TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a pivoting MEMs device, and in particular to a pivoting MEMs device with a compound ground electrode for eliminating unwanted snapping.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The micro electro-mechanical (MEMs) device of the present invention is an electrostatically actuated tilting micro mirror with a torsional spring used for optical switching. When used in fiber optic networks, the MEMs mirrors redirect light signals carrying data from one optical fiber to another in order to reach a desired destination.
In optical switching applications, a micro mirror needs to satisfy three requirements. The first is to enable precise and controllable orientations of the micro mirror, which stems from the fact that imprecise mirror tilt angles might cause the light signals to miss the small fiber cores of the various output optical fibers in the switch causing loss of data during switching. In particular, when the distance between the micro mirror and the fiber is increased, as the demand for higher capacity switches grows, the need for precision becomes paramount.
The second requirement is related to the dynamic response of the mirror to the step voltages used to actuate the mirror. In this aspect, the mirror is required to have minimal overshoot and settling time, which are necessary for minimizing the time between two successive switching operations.
Finally, the magnitude of the step voltage required to drive the micro mirror to the desired tilt angle needs to be minimal to minimize the power requirements of the electric circuits.
Electrostatic parallel-plate actuators are widely used in MEMS mirror designs because of their simplicity and lateral-force-free property. However, their usable angle range is severely limited by the well-known “snapping” phenomenon, as shown in FIG. 1.
The root cause of the snapping is that the electrical driving torque on the mirror with a constant voltage
increases when mirror angle increase because dC/dθ, i.e. the change in capacitance to the change in mirror angle, is a monotonically-increasing function of mirror angle as shown in FIG. 1.
As the result, the mirror response to a external disturbing torque ΔT becomes
where K is inherent mechanical stiffness K and Kef is the effective stiffness of the mirror.
When the driving torque increase rate reaches the level that the effective stiffness of the mirror becomes zero, the mirror will continue to rotate without an increase of the driving voltage, i.e. “snapping” occurs, i.e. when Kef reaches zero, the actuator offers no resistant to any driving force increment. Approaching the snap point, the effective stiffness become so small that the mirror tilt is very sensitive to voltage variation and external turbulence. Depending on the stability and control resolution requirements of the application, a large portion of the tilt range near the snapping point become unusable.
An object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a parallel-plate actuator having a dC/dθ, which is a monotonically-decreasing function of θ, so that the effective stiffness of the actuated mirror remains greater than zero over the whole tilt range, whereby snapping is avoided, the usable tilt angle range is expanded, and tilt stability is improved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a micro-electro-mechanical device comprising:
- a substrate;
- a pivoting member mounted above the substrate via a hinge, defining a first axis, for tilting about a tilt range, an underside of the pivoting member defining a ground electrode;
- a horizontal hot electrode mounted on the substrate below the pivoting member for attracting the ground electrode towards the substrate, thereby pivoting the pivoting member about the first axis; and
- a first vertical hot electrode extending upwardly from the substrate adjacent to and along an edge the pivoting member with a gap therebetween, for increasing an effective stiffness of the pivoting member, whereby the effective stiffness of the pivoting member remains greater than a mechanical stiffness of the pivoting member over the tilt range.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which represent preferred embodiments thereof, wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates plots of voltage and dC/dθ vs tilt angle for a conventional MEMs parallel plate actuator;
FIG. 2 illustrates the design parameters for a parallel plate actuator;
FIG. 3 is an isometric view of an end section of the MEMs pivoting device in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a MEMs pivoting device in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a MEMs pivoting device in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates plots of driving voltage and dC/dθ vs tilt angle for a conventional MEMs pivoting device; and
FIG. 7 illustrates plots of driving voltage and dC/dθ vs tilt angle for a MEMs pivoting device in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The design parameter definitions for an angular parallel plate actuator are illustrated in FIG. 2, in which g0 is the original distance between a hot electrode on the substrate and a ground electrode on pivoting mirror, x is the distance along the ground electrode of the pivoting mirror, and θ is the angle of the mirror between horizontal and the current position.
According to the present invention, a micro-electro-mechanical (MEMs) device having a higher effective stiffness is illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. Any form of tilting MEMs device including a pivoting member acting as a ground electrode pivotally mounted over a substrate via a hinge and actuated by a hot electrode below one side thereof, can be used as the basis for the present invention, and the following embodiments are only meant to be exemplary. In particular, any form of hinge structure can be used, including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,934,439, which is incorporated herein by reference.
With particular reference to FIG. 3, a vertical hot electrode 41 is mounted on the substrate 25 beyond (not beneath), but adjacent to and along the outer free end of the tilting platform 26, so that as the mirror platform 26 tilts, the first derivative of capacitance (dC/dθ), i.e. between the vertical hot electrode 41 and the ground electrode 27, varies in an opposite direction as that between the ground electrode 27 and the horizontal hot electrode 36. By appropriate selection of the geometrical parameters of the vertical electrode 41, the combined 1st derivative of capacitance of the system decreases with the tilt of the mirror platform 26 in the whole required range. Typically the vertical hot electrode 41 is substantially perpendicular to the substrate 25, the horizontal hot electrode 36, and the ground electrode 27 of the mirror platform 26, when the mirror platform 26 is parallel to the substrate 25 and the horizontal hot electrode 36. Typically, the vertical hot electrode 41 extends upwardly from the substrate 25 to a height equal to or greater than the gap between the tilting ground electrode 27 and the horizontal hot electrode 36, when the tilting ground electrode 27 is horizontal, i.e. parallel to the horizontal hot electrode 36. The vertical hot electrode 41 can be etched onto the substrate 25 during the fabrication process of the mirror platform 26 or mounted onto the substrate 25 in a subsequent fabrication step.
Another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4, in which a uniaxially tilting MEMS device 51 includes a substrate 52 with pedestals 53a and 53b extending upwardly therefrom for supporting torsional hinge 54 extending therebetween defining an axis of rotation. A horizontal hot electrode 56 is mounted on the substrate 52 parallel thereto, while a vertical hot electrode 57 is mounted on the substrate 52 extending upwardly from the substrate 52 perpendicular to the horizontal hot electrode 56. An insulating layer 55 is disposed between the substrate 52 and the hot electrodes 56 and 57. A platform 58 is fixed to the hinge 54 for rotating about the axis of rotation, and is disposed above the horizontal hot electrode 56, generally parallel thereto. The platform 58 acts like a horizontal ground electrode and is rotated to various predetermined angles under control of the horizontal hot electrode 56 by adjusting the voltage thereto, as is well known in the art. Typically, the platform 58 includes a mirrored upper surface for reflecting beams of light or optical signals, used in optical switching devices. The vertical hot electrode 57 comprises a substantially rectangular structure disposed beyond (not beneath), but adjacent to and along the outer free end of the tilting platform 58, for example: extending at least 50% to 150% of the width of the horizontal hot electrode 56 and/or the platform 58, preferably 75% to 125%, and most preferably 90% to 110%. Typically, the vertical hot electrode 57 also extends upwardly from the substrate 52 to a height substantially equal with the platform 58 (when horizontal) or above, i.e. the height of the hinge 54; however, the height can be between 50% to 150% of the height of the gap between the horizontal hot electrode 56 and the horizontal platform 58, preferably 75% to 125%, and most preferably 90% to 110%. The gap between the end of the tilting platform 58 and the vertical hot electrode 57 (when perpendicular) is typically between 1 um and 50 um, but preferably between 1 um and 10 um. The vertical hot electrode 57 can be fabricated, e.g. etched, along with the other elements of the substrate, e.g. pedestals 53a and 53b, or it can be fabricated in a separate step and mounted on the substrate 52 separately.
Another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 5, in which a uniaxially tilting MEMS device 61 includes a substrate 62 with pedestals 63a and 63b extending upwardly therefrom for supporting torsional hinge 64 extending therebetween defining an axis of rotation. A horizontal hot electrode 66 is mounted on the substrate 62 parallel thereto, while a pair of vertical hot electrodes 67a and 67b are mounted on the substrate 62 extending upwardly from the substrate 62 perpendicular to the horizontal hot electrode 66, adjacent to and along opposite edges of the platform 68. An insulating layer 65 is disposed between the substrate 62 and the hot electrodes 66, 67a and 67b. A platform 68 is fixed to the hinge 64 for rotating about the axis of rotation, and is disposed above the horizontal hot electrode 67, generally parallel thereto. The platform 68 acts like a horizontal ground electrode and is rotated to various predetermined angles under control of the horizontal hot electrode 66 by adjusting the voltage thereto, as is well known in the art. Typically, the platform 68 includes a mirrored upper surface for reflecting beams of light or optical signals, used in optical switching devices. The vertical hot electrodes 67a and 67b are each comprised of a substantially rectangular structure, and are disposed beyond (not beneath), but adjacent and parallel to and along the sides of the tilting platform 68, extending at least half the length of the horizontal hot electrode 66; however, the vertical hot electrodes 67a and 67b can extend from at least 50% to 150% of the length of the horizontal hot electrode 66 and/or the platform 68, preferably 75% to 125%, and most preferably 90% to 110%. Typically, the vertical hot electrodes 67a and 67b extend upwardly from the substrate 62 to a height substantially equal with the platform 68 (when horizontal) or above, i.e. the gap distance g0; however, the height can be between 50% to 150% of the height of the gap between the horizontal hot electrode 66 and the horizontal platform 68, preferably 75% to 125%, and most preferably 90% to 110%. The vertical hot electrodes 67a and 67b can be fabricated, e.g. etched, along with the other elements of the substrate, e.g. pedestals 63a and 63b, or it can be fabricated in a separate step and mounted on the substrate 62 separately.
The 1st derivative of capacitance (dC/dθ) between vertical hot electrode 57 or 67a/67b and the platform 58 or 68 reduces as the platform 58 or 68 tilt increases, which is opposite to that between horizontal hot electrode 56 or 66 and the platform 58 or 68. By appropriate selection of geometrical parameters, e.g. height and width of the vertical hot electrodes 57 or 67a and 67b, the combined 1st derivative of capacitance of the system 51 or 61 decreases with tilt of the platform 58 or 68 and, therefore, the effective stiffness of the system is greater than the inherent mechanical stiffness in the whole required range.
FIGS. 6 and 7 shows performances before and after, respectively, vertical-electrode modification of an example design. In a standard parallel plate design with a gap (at horizontal position) of 27 um between hot 56 and ground electrode 58, a width of the hot electrode 56 of 95 um and length of 220 um, illustrated in FIG. 6, the first derivative (dC/dθ) increases with tilt angle θ, and the snapping point occurs at 2.2° tilt. In the device of the modified design in accordance with the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 7, with the parallel plate electrodes having the same dimensions as above, and with a vertical hot electrode, e.g. 57, having a distance to the hinge 54 of 590 um, a width of 95 um, and a gap between the vertical hot electrode 57 and the platform 58 of 5 um, the first derivative (dC/dθ) of the combined capacitance decrease, i.e. over the operating range of tilt angles after a vertical electrode is added at the end of the platform. As the result, the snapping point disappears and voltage and tilt relationship become linear. Of course, the aforementioned parameters are only meant to be exemplary, and are not to limit the scope of protection in any way.
Patent Application
20140035432
