Mass production method of antimicrobial peptide and DNA construct and expression system thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to DNA constructs that can produce antimicrobial materials efficiently from microorganisms and the preparation method thereof. The present invention also relates to the useful vector for the DNA construct. The DNA construct according to the present invention comprises a first gene coding for entire, a part of or a derivative of purF gene and a second gene coding for antimicrobial peptide. According to the present invention, antimicrobial peptides can be mass-produced by the following steps: preparing an expression vector containing a DNA construct comprising a first gene coding for an entire, a part of or a derivative of purF gene and a second gene coding for antimicrobial peptide; transforming the bacterial host cells with the above-mentioned vector, culturing the transformed cell to express the above-mentioned DNA construct; and recovering the above antimicrobial peptide.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD AND BACKGROUND ART

The present invention relates to the recombinant DNA technology. The present invention also relates to the mass-production of antimicrobial materials from microorganisms and a DNA construct and vector system. Biologically active peptide (antimicrobial peptide hereinafter) has little chance to develop resistance since the antimicrobial peptides show activity by a mechanism that is totally different from that of conventional antibiotics which have a serious problem of developing resistance. Therefore, the antimicrobial peptides have a high industrial applicability in the fields of pharmaceutics and the food industry.

The main obstacle in the industrial use of the antimicrobial peptide, however, is the difficulty in economical mass-production of the antimicrobial peptides. For instance, the production of the antimicrobial peptides by chemical synthesis is not economical. Also, there have been attempts to produce antimicrobial peptides by genetic engineering using microorganisms, in this case, however, the expression levels of the antimicrobial peptides are very low.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,154 provides a DNA construct which comprises a polypeptide gene which is capable of suppressing the bactericidal effect of cecropin, and a cecropin gene fused to the polypeptide gene. An example of such polypeptide disclosed in the patent is the araB gene.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,866 provides a method for a microbial production of a cationic antimicrobial peptide, wherein the cationic peptides is expressed as a fusion to an anionic peptide to avoid degradation by a bacterial protease.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a DNA construct to mass-produce a antimicrobial peptides. The present invention also provides a DNA construct that can produce and recover antimicrobial peptides effectively from microorganisms.

Also, the present invention provides gene multimers that can increase the efficiency of expression, separation and purification of desired peptides and the construction method of such construct.

Further, the present invention provides an expression vector to mass-produce antimicrobial peptides from microorganisms.

Further, the present invention provides a method to mass-produce antimicrobial peptides form microorganisms.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A , 1 B, 1 C, 1 D, 1 E and 1 F, herein referred to collectively as FIG. 1 , are a nucleotide sequence coding for an antimicrobial peptide of the present invention.

FIGS. 2A , 2 B, 2 C and 2 D, herein referred to collectively as FIG. 2 , are a nucleotide sequence coding for a fusion partner.

FIGS. 3A and 3B , herein referred to collectively as FIG. 3 , are a scheme of a fusion method between the fusion partner and the MSI-344 gene by generating a sequence encoding producing CNBr cleavage site.

FIGS. 4A and 4B , herein referred to collectively as FIG. 4 , are a scheme of a fusion method between the fusion partner and the MSI-344 gene by generating a sequence encoding producing hydroxylamine cleavage site.

FIG. 5 is a scheme of the construction of the transcriptionally fused multimer.

FIGS. 6A and 6B , herein referred to collectively as FIG. 6 , are a scheme of the construction of the pGNX2 vector.

FIG. 7 is a scheme of the construction of the pT7K2.1 vector.

FIG. 8 is a scheme of the construction of the pGNX3 vector.

FIG. 9 is the pGNX4 vector.

FIG. 10 is a scheme of the construction of the pGNX5 vector.

FIG. 11 is a SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of the lysates of the transformants expressing MSI-344 by an induction with lactose or IPTG.

FIG. 12 is a SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of MSI-344 expression with various vectors.

FIG. 13 a is a SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of the lysates of the transformants expressing various antimicrobial peptides by induction with lactose.

FIG. 13 b is a SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of the lysates of the transformants expressing various antimicrobial peptides by an induction with lactose.

FIGS. 14 a , 14 b , 14 c and 14 d are SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analyses of the lysates of the transformants expressing various antimicrobial peptides by an induction with lactose.

FIG. 15 is a SDS-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of the lysates of the transformants expressing the monomer, dimer and tetramer of the fusion genes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a DNA construct for mass-producing antimicrobial peptides effectively in E. coli or other prokaryotes.

One of the essential conditions for mass production of the antimicrobial peptides from microorganisms is to efficiently neutralize the toxicity of the antimicrobial peptides against the microorganisms. To this end, the present invention provides a DNA construct in which a whole gene, partial or derivatives of the purF gene (glutamine pyrophosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; Genbank No.: X12423) (Tso et al., J. Biol. Chem., 257: 3525, 1982, Makaroff et al., J. Bio. Chem., 258: 10586, 1983) is fused as a fusion partner to the gene coding for antimicrobial peptides.

The derivatives of purF gene used as a fusion partner in the DNA construct according to the present invention allows mass-production of the antimicrobial peptides as a fused polypeptide with purF derivatives in Escherichia coli without killing the host cells. Therefore, it is possible to mass-produce the desired antimicrobial peptides from the host microorganisms using a strong expression system since they are not lethal to the host cell. In the case of using a fusion partner according to the present invention to express peptides, it is possible to cleave and separate the antimicrobial peptides from the fusion protein by using a protease or other chemicals. To achieve this, for instance it is possible to insert a DNA sequence between the fusion partner and antimicrobial peptide genes encoding the cleavage site for proteases such as Factor Xa or enterokinase or chemicals such as CNBr or hydroxylamine.

For instance, to provide a CNBr cleavage site, restriction enzyme site containing Met codon (ATG) with correct leading frame such as Afl III, Bsm I, BspH I, BspLU11 I, Nco I, Nde I, Nsi I, Ppu10 I, Sph I, Sty I, or their isoschizomers could be inserted into the 3′ end of the fusion partner. It is possible to make in-frame fusion of the fusion partner and the gene coding for antimicrobial peptide by inserting the restriction enzyme site into the 5 end of the gene coding for antimicrobial peptide that produces a compatible end to the enzyme site of the fusion partner.

It is also possible to insert a DNA sequence coding for Asn-Gly between the fusion partner and antimicrobial peptide genes. For instance, two genes can be fused by the following method. After inserting a restriction enzyme or isoschizomer site containing an Asn codon with correct reading frame at the 3′ end of the fusion partner, the fusion partner is cleaved by the enzyme. At the 5′ end of the gene coding for antimicrobial peptide, a restriction enzyme site containing a Gly codon with correct reading frame that produces a compatible or blunt end with the corresponding site of the fusion partner is inserted and cleaved with the corresponding enzyme. The two cleaved DNA fragments may be connected to produce the fused gene. The genetic construct according to the present invention may be inserted into the host cell by cloning into any kind of expression vector, that is conventionally used in this field such as plasmid, virus or other vehicles that can be used to insert or incorporate the structural genes.

The present invention relates to a multimer that can increase the expression level by increasing the copy number of the gene of the required product and which can be separated and purified conveniently and the preparation method thereof.

The multimer according to the present invention is constructed by the following units.

1) A first restriction enzyme site that can generate an initiation codon Met, 2) a structural gene, 3) a ribosome binding site (RBS), and 4) a second restriction enzyme site generating a cohesive end which can be in-frame fused to the cohesive end generated by the first restriction enzyme and which can generate the initiation codon. Here, the stop codon and the RBS of the structural gene may overlap by ca. 2 bp or may be separated as far as 500 bp. The distance between the RBS and the second restriction enzyme site that can generate the initiation codon may be ca. 5 to 30 bp. The 3′ and 5′ ends of the multimer may be cleaved by the first or second restriction enzyme, respectively.

The multimer according to the present invention may be prepared by a variety of techniques known in the field of genetic engineering. One of the examples of such preparation method is given below.

After cleaving the units of a gene given above by the first and second restriction enzymes, the cleaved units is connected to produce a mixture containing multimers that include each unit with the same direction and multimers that have more than one unit with reverse direction. Since the multimers that contain more than one unit with reverse direction will have the first or second restriction enzyme site regenerated at the connection site, the multimer mixture may be cleaved simultaneously by the first and second restriction enzymes and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, for instance, to separate the multimers those have units with the same direction only. The multimer according to the present invention is a transcriptionally fused multimer. This means that the repeated genes are transcribed into a single mRNA, but the gene expression product is not connected. In other words, the multimer is translated into many copies of a single product, In the case of the conventional translationally fused multimer, the desired product is present as a concatemer in a single polynucleotide, and an additional cleavage process is necessary to obtain the desired active product in case that the expression product is a fusion protein, it requires a greater amount of reagent to cleave only with lower efficiency when compared to the transcriptionally fused multimer. Compared to the translationally fused multimer, the expressed multimer of the present invention does not require additional cleavage processes or in the case it requires cleavage processes such as fused proteins, the amount of the reagent for the cleavage may be reduced since the number of peptide bonds to be cleaved per mole of the fused peptide is relatively smaller than the translationally fused multimer.

The multimer of the present invention may increase the gene expression in the host cell, have advantages in cleaving and purifying the desired product, and express in the host more efficiently when compared to the monomer. The multimer and the preparation method thereof are not limited in preparing peptides or fusion peptides. It can be widely applicable in expressing the unfused or fused gene coding for enzymes, hormones and antimicrobial polypeptides in microorganism.

Therefore, it is desirable to produce the DNA construct of the present invention in the form of transcriptionally fused multimer. In the case of preparing the DNA construct of the present invention in the form of transcriptionally fused multimer, it is advantageous to cleave and purify the products, and the multimer may be expressed in the host more efficiently than the monomer.

The present invention also relates to the expression vector that may induce the expression of foreign genes by lactose which is more economical than IPTG.

The expression vector according to the present invention is composed of high copy number replication origin, strong promoter and structural gene, and does not include lacl q gene.

The replication origin may be colE1 or p15A in the present invention. Examples of the strong promoters include tac, trc, trp, T7Φ10, P L , other inducible or constitutive promoters in the microorganisms. Additionally, a selection marker gene that may be used to select the transformants of the vector may be included. These marker genes include antibiotic resistant genes against antibiotics such as ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyline and chloramphenicol, or the genes that complement the auxotrophy of the host. Gene expression using the expression vector according to the present invention can be induced efficiently by adding lactose instead of IPTG preferably by adding IPTG and lactose simultaneously.

As an example, after transforming the plasmid containing the structural gene into the host cells, transformants are primary-cultured for 5 to 18 hours at 30-37° C. in a culture medium that include 50-300 μg/ml kanamycin. Afterwards, they are diluted to 1% (v/v) in a fresh media and cultured at 30-37° C. To induce the expression, 0.01 mM-10 mM IPTG is added when the OD 600 reaches 0.2-2 in case of IPTG induction, or 0.2-2% lactose is added when the OD 600 reaches 0.2-2, or at the time of inoculation in the case of lactose induction. IPTG and lactose can be used simultaneously with a significantly reduced amount of IPTG. Additionally, it is desirable to include a transcriptional terminator in the expression vector according to the present invention.

It is possible to obtain the expression product as an inclusion bodies using the expression vector of the present invention. This property is useful in producing a product lethal to the host.

A vector containing a structural gene of the present invention may be transformed into microorganisms by using conventional methods used in the fields of the present invention. For instance, the transformation may be achieved by CaCl 2 method or by physical methods such as electrophoration or microinjection into prokaryotic cells such as E. coli . There is no specific limitation for the host. For instance E. coli strain may be selected form BL21(DE3), BLR(DE3), B834(DE3), AD494(DE3), JM109(DE3), HMS174(DE3), UT400(DE3) and UT5600(DE3). Culture medium could be selected from LB, M9, M9CA, and R according to the characteristics of the host or transformants cells. Growth factors may be added to the media depending on the host requirements.

LB medium (bacto-tryptone 10 g/l, yeast extract 5 g/l, NaCl 10 g/l)

M9 medium (Na 2 PO 4 7H 2 O 12.8 g/l, KH 2 PO 4 3.0 g/l, NaCl 0.5 g/l, NH 4 Cl 1 g/l, glucose 4 g/l, MgSO 4 2 mM, CaCl 2 0.1 mM)

M9CA medium (M9 medium+0.2% casamino acid)

R medium (Reisenberg medium; KH 2 PO4 13.3 g/l, (NH 4 ) 2 PO 4 4.0 g/l, citric acid 0.17 g/l, MgSO 4 7H 2 O 0.22 g/l, glucose 20 g/l, trace element solution 10 ml/l)

Trace element solution (ferric citrate 7.3 g/l, CoCl 2 6H 2 O 0.5 g/l, MnCl 2 4H 2 O 3.2 g/l, CuCl 2 2H 2 O 0.3 g/l, H 3 BO 3 0.7 g/l, NaMoO 4 2H 2 O 1.68 g/l, Thiamin HCl 0.5 g/l, EDTA 1 g/l)

The invention will be further illustrated in detail by the following examples. It will be apparent to those having conventional knowledge in this field that these examples are given only to explain the present invention more clearly, but the invention is not limited to the examples given below.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a Gene Coding for an Antimicrobial Peptide

Two different MSI-344 genes were synthesized by the PCR method to express MSI-344 gene efficiently in E. coli and to ease the gene manipulation (FIG. 1 ). Template for PCR was pNH18a-MBP-MSI-78 described in Korean patent application 97-29426. Sequence (a) (SEQ ID NO. 55) was synthesized using primers No. 1 (SEQ ID NO. 1) and No. 2 (SEQ ID NO. 2) in Table 1 which was designed to separate MSI-344 by CNBr cleavage from the fusion peptide, and Sequence (b) (SEQ ID NO. 57) was synthesized using primers No. 3 (SEQ ID NO. 3) and No. 4 (SEQ ID NO. 4) in Table 1 which was designed to be cleaved by hydroxylamine. To subclone MSI-344 gene with correct reading frame into the expression vector, Nde1 (Sequence (a)) and SmaI (Sequence (b)) sites were inserted in front of MSI-344 gene and stop codons TAA and TGA were inserted behind the MSI-344 gene. Also to construct the transcriptional multimer, a ribosome binding site that overlaps 1 base pair with the stop codon and Ase I site were inserted. These two MSI-344 genes were cloned into pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen, USA) to prepare vector pCRMSI containing sequence (a) and vector pCRMSI' containing sequence (b).

The antimicrobial peptide genes in FIG. 1 were prepared by annealing chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (Table 1) or by performing PCR after annealing. In the case of Apidaecin I (SEQ ID NO. 41), Indolicidin (SEQ ID NO. 51), and Tachyplesin I (SEQ ID NO. 61), DNA sequence was based on the amino acid sequence of a peptide (Maloy and Kark, Peptide Science, 37: 105, 1995) and the gene was chemically synthesized by using codons that can maximize the expression level in E. coli . In the case of Bombinin (SEQ ID NO. 43), CPF1 (SEQ ID NO. 45), Drosocin (SEQ ID NO. 47), Melittin (SEQ ID NO. 53), HNP-I (SEQ ID NO. 49), PGQ (SEQ ID NO. 59), and XPF (SEQ ID NO. 63), the N- and C-terminal oligonucleotides which were designed to anneal to each other by 8-10 bp overlaps, were synthesized and the peptide gene was synthesized by PCR after annealing two oligonucleotides. The characteristics of each antimicrobial peptide are listed in Table 2.

Sequences (5′ ---> 3′)	Primers
1	TCCGGATCCATATGGGTATCGGCAAAT	Primers for the syn-
	TCCTG (SEQ ID NO. 1)	thesis of MSI-344
		(32 mer)
2	GCATTAATATATCTCCTTCATTACTTTT	Primers for the syn-
	TCAGGATTTTAACG (SEQ ID NO. 2)	thesis of MSI-344
		(42 mer)
3	GGATCCCGGGATCGGCAAATTCCTGA	Primers for the syn-
	AAAAGG (SEQ ID NO. 3)	thesis of MSI-344
		(32 mer)
4	GGATCCATTAATATATCTCCTT	Primers for the syn-
	CATTAC	thesis of MSI-344
	(SEQ ID NO. 4)	(28 mer)
5	GGTAACAACCGTCCGGTTTACATCCCG	Primers for the syn-
	CAGCCGCGTCCGCCGCACCCGCGTAC	thesis of Apidaecin I
	TTGA (SEQ ID NO. 5)	(57 mer)
6	AATTCTCAAGTACGCGGGTGCGGCGG	Primers for the syn-
	ACGCGGCTGCGGGATGTAAACCGGAC	thesis of Apidaecin I
	GGTTGTTACC (SEQ ID NO. 6)	(62 mer)
7	GGTATCGGTGCGCTGTCTGCGAAAGG	Primers for the syn-
	TGCGCTGAAAGGTCTGGCGAAA	thesis of Bombinin
	(SEQ ID NO. 7)	(48 mer)
8	CGAATTCTCAGTTCGCGAAGTGTTGCG	Primers for the syn-
	CCAGACCTTTCGCCAGACCTTTCAGCG	thesis of Bombinin
	CACC (SEQ ID NO. 8)	(58 mer)
9	GGTTTCGCGTCTTTCCTGGGTAAAGCG	Primers for the syn-
	CTGAAAGCGGCGCTGAAAATC	thesis of CPF
	(SEQ ID NO 9)	(48 mer)
10	CGAATTCTCACTGCTGCGGCGCACCAC	Primers for the syn-
	CCAGCGCGTTCGCACCGATTTTCAGC	thesis of CPF
	GCCGCTT (SEQ ID NO. 10)	(60 mer)
11	GGTAAACCGCGTCCGTACTCTCCGCG	Primers for the syn-
	TCCGACCTCTCAC (SEQ ID NO. 11)	thesis of Drosocin
		(39 mer)
12	CGAATTCTCAAACCGCGATCGGACGC	Primers for the syn-
	GGGTGAGAGGTCGGACGCGGAGA	thesis of Drosocin
	(SEQ ID NO. 12)	(49 mer)
13	GCATGCCATGGCGTGCTACTGCCGTAT	Primers for the syn-
	CCCGGCGTGCATCGCGGGTGAACGTC	thesis of HNP-1
	GTTACGG (SEQ ID NO. 13)	(60 mer)
14	CGAATTCTCAGCAGCAGAACGCCCAC	Primers for the syn-
	AGACGACCCTGGTAGATGCAGGTA	thesis of HNP-1
	CCGTAACGAC (SEQ ID NO. 14)	(60 mer)
15	CATGATCCTGCCGTGGAAATGGCCGT	Primers for the syn-
	GGTGGCCGTGGCGTCGTTGAG (SEQ ID	thesis of Indolicidin
	NO. 15)	(47 mer)
16	AATTCTCAACGACGCCACGGCCACC	Primers for the syn-
	ACGGCCATTTCCACGGCAGGAT	thesis of Indolicidin
	(SEQ ID NO. 16)	(47 mer)
17	GGTATCGGTGCGGGTATCGGTGCGGT	Primers for the syn-
	TCTGAAAGTTCTGACCACCGGTCTGCC	thesis of Melittin
	GGCGCTG (SEQ ID NO. 17)	(48 mer)
18	CGAATTCTCACTGCTGACGTTTACGTT	Primers for the syn-
	TGATCCAAGAGATCAGCGCCGGCAGA	thesis of Melittin
	CCGGT (SEQ ID NO. 18)	(58 mer)
19	GGTGTTCTGTCTAACGTTATCGGTTAC	Primers for the syn-
	CTGAAAAAACTGGGTACC	thesis of PGQ
	(SEQ ID NO. 19)	(45 mer)
20	CGAATTCTCACTGTTTCAGAACCGCGT	Primers for the syn-
	TCAGCGCACCGGTACCCAGTTTTTT	thesis of PGQ
	CAG (SEQ ID NO. 20)	(55 mer)
21	CATGAAATGGTGCTTCCGTGTTTGCTA	Primers for the syn-
	CCGTGGTATCTGCTACCGTCGTTGCCG	thesis of Tachyplasin
	TTGAG (SEQ ID NO. 21)	(59 mer)
22	AATTCTCAACGGCAACGACGGTAGC	Primers for the syn-
	AGATACCCCGGTAGCAAACACGGAAG	thesis of Tachyplasin
	CACCATTT (SEQ ID NO. 22)	(59 mer)
23	GGTTGGGCGTCTAAAATCGGTCAGAC	Primers for the syn-
	CCTGGGTAAAATCGCGAAAGTT	thesis of XPF
	(SEQ ID NO. 23)	(48 mer)
24	CGAATTCTCATTTCGGCTGGATCAGTT	Primers for the syn-
	CTTTCAGACCAACTTTCGCGATTTTA	thesis of XPF
	CCCAG (SEQ ID NO. 24)	(58 mer)
25	GGATCCATATGTGCGGTATTGTCGGTA	Primers for the syn-
	TCG (SEQ ID NO. 25)	thesis of F
		(30 mer)
26	CATATGGCGAGCTTCAAATACATCG	Primers for the syn-
	(SEQ ID NO. 26)	thesis of F
		(25 mer)
27	GGATCCATATGTGCGGTATTGTCGGTA	Primers for the syn-
	TCG (SEQ ID NO. 27)	thesis of F′
		(30 mer)
28	GGATCCAATATTAGCTTCAAATACATC	Primers for the syn-
	GCTC (SEQ ID NO. 28)	thesis of F′
		(31 mer)
29	GGATCCATATGTGCGGTATTGTCGGTA	Primers for the syn-
	TCG (SEQ ID NO. 29)	thesis of F3
		(30 mer)
30	GGATCCAATATTCGCATGCGCAGCTTC	Primers for the syn-
	AAATACATCG (SEQ ID NO. 30)	thesis of F3 (HA)
		(37 mer)
31	CGGGATCCACATGTGGCGAGCTTCAA	Primers for the syn-
	ATAC (SEQ ID NO. 31)	thesis of F3 (CB)
		(30 mer)
32	GGATCCATATGTGCGGTATTGTCGGTA	Primers for the syn-
	TCG (SEQ ID NO. 32)	thesis of F4
		(30 mer)
33	GCGGATCCACATGTCGGCTTCCAG	Primers for the syn-
	(SEQ ID NO. 33)	thesis of F4 (CB)
		(24 mer)
34	AATATTGTCGGCTTCCAGCGGGTAG	Primers for the syn-
	(SEQ ID NO. 34)	thesis of F3 (HA)
		(25 mer)
35	CATATGCTTGCTGAAATCAAAGG	Primers for the syn-
	(SEQ ID NO. 35)	thesis of BF
		(23 mer)
36	AATATTGCCAGCACCCTCCTGTCCTCG	Primers for the syn-
	GTG	thesis of BF
	(SEQ ID NO. 36)	(30 mer)
37	TTCGCTTGCGCGACCACT (SEQ ID NO.	Primers for purF
	37)	G49A mutant
		(18 mer)
38	TGCGAACGGGTGGAGCCGTTAGACTG	Primers for purF
	(SEQ ID NO. 38)	N102L mutant
		(26 mer)
39	GCGGATCCAAGAGACAGGATGAGGAT	Primers for the syn-
	CGTTTCGC (SEQ ID NO. 39)	thesis of kan R gene
		(34 mer)
40	CGGATATCAAGCTTGGAAATGTTGAA	Primers for the syn-
	TACTCATACTCTTC	thesis of kan R gene
	(SEQ ID NO. 40)	(40 mer)

	TABLE 2
	Amino acid	Molecular
	residue	weight (kDa)	Origin
Apidaecin I	18	2.11	Insect ( A. mellifera )
Bombinin	24	2.29	Frog ( B. variegata )
Cecropin A	36	3.89	Moth ( H. cecropia )
CPF1	27	2.60	Frog ( X. Laevis )
Drosocin	19	2.11	Fly ( D. melanogaster )
HNP1	30	3.45	Human (alpha-defensin)
Indolicidin	13	1.91	Cow
MSI-344	22	2.48	Frog ( X. laevis )
Melittin	26	2.85	Insect ( H. cecropia )
PGQ	24	2.33	Frog ( X. laevis )
Tachyplesin I	17	2.27	Crab ( T. tridentatus )
XPF	25	2.64	Frog ( X. laevis )

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of Fusion Partner

To use as a fusion partner, purF derivatives shown in FIG. 2 were obtained from the chromosomes of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis using PCR. The fusion partner F was prepared by CNBr cleavage, and F′, F5 and BF by for hydroxylamine cleavage. F3 and F4 were prepared as two different forms; one for CNBr cleavage (F3(CB), F4(CB)), and another for hydroxylamine cleavage (F3(HA), F4(HA), F4a(HA)). Fusion partners F, F′, F3(HA), F3(CB), F4(HA), F4a(HA), F4a(CB), F5, BF are indicated in sequences No. 1-9, respectively.

1) purF derivative F (SEQ ID NO. 73)

The derivative is a coding for 61 amino acid from the N-terminus of the E. coli purF protein (FIG. 2 ). Nde I site including start codon Met was inserted at the 5′ end, and Nde I site including Met codon that encodes cleavage site for CNBr was inserted at the 3′ end.

2) purF derivative F′ (SEQ ID NO. 75)

To remove the internal hydroxylamine cleavage site, the 49 th glycine residue (GGG) was substituted with alanine (GCG, see FIG. 2 ) by site-directed mutagenesis using primer #36 in Table 1, and Ssp I site containing AAT coding for asparagine was added after alanine codon (number 57) by PCR to form a hydroxylamine cleavage site.

3) purF derivative F3

The 49 th glycine residue was substituted with alanine as in F′. Asparagine at the 58th residue was substituted with alanine and alanine-asparagine was added after the 59th histidine (F3(HA)) (SEQ ID NO. 77). In case of F3 for CNBr cleavage (F3(CB)) (SEQ ID NO. 79), a DNA sequence that codes for Met and includes BspLU11I site was added after histidine at the 59th residue.

4) PurF derivative F4

This derivative is composed of 159 amino acid residues from the N-terminus of the purF protein. There exists two hydroxylamine sites in wild-type purF protein. To remove these sites, the 102nd asparagine codon (AAC) was substituted with leucine codon (CTC, underlined in Table 2) by site-directed mutagenesis with primer #37 (Table 1) to form F4(HA) (SEQ ID NO. 81). F4a(HA) (SEQ ID NO. 83) was prepared by double substitution of the 49th glycine with alanine and the 102 nd asparagine with leucine. In the case of F4(HA) and F4a(HA) for hydroxylamine cleavage, the SspI site including asparagine codon was added at the 3′ end. In the case of F4a(CB) (SEQ ID NO. 85) for CNBr cleavage, BspLU11 I site including Met codon was added at the 3′ end.

5) purF derivative F5 (SEQ ID NO. 87)

This derivative composed of a sequence from the 60 th methionine to the 148 th aspartic acid of the purF protein, and Ssp I site was added at the 3′ end.

6) purF derivative BF (SEQ ID NO. 89)

BF is a purF derivative of B. subtilis and includes 43 amino acid residues and Ssp I site coding for Asn at the 3′ end.

EXAMPLE 3

Preparation of DNA Construct Coding for Fused Peptides

Among the peptide genes prepared in Example 1, the genes encoding peptide that contains glycine at the first amino acid were fused to fusion partners for the hydroxylamine cleavage, F4a(HA), F5 and BF. Other peptides (HNP-I, Indolicidin, Tachyplesin) were fused to the fusion partners for the CNBr cleavage, F, F3(CB) and F4a(CB) (Table 3).

A method of fusion between the fusion partner and the gene coding for an antimicrobial peptide while producing the CNBr cleavage site (Met) or hydroxylamine cleavage site (Asn-Gly) is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively. In the case of fusion with fusion partner F for CNBr cleavage, the fusion partner and the MSI-344 gene were fused using the Nde I site to produce DNA construct FM ( FIG. 3 a ). In case of fusion with F3(CB) or F4(CB), the peptide genes are chemically synthesized and fused to 3′ end BspLU11 I site of the fusion partner by complementary 5′ Nco I site for HNP-I, and 5′ BspLu11 I site for indolicidin and tachyplesin, respectively.

The fusion with the fusion partner for hydroxylamine cleavage (F′, F3(HA), F4(HA), F4a(HA), F5, BF) was carried out by cleaving the fusion partner with Ssp I and MSI-344 by Sma I, and connecting these DNA fragments to generate Asn-Gly site for the hydroxylamine cleavage. In the case of the genes for Apidaecin I, Bombinin, CPF1, Drosocin, Melittin, PGQ and XPF, it was not necessary to digest with restriction enzyme before the fusion with the fusion partner cleaved with Ssp I, since they have 5′ blunt ends.

EXAMPLE 4

Preparation of Transcriptionally Fused Multimer

A monomeric unit that can produce multimers was constructed consisting of Nde I site coding for Met, structural gene, RBS (SEQ ID NO. 91), and Ase I site that connects with Nde I to generate Met. As structural genes, F4a(HA)-MS 1344 fusion gene ( F4Ma ) and F5-MSI344 fusion gene ( F5M ) were used. The monomeric units were digested with Nde I and Ase I, and the isolated monomeric units were reconnected. Obtained DNA fragments were digested again with Nde I and Ase I, and the multimers were separated by agarose gel electrophoreses. By using this method, monomer (F4Ma), dimer (F4MaX2) and tetramer (F4MaX4) of F4Ma and monomer (F5M), dimer (Fm5MX2) and tetramer (F5MX4) of F5M were obtained.

EXAMPLE 5

Expression Vector

To express foreign gene in E. coli , two expression vectors pGNX2 and pT7K2.1 were constructed by using T7Φ10 promoter, high copy number replication origin (colEI of pUC family), and kanamycin resistance gene. To construct pGNX2, bla gene in commercially available pUC19 (ampicillin resistance gene: Amp R ) was substituted with kanamycin resistance gene (Kan R ). To this end, pUC19 was digested with Ssp I and Dra I to separate 1748 bp DNA fragment having 1748 bp, and Kan R gene was amplified by PCR by using Tn5 of E. coli as a template and primers #39 and #40 (Table 1). The PCR product was digested with BamH I and Hind III, filled-in by Klenow treatment, and cloned int pUC19 digested with Ssp I and Dra I, resulting in pUCK2. After this vector was digested with Nde I and filled in by Klenow treatment, it was religated to contruct pUCK2ΔNdeI. The final plasmid pGNX2 was constructed by cloning the fragment containing T7Φ10 promoter and RBS from pT7-7 (USB, USA) that was digested with BamH I, filled-in by Klenow treatment, and then digested with Ase I, into the pUCK2ΔNdeI vector that was digested with Hind III, filld-in by Klenow treatment, and then digested with Ase I. T7Φ10 promoter and kanamycin resistant gene (Kan R ) are oriented to the same direction in pGNX2 (FIG. 6 ).

To construct the plasmid pT7K2.1, the bla gene was removed from pT7-7 by digestion with SspI and Bgl I, and the following treatment with T4 DNA polymerase to make blunt ends. Kan R gene was prepared as in pGNX2 and the two DNA fragments were ligated to construct pT7K2. Final plasmid pT7K2.1 was constructed by removing Ase I site from this vector (FIG. 7 ). E. coli HMS174 (DE3) transformed with pGNX2 was deposited to Korean Collection of Type Cultures (KCTC) in Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology located at Yusong-gu Eun-dong, Taejon, Korea on May 29, 1998 and the number KCTC0486BP was given. To construct pGNX3, pGNX2F4M was partially digested with BspH I, and the fragment that has a cut in a single BspH I site was separated and further digested with BamH I. To prepare fragment containing T7 and rrnBT1T2 terminators, 132 bp fragment from pET11 a digested with BamH I and EcoR V and a 488 bp fragment from ptrc99a digested with BamH I and EcoR V were ligated. These fused fragments were cleaved by BamH I and BspH I, and cloned into the vector prepared as above to construct pGNX3F4M (FIG. 8 ).

To prepare pGNX4, a 3052 bp fragment was isolated from pETACc digested with Xba I and AlwN I, and a 2405 bp vector fragment from the pGNX3F4M digested with Xba I and AlwN I resulting in pGNX4F4M (FIG. 9 ).

To construct pGNX5, pGNX3F4M was partially digested with Ase I, then digested with Xba I, and treated with Klenow fragment. A fragment obtained from PCR-TrpPO digested with EcoR I and Nde I and then treated with Klenow fragment was cloned with the above vector fragment to construct pGNX5F4M (FIG. 10 ).

EXAMPLE 6

Production of Antimicrobial Peptides

DNA constructs obtained by fusing the MSI-344 to fusion partners, F3, F4, F4a, F5 and BF, were cloned into pGNX2 digested with Nde I and BamH I and pT7K2.1 digested with Nde I and BamH I, respectively. In case F (entire purF) was used as the fusion partner, it was cloned into pET24a (Novagen, USA) digested with Nde I and Xho I. In case of a multimer, it was cloned into the Nde I site of pGNX2 and pT7K2.1. The genes coding for Apidaecin I, Indolicidin, Tachyplesin I, Bombinin, CPF1, Drosocin, Melittin, HNP-I, PGQ and XPF were fused to the fusion partner F4 and cloned into pGNX2 digested with Nde I and EcoRI. When F3 was used, BamH I and EcoR I sites of pRSETc were used for cloning (Table 3).

The plasmids 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in Table 3 were transformed into E.coli HMS174(DE3) by using the CaCl 2 method. R medium supplemented with casamino acid was used as a culture medium, and the peptide expression was induced when OD 600 was between 0.2 and 0.4 by adding 2% lactose and 2 mM IPTG, respectively. The expression level was quantified by scanning the results from SDS-PAGE by a densitometer and as the percent of fusion peptide in total cell proteins (FIG. 11 ). In FIG. 11 , M represents molecular weight standard marker, and lanes 1 through 6 represent the expression from the transformants with plasmids 2,3,4,5,6, and 7 in Table 3 by lactose induction, and lanes 7 through 12 represent the expression from the transformants with plasmids 2,3,4,5,6, and 7 in Table 3 by IPTG induction. Lanes 13 and 14 represent the expression from the transformant with plasmid 43 ( E. coli purF; EF) by lactose and IPTG induction, respectively. As in the same manner, MSI-344 was expressed using E.coli HMS174(DE3) transformed with plasmids 44, 45 and 46 in Table 3 and by lactose induction (FIG. 12 ). It can be seen that the expression level is higher with the plasmid having transcriptional terminator. With the HMS174 (DE3) transformed with plasmid 4 in Table 3, the expression of fusion peptide was induced by lactose and cells were harvested 9 hours after induction. The cells were sonicated and precipitates were obtained by centrifugation. After dissolving the precipitates by placing for 2 hours at room temperature in solution containing 9 M urea, 20 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8.5), the sample was loaded onto SP-sepharose FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden), and the fusion peptide F4Ma was eluted using 0.3˜1.0 M NaCl. Purified F4Ma was reacted in 0.5˜2 M hydroxylamine and 0.4 M potassium carbonate (pH 7.5-9.5) buffer to cleave MSI-344 from the fusion partner. After desalting, the reaction mixture was loaded onto SP sepharose FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden) again to elute MSI-344 with 0.4˜1 M NaCl. Purified MSI-344 was identified by HPLC, MALDI-MS and amino acid sequencing.

EXAMPLE 7

Other plasmids in Table 3 were transformed into E. coli HMS1 74 (DE3) by CaCl 2 method. R medium supplemented with casamino acid was used as a culture medium, and the peptide expression was induced by adding 2% lactose when OD 600 was between 0.4 and 0.6. The expression level was quantified by scanning the results from SDS-PAGE by a densitometer and as the percent of fusion peptide in total cell proteins. The results of the expression of each antimicrobial peptide are shown in FIGS. 13 a and 13 b and Table 3. In FIG. 13 a , lanes 1 through 6 represent the results from the transformants with plasmids 10,12,15,20,21 and 23 in Table 3. In FIG. 13 b , lanes 1 through 9 represent the results from the transformants with plasmids 11,13,14,16,22,17,18,24 and 19 in Table 3. FIGS. 14 a - 14 d represent the expression results of plasmids 25-42 in Table 3. Buforin IIbx2 and Buforin IIx4 are dimer and tetramer of Buforin IIb, respectively, and constructed as described in Example 4. The corresponding plasmids, systems and expression results were indicated in parenthesis below:

FIG. 14 a : 1(25)

FIG. 14 b : 1(26), 2(31), 3(36)

FIG. 14 c : 1(27), 3(32), 3(37), 4(28), 5(33), 6(38), 7(29), 8(34), 9(39), 10(30), 11(35), 12(40)

FIG. 14 d : 1(41), 2(42), 3(43)

		Fusion	Cleaving	Cloning			Expression
No	peptide	partner	method	vector	Plasmid	strain	rate (%)
1	MSI-344	F	CNBr	pET24a	PETFM	BL21(DE3)	9
	(SEQ ID NO. 55)					BLR(DE3)
2	MSI-344	F3	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F3M	BL21(DE3)	10
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
3	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4M	BL21(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
						JM109(DE3)
						UT400(DE3)
						UT5600(DE3)
4	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Ma	BL21(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
						JM109(DE3)
						UT400(DE3)
						UT5600(DE3)
5	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pT7K2.1	pT&KF4M	BL21(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
						JM109(DE3)
						UT400(DE3)
						UT5600(DE3)
6	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pT7K2.1	pT&KF4Ma	BL21(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)	a				HMS174(DE3)
						JM109(DE3)
						UT400(DE3)
						UT5600(DE3)
7	MSI-344	F5	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F5M	BL21(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
8	MSI-344	F5	HA	pT7K2.1	pT7KF5M	BL21(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
9	MSI-344	BF	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2BFM	BL21(DE3)	12
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)					HMS174(DE3)
10	Apidaecin I	F3	HA	pRSETc	pRF2Ap	BL21(DE3)	25
	(SEQ ID NO. 41)					pLysS
11	Apidaecin I	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Ap	BL21(DE3)	8.7
	(SEQ ID NO. 41)					pLysS
12	Bombinin	F3	HA	pRSETc	pRF3Bp	BL21(DE3)	23
	(SEQ ID NO. 43)					pLysS
13	Bombinin	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Ap	BL21(DE3)	33.6
	(SEQ ID NO. 43)					pLysS
14	CPF	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Cpf	BL21(DE3)	9.0
	(SEQ ID NO. 45)					pLysS
15	Drosocin	F3	HA	pRSETC	pRF3Dp	BL21(DE3)	14
	(SEQ ID NO. 47)					pLysS
16	Drosocin	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Dp	BL21(DE3)	25
	(SEQ ID NO. 47)					pLysS
17	Melittin	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Me1	BL21(DE3)	26
	(SEQ ID NO. 53)					pLysS
18	PGQ	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Pg	BL21(DE3)	20.2
	(SEQ ID NO. 59)					pLysS
19	XPF	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Xp	BL21(DE3)	26.5
	(SEQ ID NO. 63)					pLysS
20	HNP-I	F3	CNBr	pRSETc	pRF3Hp	BL21(DE3)	26.3
	(SEQ ID NO. 49)					pLysS
21	Indolicidin	F3	CNBr	pRSETc	pRF3Id	B21(DE3)	29
	(SEQ ID NO. 51)					pLysS
22	Indolicidin	F4(CB)	CNBr	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Id	BL21(DE3)	20.7
	(SEQ ID NO. 51)					pLysS
23	Tachyplesin I	F3	CNBr	pRSETc	pRF3Tp	BL21(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 61)					pLysS
24	Tachyplesin I	F4(CB)	CNBr	pGNX2	pGNX2F4Tp	BL21(DE3)	21.8
	(SEQ ID NO. 61)					pLysS
25	Buforin I	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BI	HMS174(DE3)	25
	(SEQ ID NO. 65)
26	Buforin II	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BII	HMS174(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO. 67)
27	Buforin II	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BII	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 67)
28	Buforin II	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BII	HMS174(DE3)	18
	(SEQ ID NO. 67)
29	Buforin II	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BII	HMS174(DE3)	4
	(SEQ ID NO. 67)
30	Buforin II	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BII	HMS174(DE3)	4
	(SEQ ID NO. 67)
31	Buforin IIa	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIa	HMS174(DE3)	28
	(SEQ ID NO. 69)
32	Buforin IIa	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIa	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 69)
33	Buforin IIa	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIa	HMS174(DE3)	18
	(SEQ ID NO. 69)
34	Buforin IIa	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIa	HMS174(DE3)	4
	(SEQ ID NO. 69)
35	Buforin IIa	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIa	HMS174(DE3)	4
	(SEQ ID NO. 69)
36	Buforin IIb	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIb	HMS174(DE3)	25
	(SEQ iD NO. 71)
37	Buforin IIb	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIb	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 71)
38	Buforin IIb	F5(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIb	HMS174(DE3)	18
	(SEQ ID NO. 71)
39	Buforin IIb	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4BIIb	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 71)
40	Buforin IIb	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIb	HMS174(DE3)	15
	(SEQ ID NO. 71)
41	Buforin IIbx2	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIbx2	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 71)
42	Buforin IIbx4	BF(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX3F4BIIbx4	HMS174(DE3)	20
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)
43	MSI-344	EF	HA	pGNX2	pGNX2EFM	HMS174(DE3)	30
	(SEQ ID NO.57)
44	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX3	pGNX3F4M	HMS174(DE3)	35
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)
45	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX4	pGNX4F4M	HMS174(DE3)	35
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)
46	MSI-344	F4(HA)	HA	pGNX5	pGNX5F4M	HMS174(DE3)	15
	(SEQ ID NO. 57)

EXAMPLE 8

The constructs prepared in Example 4, such as monomer (F4Ma), dimer (F4MaX2) and tetramer (F4MaX4) of F4Ma and monomer (F5M), dimer (Fm5MX2) and tetramer (F5MX4) of F5M were transformed into E. coli HMS174 (DE3) after cloning them into Nde I site of pGNX2 and at Nde I site of pT7K2.1. Fusion protein was expressed following the method in Example 6, and the expression level was quantified by scanning the results from SDS-PAGE by a densitometer and as the percent of fusion peptide in total cell proteins. In FIG. 15 , lanes 1-6 in pT7K2.1 represent F4Ma, F4MaX2, F4MaX4, F5M, F5MX2, and F5MX4, respectively. Lanes 1-4 in pGNX2 represent F4Ma, F4MaX2, F5M and F5MX2, respectively. As can be seen from FIG. 15 , the expression level increased from 30% to 40% when the expression of tetramer was compared with that of the monomer. In the case of F5M, the expression level increased from 20% to 25% when the expression of tetramer was compared with that of monomer.

According to the present invention, antimicrobial peptides can be efficiently mass-produced from microorganisms more economically and can be separated and purified easily.

93 1 32 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of MSI-344 (32mer) 1tccggatcca tatgggtatc ggcaaattcc tg 32 2 42 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of MSI-344 (42mer) 2gcattaatat atctccttca ttactttttc aggattttaa cg 42 3 32 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of MSI-344 (32mer) 3ggatcccggg atcggcaaat tcctgaaaaa gg 32 4 28 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of MSI-344 (28mer) 4ggatccatta atatatctcc ttcattac 28 5 57 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Apidaecin (57mer) 5ggtaacaacc gtccggttta catcccgcag ccgcgtccgc cgcacccgcg tacttga 57 6 62 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Apidaecin (62mer) 6aattctcaag tacgcgggtg cggcggacgc ggctgcggga tgtaaaccgg acggttgtta 60cc 62 7 48 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Bombinin (48mer) 7ggtatcggtg cgctgtctgc gaaaggtgcg ctgaaaggtc tggcgaaa 48 8 58 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Bombinin (58 mer) 8cgaattctca gttcgcgaag tgttgcgcca gacctttcgc cagacctttc agcgcacc 58 9 48 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of CPF (48mer) 9ggtttcgcgt ctttcctggg taaagcgctg aaagcggcgc tgaaaatc 48 10 60 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of CPF (60mer) 10cgaattctca ctgctgcggc gcaccaccca gcgcgttcgc accgattttc agcgccgctt 60 60 11 39 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Drosocin (39mer) 11ggtaaaccgc gtccgtactc tccgcgtccg acctctcac 39 12 49 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Drosocin (49mer) 12cgaattctca aaccgcgatc ggacgcgggt gagaggtcgg acgcggaga 49 13 60 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of HNP-1 (60mer) 13gcatgccatg gcgtgctact gccgtatccc ggcgtgcatc gcgggtgaac gtcgttacgg 60 60 14 60 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of HNP-1 (60mer) 14cgaattctca gcagcagaac gcccacagac gaccctggta gatgcaggta ccgtaacgac 60 60 15 47 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Indolicidin (47mer) 15catgatcctg ccgtggaaat ggccgtggtg gccgtggcgt cgttgag 47 16 47 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Indolicidin (47mer) 16aattctcaac gacgccacgg ccaccacggc catttccacg gcaggat 47 17 48 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Melittin (48mer) 17ggtatcggtg cggttctgaa agttctgacc accggtctgc cggcgctg 48 18 58 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Melittin (58mer) 18cgaattctca ctgctgacgt ttacgtttga tccaagagat cagcgccggc agaccggt 58 19 45 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of PGQ (45mer) 19ggtgttctgt ctaacgttat cggttacctg aaaaaactgg gtacc 45 20 55 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of PGQ (55mer) 20cgaattctca ctgtttcaga accgcgttca gcgcaccggt acccagtttt ttcag 55 21 59 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Tachyplasin (59mer) 21catgaaatgg tgcttccgtg tttgctaccg tggtatctgc taccgtcgtt gccgttgag 59 22 59 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of Tachyplasin (59mer) 22aattctcaac ggcaacgacg gtagcagata ccccggtagc aaacacggaa gcaccattt 59 23 48 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of XPF (48mer) 23ggttgggcgt ctaaaatcgg tcagaccctg ggtaaaatcg cgaaagtt 48 24 58 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of XPF (58mer) 24cgaattctca tttcggctgg atcagttctt tcagaccaac tttcgcgatt ttacccag 58 25 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F (30mer) 25ggatccatat gtgcggtatt gtcggtatcg 30 26 25 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F (25mer) 26catatggcga gcttcaaata catcg 25 27 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F′ (30mer) 27ggatccatat gtgcggtatt gtcggtatcg 30 28 31 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F′ (31mer) 28ggatccaata ttagcttcaa atacatcgct c 31 29 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F3 (30mer) 29ggatccatat gtgcggtatt gtcggtatcg 30 30 37 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F3(HA) (37mer) 30ggatccaata ttcgcatgcg cagcttcaaa tacatcg 37 31 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F3(CB) (30mer) 31cgggatccac atgtggcgag cttcaaatac 30 32 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F4 (30mer) 32ggatccatat gtgcggtatt gtcggtatcg 30 33 24 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F4(CB) (24mer) 33gcggatccac atgtcggctt ccag 24 34 25 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of F3(HA) (25mer) 34aatattgtcg gcttccagcg ggtag 25 35 23 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of BF (23mer) 35catatgcttg ctgaaatcaa agg 23 36 30 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of BF (30mer) 36aatattgcca gcaccctcct gtcctcggtg 30 37 18 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for purF G49A mutant (18mer) 37ttcgcttgcg cgaccact 18 38 26 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for purF N102L mutant (26mer) 38tgcgaacggg tggagccgtt agactg 26 39 34 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers for the synthesis of kanR gene (34mer) 39gcggatccaa gagacaggat gaggatcgtt tcgc 34 40 40 DNA Artificial Sequence primer for the synthesis of kanR gene (40mer) 40cggatatcaa gcttggaaat gttgaatact catactcttc 40 41 64 DNA Artificial Sequence APIDAECIN I gene 41ggtaacaacc gtccggttta catcccgcag ccgcgtccgc cgcacccgcg tatctgagaa 60ttcg 64 42 18 PRT Artificial Sequence APIDAECIN I peptide 42Gly Asn Asn Arg Pro Val Tyr Ile Pro Gln Pro Arg Pro Pro His Pro 1 5 10 15Arg Ile 43 82 DNA Artificial Sequence BOMBININ gene 43ggtatcggtg cgctgtctgc gaaaggtgcg ctgaaaggtc tggcgaaagg tctggcggaa 60cacttcgcga actgagaatt cg 82 44 24 PRT Artificial Sequence BOMBININE peptide 44Gly Ile Gly Ala Leu Ser Ala Lys Gly Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu Ala Lys 1 5 10 15Gly Leu Ala Glu His Phe Ala Asn 20 45 100 DNA Artificial Sequence CPFI gene 45ggtttcgcgt ctttcctggg taaagcgctg aaagcgctga aagcggcgct gaaaatcggt 60gcgaacgcgc tgggtggtgc gccgcagcag tgagaattcg 100 46 30 PRT Artificial Sequence CPFI peptide 46Gly Phe Ala Ser Phe Leu Gly Lys Ala Leu Lys Ala Leu Lys Ala Ala 1 5 10 15Leu Lys Ile Gly Ala Asn Ala Leu Gly Gly Ala Pro Gln Gln 20 25 30 47 67 DNA Artificial Sequence DROSOCIN gene 47ggtaaaccgc gtccgtactc tccgcgtccg acctctcacc cgcgtccgat cgcggtttga 60gaattcg 67 48 19 PRT Artificial Sequence DROSOCIN peptide 48Gly Lys Pro Arg Pro Tyr Ser Pro Arg Pro Thr Ser His Pro Arg Pro 1 5 10 15Ile Ala Val 49 110 DNA Artificial Sequence HNP-I gene 49gcatgccatg gcgtgctact gccgtatccc ggcgtgcatc gcgggtgagc gtcgttacgg 60tacctgcatc taccagggtc gtctgtgggc gttctgctgc tgagaattcg 110 50 30 PRT Artificial Sequence HNP-I peptide 50Ala Cys Tyr Cys Arg Ile Pro Ala Cys Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr 1 5 10 15Gly Thr Cys Ile Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 51 53 DNA Artificial Sequence INDOLICIDIN gene 51catgatcctg ccgtggaaat ggccgtggtg gccgtggcgt cgttgagaat tcg 53 52 13 PRT Artificial Sequence INDOLICIDIN peptide 52Ile Leu Pro Trp Lys Trp Pro Trp Trp Pro Trp Arg Arg 1 5 10 53 88 DNA Artificial Sequence MELITTIN gene 53ggtatcggtg cggttctgaa agttctgacc accggtctgc cggcgctgat ctcttggatc 60aaacgtaaac gtcagcagtg agaattcg 88 54 26 PRT Artificial Sequence MELLITIN peptide 54Gly Ile Gly Ala Val Leu Lys Val Leu Thr Thr Gly Leu Pro Ala Leu 1 5 10 15Ile Ser Trp Ile Lys Arg Lys Arg Gln Gln 20 25 55 103 DNA Artificial Sequence MSI-344(a) gene 55tccggatcca tatgggtatc ggcaaattcc tgaaaaaggc taagaaattt ggtaaggcgt 60tcgttaaaat cctgaaaaag taatgaagga gatatattaa tgc 103 56 23 PRT Artificial Sequence MSI-344(a) peptide 56Met Gly Ile Gly Lys Phe Leu Lys Lys Ala Lys Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala 1 5 10 15Phe Val Lys Ile Leu Lys Lys 20 57 100 DNA Artificial Sequence MSI-344(b) gene 57ggatcccggg atcggcaaat tcctgaaaaa ggctaagaaa tttggtaagg cgttcgttaa 60aatcctgaaa aagtaatgaa ggagatatat taatggatcc 100 58 22 PRT Artificial Sequence MSI-344(b) peptide 58Gly Ile Gly Lys Phe Leu Lys Lys Ala Lys Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala Phe 1 5 10 15Val Lys Ile Leu Lys Lys 20 59 88 DNA Artificial Sequence PGQ gene 59ggtgttctgt ctaacgttat cggtatcggt tacctgaaaa aactgggtac cggtgcgctg 60aacgcggttc tgaaacagtg agaattcg 88 60 26 PRT Artificial Sequence PGQ peptide 60Gly Val Leu Ser Asn Val Ile Gly Ile Gly Tyr Leu Lys Lys Leu Gly 1 5 10 15Thr Gly Ala Leu Asn Ala Val Leu Lys Gln 20 25 61 65 DNA Artificial Sequence TACHYPLASIN I gene 61catgaaatgg tgcttccgtg tttgctaccg tggtatctgc taccgtcgtt gccgttgaga 60attcg 65 62 17 PRT Artificial Sequence TACHYPLASIN I peptide 62Lys Trp Cys Phe Arg Val Cys Tyr Arg Gly Ile Cys Tyr Arg Arg Cys 1 5 10 15Arg 63 85 DNA Artificial Sequence XPF gene 63ggttgggcgt ctaaaatcgg tcagaccctg ggtaaaatcg cgaaagttgg tctgaaagaa 60ctgatccagc cgaaatgaga attcg 85 64 25 PRT Artificial Sequence XPF peptide 64Gly Trp Ala Ser Lys Ile Gly Gln Thr Leu Gly Lys Ile Ala Lys Val 1 5 10 15Gly Leu Lys Glu Leu Ile Gln Pro Lys 20 25 65 129 DNA Artificial Sequence BUFORIN I gene 65ggcgcgggac gcggcaaaca aggaggcaaa gtgcgggcta aggccaagac ccgctcatcc 60cgggcagggc tccagttccc ggtcggccgt gtgcacaggc tcctccgcaa gggcaactac 120taaggatcc 129 66 40 PRT Artificial Sequence BUFORIN I peptide 66Gly Ala Gly Arg Gly Lys Gln Gly Gly Lys Val Arg Ala Lys Ala Lys 1 5 10 15Thr Arg Ser Ser Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val His 20 25 30Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys Gly Asn Tyr 35 40 67 93 DNA Artificial Sequence BUFORIN II gene 67gggacccgtt cctcccgtgc tggtctgcag ttcccggttg gtcgtgttca ccgtctgctg 60cgtaaataat gaaggagata tattaatgga tcc 93 68 22 PRT Artificial Sequence BUFORIN II peptide 68Gly Thr Arg Ser Ser Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val 1 5 10 15His Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys 20 69 81 DNA Artificial Sequence BUFORIN IIa gene 69gggcgtgctg gtctgcagtt cccggttggt cgtgttcacc gtctgctgcg taaataatga 60aggagatata ttaatggatc c 81 70 18 PRT Artificial Sequence BUFORIN IIa peptide 70Gly Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val His Arg Leu Leu 1 5 10 15Arg Lys 71 93 DNA Artificial Sequence BUFORIN IIb gene 71gggcgtgctg gtctgcagtt cccggttggt cgcctgctgc gccgtctgct gcgtcgcctg 60ctgcgctaat gaaggagata tattaatgga tcc 93 72 22 PRT Artificial Sequence BUFORIN IIb peptide 72Gly Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu 1 5 10 15Leu Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg 20 73 186 DNA Artificial Sequence F gene 73catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gggctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctcgc 180catatg 186 74 61 PRT Artificial Sequence F peptide 74Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Gly Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Arg His Met 50 55 60 75 183 DNA Artificial Sequence F′ gene 75catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gcgctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctaat 180att 183 76 59 PRT Artificial Sequence F′ peptide 76Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Ala Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Asn 50 55 77 192 DNA Artificial Sequence F3(HA) gene 77catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gcgctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctgcg 180catgcgaata tt 192 78 62 PRT Artificial Sequence F3(HA) peptide 78Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Ala Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Ala His Ala Asn 50 55 60 79 145 DNA Artificial Sequence F3(CB) gene 79catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcgctggtga gcgatgtatt 120tgaagctcgc cacatgtgga tcccg 145 80 61 PRT Artificial Sequence F3(CB) peptide 80Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Ala Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Arg His Met 50 55 60 81 462 DNA Artificial Sequence F4(HA) gene 81catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gggctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctcgc 180catatgcagc gtttgcaggg caatatgggc attggtcatg tgcgttaccc cacggctggc 240agctccagcg cctctgaagc gcagccgttt tacgttaact ccccgtatgg cattacgctt 300gcccacatcg gcaatctgac caacgctcac gagttgcgta aaaaactgtt tgaagaaaaa 360cgccgccaca tcaacaccac ttccgactcg gaaattctgc ttaatatctt cgccagcgag 420ctggacaact tccgccacta cccgctggaa gccgacaata tt 462 82 152 PRT Artificial Sequence F4(HA) peptide 82Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Gly Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Arg His Met Gln Arg Leu 50 55 60Gln Gly Asn Met Gly Ile Gly His Val Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ala Gly Ser 65 70 75 80Ser Ser Ala Ser Glu Ala Gln Pro Phe Tyr Val Asn Ser Pro Tyr Gly 85 90 95Ile Thr Leu Ala His Ile Gly Asn Leu Thr Asn Ala His Glu Leu Arg 100 105 110Lys Lys Leu Phe Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg His Ile Asn Thr Thr Ser Asp 115 120 125Ser Glu Ile Leu Leu Asn Ile Phe Ala Ser Glu Leu Asp Asn Phe Arg 130 135 140His Tyr Pro Leu Glu Ala Asp Asn145 150 83 462 DNA Artificial Sequence F4a(HA) gene 83catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gcgctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctcgc 180catatgcagc gtttgcaggg caatatgggc attggtcatg tgcgttaccc cacggctggc 240agctccagcg cctctgaagc gcagccgttt tacgttaact ccccgtatgg cattacgctt 300gcccacatcg gcaatctgac caacgctcac gagttgcgta aaaaactgtt tgaagaaaaa 360cgccgccaca tcaacaccac ttccgactcg gaaattctgc ttaatatctt cgccagcgag 420ctggacaact tccgccacta cccgctggaa gccgacaata tt 462 84 152 PRT Artificial Sequence F4a(HA) peptide 84Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Ala Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Arg His Met Gln Arg Leu 50 55 60Gln Gly Asn Met Gly Ile Gly His Val Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ala Gly Ser 65 70 75 80Ser Ser Ala Ser Glu Ala Gln Pro Phe Tyr Val Asn Ser Pro Tyr Gly 85 90 95Ile Thr Leu Ala His Ile Gly Asn Leu Thr Asn Ala His Glu Leu Arg 100 105 110Lys Lys Leu Phe Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg His Ile Asn Thr Thr Ser Asp 115 120 125Ser Glu Ile Leu Leu Asn Ile Phe Ala Ser Glu Leu Asp Asn Phe Arg 130 135 140His Tyr Pro Leu Glu Ala Asp Asn145 150 85 462 DNA Artificial Sequence F4a(CB) gene 85catatgtgcg gtattgtcgg tatcgccggt gttatgccgg ttaaccagtc gatttatgat 60gccttaacgg tgcttcagca tcgcggtcag gatgccgccg gcatcatcac catagatgcc 120aataactgct tccgtttgcg taaagcgaac gggctggtga gcgatgtatt tgaagctcgc 180catatgcagc gtttgcaggg caatatgggc attggtcatg tgcgttaccc cacggctggc 240agctccagcg cctctgaagc gcagccgttt tacgttaact ccccgtatgg cattacgctt 300gcccacatcg gcaatctgac caacgctcac gagttgcgta aaaaactgtt tgaagaaaaa 360cgccgccaca tcaacaccac ttccgactcg gaaattctgc ttaatatctt cgccagcgag 420ctggacaact tccgccacta cccgctggaa gccgacatgt gg 462 86 152 PRT Artificial Sequence F5 gene 86Met Cys Gly Ile Val Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Met Pro Val Asn Gln Ser 1 5 10 15Ile Tyr Asp Ala Leu Thr Val Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Ile Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Asn Cys Phe Arg Leu Arg Lys Ala 35 40 45Asn Ala Leu Val Ser Asp Val Phe Glu Ala Arg His Met Gln Arg Leu 50 55 60Gln Gly Asn Met Gly Ile Gly His Val Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ala Gly Ser 65 70 75 80Ser Ser Ala Ser Glu Ala Gln Pro Phe Tyr Val Asn Ser Pro Tyr Gly 85 90 95Ile Thr Leu Ala His Ile Gly Asn Leu Thr Asn Ala His Glu Leu Arg 100 105 110Lys Lys Leu Phe Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg His Ile Asn Thr Thr Ser Asp 115 120 125Ser Glu Ile Leu Leu Asn Ile Phe Ala Ser Glu Leu Asp Asn Phe Arg 130 135 140His Tyr Pro Leu Glu Ala Asp Met145 150 87 282 DNA Artificial Sequence F5 gene 87catatgcagc gtttgcaggg caatatgggc attggtcatg tgcgttaccc cacggctggc 60agctccagcg cctctgaagc gcagccgttt tacgttaact ccccgtatgg cattacgctt 120gcccacatcg gcaatctgac caacgctcac gagttgcgta aaaaactgtt tgaagaaaaa 180cgccgccaca tcaacaccac ttccgactcg gaaattctgc ttaatatctt cgccagcgag 240ctggacaact tccgccacta cccgctggaa gccgacaata tt 282 88 92 PRT Artificial Sequence F5 peptide 88Met Gln Arg Leu Gln Gly Asn Met Gly Ile Gly His Val Arg Tyr Pro 1 5 10 15Thr Ala Gly Ser Ser Ser Ala Ser Glu Ala Gln Pro Phe Tyr Val Asn 20 25 30Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ile Thr Leu Ala His Ile Gly Asn Leu Thr Asn Ala 35 40 45His Glu Leu Arg Lys Lys Leu Phe Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg His Ile Asn 50 55 60Thr Thr Ser Asp Ser Glu Ile Leu Leu Asn Ile Phe Ala Ser Glu Leu 65 70 75 80Asp Asn Phe Arg His Tyr Pro Leu Glu Ala Asp Asn 85 90 89 138 DNA Artificial Sequence BF gene 89catatgcttg ctgaaatcaa aggcttaaat gaagaatgcg gcgtttttgg gatttgggga 60catgaagaag ccccgcaaat cacgtattac ggtctccaca gccttcagca ccgaggacag 120gagggtgctg gcaatatt 138 90 44 PRT Artificial Sequence BF peptide 90Met Leu Ala Glu Ile Lys Gly Leu Asn Glu Glu Cys Gly Val Phe Gly 1 5 10 15Ile Trp Gly His Glu Glu Ala Pro Gln Ile Thr Tyr Tyr Gly Leu His 20 25 30Ser Leu Gln His Arg Gly Gln Glu Gly Ala Gly Asn 35 40 91 15 DNA Artificial Sequence RBS binding site (15mer) 91taatgaagga gatat 15 92 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Asel and RBS binding sites 92aagtaatgaa ggagatatat taat 24 93 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Asel and RBS binding sites 93ttcattacat cctctatata atta 24

Claims

1. A DNA construct comprising a first sequence encoding a peptide capable of neutralizing an antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide, said first sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 and 89 and encoding a purF peptide derived from a microorganism or a derivative of the purF peptide, and a second sequence encoding the antimicrobial peptide.

2. A DNA construct according to claim 1 wherein the DNA construct is a multimeric DNA construct composed of repetitive units of 1) a first restriction enzyme site that can generate a methionine initiation codon and a first cohesive end, 2) a DNA construct, 3) a ribosome binding site (RBS), and 4) a second restriction enzyme site which can generate a second cohesive end which can be in-frame fused to the first cohesive end and thus generate the initiation codon.

3. A method for producing an antimicrobial peptide which comprises;constructing an expression vector containing a genetic construct, said construct comprising a first sequence coding for a peptide capable of neutralizing an antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide, said first sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 and 89 and encoding a purF peptide derived from a microorganism or a derivative of the purF peptide, and a second sequence encoding the antimicrobial peptide; transforming bacterial host cells with said vector; culturing the transformed cell to express a peptide as a fusion protein; and recovering the fusion protein.

4. A DNA construct according to claim 1, wherein the microorganism is selected from E. coli and B. subtilis.

5. A DNA construct, comprising;a first sequence encoding a peptide capable of neutralizing an antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide, wherein the first sequence comprises a sequence encoding a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, and 90 and encodes a purF peptide derived from a microorganism or a derivative of the purF peptide, and a second sequence encoding the antimicrobial peptide.

6. A DNA construct according to claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial peptide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, and 72.

7. A DNA construct according to claim 1, wherein the DNA construct comprises a third sequence between the first and second sequences, the third sequence encoding a cleavage site for a protease or a chemical.

8. A DNA construct according to claim 7, wherein the protease is selected from Factor Xa and enterokinase, and the chemical is selected from CNBr and hydroxylamine.