Patent Application
20160276060
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an organic electronic device, such as a capacitor or transistor on a substrate, to the device obtainable by that process, to certain oxacycloolefinic polymers and their use as dielectrics, especially as dielectric layer in printed electronic devices such as capacitors and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).
Transistors, and in particular OFETs, are used e.g. as components for printed electronic devices such as organic light emitting display, e-paper, liquid crystal display and radiofrequency identification tags.
An organic field effect transistor (OFET) comprises a semiconducting layer comprising an organic semiconducting material, a dielectric layer comprising a dielectric material, a gate electrode and source/drain electrodes.
Especially desirable are OFETs wherein the dielectric material can be applied by solution processing techniques. Solution processing techniques are convenient from the point of processability, and can also be applied to plastic substrates. Thus, organic dielectric materials, which are compatible with solution processing techniques, allow the production of low cost organic field effect transistors on flexible substrates.
Oxanorbornene dicarboximides have been polymerized by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to obtain amorphous polymers (Cetinkaya et al., Heteroatom Chemistry (2010), 21, 36-43), or copolymers with tunable magnetic properties (Zha et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2012), 134, 14534).
WO 12/028278 and US 2008/194740 disclose certain layers comprising a cycloolefinic polymer prepared by Ni-catalysis. WO 12/028279 discloses the same type of polymer for use as a gate dielectric layer in contact with a semiconductor layer.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a dielectric material which allows easy solution processing while resulting in good dielectric properties and adherence.
It has now been found that oxacycloolefinic polymers, as typically obtained by Ru-carbene catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a bicyclic oxaolefin, show such advantageous properties as a dielectric material.
The present invention thus primarily pertains to an electronic device containing at least one dielectric material which comprises an oxacycloolefinic polymer.
A further advantage of the present dielectric comprising an oxacycloolefinic polymer is its solubility in rather polar solvents, which property allows for solvent processing upon previous layer(s) of material (e.g. organic semiconductors), which show low tendency to dissolve in such media.
Ru-carbenes and their use as catalysts in the metathesis polymerization reaction have been widely described in literature, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,190, U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,554 and publications cited therein (e.g. column 1, lines 9-37 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,554); U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,993 (e.g. column 11, line 34, to col. 13 line 10); and references cited further above; examples are bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium(IV) dichloride,
The educt for metathesis polymerization is generally described as a strained cycloolefin, typically a bicyclic olefin such as norbornene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene), which may be unsubstituted or substituted. The type of catalyst thereby determines the type of polymer chain obtained; Ni-catalysts generally lead to polymer chains wherein the original bicyclic structure of the monomer is maintained and the polymer bonds are formed by the former olefinic double bonds. The present Ruthenium carbene catalysts lead to the opening of one ring with formation of a polymer chain containing olefinic double bonds in their non-cyclic parts, as apparent from the below scheme:
wherein n denotes the number of repeating units within the polymer chain and “Ru” stands for the Ru-carbene catalyst to be used in accordance with the present invention.
The oxacycloolefinic polymer is, consequently, obtained by Ru-carbene catalyzed polymerization of a bicyclic oxaolefin. “Oxa” therein denotes an oxygen atom replacing a CH2-moiety within the bicyclic ring system of a bicycloolefin. Typical example is a norbornene, wherein one CH2 has been replaced by oxygen, thus conforming to the structure bicyclo[2.2.1]-5-oxa-hept-2-ene, bicyclo[2.2.1]-6-oxa-hept-2-ene or bicyclo[2.2.1]-7-oxa-hept-2-ene, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted. A preferred example for such an educt is an oxanorbornene of the formula I
wherein
each of R1 to R6 are selected from hydrogen and C1-C4alkyl; and R7 and R8 are hydrogen or a substituent; or R7 and R8 form, together with the carbon atoms they are attached to, a saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted, or a saturated or unsaturated ring comprising 4 to 11 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 oxygen atoms or groups NR9, with R9 being hydrogen or a substituent, as ring members, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted.
The electronic device according to the present invention thus typically comprises an oxacycloolefinic polymer of the formula II
wherein n ranges from 3 to 100 000, and each of R1 to R8 are as defined for formula I above. More preferably, the oxacycloolefinic polymer comprises a polymer chain of the formula III
wherein each of n and R2 to R5 are as defined above, and
R is hydrogen, C1-C25alkyl, C1-C25haloalkyl, phenyl, phenyl-C1-C4alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, wherein phenyl moiety or cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl moiety itself is unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, OH, halogen.
The electronic device according to the present invention usually is selected from capacitors, transistors such as organic field effect transistors, and devices comprising said capacitor and/or transistor; it contains the oxacycloolefinic polymer preferably as a capacitor layer or gate insulating layer, typically as part of an organic thin film transistor such as an OFET, thus making use of its superior dielectric properties.
Any substituent, whenever mentioned, is typically selected from halogen, C1-C25alkyl, C2-C25alkenyl, C1-C25alkylthio, C1-C25alkoxy, C2-C25alkenyloxy, C4-C10aryl, C1-C9heteroaryl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, C2-C11heterocycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by R′; or is C2-C25alkyl, C3-C25alkenyl, C2-C25alkylthio, C2-C25alkoxy, C3-C25alkenyloxy, which is interrupted in its alkyl part by O, CO, COO, CONR, CONRCO, S, SO, SO2, NR, and is unsubstituted or substituted by R′; or is selected from the residues OR, COR, CH═NR, CH═N—OH, CH═N—OR, COOR, CONHR, CONRR′, CONH—NHR, CONH—NRR′, SO2R, SO3R, SO2NHR, SO2NRR′, SO2NH—NHR, SO2NH—NRR′, S(O)R, S(O)OR, S(O)NHR, S(O)NRR′, S(O)NH—NHR, S(O)NH—NRR′, SiRR′R″, PORR′, PO(OR)R′, PO(OR)2, PO(NHR)2, PO(NRR′)2, CN, NO2, NHR, NRR′, NH—NHR, NH—NRR′, CONROH; and if bonding to saturated carbon may also be oxo;
and wherein R, R′ and R″ independently are selected from C1-C25alkyl, C1-C25haloalkyl, C5-C10aryl, C6-C12arylalkyl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, preferably from C1-C6alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; and R may also be hydrogen;
where each aryl or heteroaryl or cycloalkyl itself is unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C4alkyl, C2-C4alkenyl, C1-C4alkoxy, OH, CHO, C1-C4alkyl-carbonyl, C1-C4alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4alkoxy-carbonyl, allyloxy, halogen.
The invention thus pertains to an electronic device, generally an organic electronic device, as it may be prepared in a printing process on a substrate. The substrate may be glass, but is typically a plastic film or sheet. Typical devices are capacitors, transistors such as an electronic field effect transistor (OFET), or devices comprising said capacitor and/or transistor. The device of the invention contains at least one dielectric material, usually in the form of a dielectric layer, which comprises the present oxacycloolefinic polymer. The device of the invention generally contains at least one further layer of a functional material, mainly selected from conductors and semiconductors, which usually stands in direct contact with the present oxacycloolefinic polymer dielectric material or layer; examples are OFETs containing the layer of dielectric material according to the invention in direct contact with the electrode and/or the semiconductor.
Present invention further provides a process for the preparation of an electronic device, such as a capacitor or transistor on a substrate, which process comprises the steps of
Preferably, the process does not comprise a step of heat treatment at a temperature of >=150° C., More preferably, the process does not comprise a step of heat treatment at a temperature of >=140° C. Most preferably, the process does not comprise a step of heat treatment at a temperature of >=120° C. Accordingly, the heat treatment in step (ii), if present, usually requires heating the layer to a temperature from the range 30 to 150° C., preferably 40 to 140° C., especially 50 to 120° C.
Suitable as the solvent (hereinbelow also recalled as organic solvent A) is any solvent (or solvent mixture), which is able to dissolve at least 2% by weight, preferably at least 5% by weight, more preferably, at least 8% by weight of the oxacycloolefinic polymer.
As the organic solvent A, generally any solvent may be chosen which has a boiling point (at ambient pressure) from the range of about 80 to 250° C. Solvent A may be a mixture of such solvents. In a preferred process, any component of solvent A has a boiling point from the range 100-220° C., especially 100-200° C. Also of importance are blends using a main solvent (e.g. 70% b.w. or more, such as 95%) having a boiling point around 150° C. (e.g. 120 to 180° C.) and a minor component (30% b.w. or less, such as 5%) having a high boiling point of more than 200° C., e.g. from the range 200-250° C.
Preferably, the organic solvent A is selected from the group consisting of N-methylpyrrolidone, C4-8-cycloalkanone, C1-4-alkyl-C(O)—C1-4-alkyl, C1-4-alkanoic acid C1-4-alkyl ester, wherein the C1-4-alkyl or the C1-4-alkanoic acid can be substituted by hydroxyl or O—C1-4-alkyl, and C1-4-alkyl-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkyl, and mixtures thereof.
Examples of C1-4-alkyl-C(O)—C1-4-alkyl are ethyl isopropyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone.
Examples of C1-4-alkanoic acid C1-4-alkyl ester, wherein the C1-4-alkyl or the C1-4-alkanoic acid can be substituted by hydroxyl or O—C1-4-alkyl, are ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, (2-methoxy)ethyl acetate, (2-methoxy)propyl acetate and ethyl lactate.
An example of C1-4-alkyl-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkyl is diethyleneglycoldimethylether.
More preferably, the organic solvent A is selected from the group consisting of C4-8-cycloalkanone, C1-4-alkyl-C(O)—C1-4-alkyl, C1-4-alkanoic acid C1-4-alkyl ester, wherein the C1-4-alkyl or the C1-4-alkanoic acid can be substituted by hydroxyl or O—C1-4-alkyl, and C1-4-alkyl-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkylene-O—C1-4-alkyl, and mixtures thereof. Examples are methyl ethyl ketone (b.p. 80° C.), 1,4-dioxane, methyl-isobutyl ketone, butylacetate, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane, Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate, DiGlyme, 5-methyl-3H-furan-2-one (b.p. 169° C. [“alpha-angelica lactone”]), dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether (b.p. 175° C. [ProGlyde DMM]), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), gamma-butyrolactone, acetophenone, isophorone, gamma-aprolactone, 1,2-propylene carbonate (b.p. 241° C.); blends of Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA, b.p. 145° C., e.g. 95%) and proyplene carbonate (e.g. 5%).
Most preferably, the organic solvent A is selected from the group consisting of C5-6-cycloalkanone, C1-4-alkanoic acid C1-4-alkyl ester, and mixtures thereof. Even most preferably the organic solvent A is cyclopentanone or PGMEA or mixtures thereof. In particular preferred organic solvents A are PGMEA or mixtures of PGMEA and pentanone, wherein the weight ratio of PGMEA/cyclopentanone is at least from 99/1 to 20/80, more preferably from 99/1 to 30/70.
If the oxacycloolefinic polymer is applied as a solution in an organic solvent A on the layer of the transistor or on the substrate, the oxacycloolefinic polymer can be applied by any possible solution process, such as spin-coating, drop-casting or printing.
After applying oxacycloolefinic polymer as a solution in an organic solvent A on the layer of the transistor or on the substrate, a heat treatment at a temperature of below 140° C., for example at a temperature in the range of 60 to 120° C., preferably at a temperature of below 120° C., for example in the range of 60 to 110° C. can be performed.
The layer comprising oxacycloolefinic polymer can have a thickness in the range of 100 to 1000 nm, preferably, in the range of 300 to 1000 nm, more preferably 300 to 700 nm.
The layer comprising oxacycloolefinic polymer can comprise from 50 to 100% by weight, preferably from 80 to 100%, preferably 90 to 100% by weight of oxacycloolefinic polymer based on the weight of the layer comprising oxacycloolefinic polymer. Preferably, the layer comprising oxacycloolefinic polymer essentially consists of oxacycloolefinic polymer.
Examples of aromatic rings are phenyl and naphthyl. Phenyl is preferred.
Examples of halogen are fluoro, chloro and bromo.
Examples of C1-10-alkyl are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-ethylbutyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl. Examples of propyl and butyl are n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
Examples of C4-8-cycloalkyl are cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
Examples of C1-10-haloalkyl are trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl.
Examples of C2-10-alkenyl are vinyl, CH2—CH═CH2, CH2—CH2—CH═CH2.
Examples of C4-10-cycloalkenyl are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and norbornenyl.
Examples of C1-10-alkylene are methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene and heptylene. Examples of C1-4-alkylene are methylene, ethylene, propylene and butylene
Examples of C4-8-cycloalkylene are cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene and cycloheptylene.
Examples of C1-4-alkanoic acid are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid.
The glass transition temperature of the present oxacycloolefinic polymer, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, is preferably above 90° C., more preferably above 130° C., and more preferably between 150° C. and 300° C.
The molecular weight of the oxacycloolefinic polymer can be in the range of 5000 to 2000000 g/mol, preferably 10000 to 1000000 g/mol (as determined by gel permeation chromatography).
The transistor on a substrate is preferably a field-effect transistor (FET) on a substrate and more preferably an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) on a substrate.
Usually, an organic field effect transistor comprises a dielectric layer and a semiconducting layer. In addition, on organic field effect transistor usually comprises a gate electrode and source/drain electrodes.
Typical designs of organic field effect transistors are the Bottom-Gate design and the Top-Gate design:
In case of the Bottom-Gate Bottom-Contact (BGBC) design, the gate is on top of the substrate and at the bottom of the dielectric layer, the semiconducting layer is at the top of the dielectric layer and the source/drain electrodes are on top of the semiconducting layer.
Another design of a field-effect transistor on a substrate is the Top-Gate Bottom-Contact (TGBC) design: The source/drain electrodes are on top of the substrate and at the bottom of the semiconducting layer, the dielectric layer is on top of the disemiconducting layer and the gate electrode is on top of the dielectric layer. When prepared by solution processing, here the solvents used for dielectrics must be fully orthogonal with respect to the semiconductor (i.e. show good solubility of the dielectric and absolute insolubility of the semiconductor), and additionally compatible with photoresist processing.
The semiconducting layer comprises a semiconducting material. Examples of semiconducting materials are semiconducting materials having p-type conductivity (carrier: holes) and semiconducting materials having n-type conductivity (carrier: electrons).
Examples of semiconductors having n-type conductivity are perylenediimides, naphtalenediimides and fullerenes.
Semiconducting materials having p-type conductivity are preferred. Examples of semiconducting materials having p-type conductivity are molecules such as as rubrene, tetracene, pentacene, 6,13-bis(triisopropylethynyl) pentacene, diindenoperylene, perylenediimide and tetracyanoquinodimethane, and polymers such as polythiophenes, in particular poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), polyfluorene, polydiacetylene, poly 2,5-thienylene vinylene, poly p-phenylene vinylene (PPV) and polymers comprising repeating units having a diketopyrrolopyrrole group (DPP polymers).
Preferably the semiconducting material is a polymer comprising units having a diketopyrrolopyrrole group (DPP polymer).
Examples of DPP polymers and their synthesis are, for example, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,459 B1, WO 2005/049695, WO 2008/000664, WO 2010/049321, WO 2010/049323, WO 2010/108873, WO 2010/115767, WO 2010/136353 and WO 2010/136352.
Preferably, the DPP polymer comprises, preferably essentially consists, of a unit selected from the group consisting of
a polymer unit of formula
a copolymer unit of formula
a copolymer unit of formula
and
a copolymer unit of formula
wherein
n′ is 4 to 1000, preferably 4 to 200, more preferably 5 to 100,
x′ is 0.995 to 0.005, preferably x′ is 0.2 to 0.8,
y′ is 0.005 to 0.995, preferably y′ is 0.8 to 0.2, and
x′+y′=1;
r′ is 0.985 to 0.005,
s′ is 0.005 to 0.985,
t′ is 0.005 to 0.985,
u′ is 0.005 to 0.985, and
r+s′+t′+u′=1;
A is a group of formula
or a group of formula (24),
with the proviso that in case B, D and E are a group of formula (24), they are different from A, wherein
Preferred polymers are described in WO2010/049321.
Ar1 and Ar1′ are preferably
very preferably
and most preferably
Ar2, Ar2′, Ar3, Ar3′, Ar4 and Ar4′ are preferably
more preferably
The group of formula
is preferably
more preferably
most preferred
R40 and R41 are the same or different and are preferably selected from hydrogen, C1-C100alkyl, more preferably a C8-C36alkyl.
A is preferably selected from the group consisting of
Examples of preferred DPP polymers comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, a polymer unit of formula (20) are shown below:
wherein
R40 and R41 are C1-C36alkyl, preferably C8-C36alkyl, and
n′ is 4 to 1000, preferably 4 to 200, more preferably 5 to 100.
Examples of preferred DPP polymers comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, a copolymer unit of formula (21) are shown below:
wherein
R40 and R41 are C1-C36alkyl, preferably C8-C36alkyl, and
n′ is 4 to 1000, preferably 4 to 200, more preferably 5 to 100.
Examples of preferred DPP polymers comprising, preferably essentially consisting of, a copolymer unit of formula (22) are shown below:
wherein
R40 and R41 are C1-C36alkyl, preferably C8-C36alkyl,
R42 is C1-C18alkyl,
R150 is a C4-C18alkyl group,
X′=0.995 to 0.005, preferably x′=0.4 to 0.9,
y′=0.005 to 0.995, preferably y′=0.6 to 0.1, and
x+y=1.
DPP Polymers comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, a copolymer unit of formula (22-1) are more preferred than DPP polymers comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, a copolymer unit of formula (22-2).
The DPP polymers preferably have a weight average molecular weight of 4,000 Daltons or greater, especially 4,000 to 2,000,000 Daltons, more preferably 10,000 to 1,000,000 and most preferably 10,000 to 100,000 Daltons.
DPP Polymers comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, a copolymer unit of formula
(with R40, R41 being alkyl, such as 2-hexyldecyl)
or a copolymer unit of formula (21-1) are particularly preferred. Reference is, for example made to example 1 of WO2010/049321:
The dielectric layer comprises a dielectric material. The dielectric material can be silicium/silicium dioxide, or, preferably, an organic polymer such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), anzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide (PI).
Preferably, the dielectric layer comprises the present oxacycloolefinic polymer.
The substrate can be any suitable substrate such as glass, or a plastic substrate. Preferably the substrate is a plastic substrate such as polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). More preferably, the plastic substrate is a plastic foil.
Also part of the invention is a transistor obtainable by above process.
An advantage of the process of the present invention is that the present oxacycloolefinic polymer is resistant to shrinkage.
Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that the present oxacycloolefinic polymer shows a high chemical and thermal stability. As a consequence, the process of the present invention can be used to prepare, for example, an organic field effect transistor, wherein the layer comprising present oxacycloolefinic polymer is the dielectric layer, wherein the electrodes on top of the dielectric layer can be applied by evaporation through a shadow mask.
Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that present oxacycloolefinic polymer is soluble in an organic solvent (solvent A). Preferably, it is possible to prepare a 2% by weight, more preferably a 5% by weight and most preferably a 8% by weight solution of present oxacycloolefinic polymer in the organic solvent. Thus, it is possible to apply present oxacycloolefinic polymer by solution processing techniques.
Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that the organic solvent used to dissolve present oxacycloolefinic polymer
Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that all steps of the process can be performed at ambient atmosphere, which means that no special precautions such as nitrogen atmosphere are necessary.
The advantage of the transistor of the present invention, preferably, wherein the transistor is an organic field effect transistor and wherein the layer comprising present oxacycloolefinic polymer is the dielectric layer and the semiconducting layer comprises a semiconducting material, for example a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) thiophene polymer, is that the transistor shows a high mobility, a high Ion/Ioff ratio and a low gate leakage.
The following examples illustrate the invention. Wherever noted, room temperature (r.t.) depicts a temperature from the range 22-25° C.; over night means a period of 12 to 15 hours; percentages are given by weight, if not indicated otherwise. Molecular weight is as determined by gel permeation chromatography, if not indicated otherwise. The glass transition temperature is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using a Mettler-Toledo DSC 822E® with Mettler-Toledo Stare® Software 9.10, closed standard aluminium crucible (40 microliter), sample weighing range 4000-10000 mg, nitrogen 50 ml/min, temperature gradient:
Further abbreviations:
100 g of p-isopropylaniline (1 eq, 0.74 mol) is added to a solution of 122.9 g of exo-3,6-Epoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (1 eq, 0.74 mol) in acetone and stirred for 2 h. The resulting precipitate is filtrated, washed with acetone, dried and mixed with 27 g of sodium acetate in 550 mL of acetic anhydride. The mixture is then stirred for 2 h at reflux and cooled down at 0° C. The resulting precipitate is filtrated, washed with water, recrystalized in methanol and dried to yield the corresponding 1 as a pure white solid. Yield=71%; 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.18 (d, 6H), 1.56 (s, 2H), 2.79 (s, 2H), 2.94 m, 1H), 3.03 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.59 (s, 2H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.33 (d, 2H).
63 mg of (1,3-Bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(oisopropoxyphenylmethylene)ruthenium (0.5% mol, 100 μmol) is added to 2 g of 1 (1 eq, 18 mmol) in 15 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane under Nitrogen. After being stirred for 4 h at reflux, 10 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane and 1 mL of ethylvinylether are added. The mixture is poured in cold ethanol. The precipitate is filtrated, dissolved in a minimum amount of dichloromethane and poured in cold heptane. The precipitate is filtrated, dried to yield the corresponding pure polymer P1 as a white solid. Yield=61% Mw=161 kDa/PDI=2.1/Tg=228° C.
Sodium content 14 mg/kg
Phosphore content 24 mg/kg
Ruthenium content 117 mg/kg
In analogy to example 1, the following polymers are prepared:
Gold is sputtered onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foil to form an approximately 40 nm thick film and then source/drain electrodes (channel length: 10 μm; channel width: 10 mm) are structured by photolithography process. A 0.75% (weight/weight) solution of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-thiophene-polymer (polymer 21-1 according to example 1 of WO2010/049321:
in toluene is filtered through a 0.45 μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter and then applied by spin coating (15 seconds at 1300 rpm, acceleration 10.000 rpm/s. The wet organic semi-conducting polymer layer is dried at 100° C. on a hot plate for 30 seconds. A 8% (weight/weight) solution of P1 in Methoxypropyl Acetate is filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and then applied by spin coating (1100 rpm, 60 seconds). The wet layer film is pre-baked at 100° C. for 20 minutes on a hot plate to obtain a 365 nm thick layer. Gate electrodes of gold (thickness approximately 120 nm) are evaporated through a shadow mask on the P1 layer. The whole process is performed without a protective atmosphere.
Measurement of the characteristics of the top gate, bottom contact (TGBC) field effect transistors are measured with a Keithley® 2612A semiconductor parameter analyser.
The drain current Ids in relation to the gate voltage Vgs (transfer curve) for the top-gate, bottom-contact (TGBC) field effect transistor comprising a P1 gate dielectric at a source voltage Vsd of −20V (upper curves) is shown in
The top-gate, bottom-contact (TGBC) field effect transistor comprising a P1 as gate dielectric shows a mobility of 0.36 cm2/Vs (calculated for the saturation regime) and an Ion/Ioff ration of 5 E+5.
The drain current Ids in relation to the drain voltage Vds (output curve) for the top-gate, bottom-contact (TGBC) field effect transistor comprising P1 at a gate voltage Vgs of 0V (squares), −5V (stars), −10V (lozenges), −15V (triangles), and −20V (circles) is shown in
A 8% (weight/weight) solution of polymer P1 as obtained in example 1b in Methoxypropyl Acetate is filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and applied on a clean glass substrate with indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes by spin coating (1100 rpm, 30 seconds). The wet film is pre-baked at 100° C. for 20 minutes on a hot plate to obtain a 490 nm thick layer. Gold electrodes (area=3 mm2) are then vacuum-deposited through a shadow mask on the P1 layer at <1×10−6 Torr.
The capacitor thus obtained is characterized in the following way: The relative permittivity ∈r and the loss factor tg(δ)=∈r″ are deduced from the complex capacity measured with a LCR meter Agilent 4284A (signal amplitude 1 V). Current/Voltage (IN) curves are obtained with a semiconductor parameter analyser Agilent 4155C. The breakdown voltage is the voltage Ed where the current reaches a value of 1 μA. The volume resistivity p is calculated from the resistance, sample thickness and electrode surface.
In the same way, capacitors are prepared and investigated using polymers 2 and 3. results are compiled in the below table.
a) Preparation of Monomer 2
100 g of p-isopropylaniline (1 eq, 0.74 mol) is added to a solution of 122.9 g of exo-3,6-Epoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (1 eq, 0.74 mol) in acetone. The mixture is then stirred for 2 h. The resulting precipitate is filtrated, washed with acetone and dried to yield the corresponding pure 2 as a white solid. Yield=87%
1H-NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm) 1.19 (d, 6H), 2.67 (d, 1H), 2.79 (d, 1H), 2.83 (m, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 6.50 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 9.60 (s, 1H).
182.4 g of 2 (1 eq, 0.63 mol) is added to 550 mL of acetic anhydride and 27 g of sodium acetate (0.5 eq, 0.33 mol). The mixture is then stirred for 2 h at reflux and cooled down at 0° C. The resulting precipitate is filtrated, washed with water, recrystalized for methanol and dried to yield the corresponding pure 3 as a white solid. Yield=79% 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.18 (d, 6H), 1.56 (s, 2H), 2.79 (s, 2H), 2.94 (m, 1H), 3.03 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.59 (s, 2H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.33 (d, 2H).
c) Polymer P1′
80 mg of Bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium(IV) dichloride (0.5% mol, 100 μmol) is added to 5 g of 3 (1 eq, 18 mmol) in 15 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane under Nitrogen. After being stirred for 5 h at room temperature, 10 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane and 1 mL of ethylvinylether are added. The mixture is poured in cold ethanol. The precipitate is filtrated, dissolved in a minimum amount of dichloromethane and poured in cold heptane. The precipitate is filtrated, dried to yield the corresponding pure polymer 1′ as a white solid. Yield=61%
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13174013.6 | Jun 2013 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2014/063113 | 6/23/2014 | WO | 00 |
