Patent Grant
10593449
The present invention generally relates to fabrication methods and resulting structures for semiconductor devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to a laminated magnetic inductor having multiple magnetic layer thicknesses.
Inductors, resistors, and capacitors are the main passive elements constituting an electronic circuit. Inductors are used in circuits for a variety of purposes, such as in noise reduction, inductor-capacitor (LC) resonance calculators, and power supply circuitry. Inductors can be classified as one of various types, such as a winding-type inductor or a laminated film-type inductor. Winding-type inductors are manufactured by winding a coil around, or printing a coil on, a ferrite core. Laminated film-type inductors are manufactured by stacking alternating magnetic or dielectric materials to form laminated stacks.
Among the various types of inductors the laminated film-type inductor is widely used in power supply circuits requiring miniaturization and high current due to the reduced size and improved inductance per coil turn of these inductors relative to other inductor types. A general laminated inductor includes one or more magnetic or dielectric layers laminated with conductive patterns. The conductive patterns are sequentially connected by a conductive via formed in each of the layers and overlapped in a laminated direction to form a spiral-structured coil. Typically, both ends of the coil are drawn out to an outer surface of a laminated body for connection to external terminals.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method for fabricating a laminated magnetic inductor. A non-limiting example of the method includes forming a first magnetic stack having one or more magnetic layers alternating with one or more insulating layers in a first inner region of the laminated magnetic inductor. A second magnetic stack is formed opposite a major surface of the first magnetic stack in an outer region of the laminated magnetic inductor. A third magnetic stack is formed opposite a major surface of the second magnetic stack in a second inner region of the laminated magnetic inductor. The magnetic layers are formed such that a thickness of a magnetic layer in each of the first and third magnetic stacks is less than a thickness of a magnetic layer in the second magnetic stack.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a laminated magnetic inductor. A non-limiting example of the laminated magnetic inductor includes a first inner region having one or more magnetic layers alternating with one or more insulating layers. An outer region having one or more magnetic layers alternating with one or more insulating layers is formed opposite a major surface of the first inner region. A second inner region having one or more magnetic layers alternating with one or more insulating layers is formed opposite a major surface of the outer region. The magnetic layers are formed such that a thickness of a magnetic layer in each of the first and second inner regions is less than a thickness of a magnetic layer in the outer region.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a laminated magnetic inductor. A non-limiting example of the laminated magnetic inductor includes a substrate and a first dielectric layer formed opposite a major surface of the substrate. A laminated stack is formed opposite a major surface of the first dielectric layer. The laminated stack includes an inner region adjacent to the first dielectric layer and an outer region formed opposite a major surface of the inner region. A second dielectric layer is formed opposite a major surface of the laminated stack. A conductive coil helically wraps through the first and second dielectric layers. The magnetic layers are formed such that a thickness of a magnetic layer in the inner region is less than a thickness of a magnetic layer in the outer region.
Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings.
The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified.
In the accompanying figures and following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments, the various elements illustrated in the figures are provided with two or three digit reference numbers. With minor exceptions, the leftmost digit(s) of each reference number correspond to the figure in which its element is first illustrated.
For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to semiconductor device and integrated circuit (IC) fabrication may or may not be described in detail herein. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. In particular, various steps in the manufacture of laminated inductor devices are well known and so, in the interest of brevity, many conventional steps will only be mentioned briefly herein or will be omitted entirely without providing the well-known process details.
Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, as previously noted herein, laminated film-type inductors offer reduced size and improved inductance per coil turn relative to other inductor types. For this reason, laminated film-type inductors are widely used in applications requiring miniaturization and high current, such as power supply circuitry. The integration of inductive power converters onto silicon is one path to reducing the cost, weight, and size of electronic devices.
Laminated film-type inductor performance can be improved by adding layers of magnetic film. There are two basic laminated film-type magnetic inductor configurations: the closed yoke type laminated inductor and the solenoid type laminated inductor. The closed yoke type laminated inductor includes a metal core (typically a copper wire) and magnetic material wrapped around the core. Conversely, the solenoid type laminated inductor includes a magnetic material core and a conductive wire (e.g., copper wire) wrapped around the magnetic material. Both the closed yoke type laminated inductor and the solenoid type laminated inductor benefit by having very thick magnetic stacks or yokes (e.g., magnetic layers having a thickness of greater than about 200 nm). Thick magnetic layers offer faster throughput and are significantly more efficient to deposit. There are challenges, however, in providing laminated film-type inductor architectures having thick magnetic layers.
One such challenge is addressing the increased loss in energy due to the powerful eddy currents associated with inductors having thick magnetic films. Eddy currents (also known as Foucault currents) are loops of electrical current induced by a changing magnetic field in a conductor. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Eddy currents are created when the time varying magnetic fields in the magnetic layers create an electric field that drives a circular current flow. These losses can be substantial and increase with the thickness of the magnetic layers. As magnetic film thicknesses increase, the eddy currents become severe enough to degrade the quality factor (also known as “Q”) of the inductor. The quality factor of an inductor is the ratio of its inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is a measure of its efficiency. The maximum attainable quality factor for a given inductor across all frequencies is known as peak Q (or maximum Q). Some applications can require the peak Q to be at a low frequency and other applications can require the peak Q to be at a high frequency.
The magnetic loss caused by eddy currents in a thick film inductor is largest in the region of the inductor where the coil is in close proximity to the magnetic material. Specifically, magnetic layers closer to the coil (that is, the “inner layers”) have larger losses than magnetic layers further from the coil (the “outer layers”). Moreover, magnetic flux densities in the space occupied by inner layers are generally higher than those characterizing the outer layers due to the magnetic reluctance of the insulating layers (also called spacer layers) interposed between the winding and the outer layers. Due to these relatively large magnetic flux densities in the space occupied by the inner layers, the inner layers tend to magnetically saturate at lower drive currents and have greater losses than the outer layers. Accordingly, the inner layer region is a critical region—the losses in this critical region dominate the overall losses of the inductor. Consequently, if losses can be mitigated or controlled in this critical region the overall performance (i.e., quality factor) of the inductor can be improved.
Turning now to an overview of the aspects of the invention, one or more embodiments of the invention address the above-described shortcomings by providing methods of fabricating a laminated magnetic inductor having multiple magnetic layer thicknesses. A laminated stack having a first inner region, an outer region, and a second inner region is formed opposite a major surface of a substrate. Magnetic layers in the first and second inner regions of the laminated stack are closer (more proximate to) a coil, whereas magnetic layers in the outer region are relatively distant from a coil. The laminated stack is structured such that magnetic layers in the first and second inner regions are thin (e.g., having a thickness of less than about 100 nm), while magnetic layers in the outer region are thick (e.g., having a thickness of greater than about 200 nm). In this manner, eddy current losses can be controlled in critical regions (i.e., the first and second inner regions) while providing improved throughput in noncritical regions (i.e., the outer region). Varying the thicknesses of the magnetic layers in this way advantageously provides a more uniform magnetic flux density while also improving the quality factor of the laminated magnetic inductor.
Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention,
The substrate 104 can be a wafer and can have undergone known semiconductor front end of line processing (FEOL), middle of the line processing (MOL), and back end of the line processing (BEOL). FEOL processes can include, for example, wafer preparation, isolation, well formation, gate patterning, spacer, extension and source/drain implantation, and silicide formation. The MOL can include, for example, gate contact formation, which can be an increasingly challenging part of the whole fabrication flow, particularly for lithography patterning. In the BEOL, interconnects can be fabricated with, for example, a dual damascene process using plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) deposited interlayer dielectric (ILDs), PVD metal barriers, and electrochemically plated conductive wire materials. The substrate 104 can include a bulk silicon substrate or a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer. The substrate 104 can be made of any suitable material, such as, for example, Ge, SiGe, GaAs, InP, AlGaAs, or InGaAs.
A conductive coil 106 is helically wound through the dielectric layer 102. For ease of discussion reference is made to operations performed on and to a conductive coil 106 having six turns or windings formed in the dielectric layer 102 (e.g., the conductive coil 106 wraps around the dielectric layer 102 and other portions of the structure 100 a total of six times). It is understood, however, that the dielectric layer 102 can include any number of windings. For example, the dielectric layer 102 can include a single winding, 2 windings, 5 windings, 10 windings, or 20 windings, although other winding counts are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. The conductive coil 106 can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., tungsten, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, zirconium, cobalt, copper, aluminum, lead, platinum, tin, silver, gold), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, ruthenium oxide, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), carbon nanotube, conductive carbon, graphene, or any suitable combination of these materials.
The inner magnetic layer 202 can be made of any suitable magnetic material known in the art, such as, for example, a ferromagnetic material, soft magnetic material, iron alloy, nickel alloy, cobalt alloy, ferrites, plated materials such as permalloy, or any suitable combination of these materials. In some embodiments, the inner magnetic layer 202 includes a Co containing magnetic material, FeTaN, FeNi, FeAlO, or combinations thereof. Any known manner of forming the inner magnetic layer 202 can be utilized. The inner magnetic layer 202 can be deposited through vacuum deposition technologies (i.e., sputtering) or electrodepositing through an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the inner magnetic layer 202 is conformally formed on exposed surfaces of the dielectric layer 102 using a conformal deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, or a combination thereof. Only thin magnetic layers (i.e., layers having a thickness of less than about 100 nm) are formed in the first inner layer region 200. In this manner, losses in the first inner layer region 200 are well-controlled. In some embodiments, the inner magnetic layer 202 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention.
The insulating layer 204 serves to isolate the adjacent magnetic material layers from each other in the stack and can be made of any suitable non-magnetic insulating material known in the art, such as, for example, aluminum oxides (e.g., alumina), silicon oxides (e.g., SiO2), silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides (SiOxNy), polymers, magnesium oxide (MgO), or any suitable combination of these materials. Any known manner of forming the insulating layer 204 can be utilized. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 204 is conformally formed on exposed surfaces of the inner magnetic layer 202 using a conformal deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, or a combination thereof. The insulating layer 204 can be about one half or greater of the thickness of the inner magnetic layer 202. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 204 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 5 nm to about 10 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention.
The outer magnetic layer 302 can be made of any suitable magnetic material known in the art, such as, for example, a ferromagnetic material, soft magnetic material, iron alloy, nickel alloy, cobalt alloy, ferrites, plated materials such as permalloy, or any suitable combination of these materials. Any known manner of forming the outer magnetic layer 302 can be utilized. In some embodiments, the outer magnetic layer 302 is conformally formed on exposed surfaces of the first inner layer region 200 using a conformal deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, or a combination thereof.
As discussed previously herein, the outer layer region 300 is less critical to the overall quality factor of the inductor and thick magnetic layers (i.e., layers having a thickness of more than about 200 nm) can be formed in the outer layer region 300 with only minimal efficiency losses. Consequently, the outer magnetic layer 302 can be conformally formed to a thickness much greater than the inner magnetic layer 202. In some embodiments, the outer magnetic layer 302 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 200 nm to about 800 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. In this manner, throughput of the structure 100 can be improved.
The insulating layer 304 can be made of any suitable non-magnetic insulating material known in the art, such as, for example, aluminum oxides (for example, alumina), silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, polymers, or any suitable combination of these materials. Any known manner of forming the insulating layer 304 can be utilized. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 304 is conformally formed on exposed surfaces of the outer magnetic layer 302 using a conformal deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 304 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 5 nm to about 10 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. The insulating layer 304 can have a same thickness, a larger thickness, or a smaller thickness as the insulating layer 204 in the first inner layer region 200.
The inner magnetic layer 402 can be made of any suitable magnetic material and can be formed using any suitable process in a similar manner as the inner magnetic layer 202. In some embodiments, the inner magnetic layer 402 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. The inner magnetic layer 402 can have a same thickness, a larger thickness, or a smaller thickness as the inner magnetic layer 202 in the first inner layer region 200. Only thin magnetic layers (i.e., layers having a thickness of less than about 100 nm) are formed in the second inner layer region 400. In this manner, losses in the second inner layer region 400 are well-controlled.
The insulating layer 404 can be made of any suitable non-magnetic insulating material and can be formed using any suitable process in a similar manner as the insulating layer 204. In some embodiments, the insulating layer 404 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 5 nm to about 10 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. The insulating layer 404 can have a same thickness, a larger thickness, or a smaller thickness as the insulating layer 204 in the first inner layer region 200.
A dielectric layer 602 is formed opposite a major surface of the dielectric layer 600. The dielectric layer 602 can be any suitable material, such as, for example, a low-k dielectric, SiO2, SiON, and SiOCN. Any known manner of forming the dielectric layer 602 can be utilized. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 602 is SiO2 conformally formed opposite a major surface of the dielectric layer 600 using a conformal deposition process such as PVD, CVD, PECVD, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 602 is conformally formed to a thickness of about 50 nm to about 400 nm, although other thicknesses are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention.
One or more coils 604 are formed in the dielectric layer 602, in a similar manner as the coils 106 formed in the dielectric layer 102. For ease of discussion reference is made to operations performed on and to a structure 100 having six coils (e.g., the coils 604) formed in the dielectric layer 602. It is understood, however, that the dielectric layer 602 can include any number of coils. For example, the dielectric layer 602 can include a single coil, 2 coils, 5 coils, 10 coils, or 20 coils, although other coil counts are within the contemplated scope of embodiments of the invention. The coils 602 can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, metal (e.g., tungsten, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, zirconium, cobalt, copper, aluminum, lead, platinum, tin, silver, gold), conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide, titanium aluminum carbide, tungsten silicide, tungsten nitride, ruthenium oxide, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide), carbon nanotube, conductive carbon, graphene, or any suitable combination of these materials. The dielectric layer 602 can include the same, more, or less coils than the dielectric layer 102.
As shown at block 804, a second magnetic layer is formed in an outer region of the laminated stack opposite a major surface of the first inner region. The second magnetic layer can be formed in a similar manner as the outer magnetic layer 302 (as depicted in
As shown at block 806 a third magnetic layer is formed in a second inner region of the laminated stack opposite a major surface of the outer region. The third magnetic layer can be formed in a similar manner as the inner magnetic layer 402 (as depicted in
As discussed previously herein, the laminated stack can be structured such that a thickness of the first and third magnetic layers is less than a thickness of the second magnetic layer. In this manner, eddy current losses can be controlled in critical regions (i.e., the first and second inner regions) while providing improved throughput in noncritical regions (i.e., the outer region).
Various embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Although various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings, persons skilled in the art will recognize that many of the positional relationships described herein are orientation-independent when the described functionality is maintained even though the orientation is changed. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Similarly, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. As an example of an indirect positional relationship, references in the present description to forming layer “A” over layer “B” include situations in which one or more intermediate layers (e.g., layer “C”) is between layer “A” and layer “B” as long as the relevant characteristics and functionalities of layer “A” and layer “B” are not substantially changed by the intermediate layer(s).
The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” can include an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”
References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may or may not include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the described structures and methods, as oriented in the drawing figures. The terms “overlying,” “atop,” “on top,” “positioned on” or “positioned atop” mean that a first element, such as a first structure, is present on a second element, such as a second structure, wherein intervening elements such as an interface structure can be present between the first element and the second element. The term “direct contact” means that a first element, such as a first structure, and a second element, such as a second structure, are connected without any intermediary conducting, insulating or semiconductor layers at the interface of the two elements.
The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.
The phrase “selective to,” such as, for example, “a first element selective to a second element,” means that the first element can be etched and the second element can act as an etch stop.
The term “conformal” (e.g., a conformal layer) means that the thickness of the layer is substantially the same on all surfaces, or that the thickness variation is less than 15% of the nominal thickness of the layer.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate possible implementations of fabrication and/or operation methods according to various embodiments of the present invention. Various functions/operations of the method are represented in the flow diagram by blocks. In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.
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| E. Quandt et al., “Magnetostrictive LC circuit sensors,” Materials Transactions, vol. 45, No. 2, 2004, pp. 244-248. |
| Gao, “Significantly Enhanced Inductance and Quality Factor of GHz Integrated Magnetic Solenoid Inductors With FeGaB/A12O3 Multilayer Films”, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 61, No. 5, May 2014, pp. 1470-1476, IEEE. |
| Iakubov et al., “Control over magnetic spectrum of multilayer magnetic film metamaterial,” AIP Advances, vol. 5, No. 7, 2015, 077116, 7 pages. |
| Deligianni et al., “Magnetic Inductor With Multiple Magnetic Layer Thicknesses”, U.S. Appl. No. 16/236,795, filed Dec. 31, 2018. |
| List of IBM Patents or Patent Applications Treated as Related; (Appendix P), Date Filed Jan. 23, 2019; 2 pages. |
| Deligianni et al., “Laminated Magnetic Inductor Stack With High Frequency Peak Quality Factor,” U.S. Appl. No. 16/591,964, filed Oct. 3, 2019. |
| Deligianni et al., “Magnetic Inductor With Shape Anisotrophy,” U.S. Appl. No. 16/591,954, filed Oct. 3, 2019. |
| List of IBM Patents or Patent Applications Treated As Related; (Appendix P), Date filed Oct. 4, 2019; 2 pages. |
| Deligianni et al., “Stress Management for Thick Magnetic Film Inductors,” U.S. Appl. No. 16/391,383, filed Apr. 23, 2019. |
| List of IBM Patents or Patent Applications Treated As Related; (Appendix P), Date filed Sep. 13, 2019; 2 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180286581 A1 | Oct 2018 | US |
