Patent Grant
9868829
The present invention in general relates to low density sheet molding compounds and in particular, to a low-density sheet molding compound containing microspheres having derivatized surfaces.
In order to reduce the density of a sheet molding compound (SMC) or bulk molding compound (BMC), high-density inorganic fillers, such as calcium carbonate, are removed from the formulation and replaced with thermoplastic in an effort to maintain surface quality characteristics. Another approach common to the field is to remove a portion of the inorganic filler and replace some of the inorganic filler with hollow glass micro spheres. U.S. Pat. No. 7,700,670 is exemplary of this effort. Owing to the tendency of such glass microspheres to have limited bonding to the hydrophobic surrounding matrix, this reference teaches modifying the surface of the glass micro sphere with a silane to create stronger bonding between the micro spheres and the cured matrix in which the microspheres are encompassed. This greater interaction is observed as higher sheer strength and the microspheres being encrusted in matrix material upon failure in micrographs. While the resulting cured material have been amenable to creating a surface with a high quality surface finish with specular gloss measurement of 70 gloss units (GU), it has proved difficult to pass industry durability tests for paint adhesion required of automotive exterior paints.
While the industry has contemplated articles formed of SMC with specific densities of less than 1.5, as evidenced by U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,003 in order to achieve weight reduction in articles. This has practically proven difficult as high loadings of microspheres leads to a degradation in the handling properties of the pre-cured resin and mechanical properties. One persistent problem with low density SMC articles is poor overcoating adhesion thereby making painting of the article.
Thus, there exists a need for an ultra low-density SMC or BMC article containing hollow glass microspheres that has strong inherent adherence to an over layer.
A molded article is provided that includes a resin matrix having a surface, the resin matrix formed from cross-linked polyester resin or vinyl-ester resin. Microspheroids having a mean diameter of from 16 to 45 microns are embedded in the resin matrix. The microspheroids having a specific gravity of between 0.19 and 0.6 and an isotactic crush strength of greater than or equal to 2750 kilopascals (kPa). Surface activating agent alkoxysilane molecules are covalently bonded to each of the microspheroids. Filler particles are also present in the resin matrix. Fibers are also present in the resin matrix. The fibers being natural fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, or a combination thereof. The article has a specific gravity of between 0.80 and 1.25.
The present invention has utility for the molding of thermoset articles with specific gravities of between 0.80 and 1.25. The inventive articles are able to pass rigorous overcoating adhesion tests and environmental testing while delivering weight savings compared to conventional articles. The reduction in density compared to conventional articles renders the present invention well suited to form vehicles components in general, and in particular those vehicle components receiving a high sheen finish. Exemplary vehicle components produced by the present invention include hoods, deck lids, fenders, doors, and quarter panels.
It is to be understood that in instances where a range of values are provided that the range is intended to encompass not only the end point values of the range but also intermediate values of the range as explicitly being included within the range and varying by the last significant figure of the range. By way of example, a recited range of from 1 to 4 is intended to include 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 3-4, and 1-4.
According to the present invention, a microspheroid has a mean diameter of between 10 and 120 microns. In certain embodiments, the microspheroids are monodisperse, while in other embodiments, the range of sizes is between 5 and 200 microns. It is appreciated that in forming an inventive article with a balance between low specific gravity in the range of 0.80 to 1.25 and to also promote easy of mixing, the microspheroid is chosen to have a specific gravity of between 0.19 and 0.6 and an isotactic crush strength of greater than or equal to 2750 kilopascals (kPa). In other embodiments, the isotactic crush strength is between 3447 and 194105 kPa. It is appreciated that microspheroids with higher crush strength are less likely to be damaged by sheer mixing associated with SMC and BMC formulation and flow pressures. Loadings of microspheroids are readily modelling based on density and volume to achieve a desired articles specific gravity within the range of 0.80 to 1.25, as detailed Table 1.
As used herein a microspheroid is defined to include a hollow microsphere or a solid bead having an aspect ratio of between two normal maximal linear dimensions of between 1 and 1.6. Typically, a spheroid particle is formed of glass or a thermoplastic material. In some inventive embodiments, the microspheroid is within 10 linear dimension percent of spherical and formed of glass.
In order to strengthen interactions between a microspheroid and a surrounding cured matrix, the microspheroid is covalently bonded to microspheroid surface coupling agent. This is referred to herein as treated or pre-treated. In certain inventive embodiments, the microspheroids are pretreated with a surface coating adherent to the microspheroid surface. Without intending to be bound to a particular theory, the microspheroid surface is modified through covalently coupling to react hydrophilic group, such as hydroxyl groups, on the microspheroid surface to create hydrophobic surface functionality on the microspheroid surface that creates a stronger interaction with the surrounding matrix. This is believed to be manifest by the improved adhesion of an overcoating to an article so formed as seen in
In some inventive embodiments, the surface activating agent molecules covalently bonded to the microspheroid surface have a terminal reactive moiety adapted to bond to a surrounding resin matrix during cure. Without intending to be bound to a particular theory, covalent bonding between a cured resin matrix and the microspheroid increases the delamination strength of the resulting SMC or BMC in tests such as ASTM D3359.
A terminal reactive moiety that is reactive with an SMC or BMC resin during cure illustratively includes a tertiary amine-; hydroxyl-; imine-; an ethylenic unsaturation, such as an allyl- or acryl-; or cyano-moiety. It is appreciated that matrix cure can occur through mechanisms such as free radical cure, moisture cure, and combinations thereof.
Tertiary amine terminated thermoplastic are readily prepared. D. H. Richards, D. M. Service, and M. J. Stewart, Br. Polym. J. 16, 117 (1984). A representative tertiary amine terminated thermoplastic is commercially available under the trade name ATBN 1300 X 21 from Noveon.
A surface activating agent molecule that bonds to a glass microspheroid is an alkoxysilane where the silane is reactive with the silica surface of the microspheroid. Representative alkoxysilane surface activating agents for the microspheroid illustratively include: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl) bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl) dimethylethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, methacryloxymethyltriethoxysilane, methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyldimethylethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyldimethylmethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ethacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, methoxymethyltrimethylsilane, 3-methoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyldimethylchlorosilane, methacryloxypropylmethyldichlorosilane, methacryloxypropyltrichlorosilane, 3-isocyanatopropyldimethylchlorosilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, and combinations thereof. In certain inventive embodiments, the alkoxysilane surface activating agent includes an ethylenically unsaturated moiety that is reactive under free radical cross-linking conditions so as to covalently bond the microspheroid surface to the surrounding resin matrix.
Alternatively, it is appreciated that microspheroid surface activating agent is readily mixed into the pre-cured SMC or BMC formulation and hollow glass microspheres added thereto to induce microsphere activation prior to initiation of matrix cure. Typically, the surface activating agent is present in concentrations of about 0.05 to 0.5 grams of surface activating agent per gram of microspheroids.
To achieve a desired degree of overcoating adhesion, the surface activating agent is present on the microspheroid surface in an amount to form between 0.1 to 1 monolayer on the surface of the microspheroid. Surface coverage is readily determined based on DSC/TGA to determine the mass of the silane on the surface of the microspheroids, the known surface area of microspheroids per gram, and the cone angle scribed by the surface activating agent on the microspheroid surface. The cone angle is readily calculated using the original algorithm of Tolman (C. A. Tolman, Chem. Rev., 77, 313 (1977); or refinements thereof (D. White, B. C. Taverner, P. G. L. Leach and N. J. Coville, J. Comp. Chem., 14, 1042 (1993)). It is appreciated that the improvements in adhesion are approximately proportional to the number of the surface activating agent per unit of microspheroid surface area between 0.1 and 1 monolayers. This coverage, depending on the specific molecular dimensions of the alkoxysilane corresponds to approximately 0.05-2.2 alkoxysilane residues per square nanometer of microspheroid surface.
In order to increase the number of the surface activating agent per unit of microspheroid surface area, in some embodiments of the present invention, the glass microspheroids are treated with a solution such as in boiling piranha solution (3:1 concentrated H2SO4:H2O2), rinsed with deionized water, and dried in a stream of nitrogen. The freshly cleaned glass microspheroids are then exposed to an alkoxysilane in anhydrous solution or gas phase to self-assemble the silane on the surface.
Microspheroids used in certain inventive embodiments have a mean diameter of between 12 and 45 microns, a specific gravity of between 0.15 and 0.6 and an isotactic crush strength of greater than or equal to 2750 kilopascals (kPa). This size regime within the range of 5 to 200 microns are particularly well suited for formulation with conventional SMC or BMC mixing equipment operating under conventional conditions. In other embodiments, the isotactic crush strength is between 3447 and 194105 kPa. Microspheroids are loaded into a base SMC or BMC from 5 to 20 total weight percent of the resulting formulation, inclusive of filler particulate and filler fiber. The specific amount of microspheroids added into a given molding composition formulation is dependent on factors including desired article density, microspheroid size dispersion and mean particle dimension, required article strength, required article shrinkage, and required article surface smoothness. It has been surprisingly found that a microspheroid volume of between 25 and 40 volume percent achieves an optimal balance of overall properties in an article. Table 1 shows the specific gravity for various formulations that vary as to the nature of microspheroids; normalized to 32.04 volume percent microspheroids.
A principal component of an SMC or BMC formulation is a cross-linkable polymer resin such as an unsaturated polyester resin or vinyl ester resin. The prepolymer polymeric resin has a molecular weight on average of typically between 400 and 100,000 Daltons. The polyester prepolymer resins typically represent condensation products derived from the condensation of unsaturated dibasic acids and/or anhydrides with polyols. It is appreciated that the saturated di- or poly-acids are also part of the condensation process to form polyester prepolymers with a lesser equivalency of reactive ethylenic unsaturation sites. Typical SMC and BMC formulations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,260,358; 4,643,126; 5,100,935; 5,268,400; 5,854,317; 6,780,923; or 7,829,637.
Vinyl ester resins are also typically employed in SMC or BMC formulations as a polymeric resin. Vinyl ester prepolymer resins are typically the reaction product of an epoxy resin with a carboxylic acid having a single ethylenic unsaturation. Specific vinyl ester resins commonly used are the reaction product of epoxy functionalized bisphenol A with an acrylic acid. As a result of the difference in prepolymer synthesis, the vinyl ester resin prepolymers are typically associated with terminal ethylenic unsaturations while polyester resin prepolymers predominantly have ethylenic unsaturations internal to the prepolymer backbone.
The polymeric resin prepolymer is suspended or dissolved in an ethylenically unsaturated monomer that copolymerizes with the resin during the thermoset process. It is appreciated that more than one type of monomer can be used in a molding composition. The monomer provides benefits including lower prepolymer viscosity and thermosetting without formation of a volatile byproduct. Monomer is typically present up to 18.5 total weight percent of a molded article.
A typical molding composition includes a free radical initiator to initiate cross-linking between the polymeric prepolymer resin with itself or with ethylenically unsaturated monomer, if present. A free radical initiator is typically chosen to preclude significant cross-linking at lower temperature so as to control the thermoset conditions. Conventional free radical polymerization initiators contain either a peroxide or azo group. Peroxides operative herein illustratively include benzoyl peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, ditertiary butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, tertiary butyl perbenzoate and 1,1-bis(t-butyl peroxy) 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. Azo species operative herein illustratively include azobisisobutyronitrile and t-butylazoisobutyronitrile. While the quantity of free radical polymerization initiator present varies with factors such as desired thermoset temperature and decomposition thermodynamics, an initiator is typically present from 0.1 to 3 total weight percent. In order to lessen cross-linking at temperatures below the desired thermoset temperature, a polymerization inhibitor is often included in base molding formulations. Hydroquinone and t-butyl catechol are conventional inhibitors. An inhibitor is typically present between 0 and 1 total weight percent.
The inventive molding composition in certain inventive embodiments includes a particulate filler. Particulate fillers operative in such molding compositions illustratively include calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, alumina, ATH, silica, talcs, dolomite, vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin clay, graphite, metal and combinations thereof. Factors relevant in the choice of a particulate filler illustratively include filler cost, resultant viscosity of flow properties, resultant shrinkage, surface finish weight, flammability, electrical conductivity, and chemical resistance of the thermoset formulation. Particulate filler typically accounts from 0 to 80 weight percent of the molding composition total weight. Typical filler sizes are from 0.1 to 50 microns.
In some inventive embodiments, the filler particle size smaller than the microspheroid. By way of example, 6 micron diameter calcium carbonate particulate filler is well suited for usage with microspheroids as used herein.
A fiber filler is typically added to provide strength relative to a particulate filler. Fiber fillers operative herein illustratively include glass, carbon, polyimides, polyesters, polyamides, and natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and hemp. Preferably, the fiber filler is glass fiber in the form of chopped glass strands. More preferably, chopped glass strands are provided in lengths ranging from 5 to 50 millimeters. Fiber fillers are typically present from 0 to 80 total weight percent. It is appreciated that mixtures of various types of fibers are readily made to achieve desired strengths and article densities.
A mold release agent is typically provided to promote mold release. Mold releases include fatty acid salts illustratively including oleates, palmitates, sterates of metal ions such as sodium, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and lithium. A mold release is typically present from 0 to 5 total weight percent.
A low profile additive is optionally provided to improve surface properties and dimensional stability of a resulting molded product. Low profile additives illustratively include thermoplastics and elastomers such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl toluene, polyacrylates, polyethylene ether polymers, polyphenylene oxide polymers, and combinations thereof. Copolymers operative as low profile additives include the above-recited polymers in addition to copolymers of the same including butadiene, acrylonitrile, and vinyl chloride. Low profile additives are typically present from 0 to 50 total weight percent and more often from 5 to 40 total weight percent.
A nanocomposite clay is lipophilic and has domains of a size that do not contribute to the molded article surface roughness. An alkyl quaternary ammonium bentonite nanocomposite clay operative herein is commercially available (Southern Clay Products, CLOISITE® 10A). Clay domains are on the order of 50 to 150 nanometers and have a platelet thickness of one to 10 nanometer and are optionally used alone, or in combination with a polymeric moisture reducing additive to enhance the processability of an inventive formulation while decreasing the moisture absorption rate. Such nanocomposite clay is typically present up to 10 total weight percent.
It is appreciated that the present invention optionally also incorporates additional additives illustratively including flame retardants, plasticizers, colorants, and other processing additives conventional to the art.
The present invention is further illustrated with respect to the following non-limiting examples:
20 micron glass microspheroids having a specific gravity of 0.46 and an isotactic crush strength of 16,500 psi are mixed with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane 1% (w/w) in anhydrous toluene solution for 24 hours or gas phase to self-assemble the silane on the surface. Toluene was freshly distilled from sodium. After the glass beads had been removed from the solution, followed by a sequence of 2 washes with anhydrous toluene, deionized water and ethanol were employed to remove any physisorbed isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. The microspheroids are dried in nitrogen atmosphere.
The treated glass microspheroids of Example 1 are included in the conventional sheet molding compound are with a sheet molding compound formulation containing unsaturated polyester resin, thermoplastic additives, organic peroxides, inhibitor, calcium carbonate filler, mold as detailed in Table 2. A plaque was formed and coated with a commercial paint overlayer.
Example 2 is repeated with the replacement of the 20 micron glass microspheroids that have not been pre-treated with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane as detailed in Table 2. A plaque was formed and coated with a commercial paint overlayer. Failure of tests is shown in the left hand panels of
A formulation is produced with 20 micron glass microspheroids that have been pre-treated with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane per Example 1. The glass microspheroids having a specific gravity of 0.15. The formulation being 51% by total weight of the treated glass microspheroids. The formulation having a density of 0.80 g/cm3.
A formulation is produced with 20 micron glass microspheroids that have been pre-treated with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane per Example 1. The glass microspheroids having a specific gravity of 0.19. The formulation being 51% by total weight of the treated glass microspheroids. The formulation having a density of 0.80 g/cm3.
The plaques of Example 2 and the comparative example are scored and tested by ASTM D3359. The results are shown in
Patent documents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. These documents and publications are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual document or publication was specifically and individually incorporated herein by reference.
This application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 62/018,377 filed Jul. 27, 2014; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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