Patent Application
20090243011
This disclosure relates in general to semiconductor devices, and more particularly to manufacturing optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with thin-film anti-reflective layers.
Semiconductor devices may be designed to interact with electromagnetic radiation that is incident upon a particular area of the device. One such semiconductor device is a spatial light modulator (SLM), which serves to redirect the path of incoming radiation by action of one or more accepted principles of optics, such as reflection, refraction, or diffraction. Unfortunately, in many of these devices, some incident radiation may not be redirected in the desired manner due to physical gaps, unwanted diffraction, scattering effects, or other phenomena. Such radiation may be deemed “stray radiation,” which may degrade the performance of the overall system if a mechanism of absorbing the radiation is not present. Conventional methods of reducing stray radiation are limited for a variety of reasons.
In accordance with the teachings of one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a support structure outwardly from a substrate. The support structure has a first thickness and a first outer sidewall surface that is not parallel with the substrate. The first outer sidewall surface has a first minimum refractive index. A first anti-reflective layer is formed outwardly from the support structure and outwardly from the substrate. A second anti-reflective layer is formed outwardly from the first anti-reflective layer. The first and second anti-reflective layers each includes respective compounds of at least two elements selected from the group consisting of: silicon; nitrogen; and oxygen.
Technical advantages of certain embodiments of the present disclosure include mitigation or elimination of stray radiation associated with reflective sidewalls and other surfaces of conventional processing through the use of one or more anti-reflective layers. In some embodiments, the relative thinness of the anti-reflective layer(s) may facilitate minimal process perturbations or changes for subsequent levels of DMD processing. Various embodiments may encase reflective sidewalls within one or more anti-reflective layers. In addition, various embodiments may mitigate or even eliminate the effect of stray radiation from metal lines within inwardly disposed substrates by providing an anti-reflective “blanket” over the surface of an interposing dielectric. In addition to potential optical advantages, the anti-reflective layer(s) of various embodiments may mitigate undesired effects of at least the following: corrosion, residue formation, delamination of the anti-reflective layers, and electrical shorts.
Other technical advantages of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims. Moreover, while specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include all, some, or none of the enumerated advantages.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The teachings of some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a semiconductor device having thin anti-reflective layer(s) operable to absorb radiation that may otherwise reflect off surfaces disposed inwardly from the anti-reflective layer(s). Such anti-reflective layers may be utilized in any of a variety of semiconductor devices, such as a spatial light modulator, a variable diffraction grating, a liquid crystal light valve, or other semiconductor device, to reduce the effects of “stray radiation” on the performance of the device. An example of one such device is a deformable micromirror device, a subset of which includes digital micromirror devices; however, the teachings of the present disclosure may apply to any of a variety of semiconductor devices. A portion of a digital micromirror device is illustrated in
Micromirrors 102 tilt in the positive or negative direction as a result of preferential electrostatic forces between a micromirror 102 and at least one of its corresponding electrodes 114. In this example, a yoke 105 increases the electrostatic forces acting on micromirror 102 and stops micromirror 102 rotation by contacting conductive conduits 112. Although this example includes yoke 105, other examples may eliminate yoke 105. In those examples, micromirrors 102 may tilt in the positive or negative direction until micromirrors 102 contact a suitable mirror stop (not explicitly shown).
In this particular example, support structures 108 form an arrangement having electrically-isolated conductive conduits 112 portions and electrode 114 portions. In addition, support structures 108 are multi-layered etched-metallic structures encased within an anti-reflective layer(s) and disposed outwardly from a dielectric layer 116, as explained further below. Dielectric layer 116 operates to isolate support structures 108 from a substrate 118.
In this particular example, substrate 118 comprises the control circuitry associated with DMD 100. The control circuitry may include any hardware, software, firmware, or combination thereof capable of at least partially contributing to the creation of the electrostatic forces between electrodes 114 and micromirrors 102. The control circuitry associated with substrate 118 functions to selectively transition micromirrors 102 between “on” state and “off” state based at least in part on data received from a processor (not explicitly shown).
Substrate 118 and support structures 108 typically comprise one or more layers of metals and dielectrics that may be optically reflective. During operation of some embodiments, portions of substrate 118 and support structures 108, including sidewalls 110, may be exposed to incident radiation, referred to herein as “stray radiation,” due to the tilting of micromirrors 102 and the gaps between micromirrors 102. In conventional DMDs, this stray radiation can result in unwanted reflections that may reduce the image quality produced by the DMD.
Accordingly, the teachings of some embodiments of the disclosure recognize methods of disposing thin film anti-reflective layer(s) along the reflective surfaces of support structure 108, including, for example, sidewalls 110. In addition, the layer(s) may form a protective “blanket” outwardly from dielectric layer 116 between support structures 108, thereby mitigating or eliminating stray radiation from optically reflective surfaces within substrate 118.
In some embodiments, the anti-reflective layer(s) may be more chemically stable than layers used in conventional designs. For example, layers formed from alternative materials, such as, for example, titanium nitride (TiN), may delaminate over time after exposure to various compounds enclosed within the cavity of a MEMS device. In contrast, the anti-reflective layers of some embodiments of the present disclosure may be less chemically reactive than TiN when exposed to the same compounds enclosed within a MEMS device. Anti-reflective layers that are less-reactive or even non-reactive with the various compounds enclosed within the cavity of a MEMS device, or chemically stable anti-reflective layers, may enhance structural stability, optical performance, and reliability. According to the teachings of some embodiments, examples of such chemically stable anti-reflective layers include thin films composed of any suitable combination of silicon, nitrogen, and/or oxygen (e.g., silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and/or silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O)).
DMD 100 may be used as a basis for forming any of a variety of semiconductor devices, including optical MEMS devices. Some examples of such semiconductor devices include a spatial light modulator, a gain equalizer, an optical filter, or any combination of these or other optical devices. Methods for manufacturing a semiconductor device in accordance with the teachings of various embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated in
Substrate 118 may comprise any suitable material used in semiconductor chip fabrication, such as silicon, poly-silicon, indium phosphide, germanium, or gallium arsenide. In various embodiments, substrate 118 can include complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry capable of controlling DMD 100 after its formation. In one non-limiting example, the CMOS circuitry may comprise a CMOS memory circuit, such as, for example, a 5T or 6T SPAM cell.
Dielectric layer 116 acts to electrically isolate support structures 108 from substrate 118. Dielectric layer 116 may be formed from any dielectric material suitable for use in semiconductor manufacturing, such as TEOS oxide, HDP oxide, or any suitable combination of dielectrics. In addition, dielectric layer 116 may have any suitable thickness, such as approximately 10,000 angstroms, and may be formed in any suitable manner. Such suitable deposition techniques include, but are not limited to, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and spin-coating. In some cases, dielectric layer 116 can be planarized, such as by using a chemical mechanical polish (CMP) technique, to provide a relatively flat surface.
Support structures 108 are each generally operable to provide a stable base and conductive conduits for respectively coupled electromechanical components, such as, for example, hinge posts 106 and electrode posts 115 of
In this particular embodiment, plural layers 202, 204, and 206 were previously deposited and collectively patterned and etched in the approximate arrangement of support structures 108 of
In various embodiments, anti-reflective layer 208 may be an insulator. An anti-reflective layer 208 that sufficiently resists the flow of electric current will not electrically connect support structures 108 and thus will not short electrodes 114 to conductive conduits 112. Some examples of anti-reflective layers 208 with insulator or nonconductive properties include thin films composed of any suitable combination of silicon, nitrogen, and/or oxygen (e.g., silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and/or silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O)). In this example, anti-reflective layer 208 is formed by sputter depositing a silicon nitride layer to a thickness that is less than the total thickness of support structures 108; however, any suitable material, processing, or thickness may be used.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of anti-reflective layer 208 may be exposed to chemical components encased within a cavity of a MEMS device (e.g., DMD 100) or otherwise proximately available in the atmosphere. Some chemical reactions can create residue that may inhibit, for example, the mechanical and optical performance of DMD 100. In addition, some reactions can cause all or a portion of thin film layers to delaminate, which might cause catastrophic failure of some MEMS devices. Accordingly, some embodiments provide an anti-reflective layer 108 that is not reactive, or less reactive, to such proximately positioned chemical components. In some embodiments, anti-reflective layers 208 with such non-reactive properties include thin films composed of any suitable combination of silicon, nitrogen, and/or oxygen (e.g., silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and/or silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O)). In addition, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a second anti-reflective layer, or a “capping” layer, as described further with reference to
In some embodiments, completely covering the first anti-reflective layer 208 by a second anti-reflective layer 210 of silicon dioxide may further enhance optical performance by mitigating stray reflections. In addition, in some embodiments, such a second anti-reflective layer 210 may further mitigate or even eliminate undesired chemical reactions by shielding all or a portion of the first anti-reflective layer 208 and all underlying layers from chemical components enclosed within a cavity of a fully fabricated DMD 100.
Thus,
The present disclosure describes various systems and methods that mitigate the detrimental optical effects of stray radiation using thin anti-reflective layer(s). In some embodiments, the relative thinness of the anti-reflective layer(s) 208 and 210 may enable minimal process or design changes for subsequent levels of DMD processing. For example, various embodiments may be implemented with minimal adjustments of the distance between micromirrors 102 and substrate 118 compared to conventional designs and processes. In various embodiments, such anti-reflective layer(s) 208 and 210 may also provide protection against corrosion and electrical shorts.
Although the present disclosure has been described with several embodiments, a myriad of changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended that the present disclosure encompass such changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
