Patent Application
20200326118
This application relates generally to fluid control films and methods for managing condensation.
Water condensation can be problematic in the operation of manufacturing and processing plants. Approximately 70 percent of food production in the United States passes through or is dependent on a cold chain, where food product or ingredients are refrigerated or frozen using a refrigeration system. A conveyor system is typically used to transport product into and out of the refrigeration system. Cooled surfaces near the entrance and exit of the refrigeration system produce condensation, which can drip onto the product if not properly managed. This condensation poses both a food quality and food safety risk. Persistent moisture can lead to the proliferation of microorganisms. The presence of microorganisms in product can decrease shelf life or cause foodborne illness. Excess moisture in certain dry products, for example bread, creates a quality issue where condensate droplets contact the product. For these reasons, it is desirable to prevent condensation formed above the entrance and exit of a refrigeration system from contacting product transported by a conveyor system.
Current mitigation solutions include manual and mechanical interventions to prevent condensation that is continuously formed above the entrance and exit of a refrigeration system from contacting product on the conveyor system. Manual approaches entail monitoring condensation build-up above the entrance and exit and periodically removing accumulated condensation by wiping or drying the surface. Because of the risk of releasing condensation during wiping or drying, production must be stopped while this procedure is being performed, leading to a loss in productivity.
An example of a current mechanical solution involves installation of air curtains above the entrance and exit of a refrigeration system. The air curtains are designed to minimize mixing of room air with internal air of the cooled chamber. Air curtains incur additional expense and expertise to both install and operate. The high velocity of air required may also disturb or alter product moving through the air curtain. A simpler mechanical intervention involves installation of a sliding panel at the front of the opening to minimize the area of the gap where air exchange occurs. The panel height is adjusted to be slightly above the height of the incoming product. While this can reduce the volume of air mixing at the opening, cold air contacts the back side of the sliding panel causing condensation to form on both the front and back sides and in the niches formed where the sliding panel is affixed. These niches are difficult to access and require frequent disassembly to ensure adequate cleaning and sanitation of the surfaces.
Embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus comprising a first microstructured film having a length between opposing end edges and arranged to condense water vapor on a substantially vertical surface of a component. The first film comprises channels disposed on first and second major surfaces of the first film and dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate. The channels have a channel axis substantially parallel with a longitudinal axis of the first film. The longitudinal axis of the first film is tilted at a tilt angle of at least 4 degrees with respect to an axis normal to a direction of gravity. Openings in the channels are disposed at one or both end edges of the first film. The openings provide condensate release locations of the first film. A second film is disposed over a portion of the first film. The second film attaches the first film to the substantially vertical surface of the component.
Embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus comprising at least one microstructured film having a length between opposing end edges. The at least one microstructured film is attached to a vertical surface of a component and arranged to condense water vapor on the substantially vertical surface. The at least one microstructured film comprises channels disposed on first and second major surfaces of the film and dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate. The channels have a channel axis substantially parallel with a longitudinal axis of the film. The longitudinal axis of the film is tilted at an angle of at least 4 degrees with respect to an axis normal to a direction of gravity. Openings in the channels are disposed at one or both end edges of the film. The openings provide condensate release locations of the film.
Embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus comprising a first microstructured film arranged to condense water vapor on a substantially vertical surface of a component. The first film comprises first channels disposed at least on a first major surface of the first film and configured to support capillary movement of condensate. The first channels have a channel axis substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the first film. The first film is attached to the substantially vertical surface of the component such that the channel axis of the first channels is normal to a direction of gravity. A second microstructured film comprises second channels disposed at least on a first major surface of the second film and configured to support capillary movement of condensate. The second channels of the second film have a channel axis oriented at a bias angle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the second film. The second film is arranged with respect to the first film such that edge openings of the first channels of the first film are adjacent and fluidically coupled to edge openings of the second channels of the second film. The channel axis of the second film is oriented toward a direction of gravity.
The above summary is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The figures and the detailed description below more particularly exemplify illustrative embodiments.
The figures are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the same number.
Embodiments discussed herein involve a condensation management apparatus comprising a fluid control film arrangement that transports condensate along microcapillary channels away from underlying sensitive locations to a designated release location. In some embodiments, a condensation management apparatus comprising a fluid control film arrangement manages condensation produced on a vertical component by transporting condensate laterally along microcapillary channels to a designated release location at an end of the film arrangement. In other embodiments, a condensation management apparatus comprising a fluid control film arrangement manages condensation produced on the underside of a horizontal component by transporting condensate laterally along microcapillary channels to a designated release location at an end of the film arrangement.
The channels 130 are configured to provide capillary movement of fluid in the channels 130 and across the film 100. The capillary action wicks the fluid to disperse it across the film 100 so as to increase the surface to volume ratio of the fluid and enable more rapid transport of the fluid. The channels 130 have openings 140 at opposing first and second edges 102 and 104 of the film 100. The openings 140 provide fluid release locations of the film 100. Fluid that collects within the channels 130 can be wicked to the first and second edges 102 and 104 and released from the film 100 at the openings 140. In some embodiments, the film 100 can be oriented so that fluid that collects within the channels 130 is predominately released from the film 100 by openings 140 at either the first edge 102 or the second edge 104.
In some embodiments, as shown in
The film 100 has a thickness tv measured from a bottom surface 110a of the film 100 to the bottom surface 130a of the channel 130. The thickness tv can be selected to allow liquid droplets to be wicked into the film 100 but still maintain a robust structure. In some embodiments, the film thickness tv is less than about 75 μm thick, or between about 20 μm to about 200 μm. A hydrophilic coating 150 may be disposed, e.g., plasma deposited, on the microstructured surface of the film 100.
The fluid control device 200 comprises a fluid control film 201 having primary and secondary channels 230, 231 defined by primary and secondary ridges 220, 221, wherein the channels 230, 231 and ridges 220, 221 run along a longitudinal axis of the film 201, e.g., the x-axis as previously discussed in connection with
In some embodiments, microstructures are disposed within the primary channels 230. In some embodiments, the microstructures comprise secondary channels 231 disposed between the first and secondary primary ridges 220 of the primary channels 230. Each of the secondary channels 231 is associated with at least one secondary ridge 221. The secondary channels 231 may be located between a set of secondary ridges 221 or between a secondary ridge 221 and a primary ridge 220.
The center-to-center distance between the primary ridges 220, dpr, may be in a range of about 25 μm to about 500 μm; the center-to-center distance between a primary ridge 220 and the closest secondary ridge 221, dps, may be in a range of about 5 μm to about 350 μm; the center-to-center distance between two secondary ridges 221, dss, may be in a range of about 5 μm to about 350 μm. In some cases, the primary ridges 220 and/or secondary ridges 221 may taper with distance from their bases 222, 233. The distance between external surfaces of a primary ridge 220 at the base 222, dpb, may be in a range of about 15 μm to about 250 μm and may taper to a smaller distance of dpt in a range of about 1 μm to about 25 μm. The distance between external surfaces of a secondary ridge 221 at the base 233, dsb, may be in a range of about 15 μm to about 250 μm and may taper to a smaller distance of dst in a range of about 1 μm to about 25 μm. In one example, dpp=0.00898 inches, dps=0.00264 inches, dss=0.00185 inches, dpb=0.00251 inches, dpt=0.00100 inches, dsb=0.00131 inches, dst=0.00100 inches, hp=0.00784 inches, and hs=0.00160 inches.
The secondary ridges 221 have height hs that is measured from the bottom surface 230a of the channel 230 to a top surface 221a of the secondary ridges 221. The height hp of the primary ridges 220 may be greater than the height hs of the secondary ridges 221. In some embodiments, the height hp of the primary ridges is between about 25 μm to about 500 μm and the height of the secondary ridges hs is between about 5 μm to about 350 μm. In some embodiments, a ratio of the secondary ridge 221 height hs to the primary ridge 220 height hp is about 1:5. The primary ridges 220 can be designed to provide durability to the film 200 as well as protection to the secondary channels 231, secondary ridges 221 and/or or other microstructures disposed between the primary ridges 220.
The fluid control device 200 may also have an adhesive layer 205 disposed on the bottom surface 201a of the fluid control film 201. The adhesive layer 205 may allow the fluid control film 200 to be attached to an external surface 202 to help manage liquid dispersion across the external surface. The adhesive layer 205 has a thickness ta and the film 201 has a thickness tv from the bottom surface 230a of the channels 230, 231 to the bottom surface 201a of the film 201. In some embodiments, the total thickness between the bottom surface 230a of the channels 230, 231 and the bottom surface 205a of the adhesive layer 205, tv+ta can be less than about 300 μm, e.g., about 225 μm. The combination of the adhesive layer 205 and the film 201 forms a fluid control tape. The adhesive layer 205 may be continuous or discontinuous. The fluid control device 200 may also include a foam that provides an added degree of thermal insulation to minimize any frost that may form on the tape. The tape 200 may be made with a variety of additives that, for example, make the tape suitable for wicking various liquids including neutral, acidic, basic and/or oily materials. The tape 200 is configured to disperse fluid across the surface of the film 201 to facilitate transport of the fluid to end openings of the film 201.
In some embodiments, microstructures are disposed within the primary channels 230. In some embodiments, the microstructures comprise secondary channels 231 disposed between the first and secondary primary ridges 220 of the primary channels 230. Each of the secondary channels 231 is associated with at least one secondary ridge 221. The secondary channels 231 may be located between a set of secondary ridges 221 or between a secondary ridge 221 and a primary ridge 220.
The second major surface 204 includes primary and secondary channels 270, 271 defined by primary and secondary ridges 260, 261, wherein the channels 270, 271 and ridges 260, 261 run along a longitudinal axis of the film 250, e.g., the x-axis. Each primary channel 270 is defined by a set of primary ridges 260 (first and second) on either side of the primary channel 270. The primary ridges 260 have a height hp that is measured from a bottom surface 270a of the channel 270 to the top surface 260a of the ridges 260.
In some embodiments, microstructures are disposed within the primary channels 270. In some embodiments, the microstructures comprise secondary channels 271 disposed between the first and secondary primary ridges 260 of the primary channels 270. Each of the secondary channels 271 is associated with at least one secondary ridge 261. The secondary channels 271 may be located between a set of secondary ridges 261 or between a secondary ridge 261 and a primary ridge 260. The channel features on the first and second major surfaces 203, 204 of the film 250 can have dimensions of like features shown in
The microchannels described herein may be replicated in a predetermined pattern that form a series of individual open capillary channels that extend along a major surface of the fluid control film. These microreplicated channels formed in sheets or films are generally uniform and regular along substantially each channel length, for example from channel to channel. The film or sheet may be thin, flexible, cost effective to produce, can be formed to possess desired material properties for its intended application and can have, if desired, a layer of insulating foam, or an attachment means (such as adhesive) on one side thereof to permit ready application to a variety of surfaces in use.
The fluid control films discussed herein are capable of spontaneously transporting fluids along the channels by capillary action. Two general factors that influence the ability of fluid control films to spontaneously transport fluids are (i) the geometry or topography of the surface (capillarity, size and shape of the channels) and (ii) the nature of the film surface (e.g., surface energy). To achieve the desired amount of fluid transport capability, the designer may adjust the structure or topography of the fluid control film and/or adjust the surface energy of the fluid control film surface. In order for a channel to function for fluid transport by spontaneous wicking by capillary action, the channel is generally sufficiently hydrophilic to allow the fluid to wet the surfaces of the channel with a contact angle between the fluid and the surface of the fluid control film equal to or less than 90 degrees.
In some implementations, the fluid control films described herein can be prepared using an extrusion embossing process that allows continuous and/or roll-to-roll film fabrication. According to one suitable process, a flowable material is continuously brought into line contact with a molding surface of a molding tool. The molding tool includes an embossing pattern cut into the surface of the tool, the embossing pattern being the microchannel pattern of the fluid control film in negative relief. A plurality of microchannels is formed in the flowable material by the molding tool. The flowable material is solidified to form an elongated fluid control film that has a length along a longitudinal axis and a width, the length being greater than the width. The microchannels can be formed along a channel longitudinal axis that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the film.
The flowable material may be extruded from a die directly onto the surface of the molding tool such that flowable material is brought into line contact with the surface of molding tool. The flowable material may comprise, for example, various photocurable, thermally curable, and thermoplastic resin compositions. The line contact is defined by the upstream edge of the resin and moves relative to both molding tool and the flowable material as molding tool rotates. The resulting fluid control film may be a single layer article that can be taken up on a roll to yield the article in the form of a roll good. In some implementations, the fabrication process can further include treatment of the surface of the fluid control film that bears the microchannels, such as plasma deposition of a hydrophilic coating as disclosed herein. In some implementations, the molding tool may be a roll or belt and forms a nip along with an opposing roller. The nip between the molding tool and opposing roller assists in forcing the flowable material into the molding pattern. The spacing of the gap forming the nip can be adjusted to assist in the formation of a predetermined thickness of the fluid control film. Additional information about suitable fabrication processes for the disclosed fluid control films are described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,375,871 and 6,372,323, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its respective entirety.
The fluid control films discussed herein can be formed from any polymeric materials suitable for casting or embossing including, for example, polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, poly(vinyl chloride), polyether esters, polyimides, polyesteramide, polyacrylates, polyvinylacetate, hydrolyzed derivatives of polyvinylacetate, etc. Specific embodiments use polyolefins, particularly polyethylene or polypropylene, blends and/or copolymers thereof, and copolymers of propylene and/or ethylene with minor proportions of other monomers, such as vinyl acetate or acrylates such as methyl and butylacrylate. Polyolefins readily replicate the surface of a casting or embossing roll. They are tough, durable and hold their shape well, thus making such films easy to handle after the casting or embossing process. Hydrophilic polyurethanes have physical properties and inherently high surface energy. Alternatively, fluid control films can be cast from thermosets (curable resin materials) such as polyurethanes, acrylates, epoxies and silicones, and cured by exposure radiation (e.g., thermal, UV or E-beam radiation, etc.) or moisture. These materials may contain various additives including surface energy modifiers (such as surfactants and hydrophilic polymers), plasticizers, antioxidants, pigments, release agents, antistatic agents and the like. Suitable fluid control films also can be manufactured using pressure sensitive adhesive materials. In some cases, the channels may be formed using inorganic materials (e.g., glass, ceramics, or metals). Generally, the fluid control film substantially retains its geometry and surface characteristics upon exposure to fluids.
In some embodiments, the fluid control film may include a layer of insulating foam. Examples of foam include open or closed cell foam composed from polyurethane, polyethylene, vinyl, silicone or other foams known to those skilled in the art.
In some embodiments, the fluid control film may include a characteristic altering additive or surface coating. Examples of additives include flame retardants, hydrophobics, hydrophylics, antimicrobial agents, inorganics, corrosion inhibitors, metallic particles, glass fibers, fillers, clays and nanoparticles.
The surface of the film may be modified to ensure sufficient capillary forces. For example, the surface may be modified to ensure it is sufficiently hydrophilic. The films generally may be modified (e.g., by surface treatment, application of surface coatings or agents), or incorporation of selected agents, such that the film surface is rendered hydrophilic so as to exhibit a contact angle of 900 or less with aqueous fluids. Any suitable known method may be utilized to achieve a hydrophilic surface on fluid control films of the present disclosure. Surface treatments may be employed such as topical application of a surfactant, plasma treatment, vacuum deposition, polymerization of hydrophilic monomers, grafting hydrophilic moieties onto the film surface, corona or flame treatment, etc. Alternatively, a surfactant or other suitable agent may be blended with the resin as an internal characteristic altering additive at the time of film extrusion. Typically, a surfactant is incorporated in the polymeric composition from which the fluid control film is made rather than rely upon topical application of a surfactant coating, since topically applied coatings may tend to fill in (i.e., blunt), the notches of the channels, thereby interfering with the desired fluid flow to which the invention is directed. When a coating is applied, it is generally thin to facilitate a uniform thin layer on the structured surface. An illustrative example of a surfactant that can be incorporated in polyethylene fluid control films is TRITON™ X-100 (available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.), an octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol nonionic surfactant, e.g., used at between about 0.1 and 0.5 weight percent. Other surfactant materials that are suitable for increased durability requirements include Polystep® B22 (available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill.) and TRITON™ X-35 (available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.).
A surfactant or mixture of surfactants may be applied to the surface of the fluid control film or impregnated into the article in order to adjust the properties of the fluid control film or article. For example, it may be desired to make the surface of the fluid control film more hydrophilic than the film would be without such a component.
A surfactant such as a hydrophilic polymer or mixture of polymers may be applied to the surface of the fluid control film or impregnated into the article in order to adjust the properties of the fluid control film or article. Alternatively, a hydrophilic monomer may be added to the article and polymerized in situ to form an interpenetrating polymer network. For example, a hydrophilic acrylate and initiator could be added and polymerized by heat or actinic radiation.
Suitable hydrophilic polymers include: homo and copolymers of ethylene oxide; hydrophilic polymers incorporating vinyl unsaturated monomers such as vinylpyrrolidone, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or phosphonic acid functional acrylates such as acrylic acid, hydroxy functional acrylates such as hydroxyethylacrylate, vinyl acetate and its hydrolyzed derivatives (e.g. polyvinylalcohol), acrylamides, polyethoxylated acrylates, and the like; hydrophilic modified celluloses, as well as polysaccharides such as starch and modified starches, dextran, and the like.
As discussed above, a hydrophilic silane or mixture of silanes may be applied to the surface of the fluid control film or impregnated into the article in order to adjust the properties of the fluid control film or article. Suitable silanes include the anionic silanes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,186, as well as non-ionic or cationic hydrophilic silanes.
Additional information regarding materials suitable for microchannel fluid control films discussed herein is described in commonly owned U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0106360, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, a hydrophilic coating may be deposited on the surface of the fluid control film by plasma deposition, which may occur in a batch-wise process or a continuous process. As used herein, the term “plasma” means a partially ionized gaseous or fluid state of matter containing reactive species which include electrons, ions, neutral molecules, free radicals, and other excited state atoms and molecules.
In general, plasma deposition involves moving the fluid control film through a chamber filled with one or more gaseous silicon-containing compounds at a reduced pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure). Power is provided to an electrode located adjacent to, or in contact with film. This creates an electric field, which forms a silicon-rich plasma from the gaseous silicon-containing compounds.
Ionized molecules from the plasma then accelerate toward the electrode and impact the surface of the fluid control film. By virtue of this impact, the ionized molecules react with, and covalently bond to, the surface forming a hydrophilic coating. Temperatures for plasma depositing the hydrophilic coating are relatively low (e.g., about 10 degrees C.). This is beneficial because high temperatures required for alternative deposition techniques (e.g., chemical vapor deposition) are known to degrade many materials suitable for multi-layer film 12, such as polyimides.
The extent of the plasma deposition may depend on a variety of processing factors, such as the composition of the gaseous silicon-containing compounds, the presence of other gases, the exposure time of the surface of the fluid control film to the plasma, the level of power provided to the electrode, the gas flow rates, and the reaction chamber pressure. These factors correspondingly help determine a thickness of hydrophilic coating.
The hydrophilic coating may include one or more silicon-containing materials, such as silicon/oxygen materials, diamond-like glass (DLG) materials, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable gaseous silicon-containing compounds for depositing layers of silicon/oxygen materials include silanes (e.g., SiH4). Examples of suitable gaseous silicon-containing compounds for depositing layers of DLG materials include gaseous organosilicon compounds that are in a gaseous state at the reduced pressures of reaction chamber 56. Examples of suitable organosilicon compounds include trimethylsilane, triethylsilane, trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, tetraethylsilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, tetraethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, bistrimethylsilylmethane, and combinations thereof. An example of a particularly suitable organosilicon compound includes tetramethylsilane.
After completing a plasma deposition process with gaseous silicon-containing compounds, gaseous non-organic compounds may continue to be used for plasma treatment to remove surface methyl groups from the deposited materials. This increases the hydrophilic properties of the resulting hydrophilic coating.
Additional information regarding materials and processes for applying a hydrophilic coating to a fluid control film as discussed in this disclosure is described in commonly owned U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0139451, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a condensation management apparatus comprising one or more fluid control films that transport condensate along microcapillary channels away from underlying sensitive locations to a designated release location. A condensation management apparatus described herein can be affixed to one or more surfaces of a component that produces condensation, such as surfaces of a refrigeration system. It is understood that apparatuses described herein are not limited to managing condensation on surfaces of a refrigeration system, and can be used on surfaces of any component that produces condensation.
Embodiments of the disclosure address the aforementioned issues by providing a condensation management apparatus that prevents condensation formed on surfaces from contacting product by transporting condensate laterally away from the product. Some embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus that prevents condensation formed on vertical surfaces from contacting product by transporting condensate laterally. Other embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus that prevents condensation formed on the underside of horizontal surfaces from contacting product by transporting condensate laterally. Further embodiments are directed to a condensation management apparatus that prevents condensation formed on vertical surfaces and on the underside of horizontal surfaces from contacting product by transporting condensate laterally. A condensation management apparatus of the present disclosure is disposable, ensuring a hygienic surface by periodic removal and replacement.
A microstructured film arrangement 520 is attached to the vertical surface 502 and extends across a portion of the opening 504. The film arrangement 520 comprises one or more microstructured fluid control films having channels dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate. The channels of the film arrangement 520 are arranged as shown in
In
A microstructured film arrangement 705 is attached to the vertical surface 702 and extends across a portion of the opening 704. In the embodiment shown in
The second film 708 includes channels dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate disposed on a first major surface of the second film 708. A second major surface of the second film 708 includes an adhesive (e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive), or optionally an insulating layer of foam with an adhesive. In some embodiments, the second major surface of the second film 708 can include channels dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate. The first film 706 is secured to the opening 704 by the second film 708. As shown, the second film 708 has a length greater than that of the first film 706. The second major surface of the second film 708 is adhered to the first major surface of the first film 706 and to the vertical surface 702 of the refrigeration system component. The second film 708 is positioned such that the channel longitudinal axis 707 of the second film 708 it is tilted at a tilt angle α equal to or greater than a minimum tilt angle (e.g., ≥4 degrees) with respect to an axis 701 normal to a direction of gravity.
During operation of the refrigeration system, condensation is continuously formed on the vertical surface 702 adjacent to the opening 704. Condensation formed on the first and second major surfaces of the first film 706 is transported by the channels to the edge of the opening 704, away from the product 712. Condensate transported by the first film 706 is released as droplets 720 from channel openings along end edge 706b of the first film 706. Condensation formed on the first major surface of the second film 708 is transported by the channels to the edge of the opening 704, away from the product 712. If frost tends to form on the vertical surface 702 an optional layer of foam on the second film 708 will prevent frost from forming resulting in condensation forming instead. Condensate transported by the second film 708 is released as droplets 720 from channel openings along end edge 708a of the second film 708.
A microstructured film arrangement 805 is attached to the vertical surface 802 of the refrigeration system and extends across a portion of the opening 804. In the embodiment illustrated in
The second major surface of the film 806 includes an adhesive 808 disposed on an upper region 806a of the film 806. In some embodiments, the adhesive 808 can be disposed over the channels in the upper region 806a. In other embodiments, the upper region 806a can be devoid of channels. The adhesive 808 facilitates attachment of the film 806 to the vertical surface 802 of the refrigeration system. The film 806 is positioned on and affixed to the vertical surface 802 such that the channel longitudinal axis 803 of the film 806 is tilted at a tilt angle α equal to or greater than a minimum tilt angle (e.g., ≥4 degrees) with respect to an axis 801 normal to a direction of gravity. A lower edge 806b of the film 806 extends partially into the opening 804, with a desired separation provided between the lower edge 806a and the product 812.
During operation of the refrigeration system, condensation is continuously formed on the vertical surface 802 adjacent to the opening 804. Condensation formed on the first and second major surfaces of the film 806 is transported by the channels to the edge of the opening 804, away from the product 812. Condensate transported by the film 806 is released as droplets 820 from channel openings along end edge 806c of the film 806.
A cooling apparatus 900, shown in
Preparation of Microchannel Fluid Control Films:
Film 1002, shown in
Film 1004 was prepared in the same manner as film 1002.
Film 1006 was prepared to include microchannels on both sides (see, e.g.,
Attaching the Microchannel Fluid Control Films to the Cooling Apparatus
A 25 inch long, 4 inch wide section of film 1006 (microchannels on both sides) was positioned to extend across the front surface 903 of the container 902 and approximately 3 inches over the top of the opening 906. The right edge of film 1006 was aligned flush with the right side of the container 902. The left edge of film 1006 extended approximately 1 inch over the left side of the container 902. Film 1006 was secured in place using a 25 inch long, 4 inch wide section of film 1002 (microchannels on one side, adhesive on the other side) with approximately 1 inch of overlap. The adhesive side of film 1002 secured the film 1002 to the front surface 903 of the container 900 and to film 1006. Film 1004 (microchannels on one side, adhesive on the other side) was adhered above film 1002 with about ¼ inch of overlap. In this manner, the entire front surface 903 of the container 902 was covered by films 1002, 1004, and 1006.
For each experiment, films 1002, 1004, 1006 were adhered to the front surface 903 of the container 902 as described above with increasing slope as shown in Table 1 below. The apparatus 900 was placed in a walk-in environmental chamber with a temperature of 75 F and relative humidity (RH) of 90%. A balance 1010 with a weighing boat 1012 was placed under the left edge of the protruding film 1006 to measure the mass of condensate collected. The experiment was monitored for formation, transport, and release of surface droplets along the bottom edge of film 1006 for a duration of 75 minutes. The rate of collection was determined as the slope of the line formed by the mass plotted as a function of time (see, e.g., the graph of
The apparatus 1100 illustrated in
The laboratory jacks 1006 were adjusted to achieve a 4.2% slope (5 inch drop over 10 feet). A 1 inch portion 1112 of the film 1110 near the low end 1107 of the gutter 1102 was peeled back to provide a drainage point for transported condensate. A balance 1120 with an aluminum weighing boat 1122 was placed below the drip point. The volume 1105 of the gutter 1102 was filled with ice and covered with foam insulation (not shown). The mass of condensate released at the drip point above the balance 1120 was recorded every 10 minutes. The film 1110 was monitored for formation, transport, and release of surface droplets over the course of two hours.
Condensation was measured at two different conditions, 75 F at 90% RH and 90 F at 90% RH. Elongated surface droplets were observed forming approximately 24 inches from the high end 1109 of the gutter 1102 extending to the low end 1107 at approximately 15 minutes. The droplets were observed to migrate laterally from the high end 1109 to the low end 1107. The number of droplets on the film surface increased from the high end 1109 to the low end 1107. Steady-state condensation, transport, and release from the drip point was achieved under both conditions in approximately 30 minutes. The experiment was allowed to proceed for two hours. During this time, all the condensation formed on film 1110 was released at portion 1112. No surface drops were released from the bottom edge of film 1110 during the experiment. The mass of condensate was measured at steady-state beginning at 70 minutes continuing to 120 minutes as reported in Table 2 below. A graph of this data is shown in
The condensation management apparatus 1400 illustrated in
As is shown in
Referring again to
A condensation management apparatus 1520 is attached to the horizontal bottom surface 1504 of the container 1502 (e.g., the upper surface of the freezer tunnel) and extends across a portion of the opening 1505. The condensation management apparatus 1520 includes a microstructured fluid control film 1521 having a first major surface 1521a and a second major surface 1521b. The first major surface 1521a includes channels dimension to support capillary movement of condensate. The channels on the first major surface 1521a are arranged as shown in
The film 1521 includes a first end 1523 and a second end 1525. The channels on the first major surface 1521a are continuous between the first end 1523 and the second end 1525. The film 1521 includes a fold 1527 located near the second end 1525. A condensate collection region 1522 is defined between the fold 1527 and the first end 1523. A siphon region 1524 is defined between the fold 1527 and the second end 1525. The second end 1525 of the film 1521 is lower along the direction of gravity than the condensate collection region 1522 (e.g., by at least 0.5 inches). The second end 1525 defines a condensate release location of the film 1521. The condensate collection region 1522, the fold 1527, and the siphon region 1524 define a capillary siphon structure of the microstructured film apparatus 1520.
As is illustrated in
Although not shown in
Without being bound to a particular theory, it is hypothesized that the capillary force pulling fluid in both directions with respect to the horizontal channels 1530 is overcome by the body force of gravity pulling the fluid down over the bend in the film 1521 at the fold 1527. This effect causes a siphon phenomenon that creates void volume resulting in unidirectional transport of fluid towards the fold 1527. The film 1521 can be applied to the underside of any horizontal surface where condensation is to be managed, and is not limited to use in a freezer tunnel of a refrigeration system. The film 1521 is periodically removed from the horizontal surface, discarded, and replaced, thereby improving hygiene relative to current practices.
A condensation management apparatus 1620 is attached to the horizontal bottom surface 1604 of the container 1602 (e.g., upper surface of the freezer tunnel) and extends across a portion of the opening 1605. The condensation management apparatus 1620 includes a microstructured fluid control film 1621 having a first major surface 1621a and a second major surface 1621b. The first major surface 1621a includes channels dimension to support capillary movement of condensate. The channels on the first major surface 1621a are arranged as shown in
The film 1621 includes a first end 1623 and a second end 1625. The channels on the first major surface 1621a are continuous between the first end 1623 and the second end 1625. The film 1621 includes a first fold 1629 located near the first end 1623. The film 1621 also includes a second fold 1627 located near the second end 1625. A condensate collection region 1622 is defined between the first fold 1629 and the second fold 1627. A first siphon region 1631 is defined between the first fold 1629 and the first end 1623. The first end 1623 of the film 1621 is lower (e.g., by at least about 0.5 inches) along the direction of gravity than the condensate collection region 1622. The first end 1623 defines a first condensate release location of the film 1621.
A second siphon region 1624 is defined between the second fold 1627 and the second end 1625. The second end 1625 of the film 1621 is lower (e.g., by at least about 0.5 inches) along the direction of gravity than the condensate collection region 1622. The second end 1625 defines a second condensate release location of the film 1621. A first half 1622a of the condensate collection region 1622, the first fold 1629, and the first siphon region 1631 define a first capillary siphon structure of the microstructured film apparatus 1620. A second half 1622b of the condensate collection region 1622, the second fold 1627, and the second siphon region 1624 define a second capillary siphon structure of the microstructured film apparatus 1620.
Consistent with the discussion of
Although not shown in
A cooling apparatus 1500, as illustrated in
Preparation of Microchannel Fluid Control Film:
Film 1521, shown in
A 4 inch wide film 1521 was applied to the bottom surface 1504 of the container 1502 as shown in
A paper towel as well as visual inspection was used to observe whether condensation fell from any area of the film 1521 other than from the end 1525 of the pleated siphon region 1524. The film 1521 was saturated after approximately 30 minutes. Over the course of four hours, no droplets were released from any area of the film 1521 other than from the end 1525 of the pleated siphon region 1524. Additionally, any excess water that was added to the horizontal portion of the film 1521 was transported towards the pleated side of the film and released at the end 1525 of the pleated siphon region 1524.
A plastic beaker was weighed and used to collect the liquid released from the end 1525 of the pleated siphon region 1524. The beaker was weighed again following specific time course studies and the difference between before and after weights reflects the water volume accumulated. Table 3 below shows the results from this experiment.
A cooling apparatus 1600, as illustrated in
Preparation of Microchannel Fluid Control Film:
Film 1621, shown in
A 4 inch wide film 1621 was applied to the bottom surface 1604 of the container 1602 as shown in
A paper towel as well as visual inspection was used to observe whether condensation fell from any area of the film 1621 other than from the ends 1623, 1625 of the pleated siphon regions 1631, 1624. The film 1621 was saturated after approximately 30 minutes. Over the course of four hours, no droplets were released from any area of the film 1621 other than from the ends 1623, 1625 of the pleated siphon regions 1631, 1624. Additionally, any excess water that was added to the horizontal portion of the film 1621 was transported towards the pleated sides of the film 1621 and released at the ends 1623, 1625 of the pleated siphon regions 1631, 1624.
Plastic beakers were weighed and used to collect the liquid released from the ends 1623, 1625 of the pleated siphon regions 1631, 1624. The beakers were weighed again following specific time course studies and the difference between before and after weights reflects the water volume accumulated. Table 3 below shows the results from this experiment.
The results in Table 3 indicate that the addition of more than one pleat over a 2-foot span of film, in the system, can increase the volume of liquid released. The difference in mass collected at 90 versus 360 minutes appears to be linear and proportional to time for each individual pleat. Therefore, it may be favorable to institute a two-pleat system to minimize total liquid held in the film and reduce the probability of premature release.
With reference to
Microchannel film 1702 with channels oriented parallel to the edge of the film 1702 was prepared as described hereinabove (see, e.g.,
The environmental conditions were set to the values shown in Table 4 below and allowed to equilibrate. The gutter 1700 was filled with ice. The top opening was covered with 1 inch Styrofoam insulation to minimize melting. Condensation was collected from the siphon regions 1704, 1706, recording the mass every 10 minutes. The film 1702 was monitored for hanging droplet formation and release along the length of the film 1702. After each condition, the ice was removed from the gutter 1700 and the film 1702 allowed to completely dry. The mass of condensate collected at the left siphon region 1704 is depicted in
After 2 hours, the location of surface hanging droplets along the film 1702 was recorded. For each condition, droplets were observed forming in the center portion of the film 1702. Regions of the film 1702 nearest the siphon regions 1704, 1706 did not contain hanging droplets due to the lateral transport of condensation. The average distance from the siphon regions 1704, 1706 to the leading edge of the hanging droplet region was 23 inches, as is reported in Table 5 below. The film length was then shortened to provide a distance between siphon regions 1704, 1706 of 36 inches. The experiment was repeated at 90 F and 90% RH. No hanging drops were observed on the film 1702 after two hours.
The gutter 1700 and film 1702 described in Example 5 above were placed on a laboratory bench at ambient conditions (72 F/25% RH) and leveled using the laboratory jacks. As shown in
A second siphon region was created on the opposite end of the film 1702 by pulling back 7 inches of the film 1702 and folding the film 1702 back on itself to create a 3.25 inch vertical pleat 1704 oriented perpendicular (90 degrees) to the gutter base 1701. The pleat 1704 was shortened for each experiment to the length shown in Table 6 below using scissors. The combination of cutting and angle adjustment kept the vertical distance from the end of the pleat 1704 to the base 1701 of the gutter 1700 the same for each trial.
The gutter 1700 was filled with ice and the top covered with 1 inch Styrofoam insulation. Water vapor generated from a commercial steam cleaner (ProPlus 300CS, Diamer Industries, Worburn Mass.) was directed towards the film 1702 using a back and forth motion until steady state dripping was observed from the siphon regions 1704, 1706 and hanging droplets were observed in the center of the film 1702 as described in Example 5 above. Hanging droplets were observed to form in the “clearing zone” near the siphon regions 1704, 1706 when the distance L was less than 0.5 inches.
Various embodiments are described herein including the following items.
Item 1 is a condensation management apparatus, comprising:
a first microstructured film having a length between opposing end edges and arranged to condense water vapor on a substantially vertical surface of a component, the first film comprising:
a second film disposed over a portion of the first film, the second film attaching the first film to the substantially vertical surface of the component.
Item 2 is the apparatus of item 1, wherein the second film is a microstructured film having a first major surface comprising channels and a second major surface comprising an adhesive, the channels of the second film dimensioned to support capillary movement of the condensate and having a channel axis substantially parallel with a longitudinal axis of the second film, the longitudinal axis of the second film tilted at an angle of at least 4 degrees with respect to the axis normal to the direction of gravity.
Item 3 is the apparatus of item 1, wherein the second film is a microstructured film having a first major surface comprising channels and a second major surface comprising channels and an adhesive, the channels of the second film dimensioned to support capillary movement of the condensate and having a channel axis substantially parallel with a longitudinal axis of the second film, the longitudinal axis of the second film tilted at an angle of at least 4 degrees with respect to the axis normal to the direction of gravity.
Item 4 is the apparatus of item 1, wherein the component defines an opening and a portion of first film extends into the opening.
Item 5 is the apparatus of item 4, wherein the second film is longer than the first film.
Item 6 is the apparatus of item 1, wherein the first film has a length of up to about 7 feet.
Item 7 is the apparatus of item 1, wherein the channels have a width of 500 μm or less.
Item 8 is a condensation management apparatus, comprising:
at least one microstructured film having a length between opposing end edges, the at least one microstructured film attached to a vertical surface of a component and arranged to condense water vapor on the substantially vertical surface, the at least one microstructured film comprising:
a first film comprising the channels disposed on the first and second major surfaces; and
a second film that attaches the first film to the vertical surface of the component.
Item 12 is the apparatus of item 11, wherein the second film comprises channels dimensioned to support capillary movement of condensate on one or both of first and second major surfaces of the second film.
Item 13 is the apparatus of item 12, wherein the second film is arranged at an angle of at least 4 degrees with respect to the axis normal to the direction of gravity.
Item 14 is the apparatus of item 8, wherein the component defines an opening and the at least one microstructured film extends into the opening.
Item 15 is the apparatus of item 8, wherein the at least one microstructured film has a length of up to about 7 feet.
Item 16 is the apparatus of item 8, wherein the channels have a width of 500 μm or less.
Item 17 is a condensation management apparatus, comprising:
a first microstructured film arranged to condense water vapor on a substantially vertical surface of a component, the first film comprising first channels disposed at least on a first major surface of the first film and configured to support capillary movement of condensate, the first channels having a channel axis substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the first film, the first film attached to the substantially vertical surface of the component such that the channel axis of the first channels is normal to a direction of gravity; and
a second microstructured film comprising second channels disposed at least on a first major surface of the second film and configured to support capillary movement of condensate, the second channels of the second film having a channel axis oriented at a bias angle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the second film, the second film arranged with respect to the first film such that edge openings of the first channels of the first film are adjacent and fluidically coupled to edge openings of the second channels of the second film, and the channel axis of the second film is oriented toward a direction of gravity.
Item 18 is the apparatus of item 17, wherein the channels of the second film have a capillary force greater than a capillary force of the channels of the first film.
Item 19 is the apparatus of item 17, wherein the bias angle is between 5 degrees and 30 degrees.
Item 20 is the apparatus of item 17, wherein the bias angle is about 20 degrees.
Item 21 is the apparatus of item 17, wherein an adhesive is disposed on a second major surface of the first film and on a second major surface of the second film.
Item 22 is the apparatus of item 17, wherein the first and second channels have a width of 500 μm or less.
In the forgoing description, reference is made to the accompanying set of drawings that form a part of the description hereof and in which are shown by way of illustration of several specific embodiments. It is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein. The use of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range.
Particular materials and dimensions thereof recited in the disclosed examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as representative forms of implementing the claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2018/066997 | 12/21/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62690435 | Jun 2018 | US | |
| 62611599 | Dec 2017 | US |
