Patent Application
20240228636
The text of the computer readable sequence listing filed herewith, titled “CELLT-37390.302”, created Mar. 15, 2024, having a file size of 222,952 bytes, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to improved chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) to be used in immunotherapy, the extracellular binding domains (scFv) of which have been modified by insertion of a mAb-specific epitope to allow both sorting and/or depletion of the immune cells endowed with said CARs. The present invention relates also to the immune cells expressing said CARs, to the methods of in vivo depleting and/or in vitro sorting said CAR-expressing immune cells, and is drawn to the their therapeutic use.
Adoptive immunotherapy, which involves the transfer of autologous antigen-specific T cells generated ex vivo, is a promising strategy to treat viral infections and cancer. The T cells used for adoptive immunotherapy can be generated either by expansion of antigen-specific T cells or redirection of T cells through genetic engineering (Park, Rosenberg et al. 2011). Transfer of viral antigen specific T cells is a well-established procedure used for the treatment of transplant associated viral infections and rare viral-related malignancies. Similarly, isolation and transfer of tumor specific T cells has been shown to be successful in treating melanoma.
Novel specificities in T cells have been successfully generated through the genetic transfer of transgenic T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) (Jena, Dotti et al. 2010). CARs are synthetic receptors consisting of a targeting moiety that is associated with one or more signaling domains in a single fusion molecule. In general, the binding moiety of a CAR consists of an antigen-binding domain of a single-chain antibody (scFv), comprising the light and heavy variable fragments of a monoclonal antibody joined by a flexible linker. Binding moieties based on receptor or ligand domains have also been used successfully. The signaling domains for first generation CARs are derived from the cytoplasmic region of the CD3zeta or the Fc receptor gamma chains. First generation CARs have been shown to successfully redirect T cell cytotoxicity, however, they failed to provide prolonged expansion and anti-tumor activity in vivo. Signaling domains from co-stimulatory molecules including CD28, OX-40 (CD134), ICOS and 4-1BB (CD137) have been added alone (second generation) or in combination (third generation) to enhance survival and increase proliferation of CAR modified T cells. CARs have successfully allowed T cells to be redirected against antigens expressed at the surface of tumor cells from various malignancies including lymphomas and solid tumors (Jena, Dotti et al. 2010).
However, despite their unprecedent efficacy for tumor eradication in vivo, CAR T cells can promote acute adverse events after being transferred into patients. Among the well documented adverse events is Graft versus host disease (GvHD), on-target off-tumor activity or aberrant lymphoproliferative capacity due to vector derived insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, there is a need to develop cell specific depletion systems to prevent such deleterious events to occur in vivo.
There are many on-going researches to develop a safer CAR-based immunotherapy, such as on inhibitory signals referred to as immune checkpoints (such as CTLA-4- or PD-1) which are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance and also to limit immune-mediated collateral tissue damage (Dolan et al, 2014). Recently, inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors (iCARs) were designed having as objective to put the brakes on T cell function upon encountering off-target cells (Federov et al. 2013). Another system is described in Budde et al. (2013) in which a CD20 Chimeric Antigen Receptor is combined with an inducible caspase 9 (iC9) suicide switch. In the application US 2014/0286987, the latter gene is made functional in the presence of the prodrug AP1903 (tacrolimus) by binding to the mutated FK506-binding protein (FKBP1). A clinical trial is ongoing sponsored by the company Bellicum in which the above capsase technology (CaspaCIDe™) is engineered into GD2 targeted third generation CAR T cells. A similar apoptosis-inducing system based on a multimerizing agent is described in the application WO 2014/152177.
Philip et al (2014) describes the RQR8 system which is being used as compact marker/suicide gene allowing selection of transduced cells. RQR8 derives from the combination of target epitopes from both CD34 and CD20 antigens. This construct allows selection with the clinically approved CliniMACS CD34 system (Miltenyi). Moreover, this RQR8 construct binds the widely used pharmaceutical antibody rituximab, resulting in selective deletion of transgene-expressing cells. Within this system, RQR8 is co-expressed with a CAR in a retroviral vector using the foot-and-mouth disease 2A peptide, resulting thereby into the expression of 2 independent transgenes (RQR8 and CAR) on the surface of the T-cells. This system presents some limitations from the industrial perspective, as first, it requires the cloning large retroviral inserts, and second, to ensure that the transformed cells express both RQR8 and CAR polypeptides, to eliminate possible “false-positive” i.e. T-cells that would not express both polypeptides, in particular the RQR8 suicide gene allowing the depletion of the engineered immune cells in the event of undesirable effects.
The concept of depleting T cells in the context of auto-immune disease and transplantation has been successfully practiced in the clinic for decades. To deplete cell-mediated immunity, including T-cells, immunosuppressive drugs such as glucocorticoids or cytostatics such as alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, nitrosoureas, platinum compounds . . . ) or antimetabolites (methotrexate, azathioprine, fluorouracil . . . ) are widely used. However, despite their immunosuppressive efficacy, these drugs are not discriminative as they affect the proliferation of all T and B cells. Antibodies are sometimes used as a quick and potent immunosuppressive therapy to prevent the acute rejection reactions as well as a targeted treatment of lymphoproliferative or autoimmune disorders, in particular anti-CD20 monoclonals. In vivo elimination of T cell subsets was performed by Benjamin and Waldmann (1986) to determine the role of CD4+ T cells in generating antibody responses to soluble proteins, and by Cobbold et al. (1986) to determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in rejecting bone marrow and tissue allografts. In vivo depletion has been performed extensively to study varied topics including control of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (Buller et al., 1987). However, the antibodies which have been used so far on T cells direct antigens (CD3, CD4, CD52) that are all broadly present on resting or activated T cells as well as on other cell types. As such, the use of such antibodies would not allow the selective elimination of the engineered immune cells endowed with CARs.
As presented thereafter, the inventors have sought for an “all-in-one” system which allows an optimized in vitro sorting of CAR-expressing immune cells by reducing “false-positive”, meanwhile allowing the in vivo depletion of the immune cells expressing said CARs in case of adverse clinical event.
The present invention is drawn to chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which extracellular binding domain (scFv) is modified in such a way to allow both cell sorting and cell depletion (see
Several epitope-mAb couples can be used to generate such system; in particular those already approved for medical use, such as CD20/rituximab as a non-limiting example.
To further enhance the cytotoxicity of the engineered immune cells, the epitope-specific antibody may be conjugated with a cytotoxic drug. It is also possible to promote CDC cytotoxicity by using engineered antibodies on which are grafted component(s) of the complement system.
Finally, the invention encompasses therapeutic methods where the activation of the engineered immune cells endowed with CARs is modulated by depleting the cells by using an antibody that directs the external ligand binding domain of said CARs.
The invention can be summarized by the following items:
Epitope 1, Epitope 2 and Epitope 3 are mAb-specific epitopes and can be identical or different.
Table 1: Listing of the pharmaceutically-approved mAb with their antigenic targets. The sequences of the latter are provided, as well as epitope(s) for some of them.
Table 2: Listing of several mimotopes and epitopes corresponding to their mAb which are presented in Example 2.
Table 3: Listing of the VH & VL chains of scFv targeting the CD19, CD33, 5T4, ROR1, EGFRVIII, BCMA, CS1 and CD123 antigens.
Table 4: Exemplary sequence of CAR components
The invention relates to a polypeptide encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising at least one extracellular binding domain that comprises a scFv formed by at least a VH chain and a VL chain specific to an antigen, preferably a cell surface marker antigen, wherein said extracellular binding domain comprises at least one mAb-specific epitope. In one embodiment, the mAb-specific epitope is an epitope to be bound by an epitope-specific mAb for in vitro cell sorting and/or in vivo cell depletion of T cells expressing a CAR comprising such epitope.
The invention relates to a polypeptide encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising at least one extracellular binding domain that comprises a scFv formed by at least a VH chain and a VL chain specific to a cell surface marker antigen, wherein said extracellular binding domain comprises at least one mAb-specific epitope to be bound by a epitope-specific mAb for in vitro cell sorting and/or in vivo cell depletion of T cells expressing said CAR.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a CAR comprising
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a CAR comprising
In embodiments, the CAR of the invention comprises one extracellular binding domain.
By “chimeric scFv” is meant a polypeptide corresponding to a single-chain variable fragment composed of heavy and light chains (VH and VL, respectively) and of an epitope, which was not originally included in said VH and VL chains. The latter epitope is referred to as “mAb-specific epitope” when it has the capacity to be bound specifically by an antibody, in particular a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the mAbs specific epitope is not an epitope recognized by the ScFv. In some embodiments, the mAbs specific epitope is not derived from the extracellular domain of the CAR. The components of this chimeric scFv (i.e. the light and heavy variable fragments of the ligand binding domain and the mAb specific epitope) may be joined together by at least one linker, usually a flexible linker. These components are generally joined to the transmembrane domain of the CAR by a hinge.
Chimeric scFv Conformations
The structure of the chimeric scFv of the invention can be various as presented in the
The chimeric scFv of the invention may have several conformations, at least 9 when considering the number of possible permutations of one VH, one VL and one epitope.
Preferably, each component (VH, VL and epitope) is interconnected with its neighbor(s) by at least one flexible linker such as presented previously. The suitable combinations according to the invention are the ones which provide a good affinity/specificity in both bindings: between the mAb-specific epitope and the infused mAb, and between the VH & VL chains of the chimeric scFv and the antigen of the cell target ligand.
According to one embodiment, the extracellular-binding domain of the CAR comprises at least two linkers, both of them joining the epitope to the VH and VL chains; and a hinge joining the scFv-epitope to the transmembrane domain of the CAR.
For instance, if the projected CAR conformation is such that the mAb-specific epitope is located beside the VH and VL chains, a screening is performed when the CAR is expressed and is tested for cytoxicity and/or mAb depletion.
When the mAb-specific epitope is sought for being located between the VH and VL chains, a screening may be performed by phage display before testing and/or transient expression of the CAR construct. This may be obtained by transfection of mRNA, which is sufficient for a primary cytoxicity and/or mAb depletion test.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mAb-specific epitopes.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mAb-specific epitopes.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises 1, 2 or 3 mAb-specific epitopes.
In some embodiments, when the extracellular binding domain comprises several mAb-specific epitopes, all the mAb-specific epitopes are identical.
In some embodiments, when the extracellular binding domain comprises several mAb-specific epitopes, the mAb-specific epitopes are not identical. For example, the extracellular binding domain can comprises three mAb-specific epitopes, two of them being identical and the third one being different.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises a VH, a VL, and one or more mAb-specific epitopes, preferably 1, 2 or 3, more preferably 2 or 3 mAb-specific epitopes.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises the following sequence (Nterm is located on the left hand side):
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domains comprises the following sequence (Nterm is located on the left hand side):
In some embodiments, L1 is a linker comprising Glycine and/or Serine. In some embodiments, L1 is a linker comprising the amino acid sequence (Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)n or (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)n, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. In some embodiments L1 is (Gly4Ser)4 or (Gly4Ser)3.
In some embodiments, L is a flexible linker, preferably comprising Glycine and/or Serine. In some embodiments, L has an amino acid sequence selected from SGG, GGS, SGGS, SSGGS, GGGG, SGGGG, GGGGS, SGGGGS, GGGGGS, SGGGGGS, SGGGGG, GSGGGGS, GGGGGGGS, SGGGGGGG, SGGGGGGGS, or SGGGGSGGGGS preferably SGG, SGGS, SSGGS, GGGG, SGGGGS, SGGGGGS, SGGGGG, GSGGGGS or SGGGGSGGGGS. In some embodiments, when the extracellular binding domain comprises several occurrences of L, all the Ls are identical. In some embodiments, when the extracellular binding domain comprises several occurrences of L, the Ls are not all identical. In some embodiments, L is SGGGGS. In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises several occurrences of L and all the Ls are SGGGGS.
In some embodiments, Epitope 1, Epitope 2 and Epitope 3 are identical or different and are selected from mAb-specific epitopes having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35, SEQ ID NO 36, SEQ ID NO 37, SEQ ID NO 38, SEQ ID NO 39, SEQ ID NO 40, SEQ ID NO 41 or SEQ ID NO 42, SEQ ID NO 144 or SEQ ID NO 174.
In some embodiments, Epitope 1, Epitope 2 and Epitope 3 are identical or different and are selected from mAb-specific epitopes specifically recognized by ibritumomab, tiuxetan, muromonab-CD3, tositumomab, abciximab, basiliximab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, infliximab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, certolizumab pegol, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, gemtuzumab, natalizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, ranibizumab, tocilizumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, belimumab, canakinumab, denosumab, golimumab, ipilimumab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, QBEND-10 and ustekinumab.
In some embodiments, Epitope 1 is a mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35.
In some embodiments, Epitope 2 is a mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35.
In some embodiments, Epitope 3 is a mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35.
In some embodiments, Epitope 4 is a mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35.
In some embodiments, Epitope 2 is a mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35 and Epitope 3 is an mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 144.
In some embodiments, one of Epitope 1, Epitope 2, Epitope 3 and Epitope 4 is a CD34 epitope, preferably an epitope of SEQ ID 144. In some embodiments, one of Epitope1, Epitope 2, Epitope 3 and Epitope 4 is a CD34 epitope, preferably an epitope of SEQ ID 144 and the other mAb specific epitopes are CD20 mimotopes, preferably mimotope of SEQ ID NO 35.
Inserted mAb-Specific Epitope
According to the invention, the epitope to be inserted within the chimeric scFv is specific to the monoclonal antibody (mAb) which is used for cell sorting and/or cell depletion processes.
In a preferred embodiment, the introduced epitope within chimeric scFv is chosen as part of a mAb-specific epitope/epitope-specific mAb couple, in the basis of their approval by National Health Agencies in terms of regulatory/safety. Such couples are presented in the following table 1.
In a preferred embodiment, the epitope introduced within the chimeric scFv is the CD20 antigen, preferably SEQ ID NO 35 and the infused mAb which is being used to target it—for sorting and/or depletion purpose(s) is rituximab.
In some embodiments, the mAb-specific epitope has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35, SEQ ID NO 36, SEQ ID NO 37, SEQ ID NO 38, SEQ ID NO 39, SEQ ID NO 40, SEQ ID NO 41, SEQ ID NO 42, SEQ ID NO 144 or SEQ ID NO 174.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain of the CAR of the invention comprises one mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 35, two mAb-specific epitopes of SEQ ID NO 35, three mAb-specific epitopes of SEQ ID NO 35, one mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 35 and one mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 144, two mAb-specific epitopes of SEQ ID NO 35 and one mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 144, three mAb-specific epitopes of SEQ ID NO 35 and one mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 144.
According to another embodiment, the epitope is a mimotope. As a macromolecule, often a peptide, which mimics the structure of an epitope, the mimotope has the advantage to be smaller than conventional epitope, and therefore may be beneficial for a non-conformational sequence and easier to reproduce in a long polypeptide such a CAR. Mimotopes are known for several pharmaceutically-approved mAb such as two 10 amino acid peptides for cetuximab (Riemer et al., 2005), or a 24 aa for palivizumab (Arbiza et al, 1992). As these mimotopes can be identified by phage display, it is possible to try several of them in order to obtain a sequence which does not perturb the scFv for the same mAb. Furthermore, their use can enhance a complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
scFv
The term “extracellular ligand-binding domain” as used herein is defined as an oligo- or polypeptide that is capable of binding a ligand. Preferably, said domain is sought for being capable of interacting with a cell surface molecule. For example, the extracellular ligand-binding domain may be chosen to recognize a ligand that acts as a cell surface marker on target cells associated with a particular disease state. Thus examples of cell surface markers that may act as ligands include those associated with viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, autoimmune disease and cancer cells. In particular, the extracellular ligand-binding domain can comprise an antigen binding domain derived from an antibody against an antigen of the target. As non-limiting examples, the antigen of the target can be a tumor-associated surface antigen as described above. In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain is an extracellular ligand-binding domain as defined above. According to the present invention, said extracellular ligand-binding domain is a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) comprising the light (VL) and the heavy (VH) variable fragment of a target antigen specific monoclonal antibody, and an mAb epitope specific antigen. In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) comprising the light (VL) and the heavy (VH) variable fragment of a cell surface target antigen specific monoclonal antibody.
Other binding domain than scFv can also be used for predefined targeting of lymphocytes, such as camelid single-domain antibody fragments, receptor ligands like a vascular endothelial growth factor polypeptide, an integrin-binding peptide, heregulin or an IL-13 mutein, antibody binding domains, antibody hypervariable loops or CDRs as non-limiting examples.
In another embodiment, said extracellular binding domain can be a DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein). DARPins are genetically engineered antibody mimetic proteins typically exhibiting highly specific and high-affinity target protein binding. They are derived from natural ankyrin proteins and comprise at least three, usually four or five repeat motifs of these proteins. DARPins are small, single domain proteins which can be selected to bind any given target protein with high affinity and specificity (Epa, Dolezal et al. 2013; Friedrich, Hanauer et al. 2013; Jost, Schilling et al. 2013). According to the present invention, DARPins can be engineered to comprise multiple antigen recognition sites. Thus, said DARPins can be used to recognize a series of consecutive different antigens as well as a unique antigen. Thus, the present invention relates to a method comprising providing an immune cell, and expressing at the surface of said immune cell chimeric antigen receptor which comprises a designed ankyrin repeat protein capable of recognizing at least one specific ligand, preferably at two specific ligands.
As non-limiting example, the ligand of the target or the antigen recognized by the extracellular binding domain, preferably by the ScFv, can be a tumor-associated surface antigen, such as ErbB2 (HER2/neu), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), CD19, CD20, CD30, CD40, disialoganglioside GD2, GD3, C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1), ductal-epithelial mucine, gp36, TAG-72, glycosphingolipids, glioma-associated antigen, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein (AFP), lectin-reactive AFP, thyroglobulin, RAGE-1, MN-CA IX, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, RU1, RU2 (AS), intestinal carboxyl esterase, mut hsp70-2, M-CSF, prostase, prostase specific antigen (PSA), PAP, NY-ESO-1, LAGA-1a, p53, prostein, PSMA, surviving and telomerase, prostate-carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1), MAGE, ELF2M, neutrophil elastase, ephrin B2, CD22, insulin growth factor (IGF1)-I, IGF-II, IGFI receptor, mesothelin, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule presenting a tumor-specific peptide epitope, 5T4, ROR1, Nkp30, NKG2D, tumor stromal antigens, the extra domain A (EDA) and extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin and the A1 domain of tenascin-C (TnC A1) and fibroblast associated protein (fap), LRP6, melamona-associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (MCSP), CD38/CS1, MART1, WT1, MUC1, LMP2, Idiotype, NY-ESO-1, Ras mutant, gp100, proteinase 3, bcr-abl, tyrosinase, hTERT, EphA2, ML-TAP, ERG, NA17, PAX3, ALK, Androgen receptor; a lineage-specific or tissue specific antigen such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD24, CD25, CD33, CD34, CD70, CD79, CD116, CD117, CD135, CD123, CD133, CD138, CTLA-4, B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), endoglin, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, BCMA (CD269, TNFRSF 17), FLT-3, or a virus-specific surface antigen such as an HIV-specific antigen (such as HIV gp120); an EBV-specific antigen, a CMV-specific antigen, a HPV-specific antigen, a Lasse Virus-specific antigen, an Influenza Virus-specific antigen as well as any derivate or variant of these surface markers. In specific cases, the ligand that the chimeric antigen receptor recognizes is present on the surface of a target cell, particularly cancer cell or viral cell. In some embodiments, the ligand that the chimeric antigen receptor recognizes is present in a tumor microenvironment. In some aspects of the invention, the ligand that the chimeric antigen receptor recognizes is a growth factor.
In one preferred embodiment, said VH and VL chains have as antigenic target sequence of over 80% identity, preferably over 90%, and more preferably over 95% with SEQ ID NO 43 (CD19 antigen), SEQ ID NO 44 (CD38 antigen), SEQ ID NO 45 (CD123 antigen), SEQ ID NO 46 (CS1 antigen), SEQ ID NO 47 (BCMA antigen), SEQ ID NO 48 (FLT-3 antigen), SEQ ID NO 49 (CD33 antigen), SEQ ID NO 50 (CD70 antigen), SEQ ID NO 51 (EGFR-3v antigen), SEQ ID NO 52 (WT1 antigen).
In one more preferred embodiment, said VH and VL chains have as antigenic target sequence of over 80% identity, preferably over 90%, and more preferably over 95% with or identical to SEQ ID NO 53-64 (CD19 antigen), SEQ ID NO 65-76 (CD33 antigen), SEQ ID NO 77-84 (5T4 antigen), SEQ ID NO 85-90 (ROR1 antigen), SEQ ID NO 91-94 (EGFRvIII antigen), SEQ ID NO 95-102 (BCMA antigen), SEQ ID NO 103-112 (CS1 antigen) and SEQ ID NO 113-124 (CD123 antigen) as follows in Table 3.
In some embodiments, the antigen recognized by the extracellular binding domain, preferably by the ScFv is selected from SEQ ID NO 43 (CD19 antigen), SEQ ID NO 44 (CD38 antigen), SEQ ID NO 45 (CD123 antigen), SEQ ID NO 46 (CS1 antigen), SEQ ID NO 47 (BCMA antigen), SEQ ID NO 48 (FLT-3 antigen), SEQ ID NO 49 (CD33 antigen), SEQ ID NO 50 (CD70 antigen), SEQ ID NO 51 (EGFR-vIII antigen) or SEQ ID NO 52 (WT1 antigen).
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises:
In another preferred embodiment, said VH and VL chains have as epitope target sequence of over 80% identity, preferably over 90%, and more preferably over 95% with SEQ ID NO 11 (CD20 antigen).
The extracellular ligand-binding domain can also comprise a peptide binding an antigen of the target, a peptide or a protein binding an antibody that binds an antigen of the target, a peptide or a protein ligand such as a growth factor, a cytokine or a hormone as non-limiting examples binding a receptor on the target, or a domain derived from a receptor such as a growth factor receptor, a cytokine receptor or a hormone receptor as non-limiting examples, binding a peptide or a protein ligand on the target. Preferably the target is a cell or a virus.
The antigen binding domain of the CAR can be any domain that binds to the cell target antigen including but not limited to a monoclonal antibody, a recombinant antibody, a human antibody, a humanized antibody, and a functional fragment thereof.
A humanized antibody can be produced using a variety of techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, CDR-grafting (see, e.g., European Patent No. EP 239,400; International Publication No. WO 91/09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,530,101, and 5,585,089, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference), veneering or resurfacing (see, e.g., European Patent Nos. EP 592,106 and EP 519,596; Padlan, 1991, Molecular Immunology, 28(4/5):489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994, Protein Engineering, 7(6):805-814; and Roguska et al., 1994, PNAS, 91:969-973, each of which is incorporated herein by its entirety by reference), chain shuffling (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference), and techniques disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2005/0042664, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2005/0048617, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,407,213, 5,766,886, International Publication No. WO 9317105, Tan et al., J. Immunol., 169: 1119-25 (2002), Caldas et al., Protein Eng., 13(5):353-60 (2000), Morea et al., Methods, 20(3): 267-79 (2000), Baca et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272(16): 10678-84 (1997), Roguska et al., Protein Eng., 9(10):895-904 (1996), Couto et al., Cancer Res., 55 (23 Supp):5973s-5977s (1995), Couto et al., Cancer Res., 55(8): 1717-22 (1995), Sandhu J S, Gene, 150(2):409-10 (1994), and Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol., 235(3):959-73 (1994), each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Often, framework residues in the framework regions will be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, for example improve, antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well-known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; and Riechmann et al., 1988, Nature, 332:323, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.).
According to the invention, the scFv may be nanobodies (natural single domain antibodies) which can be obtained by immunization of dromedaries, camels, llamas, alpacas or sharks.
Linkers within the Chimeric scFv
The flexibility of scFv linker engineering can be combined with the inherent quick and adaptable characters of surface coupling chemistry (e.g., electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, or covalent attachment). Peptide linkers can vary from 10 to 25 amino acids in length and are typically, but not always, composed of hydrophilic amino acids such as glycine (G) and serine (S). Peptide linkers of shorter lengths (0-4 amino acids) have also been used. However, scFv bearing shorter linkers can form multimers. Generally, the (GGGGS)3 peptide is used as an scFv peptide linker. This 15-amino acid linker sequence [designated as the (GGGGS) 3 linker] is used in the Recombinant Phage Antibody System (RPAS kit) commercially available from Amersham. Previous study demonstrated that scFvs (MW˜27 000) containing metal-binding amino acids (i.e., cysteine or histidine) in the scFv peptide linker can be directly immobilized onto a gold surface in a favorable antigen-binding orientation at high density that significantly increased assay sensitivity by 3-5-fold over whole IgG or Fab antibody fragments, respectively (Shen Z, Mernaugh R L, Yan H, Yu L, Zhang Y, Zeng X. Anal. Chem. 2005; 77:6834-6842; Shen Z, Stryker G A, Mernaugh R L, Yu L, Yan H, Zeng X. Anal. Chem. 2005; 77:797-805).
Amongst other linkers suitable within the present invention are the 15-mer peptide linker (RGRGRGRGRSRGGGS) (Zhihong Shen, Heping Yan, Ying Zhang, Raymond L. Mernaugh, and Xiangqun Zeng (2008), Anal Chem. 80(6): 1910-1917).
In some embodiments, the “linker” as used in the context of a scFv refers to a peptide linker that consists of amino acids such as glycine and/or serine residues used alone or in combination, to link variable heavy and variable light chain regions together. In one embodiment, the flexible polypeptide linker is a Glycine/Serine linker and comprises the amino acid sequence (Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)n or (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)n, where n is a positive integer equal to or greater than 1. For example, n=1, n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5, n=6, n=7, n=8, n=9 and n=10. In one embodiment, the flexible polypeptide linkers include, but are not limited to, (Gly4Ser)4 or (Gly4Ser)3. In another embodiment, the linkers include multiple repeats of (GlyxSer)n, where x=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, such as multiple repeat of (GlySer), (Gly2Ser) or (GlysSer). Also included within the scope of the invention are linkers described in WO2012/138475, incorporated herein by reference.
The CAR according to the invention are sought for enabling engineered immune cells to trigger the destruction of pathological cells, in particular malignant cells. They may be designed according to single-chain or multi-chain architectures. In some embodiments, the extracellular ligand-binding domain, transmembrane domain, and intracellular signaling domain are in one polypeptide, i.e., in a single chain. Multi-chain architectures are more particularly disclosed in WO2014039523.
A multi-chain CAR is typically formed of different polypeptides such as:
The signaling polypeptide is responsible for the activation of at least one of the normal functions of the engineered immune cell. For example, the function of a T cell can be a cytolytic activity or helper activity including the secretion of cytokines. Thus, the term “signaling protein” refers to a protein which transduces the transmitter domain function signal and directs the cell to perform a specialized function. In a particular embodiment, said transmitter domain can be a signaling protein. Transmission of the signals can result from: protein/protein interactions, protein/DNA interaction, protein/RNA interaction, protein/small molecule interaction, post translational protein modification, conformational change, subcellular relocalization.
The signaling protein can activate a gene in the nucleus. Examples of signaling protein can be members of NFAT transcription factor family which are inducible factor that could bind the intereukin-2 promoter in activated T cells. The regulation of NFAT proteins involves metabolites and proteins such as calcium, calcineurin and Homer scaffolding proteins. Said signaling protein can be an activated engineered form of NFAT avoiding regulation by calcineurin and Homer proteins. Said signaling protein can be a NF-κB engineered to avoid sequestration in the cytoplasm by Iκb allowing activation of T cells. Said signaling protein can also be the expression of the three IKK subunits (IKKα, IKKβ, IKKγ). Reconstituted IKK complex activated NF-κB pathway, by triggering the ubiquitination of the IκB. Also the activation of the JNK signaling could be triggered through the direct expression of signaling protein AP-1 (transcription factor). Said signaling protein can be an engineered transcription activator like effector (TALE) binding domain that will specifically target and activate transcription of the same gene as for the NFAT and NF-kb.
According to the invention, said signaling protein can inhibit a signaling pathway through protein-protein interaction or can activate a gene in the nucleus to inhibit a signaling pathway. Said signaling protein can be vaccinia H1 related proteins (VHR) a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs) family which dephosphorylates and inactivates an extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) signaling proteins.
According to the invention, signal transducing domain for use in a CAR can be the cytoplasmic sequences of the T cell receptor and co-receptors that act in concert to initiate signal transduction following antigen receptor engagement, as well as any derivate or variant of these sequences and any synthetic sequence that has the same functional capability. Signal transduction domain may comprise two distinct classes of cytoplasmic signaling sequence, those that initiate antigen-dependent primary activation, and those that act in an antigen-independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal.
In particular embodiment the signal transduction domain of the CAR of the present invention comprises a co-stimulatory signal molecule. A co-stimulatory molecule is a cell surface molecule other than an antigen receptor or their ligands that is required for an efficient immune response.
“Co-stimulatory ligand” refers to a molecule on an antigen presenting cell that specifically binds a cognate co-stimulatory molecule on a T cell, thereby providing a signal which, in addition to the primary signal provided by, for instance, binding of a TCR/CD3 complex with an MHC molecule loaded with peptide, mediates a T cell response, including, but not limited to, proliferation activation, differentiation and the like. A “co-stimulatory molecule” refers to the cognate binding partner on a T cell that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co-stimulatory response by the cell, such as, but not limited to proliferation. Co-stimulatory molecules include, but are not limited to an MHC class I molecule, BTLA and Toll ligand receptor.
For instance, a multi-chain CAR can be derived from the structure of a Fc receptor, preferably FcεRI, and comprise at least two of the following components:
In general, these different polypeptides multimerize together spontaneously to form dimeric, trimeric or tetrameric structures that arise at the cell surface in a juxtamembrane position.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to an immune cell comprising a single-chain CAR as well defined in the prior art, as well as in any of U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,190, WO2008/121420, U.S. Pat. No. 8,252,592, US20140024809, WO2012/079000, WO2014153270, WO2012/099973, WO2014/011988, WO2014/011987, WO2013/067492, WO2013/070468, WO2013/040557, WO2013/126712, WO2013/126729, WO 2013/126726, WO2013/126733, U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,645, US20130266551, US20140023674, WO2014039523, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,514,537, 8,324,353, WO2010/025177, U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,179, WO2010/025177, WO2012/031744, WO2012/136231A1, WO2012/050374A2, WO2013074916, WO/2009/091826A3, WO2013/176915 or WO/2013/059593.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a CAR comprising
In one embodiment, the transmembrane domain comprises the transmembrane region(s) of the alpha, beta or zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, PD-1, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, CTLA-4, LAG3, 2B4, BTLA4, TIM-3, TIGIT, SIRPA, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137 or CD154.
In another embodiment, the hinge is an IgG4 hinge or a CD8 alpha hinge, preferably a CD8 alpha hinge.
The distinguishing features of appropriate transmembrane domains comprise the ability to be expressed at the surface of a cell, preferably in the present invention an immune cell, in particular lymphocyte cells or Natural killer (NK) cells, and to interact together for directing cellular response of immune cell against a predefined target cell. The transmembrane domain can be derived either from a natural or from a synthetic source. The transmembrane domain can be derived from any membrane-bound or transmembrane protein. As non-limiting examples, the transmembrane polypeptide can be a subunit of the T cell receptor such as α, β, γ or δ, polypeptide constituting CD3 complex, IL2 receptor p55 (α chain), p75 (β chain) or γ chain, subunit chain of Fc receptors, in particular Fcγ receptor III or CD proteins. Alternatively the transmembrane domain can be synthetic and can comprise predominantly hydrophobic residues such as leucine and valine. In a preferred embodiment said transmembrane domain is derived from the human CD8 alpha chain (e.g. NP_001139345.1). Said transmembrane domain can also be a CD8 transmembrane domain (alpha and beta chains). Said Transmembrane domain can be engineered to create obligated hetero or homodimers. In particular embodiment said CARs can comprise transmembrane domains or intracellular domains which can only dimerize after ligand recognition. Another example of transmembrane domain can be NKG2-D receptor. NKG2D (natural killer cell group 2D) is a C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on NK cells, γδ-TcR+ T cells, and CD8+αβ-TcR+ T cells (Bauer, Groh et al., 1999, Science 285(5428):727-9. NKG2D is associated with the transmembrane adapter protein DAP10 (Wu, Song et al. 1999, Science 285(5428):730-2), whose cytoplasmic domain binds to the p 85 subunit of the PI-3 kinase.
Said transmembrane domain can also be an integrin. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of a α and β chains which combined together form the LFA-1 (integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) which is expressed on all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligand, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also it has an important role in lymphocyte co-stimulatory signaling (Chen and Flies 2013, Nat Rev Immunol 13(4):227-42). The molecular details of the binding of LAF-1 to its immunoglobulin ICAM-1 are quite known allowing a careful engineering of LAF-1 binding site. The affinity of ox domain for ICAM-1 is regulated by the displacement of its C-terminal helix which is conformational linked to alterations of specific loops in LAF-1. The active and low conformations differ of 500 and 10,000 folds. It is also interesting to note that two types of antagonists are known for LFA-1 and their mechanism of action is known. Integrin cell surface adhesion receptors can transmit a signal from the outside to inside but also vice-versa. There are cytoskeletal proteins as Talin which binds to the integrin tail LFA-1 to transfer a message from inside to outside.
According to one embodiment, the transmembrane domain comprises the transmembrane region of PD-1 or the transmembrane region(s) of CD8 alpha.
In one aspect of the invention, the transmembrane domain is attached to the extracellular domain of the CAR via a hinge e.g., a hinge from a human protein. For example, in one embodiment, the hinge can be a human Ig (immunoglobulin) hinge, e.g., a PD-1 hinge, an IgG4 hinge, or a CD8alpha hinge.
In a preferred embodiment, the hinge of the CAR is a human immunoglobulin hinge.
In a more preferred embodiment, the hinge of the CAR is an IgG4 hinge or a CD8 alpha hinge.
In some embodiments, the hinge is an FcγRIII alpha hinge.
In some embodiments, the hinge is a CD8 alpha hinge.
In some embodiments, the hinge is a CD8 alpha hinge has amino acid sequence with at least about 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ. ID NO: 179, 180 or 181.
The term “hinge region” (also named stalk region in the literature) used herein generally means any oligo- or polypeptide that functions to link the transmembrane domain to the extracellular ligand-binding domain. In particular, stalk region are used to provide more flexibility and accessibility for the extracellular ligand-binding domain. A stalk region may comprise up to 300 amino acids, preferably 10 to 100 amino acids and most preferably 25 to 50 amino acids. Stalk region may be derived from all or part of naturally occurring molecules, such as from all or part of the extracellular region of CD8, CD4, CD28 or RTK, or from all or part of an antibody constant region. Alternatively the stalk region may be a synthetic sequence that corresponds to a naturally occurring stalk sequence, or may be an entirely synthetic stalk sequence.
The intracellular domain (also referred to herein as a “cytoplasmic signaling domain” or “an intracellular signaling domain”) comprises a functional signaling domain derived from a stimulatory molecule as defined below. In some embodiments, the stimulatory molecule is the zeta chain associated with the T-cell receptor complex. In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic signaling domain further comprises one or more functional signaling domains derived from at least one costimulatory molecule as defined below. In some embodiments, the costimulatory molecule is chosen from 4-1BB (i.e., CD137), CD27 and/or CD28.
The term “stimulatory molecule,” refers to a molecule expressed by a T-cell that provides the positive cytoplasmic signaling sequence(s) that regulate positive activation of the TCR complex in a stimulatory way for at least some aspect of the T-cell signaling pathway. In some embodiments, the positive signal is initiated by, for instance, binding of a TCR/CD3 complex with an MHC molecule loaded with peptide, and which leads to mediation of a T-cell response, including, but not limited to, proliferation, activation, differentiation, and the like. A positive cytoplasmic signaling sequence (also referred to as a “positive signaling domain” or positive intracellular signaling domain) that acts in a stimulatory manner may contain a signaling motif which is known as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif or ITAM. Examples of an ITAM containing positive cytoplasmic signaling sequence includes, but is not limited to, those derived from TCR zeta (or CD3zeta), FcR gamma, FcR beta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD278 (also known as “ICOS”) and CD66d. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR can comprise the CD3ζ (zeta) signaling domain which has amino acid sequence with at least about 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ. ID NO: 175.
In some aspect, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR generates a signal that promotes an immune effector function of the CAR containing cell. Examples of immune effector function, e.g., in a CAR T-cell, include cytolytic activity and helper activity, including the secretion of cytokines.
The term “costimulatory molecule” refers to the cognate binding partner on a T-cell that specifically binds with a costimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a costimulatory response by the T-cell, such as, but not limited to, proliferation. Costimulatory molecules are cell surface molecules other than antigen receptors or their ligands that are required for an efficient immune response. Costimulatory molecules include, but are not limited to an MHC class I molecule, BTLA and a Toll ligand receptor, as well as OX40, CD2, CD27, CD28, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and 4-IBB (CD137).
A costimulatory intracellular signaling domain can be the intracellular portion of a costimulatory molecule. A costimulatory molecule can be represented in the following protein families: TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokine receptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAM proteins), and activating NK cell receptors. Examples of such molecules include CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40, GITR, CD30, CD40, ICOS, BAFFR, HVEM, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, SLAMF7, NKp80, CD160, B7-H3, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, and the like. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR of the invention comprises amino acid sequence which comprises at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ. ID NO: 176 and SEQ. ID NO: 177.
CARs and immune cells comprising them have been extensively disclosed and can be prepared by the skilled person according to known methods. For example, methodologies to prepare CARs and cells comprising such CARs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,190, WO2008/121420, U.S. Pat. No. 8,252,592, US20140024809, WO2012/079000, WO2014153270, WO2012/099973, WO2014/011988, WO2014/011987, WO2013/067492, WO2013/070468, WO2013/040557, WO2013/126712, WO2013/126729, WO 2013/126726, WO2013/126733, U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,645, US20130266551, US20140023674, WO2014039523, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,514,537, 8,324,353, WO2010/025177, U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,179, WO2010/025177, WO2012/031744, WO2012/136231A1, WO2012/050374A2, WO2013074916, WO2009/091826A3, WO2013/176915 or WO/2013/059593 which are all incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
The present invention encompasses a recombinant DNA construct comprising sequences encoding an CAR as defined above, wherein the CAR comprises an extracellular domain such as an antibody fragment that binds specifically to cell target antigen, and wherein the sequence of the extracellular domain is contiguous with and in the same reading frame as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain. An exemplary CAR construct may comprise an optional leader sequence, an extracellular cell target antigen binding domain, a hinge, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular inhibitory signaling domain
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a recombinant DNA construct comprising sequences encoding a CAR as defined above. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises an extracellular domain comprising
According to one aspect, the invention relates to a method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cell, comprising contacting a population of said engineered immune with antigen-specific antibody (preferably monoclonal Abs) to collect only cells expressing CAR.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cell, wherein said CAR comprises at least one extracellular binding domain comprising at least one mAb-specific epitope as described above, comprising
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cells, wherein said CAR comprises at least one extracellular binding domain comprising at least one mAb-specific epitope, comprising
In some embodiments, said monoclonal antibody specific for said mAb-specific epitope is conjugated to a fluorophore and the step of selecting the cells that bind to the monoclonal antibody is done by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).
In some embodiments, said monoclonal antibody specific for said mAb-specific epitope is conjugated to a magnetic particle and the step of selecting the cells that bind to the monoclonal antibody is done by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain of the CAR comprises a mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 144.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain of the CAR comprises a mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 144 and the antibody used to contact the population of immune cells is QBEND-10.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain of the CAR comprises a mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 35.
In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain of the CAR comprises a mAb-specific epitope of SEQ ID NO 35 and the antibody used to contact the population of immune cells is
In some embodiments, the population CAR-expressing immune cells obtained when using the method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cells described above, comprises at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% of CAR-expressing immune cells. In some embodiments, the population
CAR-expressing immune cells obtained when using the method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cells described above, comprises at least 85% CAR-expressing immune cells.
In some embodiments, the population of CAR-expressing immune cells obtained when using the method for in vitro sorting CAR-expressing immune cells described above shows increased cytotoxic activity in vitro compared with the initial (non-sorted) cell population using the protocol described in Example 7.5. In a preferred embodiment, said cytotoxic activity in vitro is increased by 10%, 20%, 30% or 50%.
Preferably, the mAbs are previously bound onto a support such as a column or on beads such as routinely realized by the skilled in the art.
According to a favored embodiment, immune cells are T-cells.
According to the invention, cells to be administered to the recipient may be enriched in vitro from the source population.
Methods of expanding source populations are well known in the art, and may include selecting cells that express an antigen such as CD34 antigen, using combinations of density centrifugation, immuno-magnetic bead purification, affinity chromatography, and fluorescent activated cell sorting, known to those skilled in the art.
Flow cytometry is widely used in the art and is a method well known to one of ordinary skill to sort and quantify specific cell types within a population of cells. In general, flow cytometry is a method for quantitating components or structural features of cells primarily by optical means. Since different cell types can be distinguished by quantitating structural features, flow cytometry and cell sorting can be used to count and sort cells of different phenotypes in a mixture.
A flow cytometric analysis involves two basic steps: 1) labeling selected cell types with one or more labeled markers, and T) determining the number of labeled cells relative to the total number of cells in the population.
The primary method of labeling cell types is by binding labeled antibodies to markers expressed by the specific cell type. The antibodies are either directly labeled with a fluorescent compound or indirectly labeled using, for example, a fluorescent-labeled second antibody which recognizes the first antibody.
In a preferred embodiment, the method used for sorting T cells expressing CAR is the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).
Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens (CD molecules) by using superparamagnetic nanoparticles and columns. It takes only a few simple steps to get pure cell populations Cells in a single-cell suspension are magnetically labeled with microbeads. The sample is applied to a column composed of ferromagnetic spheres, which are covered with a cell-friendly coating allowing fast and gentle separation of cells. The unlabeled cells pass through while the magnetically labeled cells are retained within the column. The flow-through can be collected as the unlabeled cell fraction. After a short washing step, the column is removed from the separator, and the magnetically labeled cells are eluted from the column.
Amongst other technique, FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype as very high purity of the desired population can be achieved, or when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker, or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density. In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker. FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence. In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population.
Detailed protocol for the purification of specific cell population such as T-cell can be found in Basu S et al. (2010). (Basu S, Campbell H M, Dittel B N, Ray A. Purification of specific cell population by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). J Vis Exp. (41): 1546).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mAb used in the method for sorting T cells expressing the CAR is chosen amongst ibritumomab, tiuxetan, muromonab-CD3, tositumomab, abciximab, basiliximab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, infliximab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, certolizumab pegol, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, gemtuzumab, natalizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, ranibizumab, tocilizumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, belimumab, canakinumab, denosumab, golimumab, ipilimumab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, QBEND-10 and ustekinumab.
In a more preferred embodiment, said mAb is rituximab.
In a more preferred embodiment, said mAb is QBEND-10.
By “in vivo depletion” is meant in the present invention the administration of a treatment to a mammalian organism aiming to stop the proliferation of CAR-expressing immune cells by inhibition or elimination.
One aspect of the invention is related to a method for in vivo depleting an engineered immune cell expressing a CAR comprising an m-Ab specific epitope as previously described, comprising contacting said engineered immune cell or said CAR-expressing immune cell with at least one epitope-specific mAbs. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for in vivo depleting immune CAR-expressing immune cell which comprises the above chimeric scFv (formed by insertion of a mAb-specific epitope) by contacting said engineered immune cell with epitope-specific antibodies.
Preferably, said immune cells are T-cells and/or the antibodies are monoclonal.
According to one embodiment, the in vivo depletion of immune engineered cell is performed on engineered immune cell which has been previously sorted using the in vitro method of the present invention. In this case, this will be the same infused mAb used.
According to a preferred embodiment, the mAb-specific antigen is CD20 antigen and the epitope-specific mAb is rituximab.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for in vivo depleting an engineered immune cell expressing a CAR comprising an mAb-specific epitope (CAR-expressing immune cell) as previously described, in a patient comprising contacting said CAR-expressing immune cell with at least one epitope-specific mAb.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mAb used in the method for depleting an engineered immune cell expressing a CAR is chosen amongst ibritumomab, tiuxetan, muromonab-CD3, tositumomab, abciximab, basiliximab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, infliximab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, certolizumab pegol, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, gemtuzumab, natalizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, ranibizumab, tocilizumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, belimumab, canakinumab, denosumab, golimumab, ipilimumab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, QBEND-10 and ustekinumab.
In some embodiments, said mAb-specific epitope is a CD20 epitope or mimotope, preferably SEQ ID NO 35 and the epitope-specific mAbs is rituximab.
In some embodiments, the step of contacting said engineered immune cell or said CAR-expressing immune cell with at least one epitope-specific mAb comprises infusing the patient with epitope-specific mAb, preferably rituximab. In some embodiments, the amount of epitope-specific mAb administered to the patient is sufficient to eliminate at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the CAR-expressing immune cell in the patient.
In some embodiments, the step of contacting said engineered immune cell or said CAR-expressing immune cell with at least one epitope-specific mAb comprises infusing the patient with 375 mg/m2 of rituximab, once or several times, preferably once weekly.
In some embodiments, when immune cells expressing a CAR comprising an mAb-specific epitope (CAR-expressing immune cells) are depleted in a CDC assay using epitope-specific mAb, the amount of viable CAR-expressing immune cells decreases, preferably by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%. Preferably the CDC assay is the assay disclosed in Example 3, Example 4 or Example 7.4. In some embodiments, said mAb-specific epitope is a CD20 epitope or mimotope, preferably SEQ ID NO 35 and the epitope-specific mAbs is rituximab.
To one particular embodiment, the in vivo depletion of CAR-engineered immune cells is performed by infusing bi-specific antibodies. By definition, a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsAb) is an artificial protein that is composed of fragments of two different monoclonal antibodies and consequently binds to two different types of antigen. These BsAbs and their use in immunotherapy have been extensively reviewed in Müller D and Kontermann R. E. (2010) Bispecific Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy, BioDrugs 24 (2): 89-98.
By “effector cell”, this term includes immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
According to another particular embodiment, the infused bi-specific mAb is able to bind both the mAb-specific epitope borne on engineered immune cells expressing the chimeric scFv and to a surface antigen on an effector and cytotoxic cell. This aspect is presented in
According to a particular embodiment, a cytotoxic drug is coupled to the epitope-specific mAbs which are used in to deplete CAR-expressing immune cells. By combining targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) allows a sensitive discrimination between healthy and diseased tissue when compared to the use of the drug alone. Market approvals were received for several ADCs; the technology for making them—particularly on linkers—is abundantly presented in the following prior art (Payne, G. (2003) Cancer Cell 3:207-212; Trail et al (2003) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 52:328-337; Syrigos and Epenetos (1999) Anticancer Research 19:605-614; Niculescu-Duvaz and Springer (1997) Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 26:151-172; U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278).
According to another particular embodiment, the epitope-specific mAb to be infused is conjugated beforehand with a molecule able to promote complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Therefore, the complement system helps or complements the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens from the organism. When stimulated by one of several, is triggered an activation cascade as a massive amplification of the response and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex.
Different molecule may be used to conjugate the mAb, such as glycans [Courtois, A, Gac-Breton, S., Berthou, C., Guézennec, J., Bordron, A. and Boisset, C. (2012), Complement dependent cytotoxicity activity of therapeutic antibody fragments is acquired by immunogenic glycan coupling, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458; http://www.ejbiotechnology.info DOI: 10.2225/vol15-issue5).
In some embodiments of the invention, the epitope-specific mAb used in the method for sorting and depleting an engineered immune cell expressing a CAR is the same and is chosen amongst ibritumomab, tiuxetan, muromonab-CD3, tositumomab, abciximab, basiliximab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, infliximab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, certolizumab pegol, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, gemtuzumab, natalizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, ranibizumab, tocilizumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, belimumab, canakinumab, denosumab, golimumab, ipilimumab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, QBEND-10 and ustekinumab.
In some embodiments of the invention, different antibodies are used for sorting and depleting the cells. In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain comprises at least one epitope specifically bound by rituximab such as an mAb-specific epitope having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 35 and at least one epitope specifically bound by QBEND10 such as SEQ ID NO 144 and the mAb used for sorting the cells is QBEND10 and the mAb used to deplete the cell is rituximab.
The inventors developed methods of engineering immune cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), preferably a CAR as described above, with all components necessary to trigger a cell surface target antigen and to expand/amplify. Further, this CAR has the particularity of to carry a chimeric scFv wherein the scFv is modified to include an epitope able to be specifically recognized by an antibody for cell sorting and/or cell depletion purposes.
In one embodiment, the method for engineering an immune cell chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), comprising at least one extracellular binding domain that comprises a scFv formed by at least a VH chain and a VL chain specific to a cell surface marker antigen and one mAb-specific epitope to be bound by a epitope-specific mAb, comprising:
In one embodiment, the method for engineering an immune cell expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) as described above, preferably comprising at least one extracellular binding domain that comprises a scFv formed by at least a VH chain and a VL chain specific to a cell surface marker antigen and one mAb-specific epitope to be bound by a epitope-specific mAb, comprises:
CARs and immune cells comprising them have been extensively disclosed and can be prepared by the skilled person according to known methods. For example, methodologies to prepare CAR and cells comprising such CARs are disclosed earlier. Immune cells comprising a CAR can be prepared by the skilled person according to the methodologies disclosed in the above mentioned references. In a preferred embodiment, immune cells comprising a CAR can be prepared by the skilled person according to the methodologies disclosed in WO2013/176915.
In some embodiments, the immune cell can be derived from an inflammatory T-lymphocyte, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, a regulatory T-lymphocyte, or a helper T-lymphocyte.
In some embodiments, immune cell is obtained from a healthy donor. In some embodiments, the immune cell is obtained from a patient.
In some embodiments, the method to engineer cell of the invention further comprises one or more additional genomic modification step. By additional genomic modification step, can be intended the introduction into cells to engineer of one or more protein of interest. Said protein of interest can be a CAR.
In some embodiments, the method of engineering T-cells of invention can comprise:
An immunosuppressive agent is an agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. In other words, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response. As non-limiting example, an immunosuppressive agent can be a calcineurin inhibitor, a target of rapamycin, an interleukin-2 u-chain blocker, an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, an inhibitor of dihydrofolic acid reductase, a corticosteroid or an immunosuppressive antimetabolite.
In a particular embodiment, the genetic modification step of the method relies on the inactivation of one gene selected from the group consisting of CD52, GR, TCR alpha and TCR beta. In another embodiment, the genetic modification step of the method relies on the inactivation of two genes selected from the group consisting of CD52 and GR, CD52 and TCR alpha, CDR52 and TCR beta, GR and TCR alpha, GR and TCR beta, TCR alpha and TCR beta. In another embodiment, the genetic modification step of the method relies on the inactivation of more than two genes. The genetic modification is preferably operated ex-vivo.
The rare-cutting endonucleases used for inactivating the genes in T-cells are preferably Transcription Activator like Effector (TALE), but may be also a Cas9 coupled to a RNA guide as respectively described in WO 2013/176915 and WO 2014/191128.
The different methods described above involve expressing CAR at the surface of a cell. As non-limiting example, said CAR can be expressed by introducing the latter into a cell. CARs can be introduced as transgene encoded by one plasmid vector. Said plasmid vector can also contain a selection marker which provides for identification and/or selection of cells which received said vector.
Polypeptides may be synthesized in situ in the cell as a result of the introduction of polynucleotides encoding said polypeptides into the cell. Alternatively, said polypeptides could be produced outside the cell and then introduced thereto. Methods for introducing a polynucleotide construct into cells are known in the art and including as non-limiting examples stable transformation methods wherein the polynucleotide construct is integrated into the genome of the cell, transient transformation methods wherein the polynucleotide construct is not integrated into the genome of the cell and virus mediated methods. Said polynucleotides may be introduced into a cell by for example, recombinant viral vectors (e.g. retroviruses, adenoviruses), liposome and the like. For example, transient transformation methods include for example microinjection, electroporation or particle bombardment. Said polynucleotides may be included in vectors, more particularly plasmids or virus, in view of being expressed in cells.
In one embodiment, said isolated cell according to the present invention comprises a polynucleotide encoding the chimeric antigen receptor carrying the chimeric scFv.
The present invention also relates to polynucleotides, vectors encoding the above described CAR according to the invention.
The polynucleotide may consist in an expression cassette or expression vector (e.g. a plasmid for introduction into a bacterial host cell, or a viral vector such as a baculovirus vector for transfection of an insect host cell, or a plasmid or viral vector such as a lentivirus for transfection of a mammalian host cell).
Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in view of the degeneracy of the genetic code, considerable sequence variation is possible among these polynucleotide molecules. Preferably, the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention are codon-optimized for expression in mammalian cells, preferably for expression in human cells. Codon-optimization refers to the exchange in a sequence of interest of codons that are generally rare in highly expressed genes of a given species by codons that are generally frequent in highly expressed genes of such species, such codons encoding the amino acids as the codons that are being exchanged.
In another embodiment, isolated cell or immune cell expressing a CAR as described herein obtained by the different methods or cell line derived from said isolated cell as previously described can be used as a medicament.
In another embodiment, said medicament can be used for treating pathologies such as cancer in a patient in need thereof.
In another embodiment, said isolated cell or immune cell expressing a CAR as described herein I according to the invention or cell line derived from said isolated cell can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a pathology such as a cancer in a patient in need thereof.
In another aspect, the present invention relies on methods for treating patients in need thereof, said method comprising at least one of the following steps:
In one embodiment, said immune cell, preferably T cells, of the invention can undergo robust in vivo T cell expansion and can persist for an extended amount of time.
Said treatment can be ameliorating, curative or prophylactic. It may be either part of an autologous immunotherapy or part of an allogenic immunotherapy treatment. By autologous, it is meant that cells, cell line or population of cells used for treating patients are originating from said patient or from a Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) compatible donor. By allogeneic is meant that the cells or population of cells used for treating patients are not originating from said patient but from a donor.
Said treatment can be used to treat patients diagnosed with cancer, viral infection, autoimmune disorders or Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD). Cancers that may be treated include tumors that are not vascularized, or not yet substantially vascularized, as well as vascularized tumors. The cancers may comprise non solid tumors (such as hematological tumors, for example, leukemias and lymphomas) or may comprise solid tumors. Types of cancers to be treated with the CAR of the invention include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, blastoma, and sarcoma, and certain leukemia or lymphoid malignancies, benign and malignant tumors, and malignancies e.g., sarcomas, carcinomas, and melanomas. Adult tumors/cancers and pediatric tumors/cancers are also included.
It can be a treatment in combination with one or more therapies against cancer selected from the group of antibodies therapy, chemotherapy, cytokines therapy, dendritic cell therapy, gene therapy, hormone therapy, laser light therapy and radiation therapy.
The administration of the cells or population of cells according to the present invention may be carried out in any convenient manner, including by aerosol inhalation, injection, ingestion, transfusion, implantation or transplantation. The compositions described herein may be administered to a patient subcutaneously, intradermally, intratumorally, intranodally, intramedullary, intramuscularly, by intravenous or intralymphatic injection, or intraperitoneally. In one embodiment, the cell compositions of the present invention are preferably administered by intravenous injection.
The administration of the cells or population of cells can consist of the administration of 104-109 cells per kg body weight, preferably 105 to 106 cells/kg body weight including all integer values of cell numbers within those ranges. The cells or population of cells can be administrated in one or more doses. In another embodiment, said effective amount of cells are administrated as a single dose. In another embodiment, said effective amount of cells are administrated as more than one dose over a period time. Timing of administration is within the judgment of managing physician and depends on the clinical condition of the patient. The cells or population of cells may be obtained from any source, such as a blood bank or a donor. While individual needs vary, determination of optimal ranges of effective amounts of a given cell type for a particular disease or conditions within the skill of the art. An effective amount means an amount which provides a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit. The dosage administrated will be dependent upon the age, health and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment and the nature of the effect desired.
In another embodiment, said effective amount of cells or composition comprising those cells are administrated parenterally. Said administration can be an intravenous administration. Said administration can be directly done by injection within a tumor.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, cells are administered to a patient in conjunction with (e.g., before, simultaneously or following) any number of relevant treatment modalities, including but not limited to treatment with agents such as antiviral therapy, cidofovir and interleukin-2, Cytarabine (also known as ARA-C) or nataliziimab treatment for MS patients or efaliztimab treatment for psoriasis patients or other treatments for PML patients. In further embodiments, the T cells of the invention may be used in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporin, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, and FK506, antibodies, or other immunoablative agents such as CAMPATH, anti-CD3 antibodies or other antibody therapies, cytoxin, fludaribine, cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin, mycoplienolic acid, steroids, FR901228, cytokines, and irradiation. These drugs inhibit either the calcium dependent phosphatase calcineurin (cyclosporine and FK506) or inhibit the p70S6 kinase that is important for growth factor induced signaling (rapamycin) (Henderson, Naya et al. 1991, Immunology 73(3):316-21; Liu, Albers et al. 1992, 31(16):3896-901; Bierer, Hollander et al. 1993, Curr Opin Immunol 5(5):763-73). In a further embodiment, the cell compositions of the present invention are administered to a patient in conjunction with (e.g., before, simultaneously or following) bone marrow transplantation, T cell ablative therapy using either chemotherapy agents such as, fludarabine, external-beam radiation therapy (XRT), cyclophosphamide, or antibodies such as OKT3 or CAMPATH, In another embodiment, the cell compositions of the present invention are administered following B-cell ablative therapy such as agents that react with CD20, e.g., Rituxan. For example, in one embodiment, subjects may undergo standard treatment with high dose chemotherapy followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. In certain embodiments, following the transplant, subjects receive an infusion of the expanded immune cells of the present invention. In an additional embodiment, expanded cells are administered before or following surgery.
Viral vectors include retrovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus (e.g. adenoassociated viruses), coronavirus, negative strand RNA viruses such as orthomyxovirus (e.g., influenza virus), rhabdovirus (e.g., rabies and vesicular stomatitis virus), paramyxovirus (e.g. measles and Sendai), positive strand RNA viruses such as picornavirus and alphavirus, and double-stranded DNA viruses including adenovirus, herpesvirus (e.g., Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), and poxvirus (e.g., vaccinia, fowlpox and canarypox). Other viruses include Norwalk virus, togavirus, flavivirus, reoviruses, papovavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepatitis virus, for example. Examples of retroviruses include: avian leukosis-sarcoma, mammalian C-type, B-type viruses, D type viruses, HTLV-BLV group, lentivirus, spumavirus (Coffin, J. M., Retroviridae: The viruses and their replication, In Fundamental Virology, Third Edition, B. N. Fields, et al., Eds., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996).
In addition to the preceding features, the invention comprises further features which will emerge from the following examples illustrating the method of in vitro sorting or in vivo depleting immune cells expressing CAR for immunotherapy, as well as the appended drawings.
All 10 CARs having different conformations in terms of chimeric scFv (anti-CD123 scFv with CD20 mimotope(s)) are depicted in
The DNA construct of the 10 CARs are transcribed into their corresponding mRNA via in vitro transcription and used to transfect by electroporation primary T cells freshly isolated from buffy coat via a standard ficoll procedure. One day post transfection, T cells were recovered and used to performed a flow based cytotoxicity assay as described as follows.
To generate primary T cells expressing anti-CD123 CAR, primary T cells are first purified from buffy-coat samples and activated using Dynabeads human T activator CD3/CD28. 3 days post activation, 1 million of activated T cells are transduced with lentiviral vectors harboring an anti-CD123 CAR expression cassette under the control of the Ef1α promoter, at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. T cells are kept in culture at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO2, 20 ng/ml IL-2 (final concentration) and 5% human AB serum in X-vivo-15 media (Lonza) for further characterization. 5 days post transduction, cells are used to perform the flow-based cytotoxicity assay.
The cytolytic activity and specificity of anti-CD123 CAR T cell are assessed according to the flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay as routinely performed (see for example Valton. et Al (2015) Mol Ther; 23(9):1507-1518). This assay consists of labeling 104 CD123 positive tumor cells and 104 CD123-negative control cells with 0.5 mM CellTrace™ CFSE and 0.5 mM CellTrace™ violet (Life Technology) and co-incubating them with 105 effector CAR T cells (E/T ratio of 10:1) in a final volume of 100 μl X-Vivo-15 media, for 5 H at 37° C. Cells are then recovered and labeled with eFluor780 viability marker before being fixed by 4% PFA as described above. Fixed cells are then analysed by flow cytometry to determine their viability. The frequency of specific cell lysis is calculated and displayed in the following:
Frequency of specific cell lysis=(Via CD123+cells with T/CD123−cells with T)/(Via CD123+cells/Via CD123−cells)
where Via CD123+ with T and Via CD123− with T correspond respectively to the % of viable CD123+ cells and CD123− cells obtained after 5 H in the presence of CAR T cells and where Via CD123+ cells and Via CD123− cells correspond respectively to the % of CD123+ cells and CD123− cells obtained after 5 H in the absence of CAR T cells.
The results show that T cells transfected with engineered anti-CD123 CAR are able to kill CD123− positive tumor cell models. As shown in
Consistent with these findings, transfected CAR T cells are tested for their capacity to degranulate when exposed to a CD123 recombinant protein coated on a 96 well plate. Together, our experiments are designed to show that insertion of CD20 mimotope in the sequence of the anti-CD123 CAR does not significantly impair its ability to specifically recognize the CD123 antigen.
To demonstrate the ability of rituximab to inhibit T cell cytotoxicity functions through specific recognition of CD20 mimotopes, transfected T cells are incubated in the presence of CD123-positive tumor cells, in the presence or in the absence of rituximab and baby rabbit-complement. The objective is to show that the cytotoxic activity and degranulation capacity of transfected T cells are impaired in the presence of rituximab and baby rabbit complement, indicating further that efficient recognition of engineered anti-CD123 CAR by rituximab leads to T cell depletion.
To further demonstrate the flexibility of the mAb-driven depletion system, different epitopes or mimotopes (SEQ ID NO 35-42) specific for cetuximab, palivizumab and nivolumab mAbs are inserted within the anti-CD123 CAR constructions using the same procedure and architecture as the one used for the CD20 mimotope described in Example 1. The results aim to show that transfected T cells retain their cytolytic activity and degranulation capacity toward CD123 positive tumor cells. In addition, the experiments are designed also to indicate that transfected T cells are depleted by some of the aforementioned mAbs
To explore the ability of the mAb-driven depletion system to allow depletion of anti-CD123 CAR T cells, transduced T cell expressing a CAR of SEQ ID NO 1, 2, 3 or 4 or an unmodified anti-CD123 CAR (SEQ ID NO 142), were subjected to a complement dependant cytotoxicity assay (CDC).
The CDC assay consisted in incubating 0.2 106 transduced T cells either alone, or in the presence of Rituximab (RTX, ROCHE, 400 ng) and Babby Rabbit Complement (BRC, AbD Serotec, ref #C12CA, 100 μL of the solution diluted according to the manufacturer protocol) for 3 hours at 37° C. in a final volume of 400 μL of Xvivo 10% FBS. At the end of incubation, anti CD123-CAR T cells were recovered and labeled with recombinant CD123 protein fused to an FC fragment (SEQ ID 143) and a PE labeled anti-FC secondary monoclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, ref #115-115-164, diluted 1/200). Cells were then recovered in PFA 4% before being analyzed by flow cytometry. The flow cytometry gating strategy consisted of determining the viability of anti-CD123 CAR positive T cells (PE positive cells) among the singlet found in the total population of cells. This analysis was performed on cells incubated alone and in the presence of RTX and BRC. Results are expressed as the ratio named “Relative frequency of viable cells among anti-CD123 CAR positive T cells (with respect to control experiment)” described below:
(Frequency of viable cells among anti-CD123 CAR positive T cells obtained in the presence of RTX and BRC)×100/(Frequency of viable cells among anti-CD123 CAR positive T cells obtained in the absence of RTX and BRC)
The results showed that all CAR architectures allowed the RTX-dependent depletion of CAR T cells (
In some embodiments, CARs of the invention having architectures illustrated by
To explore the ability of the mAb-driven depletion system to allow depletion of anti-BCMA CAR T cells, 15 different CAR architectures (SEQ ID 125-139,
To generate primary T cells expressing anti-BCMA CAR, primary T cells were first purified from buffy-coat samples and activated using Dynabeads human T activator CD3/CD28. 3 days post activation, 5 million of activated T cells were transfected with either 15 or 30 μg of poly adenylated mRNA encoding the different anti-BCMA CAR architectures (SEQ ID 125-139,
The CDC assay consisted in incubating 0.2 106 transfected cells either alone, or in the presence of Rituximab (RTX, ROCHE, 400 ng) and Babby Rabbit Complement (BRC, AbD Serotec, ref #C12CA, 100 μL of the solution diluted according to the manufacturer protocol) for 2 hours at 37° C. in a final volume of 400 μL of Xvivo 10% FBS. At the end of incubation, anti BCMA-CAR T cells were recovered and labeled with recombinant BCMA protein fused to an FC fragment (SEQ ID NO 151) and a PE labeled anti-FC secondary monoclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, ref #115-115-164, diluted 1/200). Cells were then recovered in PFA 4% before being analyzed by flow cytometry. The flow cytometry gating strategy was to determine the viability of anti-BCMA CAR positive T cells (PE positive cells) among the singlet found in the total population of cells. This analysis was performed on cells incubated alone and in the presence of RTX and BRC. Results are expressed as the ratio named “Relative frequency of viable cells among BCMA CAR positive T cells (with respect to control experiment)” described below:
(Frequency of viable cells among anti-BCMA CAR positive T cells obtained in the presence of RTX and BRC)×100/(Frequency of viable cells among anti-BCMA CAR positive T cells obtained in the absence of RTX and BRC)
The cytolytic activity and specificity of anti-BCMA CAR T cell were assessed according to the flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay reported in Valton. et Al (2015) Mol Ther; 23(9): 1507-1518. This assay consisted of labeling BCMA positive tumor target cell (T, H929) with 0.5 mM CellTrace™ CFSE (Life Technology, incubation 10 min 37° C. according to manufacturer protocol) and co-incubate them with 105 anti BCMA CAR T effector (E) cells (E/T ratio of 10:1) in a final volume of 100 μl X-Vivo-15 media, for 5 H at 37° C. Cells were then recovered and labeled with eFluor780 viability marker before being fixated by 4% PFA. Fixated cells were then analysed by flow cytometry to determine their viability.
To investigate autoactivation of T cell expressing various anti-BCMA CAR comprising RTX specific epitopes by clinically relevant dose of RTX, primary T cells transfected with mRNA encoding SEQ ID 125, 130-139 were incubated, one day post transfection, for 72 hours in X-vivo-15 medium supplemented with 5% AB serum, 20 ng/ml IL2 in the absence or in the presence of 500 μg/mL RTX at a concentration of 0.1 106 cells/wells in a final volume of 100 μl. CAR T cells were then spun down, the supernatant was recovered and analysed by ELISA (using the Human IFN-gamma Quantikine ELISA Kit, Rand D systems, ref #DIF50) to determine the amount of IFN γ released in the culture media. As positive control for CAR T cell activation and IFN γ release, cells were incubated with 10 μg/mL phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
To test the capacity of certain anti-BCMA CAR architectures (containing the CD34 epitope, SEQ ID NO 144 recognized by the QBEND10 antibody) to be purified, 100 106 primary T cells steadily expressing SEQ ID 128 were purified using the CD34 MicroBead Kit (Miltenyi, ref #130-046-702) according to the manufacturer protocol.
The results showed that T cells expressing SEQ ID 126-139 were all depleted to different extents by BRC and RTX in contrast to the unmodified anti-BCMA CAR (SEQ ID NO 125) that was not markedly depleted (
In some embodiments, the CAR of the invention having CAR architecture of SEQ ID NO126-139 allow rituximab dependent depletion of CAR T cell. In some embodiments the CAR of the invention having CAR architecture such as in SEQ ID, 136, 137, 138, i.e where the CAR comprises at least two identical mAb specific epitope separated by one or more other domains (such as VH, VL, VH-L1-VL . . . ) are particularly efficiently depleted.
The flow-based cytotoxicity assay results indicated that all architectures (SEQ ID 126-139) were able to recognize and kill BCMA-expressing H929 tumor cells to a similar extent than T cells expressing the unmodified version of anti-BCMA CAR architecture (SEQ ID NO 125,
In some embodiments, the CARs of the invention having CAR architectures of SEQ ID NO126-139 have similar cytotoxic activity as compared to a CAR without mAb-specific epitope such as a CAR of SEQ ID 125.
Anti-BCMA Positive CAR T Cells Sorting from an Heterogeneous Population of Cells
To test the capacity of T-cell expressing the anti-BCMA CAR of SEQ ID 128 (
The ELISA assay results showed that the presence of one or multiple CD20 mimotopes within the CAR architecture did not influence the propensity of CAR T cells to be activated by RTX (
To improve the depletability of anti-BCMA CAR T cells and at the same time, allow to sort them, two new hybrid CAR architectures SEQ ID NO 140 and 141 (
In some embodiments the CAR of the invention having CAR architecture such as in SEQ ID 140, 141, i.e where the CAR comprises at three identical mAb-specific epitope recognized by an approved antibody such as rituximab which can be used for depletion of the cells and one mAb specific eptitope which can be used for purification are particularly efficiently depleted and can also be efficiently purified.
Additional CARs based on the architecture of SEQ ID NO 140 and 141 but comprising VH and VL of ScFv specific for CD19 (CAR of SEQ ID NO 162-163 and 168-169), CD123 (CAR of SEQ ID NO 164-165), CD20 (CAR of SEQ ID NO 166-167) were assembled according to the protocol described in Example 4. Their ability to be depleted by RTX and BRC can be assessed by CDC assay according to the protocol described in Example 4.
Monitoring and comparing proliferation of different CAR T cells in vivo has been tiedous and cumbersome due to the lack of universal detection system. The ability of different CAR architectures to be detected was tested by flow cytometry using RTX as primary antibody and an FITC-coupled anti-Fab′2 monoclonal antibody (Life technologies, ref #H10101C, diluted 1/200) or using an APC labeled anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody named QBEND10 (Miltenyi Biotec, ref #130-090-954, diluted 1/25). Results were compared side by side with detection performed with recombinant BCMA protein fused to an FC fragment (SEQ ID NO 151) and a PE labeled anti-FC secondary monoclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, ref #115-115-164, diluted 1/200).
The results, showed that the frequency of positive CAR T cells expressing SEQ ID NO 128 and 130-139 detected with RTX were similar to the ones obtained when they were detected with recombinant BCMA protein (
The below CD20 mimotope-containing CARs are codon-optimized, synthesized and subcloned into the lentiviral vector pLVX-EF1a-IRES-Puro (Clontech) using the EcoRI (5′) and MIuI (3′) restriction sites (thus removing the IRES-Puro cassette). Lentiviruses are produced using psPAX2, an HIV-1 gag-pol packaging plasmid, and pMD2.G, a VSV-G expression plasmid.
leader-BCMA30 VH-linker-BCMA30 VL-CD8 Hinge-CD8 TM-4-1BB-CD3z wherein BCMA30 VH and BCMA30 VL are respectively SEQ ID NO 97 and SEQ ID NO 98.
Leader-BCMA30 VH-linker-BCMA30 VL-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-CD8 Hinge-CD8 TM-4-1BB-CD3z wherein BCMA30 VH and BCMA30 VL are respectively SEQ ID NO 97 and SEQ ID NO 98 and the mimotope is SEQ ID NO35.
Leader-BCMA30 VH-linker-BCMA30 VL-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-linker(L)-CD8 Hinge-CD8 TM-4-1BB-CD3z wherein BCMA30 VH and BCMA30 VL are respectively SEQ ID NO 97 and SEQ ID NO 98 and the mimotope is SEQ ID NO35.
Leader-BCMA30 VH-linker-BCMA30 VL-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-CD8 Hinge-CD8 TM-4-1BB-CD3z wherein BCMA30 VH and BCMA30 VL are respectively SEQ ID NO 97 and SEQ ID NO 98 and the mimotopes are both SEQ ID NO 35.
Leader-BCMA30 VH-linker-BCMA30 VL-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-linker(L)-Mimotope (M)-linker(L)-CD8 Hinge-CD8 TM-4-1BB-CD3z wherein BCMA30 VH and BCMA30 VL are respectively SEQ ID NO 97 and SEQ ID NO 98 and the mimotopes are both SEQ ID NO 35.
Untouched T cells are isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using the Pan T Cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) and activated for three days with antibodies against human CD2, CD3, and CD28 (T Cell activation/expansion kit—Miltenyi Biotec). Lentiviral vectors (LV) are produced by transient transfection of sub-confluent HEK-293T/17 (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) cells in 6-well plates. Briefly, pLVX, psPAX2, and pMD2.G plasmids are transfected at a 4:3:1 ratio, respectively, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. The following day, the media is replaced with T cell culture medium (5% human AB serum in X-vivo-15 medium (Lonza)), and 48 h after transfection the LV supernatant is harvested and filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe filter (Millipore). Activated T cells are seeded at 0.25×106 cells/mL in T cell culture medium containing 40 ng/ml IL-2 and transduced by adding an equal volume of fresh LV supernatant. Cells are cultured at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for three days and used for flow cytometry analysis or expanded in fresh T cell medium containing 20 ng/ml IL-2.
To test the utility of intra CAR CD20 mimotopes for detection and tracking of CAR-T cells, flow cytometry analysis is performed on transduced T cells using either biotinylated-BCMA protein, which binds the scFV region of the CAR followed by PE-conjugated streptavidin, or the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab followed by FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG (Rituximab (FITC)).
The functionality of intra CAR CD20 epitopes for CAR-T cell detection is assessed by comparison with the RQR8 marker/suicide gene system (SEQ ID NO 150), which consists of a compact protein containing two CD20 epitopes and a CD34 epitope that is normally co-expressed with the CAR (Philip, Blood 2014). For this experiment, T cells are transduced with a lentivirus that allows the co-expression of the BCMA30 CAR (SEQ ID NO 145) and the RQR8 protein (SEQ ID NO 150) (BC30-RQR8 construct). For comparison, T cells are transduced with the BCMA30 LMLML CAR construct (BC30-R2 construct—SEQ ID NO 149) and analyzed by flow cytometry three days post-transduction. In addition, non-transduced (NT) T cells serve as negative control.
The ability of intra CAR CD20 epitopes to enable selective elimination of CAR-T cells is evaluated in vitro using a CDC assay. The objective is to show that the presence of CD20 epitopes in the CAR molecule renders CAR-T cells highly susceptible to rituximab-mediated depletion. For this experiment, T cells transduced with either the BC30-R2 construct or the BC30-RQR8 construct are mixed with 25% baby-rabbit complement (AbD serotec) in the presence or absence of rituximab (100 μg/mL) and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. Selective deletion of CAR-T cells is determined by flow cytometry analysis using biotinylated BCMA protein.
7.5—Incorporation of CD20 Epitopes into CARs does not Impair the Cytolytic Activity of CAR-T Cells
The possibility that insertion of CD20 epitopes between the hinge and the scFv regions of the CAR might impair CAR activity is evaluated in a cytotoxicity assay. Briefly, T cells expressing either the BC30-R2 construct or the BC30-RQR8 construct are incubated with Luciferase-positive MM1S target cells at different ratios. For these killing assays, cells are seeded in 96-well white opaque tissue culture plates in a final volume of 100 μl of 5% human AB serum in X-vivo-15 medium (Lonza). After 4 hours, cells are equilibrated to room temperature and one volume of Bright-Glo™ Reagent (Promega) is added to each well. Luminescence is measured in a GLOMAX 96 microplate luminometer (Promega) and percentage of cell lysis is calculated according to the following formula:
100×(1—(Sample lysis−max lysis)/(Spontaneous lysis−max lysis)). Maximum lysis is determined by addition of 8% Triton X-100 (Sigma) to Luc+ MM1S cells. For spontaneous lysis, MM1S cells are incubated in the absence of effector CAR-T cells.
The results show that BC30-R2 CAR-T cells effectively eliminate BCMA-expressing MM1S cells in vitro (
7.6 Rituximab Binding to Intra CAR CD20 Epitopes does not Lead to CAR-T Cell Activation
To investigate if crosslinking of CARs by rituximab might lead to T cell activation due to CAR aggregation on the cell surface, BC30-R2 CAR-T cells are grown in the presence of rituximab. The anti-CD3 OKT3 antibody (eBioscience) causes crosslinking of the T cell receptor (TCR) resulting in cellular activation and proliferation and is used as a positive control. Briefly, BC30-R2 CAR-T cells are cultured in T cell medium in the presence/absence of rituximab for three days. T cell activation is then assessed by measuring the expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 using flow cytometry. This experiment shows that the percentage of activated T cells in the presence of RTX is not significantly different from the control (PBS). Therefore, soluble rituximab has no significant effect on the activation state of BC30-R2 CAR-T cells (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA20157004 | Jan 2015 | DK | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15546630 | Jul 2017 | US |
| Child | 18481797 | US |
