503 Zintel et al. May 2005 A1
20050105632 Catreux-Erces et al. May 2005 A1
20050128983 Kim et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050135480 Li et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050138137 Encarnacion et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050138193 Encarnacion et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050146475 Bettner et al. Jul 2005 A1
20050180381 Retzer et al. Aug 2005 A1
20050188193 Kuehnel et al. Aug 2005 A1
20050200529 Watanabe Sep 2005 A1
20050219128 Tan et al. Oct 2005 A1
20050240665 Gu et al. Oct 2005 A1
20050266902 Khatri Dec 2005 A1
20050267935 Ghandhi et al. Dec 2005 A1
20060007891 Aoki et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060038734 Shtrom et al. Feb 2006 A1
20060050005 Shirosaka et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060078066 Yun Apr 2006 A1
20060094371 Nguyen May 2006 A1
20060098607 Zeng et al. May 2006 A1
20060109191 Shtrom et al. May 2006 A1
20060123124 Weisman et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060123125 Weisman et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060123455 Pai et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060160495 Strong Jul 2006 A1
20060168159 Weisman et al. Jul 2006 A1
20060184660 Rao et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060184661 Weisman et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060184693 Rao et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060187660 Liu Aug 2006 A1
20060224690 Falkenburg et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060225107 Seetharaman et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060227761 Scott, III et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060239369 Lee Oct 2006 A1
20060262015 Thornell-Pers et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060291434 Gu et al. Dec 2006 A1
20070027622 Cleron et al. Feb 2007 A1
20070030210 Shibata Feb 2007 A1
20070135167 Liu Jun 2007 A1
20070162819 Kawamoto Jul 2007 A1
20080062063 Matsushita et al. Mar 2008 A1
20080129630 Baliarda Jun 2008 A1
20080266189 Wu et al. Oct 2008 A1
20080284657 Rudant Nov 2008 A1
20090075606 Shtrom et al. Mar 2009 A1
20100289705 Shtrom et al. Nov 2010 A1
20110205137 Shtrom et al. Aug 2011 A1
20120007790 Shtrom et al. Jan 2012 A1
20120068892 Shtrom et al. Mar 2012 A1
20120249393 Hotta Oct 2012 A1
20130181882 Shtrom et al. Jul 2013 A1
20140071013 Shtrom et al. Mar 2014 A1
20140225807 Shtrom et al. Aug 2014 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (25)
Number Date Country
352 787 Jan 1990 EP
1 608 108 Dec 2005 EP
2 479 837 Jul 2012 EP
2 619 848 Jul 2013 EP
2 893 593 Jul 2015 EP
1180836 Oct 2013 HK
2003-038933 Feb 1991 JP
2008-088633 Feb 1996 JP
2011-215040 Aug 1999 JP
2001-057560 Feb 2002 JP
2005-244302 Sep 2005 JP
2005-354249 Dec 2005 JP
2006-060408 Mar 2006 JP
I372487 Sep 2012 TW
I451624 Sep 2014 TW
WO 90004893 May 1990 WO
WO 02025967 Mar 2002 WO
WO 03079484 Sep 2003 WO
WO 2006023247 Mar 2006 WO
WO 2007127087 Nov 2007 WO
WO 2007127088 Nov 2007 WO
WO 2010086587 Aug 2010 WO
WO 2012040397 Mar 2012 WO
WO 2014039949 Mar 2014 WO
WO 2014146038 Sep 2014 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (112)
Entry
European Application No. 11827493.5 Extended European Search Report dated Nov. 6, 2014.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201210330398.6, Second Office Action dated Sep. 24, 2014.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/607,612, Office Action dated Nov. 7, 2014.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/607,612, Final Office Action dated Mar. 19, 2015.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201210330398.6, Third Office Action dated Jun. 2, 2015.
“Authorization of spread spectrum and other wideband emissions not presently provided for in the FCC Rules and Regulations,” Before the Federal Communications Commission, FCC 81-289, 87 F.C.C.2d 876, Jun. 30, 1981.
“Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations,” Rules and Regulations Federal Communications Commission, 47 CFR Part 2, 15, and 90, Jun. 18, 1985.
Alard, M., et al., “Principles of Modulation and Channel Coding for Digital Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers,” 8301 EBU Review Technical, Aug. 1987, No. 224, Brussels, Belgium.
Ando et al., “Study of Dual-Polarized Omni-Directional Antennas for 5.2 GHz-Band 2×2 MIMO-OFDM Systems,” Antennas and Propogation Society International Symposium, 2004, IEEE, pp. 1740-1743, vol. 2.
Areg Alimian et al., “Analysis of Roaming Techniques,” doc.:IEEE 802.11-04/0377r1, Submission, Mar. 2004.
Bedell, Paul “Wireless Crash Course,” 2005, p. 84, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., USA.
Behdad et al., Slot Antenna Miniaturization Using Distributed Inductive Loading, Antenna and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2003 IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 308-311 (Jun. 2003).
Berenguer, Inaki, et al., “Adaptive MIMO Antenna Selection,” Nov. 2003.
Casas, Eduardo F., et al., “OFDM for Data Communication Over Mobile Radio FM Channels—Part I: Analysis and Experimental Results,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 39, No. 5, May 1991, pp. 783-793.
Casas, Eduardo F., et al., “OFDM for Data Communication Over Mobile Radio FM Channels-Part II: Performance Improvement,” Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Colombia, 1996.
Chang, Nicholas B. et al., “Optimal Channel Probing and Transmission Scheduling for Opportunistics Spectrum Access,” Sep. 2007.
Chang, Robert W., “Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signals for Mutichannel Data Transmission,” The Bell System Technical Journal, Dec. 1966, pp. 1775-1796.
Chang, Robert W., et al., “A Theoretical Study of Performance of an Orthogonal Multiplexing Data Transmission Scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. Com-16, No. 4, Aug. 1968, pp. 529-540.
Chuang et al., A 2.4 GHz Polarization-diversity Planar Printed Dipole Antenna for WLAN and Wireless Communication Applications, Microwave Journal, vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 50-62 (Jun. 2002).
Cimini, Jr., Leonard J, “Analysis and Simulation of a Digital Mobile Channel Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com-33, No. 7, Jul. 1985, pp. 665-675.
Cisco Systems, “Cisco Aironet Access Point Software Configuration Guide: Configuring Filters and Quality of Service,” Aug. 2003.
Dell Inc., “How Much Broadcast and Multicast Traffic Should I Allow in My Network,” PowerConnect Application Note #5, Nov. 2003.
Dunkels, Adam et al., “Connecting Wireless Sensornets with TCP/IP Networks,” Proc. of the 2d Int'l Conf. on Wired Networks, Frankfurt, Feb. 2004.
Dunkels, Adam et al., “Making TCP/IP Viable for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. of the 1st Euro. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan. 2004.
Dutta, Ashutosh et al., “MarconiNet Supporting Streaming Media Over Localized Wireless Multicast,” Proc. of the 2d Int'l Workshop on Mobile Commerce, 2002.
English Translation of PCT Pub. No. WO2004/051798 (as filed U.S. Appl. No. 10/536,547).
Festag, Andreas, “What is MOMBASA?” Telecommunication Networks Group (TKN), Technical University of Berlin, Mar. 7, 2002.
Frederick et al., Smart Antennas Based on Spatial Multiplexing of Local Elements (SMILE) for Mutual Coupling Reduction, IEEE Transactions of Antennas and Propogation, vol. 52., No. 1, pp. 106-114 (Jan. 2004).
Gaur, Sudhanshu, et al., “Transmit/Receive Antenna Selection for MIMO Systems to Improve Error Performance of Linear Receivers,” School of ECE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Apr. 4, 2005.
Gledhill, J. J., et al., “The Transmission of Digital Television in the UHF Band Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,” Sixth International Conference on Digital Processing of Signals in Communications, Sep. 2-6, 1991, pp. 175-180.
Golmie, Nada, “Coexistence in Wireless Networks: Challenges and System-Level Solutions in the Unlicensed Bands,” Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Hewlett Packard, “HP ProCurve Networking: Enterprise Wireless LAN Networking and Mobility Solutions,” 2003.
Hirayama, Koji et al., “Next-Generation Mobile-Access IP Network,” Hitachi Review vol. 49, No. 4, 2000.
Ian R. Akyildiz, et al., “A Virtual Topology Based Routing Protocol for Multihop Dynamic Wireless Networks,” Broadband and Wireless Networking Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001.
Information Society Technologies Ultrawaves, “System Concept / Architecture Design and Communication Stack Requirement Document,” Feb. 23, 2004.
Ken Tang, et al., “MAC Layer Broadcast Support in 802.11 Wireless Networks,” Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 2000 IEEE, pp. 544-548.
Ken Tang, et al., “MAC Reliable Broadcast in Ad Hoc Networks,” Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001 IEEE, pp. 1008-1013.
Mawa, Rakesh, “Power Control in 3G Systems,” Hughes Systique Corporation, Jun. 28, 2006.
Microsoft Corporation, “IEEE 802.11 Networks and Windows XP,” Windows Hardware Developer Central, Dec. 4, 2001.
Molisch, Andreas F., et al., “MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection—an Overview,” Draft, Dec. 31, 2003.
Moose, Paul H., “Differential Modulation and Demodulation of Multi-Frequency Digital Communications Signals,” 1990 IEEE, CH2831-6/90/0000-0273.
Pat Calhoun et al., “802.11 r strengthens wireless voice,” Technology Update, Network World, Aug. 22, 2005, http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2005/082208techupdate.html.
Press Release, NETGEAR RangeMax(TM) Wireless Networking Solutions Incorporate Smart MIMO Technology to Eliminate Wireless Dead Spots and Take Consumers Farther, Ruckus Wireles Inc. (Mar. 7, 2005), available at http://ruckuswireless.com/press/releases/20050307.php.
RL Miller, “4.3 Project X—A True Secrecy System for Speech,” Engineering and Science in the Bell System, a History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), pp. 296-317, 1978, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Sadek, Mirette, et al., “Active Antenna Selection in Multiuser MIMO Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 55, No. 4, Apr. 2007, pp. 1498-1510.
Saltzberg, Burton R., “Performance of an Efficient Parallel Data Transmission System,” IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. Com-15, No. 6, Dec. 1967, pp. 805-811.
Siemens, Carrier Lifetime and Forward Resistance in RF PIN Diodes. 1997. [retrieved on Dec. 1, 2013]. Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://palgong.kyungpook.ac.kr/˜ysyoon/Pdf/appli034.pdf>.
Steger, Christopher et al., “Performance of IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN in an Emulated Mobile Channel,” 2003.
Toskala, Antti, “Enhancement of Broadcast and Introduction of Multicast Capabilities in RAN,” Nokia Networks, Palm Springs, California, Mar. 13-16, 2001.
Tsunekawa, Kouichi “Diversity Antennas for Portable Telephones,” 39th IEEE Vehicular Technology, May 1-3, 1989, San Francisco, CA.
Varnes et al., A Switched Radial Divider for an L-Band Mobile Satellite Antenna, European Microwave Conference (Oct. 1995), pp. 1037-1041.
Vincent D. Park, et al., “A Performance Comparison of the Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm and Ideal Link-State Routing,” IEEE, Jul. 1998, pp. 592-598.
W.E. Doherty, Jr. et al., The Pin Diode Circuit Designer's Handbook 1998.
Weinstein, S. B., et al., “Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform,” IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. Com-19, No. 5, Oct. 1971, pp. 628-634.
Wennstrom, Mattias et al., “Transmit Antenna Diversity in Ricean Fading MIMO Channels with Co-Channel Interference,” 2001.
Petition Decision Denying Request to Order Additional Claims for U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,562 (Control No. 95/001078) mailed on Jul. 10, 2009.
Right of Appeal Notice for U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,562 (Control No. 95/001078) mailed on Jul. 10, 2009.
Supplementary Eurpean Search Report for EP Application No. 07755519 dated Mar. 11, 2009.
European Application No. 7775498.4 Examination Report dated Mar. 12, 2013.
European Application No. 7775498.4 Examination Report dated Oct. 17, 2011.
Chinese Patent Application No. 200780023325.X, Second Office Action dated Oct. 19, 2012.
Chinese Patent Application No. 200780023325.X, First Office Action dated Feb. 13, 2012.
Chinese Patent Application No. 200780020943.9, Second Office Action dated Aug. 29, 2012.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201180050872.3, First Office Action dated May 30, 2014.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201210330398.6, First Office Action dated Feb. 20, 2014.
Taiwan Patent Application No. 096114271, Office Action dated Dec. 18, 2013.
Taiwan Patent Application No. 096114265, Office Action dated Jun. 20, 2011.
PCT/US07/09278, PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 18, 2008.
PCT/US11/052661, PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 17, 2012.
PCT/US07/009276, PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 11, 2008.
PCT/US13/058713, PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Dec. 13, 2013.
PCT/US14/030911, PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 22, 2014.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/413,670, Final Office Action dated Jul. 13, 2009.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/413,670, Office Action dated Jan. 6, 2009.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/413,670, Final Office Action dated Aug. 11, 2008.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/413,670, Office Action dated Feb. 4, 2008.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/414,117, Final Office Action dated Jul. 6, 2009.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/414,117, Office Action dated Sep. 25, 2008.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/414,117, Office Action dated Mar. 21, 2008.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/605,256, Office Action dated Dec. 28, 2010.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/240,687, Office Action dated Feb. 22, 2012.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/681,421, Office Action dated Dec. 3, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/545,758, Final Office Action dated Sep. 10, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/545,758, Office Action dated Jan. 2, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/545,758, Final Office Action dated Oct. 3, 2012.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/545,758, Office Action dated Oct. 3, 2012.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2014.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Final Office Action dated Jan. 14, 2014.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Office Action dated Sep. 26, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Final Office Action dated Jul. 2, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Office Action dated Jan. 7, 2013.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201180050872.3, Second Office Action dated Jan. 30, 2015.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, Final Office Action dated Feb. 10, 2015.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/607,612, Office Action dated Sep. 3, 2015.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201180050872.3, Third Office Action dated Aug. 4, 2015.
Chinese Patent Application No. 201210330398.6, Fourth Office Action dated Sep. 17, 2015.
SIPO Office Action for related Chinese Application No. 201210330398.6, dated Jan. 4, 2016 (12 sheets).
SIPO Notification of Grant for related Chinese Application No. 201180050872.3, dated Jan. 11, 2016 (4 sheets).
Notice of Allowance for co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/887,448, dated Mar. 28, 2016 (15 sheets).
SIPO Notification of Grant for related Chinese Application No. 201210330398.6, dated Apr. 7, 2016 (4 sheets).
Notice of Allowance for co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/252,857, dated Apr. 13, 2016 (8 sheets).
Office Action for co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/607,612, dated May 5, 2016 (10 sheets).
Balanis “Modern Antenna Handbook,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008, pp. 72-77.
Neelakanta, et al. “Antennas for Information Super Skyways: An Exposition on Outdoor and Indoor Wireless Antennas,” Electronic and Electrical Engineering Research Studies. Antennas series; 12. 2003, pp. 297, 326-329.
Saunders, et al. “Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems: Second Edition,” Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2007, pp. 78-79.
Thiel, et al. “Switched Parasitic Antennas for Cellular Communications,” Artech House antennas and propagation library, Jan. 2002, pp. 52-55.
Othman, et al., “Dual and Wide-Band Inductively-Loaded Dipole-Based Antennas for WLAN/UMTS Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, No. 3, Mar. 2013, pp. 1430-1435.
Jahanbakhshi, et al., “Design and Simulation of Different Types of Meander Line Antennas with Improved Efficiency”, Progress in Eiectromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings (PIERS), Moscow, Russia, Aug. 19-23, 2012, pp. 594-597.
Extended European Search Report for related European Application No. 14764406.6, dated Oct. 12, 2016 (12 pages).
Extended European Search Report for co-pending European Application No. 13834691.1, dated Apr. 6, 2016 (7 pages).
Othman, Mohamed A. “Dual and Wide-Band Inductively-Loaded Dipole-Based Antennas for WLAN/UMTS Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, No. 3, Mar. 2013, pp. 1430-1435.
SIPO Office Action for related Chinese Application No. 201480015806.6, dated May 10, 2018 and English Translation (11 pages).
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20140285391 A1 Sep 2014 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
61800854 Mar 2013 US