Patent Grant
12120994
The present invention generally relates to a horticultural lighting system, and more particularly to an adaptive horticultural lighting system for use indoors.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been utilized since about the 1960s. However, for the first few decades of use, the relatively low light output and narrow range of colored illumination limited the LED utilization role to specialized applications (e.g., indicator lamps). As light output improved, LED utilization within other lighting systems, such as within LED “EXIT” signs and LED traffic signals, began to increase. Over the last several years, the white light output capacity of LEDs has more than tripled, thereby allowing the LED to become the lighting solution of choice for a wide range of lighting solutions.
LEDs exhibit significantly optimized characteristics, such as source efficacy, optical control and extremely long operating life, which make them excellent choices for general lighting applications. LED efficiencies, for example, may provide light output magnitudes up to 200 lumens per watt of power. Energy savings may, therefore, be realized when utilizing LED-based lighting systems as compared to the energy usage of, for example, incandescent, halogen, compact fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting systems. As per an example, an LED-based lighting fixture may utilize a small percentage (e.g., 15-20%) of the power utilized by a halogen-based lighting system but may still produce an equivalent magnitude of light.
While HID lighting systems have been the predominant choice for conventional horticultural lighting applications, LED technologies are gaining attraction due to their high luminous efficacy and their ability to produce narrow-band spectral distributions. Current LED-based horticultural lighting systems, however, fail to produce adequate light uniformity for indoor horticulture facility applications where natural light is not present nor do they produce adaptable spectral tuning. In addition, conventional LED-based horticultural lighting systems produce light rays exhibiting decreased intensity with increasing emission angle relative to the optical axis. Accordingly, none of the control systems used to effect adequate light distribution characteristics, spectral tuning and power efficiency are in existence either.
Efforts continue, therefore, to develop an LED lighting system and associated controls that exceed the performance parameters of conventional horticultural lighting systems.
To overcome limitations in the prior art, and to overcome other limitations that will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, various embodiments of the present invention disclose methods and apparatus for the cooling of horticultural light fixtures without using forced air.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a lighting fixture comprises an extrusion extending a full length of the lighting fixture and an array of heat sink fins coupled to the extrusion, where a width of each heat sink fin increases as each heat sink fin extends away from the extrusion. The extrusion includes a plurality of heat pipes configured to distribute heat to different locations of each heat sink fin.
In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention, a method of cooling a lighting fixture comprises extending an extrusion along a full length of the lighting fixture, arranging an array of heat sink fins along the full length of the extrusion, each heat sink fin extending away from the extrusion, protruding heat pipes from the extrusion into each heat sink fin of the array of heat sink fins, where a width of each heat sink fin increases as it extends away from the extrusion.
In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention, a lighting fixture comprises an extrusion extending a full length of the lighting fixture, an array of heat sink fins coupled to the extrusion, where a width of each heat sink fin increases as each heat sink fin extends away from the extrusion. The extrusion includes a plurality of heat pipes configured to distribute heat to various locations of each heat sink fin and an optical array coupled to the extrusion, the extrusion including guides to locate a position of the optical array relative to the extrusion.
Various aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon review of the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
Generally, the various embodiments of the present invention are applied to a light emitting diode (LED) based lighting system that may contain an array of LEDs and an array of associated lenses. The LED array may be mechanically and electrically mounted to a PCB having control and bias circuitry that allows specific sets (e.g., channels or strings) of LEDs to be illuminated on command. Any set of one or more LEDs may be grouped into one or more channels, such that specific rows, columns or other arrangements of LEDs in the LED array may be illuminated independently depending upon the specific channel within which the LED or LEDs are grouped. A channel of LEDs may include non-linear arrangements, such as square, circular, rectangular, zig-zag or star-shaped arrangements to name only a few. An associated lens array may be mounted in proximity to the LED array in such a way that the lens array may perform more than one function. For example, the lens array may mechanically impose a uniform pressure onto the PCB against the associated heat sink to optimize heat transfer from the PCB to the heat sink. Further, the lens array may contain individual lenses with mechanical standoffs so as to maintain an optimal separation distance between the LED and associated lens so that light rays generated by each individual LED may be optically varied before projection onto a target.
The mechanical standoffs may, for example, exhibit a shape (e.g., circular) having a dimension (e.g., circumference) that is slightly larger than a dimension (e.g., a circumference) of the LED's footprint as mounted on its associated PCB. Accordingly, as the lens array is pressed against the PCB, each mechanical standoff of each lens of the lens array may impose a substantially uniform pressure along a circular perimeter surrounding the LED to further enhance heat transfer from the LED to the heat sink.
Each lens of the lens array may, for example, be placed in such proximity to its corresponding LED so as to collect substantially all of the light generated by its associated LED and virtually none of the light generated by neighboring LEDs. Each lens may optically vary (e.g., refract) the light distributed by its associated LED into an optically varied light distribution, such that the light distributed by the lens may exhibit a modified intensity distribution as compared to the intensity distribution of light generated by a bare LED. In alternate embodiments, multiple LEDs may be associated with a single lens such that the intensity of light generated by each of the multiple LEDs may be modified by the single lens.
The Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) beam angle may be defined as the beam angle where the light distribution exhibits an intensity equal to half the peak intensity. A conventional LED may exhibit an FWHM beam angle of about 120 degrees, where the peak intensity of light distribution may exist at a zero-degree offset from the optical axis of the LED (e.g., centerbeam). Each lens of the lens array may, however, modify the intensity distribution, such that the FWHM beam angle may either be less than, or substantially the same as, the FWHM beam angle produced by a bare LED, but the intensity distribution may be modified by the lens such that the peak intensity may not exist at centerbeam, but rather may be offset from centerbeam.
In one example, the intensity distribution of a bare LED may exhibit a relatively wide FWHM beam angle (e.g., a 120-degree FWHM beam angle) having a peak intensity at centerbeam. A lens of the lens array may, for example, be used to substantially refract the FWHM beam angle of the bare LED between about 100 degrees and 140 degrees (e.g., between approximately 115 degrees and 128 degrees), but may alter the intensity distribution such that the peak intensity may not exist at centerbeam, but instead may exist at an offset between about 40 and 60 degrees (e.g., between approximately 50 and 55 degrees) half angle from centerbeam.
As per another example, a lens of the lens array may be used to substantially reduce the FWHM beam angle of the bare LED from about 120 degrees to between about 50 degrees and 90 degrees (e.g., between approximately 65 degrees and 75 degrees) and may further alter the intensity distribution such that the peak intensity may not exist at centerbeam, but instead may exist at an offset between about 15 and 35 degrees (e.g., between approximately 20 and 28 degrees) half angle from centerbeam.
Generally, each lens of the lens array may distribute light into a ray set that exhibits varying intensity depending upon the angle that each light ray of the projected ray set exhibits relative to a reference axis. For example, a reference axis of the LED may be defined as the axis that is orthogonal to the surface of the PCB to which the LED is mounted and each light ray emitted by the LED may be refracted by the lens to exhibit an intensity that is proportional to the angle that the refracted light ray forms with respect to the reference axis. In one embodiment, refracted light rays at lower angles relative to the reference axis may exhibit lower intensities while refracted light rays at higher angles relative to the reference axis may exhibit relatively larger intensities.
Refracted light rays incident upon a target surface may similarly be defined with respect to the reference axis. For example, light rays refracted by the lens that exhibit a zero-degree offset from the reference axis may be described as exhibiting a zero-degree incidence angle. Similarly, light rays refracted by the lens that exhibit non-zero-degree offsets from the reference axis may be described as exhibiting incidence angles greater than zero as measured relative to the reference axis.
A lens may be configured to refract light rays emitted by the LED to exhibit intensities that are proportional to their respective incidence angles. For example, refracted light rays with lower incidence angles may exhibit lower intensities as compared to refracted light rays with higher incidence angles. The lens may be further configured to substantially prohibit refraction of light rays exhibiting incidence angles greater than a reference angle.
The lens, therefore, may produce lower intensity light rays having lower incidence angles as compared to the intensity of light rays having relatively higher incidence angles. Such a lens may be particularly useful when the beam is to be projected onto a flat surface target with a substantially uniform illuminance across the entire illuminated surface regardless of the angle of incidence, or when the beam is to be projected onto a flat surface target with an increasing illuminance across the entire illuminated surface as the angle of incidence increases. Such a lens may be further useful when the beam is to be projected not only onto a flat surface below the light, but also onto objects that are adjacent to the flat surface at higher incidence angles with respect to the light.
Stated differently, since target illuminance is proportional to the intensity of the projected light ray and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the target and the lens that is producing the projected light ray, a lens that produces light rays having intensities that are proportional to the angle of incidence up to a threshold angle may be used to produce substantially even or uniform illuminance on a flat plane across the full beam width. That is to say in other words, that as the angle of incidence of light rays projected by the lens increase, so does their intensity. Furthermore, by increasing the intensity of the light rays in proportion to the square of the distance between the lens and the target, a substantially even target illuminance may be projected across the entire illuminated flat surface regardless of the angle of incidence of light rays onto the target, or an illuminance may be projected onto a flat surface that increases with the angle of incidence. Adjacent targets may also be illuminated by light rays that do not illuminate the flat surface due to their higher angles of incidence, but due to the higher intensity of such light rays, may illuminate such adjacent targets with substantially equal illuminance, or with substantially increasing illuminance, as compared to those light rays that are incident on the flat surface.
It should be noted that the advantages obtained by using the horticultural lights in accordance with the present invention do not exist with conventional horticultural lights, which may include LED-based horticultural lights as well. For example, conventional horticultural lights typically use a very small, yet high power light source with a secondary reflector in order to obtain a particular distribution of light onto a typical grow bed. Such a light source, however, produces non-reflected light rays directly from the light source having increased intensity at centerbeam, which in turn requires increased vertical distance between the horticultural light and the canopy of plants below the horticultural light.
Alternately, smaller LED-based horticultural lights may be used, but are used in very large numbers so as to obtain a projection area substantially equal to that of the larger conventional horticultural lights. While reduced vertical distance between the smaller LED-based horticultural lights and the plant canopy may be achieved, cross-lighting becomes virtually non-existent and the amount of light projecting throughout the depth of the plant canopy is significantly reduced.
Accordingly, even when a particular coverage area is achieved, the illuminance projected onto the grow bed lacks uniformity and, therefore, includes “hot spots” and “dim spots” and generally provides uneven projected illuminance due to the inverse square law as discussed in more detail below. As discussed above, for example, conventional horticultural lights generally project maximum intensity at zero to low angles of incidence, which requires relatively large vertical distances to be established between the conventional horticultural light and the underlying plant. As a result, vertical distances between the conventional horticultural light and the corresponding plant must be maximized to, for example, prevent plant burn.
Horticultural lights in accordance with the present invention, on the other hand, utilize a dense array of lenses that optically vary the intensity of the light distributed by an associated array of LEDs to project a uniform illuminance across a large surface area of a flat plane, or to project an increasing illuminance as the angle of incidence increases from centerbeam, despite the effects of the inverse square law (e.g., regardless of the increased distances that the light travels to the target due to the increased angles of incidence). Accordingly, not only may the light projection area from each horticultural light fixture in accordance with the present invention be increased as compared to conventional horticultural lights, but the illuminance within the illuminated area may be made substantially uniform, or substantially increasing as incidence angles increase from centerbeam outward, as well. In addition, the illuminance projected onto secondary targets that are adjacent to the primary target may also be made to be substantially uniform, or substantially increasing as incidence angles increase from centerbeam outward, due to the increased intensity of light rays projected by the horticultural light fixture at angles that are incident upon the secondary targets.
In other embodiments, horticultural lights in accordance with the present invention may utilize other techniques, with or without optics, to vary light intensity. Variability of the light output (e.g., spectral variability) may be controlled, for example, using any number of wired protocols including 0-10V, I2C, digital multiplex (DMX), ethernet or digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) to name only a few. In addition, spectral variability may be achieved via wireless protocols, such as via ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or a thread-based mesh network, along with other wireless protocols. Furthermore, by combining broad-spectrum white LEDs with a combination of other LEDs may allow the horticultural light to produce photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).
For example, two or more sets of broad-spectrum LEDs may be utilized along with one or more sets of fixed-color LEDs (e.g., one set of blue LEDs and one set of red LEDs) in order to implement broad-spectrum illumination that may better simulate sun light. In addition, the two or more sets of broad-spectrum LEDs may exhibit different correlated color temperatures (CCT), such that once varying intensities of the light generated by both sets of broad-spectrum LEDs is mixed, a tunable CCT composite spectrum may result that may better simulate the various phases of the sun, may better simulate sunlight at the various latitudes that the sun may assume and may better simulate sun light across each of the four seasons.
In addition, the intensities of multiple horticultural lighting fixtures may be controlled within an indoor grow facility to better simulate the position of the sun throughout the daylight hours. For example, by increasing the intensity of easterly-positioned horticultural lighting fixtures in the morning hours may better simulate the rising sun, by increasing the intensity of centrally-positioned horticultural lighting fixtures during the mid-day hours may better simulate the mid-morning/mid-afternoon sun and by increasing the intensity of westerly-positioned horticultural lighting fixtures in the late afternoon/evening hours may better simulate the setting sun.
Horticultural lighting fixtures utilized within a greenhouse may also be utilized to augment the light produced within the greenhouse. As an example, a sensor may measure various aspects of light generated within the greenhouse and may provide the measurements to a controller. The controller may then compare the measurements with light recipes contained within a light prescription database to determine whether any deficiencies exist within the greenhouse light (e.g., deficiencies in color spectrum, color temperature, photosynthetic photon flux, etc.). If so, the controller may activate one or more channels of LEDs within the light fixture to augment the greenhouse light, thereby filling in deficiencies detected in the greenhouse light (e.g., increasing intensity of a particular spectrum of light, increasing photosynthetic photon flux, varying color temperature, etc.). If the light generated within the greenhouse already conforms to a particular light recipe, on the other hand, then the controller may deactivate the light fixtures altogether to save energy.
In one embodiment, each set of the multiple sets of LEDs may be arranged as independent channels of LEDs, where each channel of LEDs may be independently operated at a selected intensity based upon a magnitude of current that may be conducted by each channel of LEDs. The control circuitry that may be used to select the magnitude of current that may be conducted by each channel of LEDs may be integrated within the power supply that may also contain the bulk power conversion (e.g., alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and/or DC to DC power conversion electronics) and regulation (e.g., constant current regulation or constant voltage regulation) electronics.
Turning to
Bezel 134 may, for example, provide a substantially constant pressure around a perimeter of horticultural light 100 to, for example, seal a substantially transparent media to horticultural light 100 thereby maintaining horticultural light 100 in a waterproof/water resistant state. The transparent media may also press the lens array against the PCB behind the lens array, such that substantially 100% of the light generated by each LED may be directed through its respective lens and through the transparent media to prohibit virtually any of the light from being redirected back into horticultural light 100. While the dimensions (e.g., 4.5 inches wide×22 inches long) of horticultural light 100 may be significantly smaller than conventional LED horticultural lights (e.g., 4 feet wide×4 feet long), horticultural light 100 via its dense array of LEDs and associated lenses may nevertheless project a substantially equivalent amount of light onto a conventional grow bed, but may do so with substantially uniform illuminance, or substantially increasing illuminance from centerbeam outward, across the entire grow bed and adjacent grow beds unlike the substantially non-uniform illuminance, or substantially decreasing illuminance from centerbeam outward, as projected by conventional horticultural lights.
Horticultural light 100 may further include control circuitry (e.g., controllers 110, 112, 114 and 116) and associated circuitry (e.g., bias circuitry 124) such that any one or more LEDs (not shown) may be independently transitioned into conductive and non-conductive states on command. Alternately, LED control and bias circuitry (e.g., controllers 110, 112, 114, 116 and associated bias control circuitry 124) may not be co-located on the same PCB to which the associated LEDs are mounted, but may instead be located remotely to the PCB (e.g., on a modular control and bias circuit that may be interchangeably introduced into horticultural light 100 or into a bias and control bus that connects two or more horticultural lights 100 together).
In one embodiment, the conductive state of any multiple of LEDs (e.g., the LEDs, not shown, behind each row of lenses 126, 128, 130 and 132) may be independently controlled. In other embodiments, the conductive state of any multiple of LEDs (e.g., the LEDs, not shown, behind each column of each array of lenses 118 and 126) may be independently controlled. Once an LED (not shown) is transitioned to its conductive state, the associated lens (e.g., lens 102) may produce a light distribution that may exhibit a particular intensity profile, which may produce a substantially uniform target illuminance, or a substantially increasing target illuminance from centerbeam to the edge of the beam pattern, across a flat surface as discussed in more detail below.
Multiple horticultural lights 100 may be employed for use as horticultural lighting in a greenhouse, small indoor grow room, or in a commercial production facility as part of an integrated horticultural system. Horticultural light 100 may, for example, replicate natural light that may be absent in an indoor grow facility and may be controlled (e.g., via bias controller 124 and controllers 110, 112, 114 and 116) to deliver virtually any wavelength of light that may be produced by an LED, at virtually any intensity, at virtually any duty cycle that may be useful in a horticultural facility. Furthermore, virtually any mixture of LEDs may be utilized within horticultural light 100 to produce a wide range of color temperature, spectrum and color rendering index (CRI).
As an example, each channel of LEDs (e.g., rows of LEDs, not shown, behind rows of lenses 126, 128, 130 and 132, respectively) may each include a selection of LEDs that may produce a range of color temperature and CRI attributes. For example, the rows of LEDs (not shown) behind lens rows 126 and 128 may include LEDs exhibiting a color temperature of approximately 3000° K and a CRI greater than 90. As another example, the row of LEDs (not shown) behind lens row 130 may include LEDs exhibiting a color temperature of approximately between 5700° K and 6500° K and may exhibit a CRI less than 80. As per another example, the row of LEDs (not shown) behind lens row 132 may include LEDs exhibiting a narrow-bandwidth red color spectrum (e.g., at or below 1800° K or between 580 nm and 750 nm). It should be noted that virtually any combination of wavelength, color temperature, spectrum and CRI may be used to match the particular photosynthetic and photomorphogenic requirements of the crop of interest.
It should be further noted that the LEDs (not shown) may include a percentage (e.g., 75%) of phosphor converted white LEDs and a percentage (e.g., 25%) of narrow band red or blue spectrum LEDs, such as aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) LEDs. Alternately, for example, phosphor converted red LEDs may also be used, which may facilitate the use of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) LEDs exclusively, both for the phosphor converted white LEDs and the phosphor converted red LEDs. Such an arrangement of matched InGaN LEDs may, for example, provide a very broad spectrum white light with an emphasis on the blue and red spectra while also providing uniform thermal performance and degradation as well as the advantage of facilitating the implementation of strings of multiple LEDs (e.g., the string of LEDs, not shown, behind lens rows 126, 128, 130 and 132) that may be arranged serially with a substantially constant forward voltage.
As discussed in more detail below, bias controller 124 may include wired and/or wireless access control systems, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, thread-based mesh, digital multiplex (DMX), I2C, analog/digital hybrid, ethernet or telecommunications-based control systems that may allow horticultural light 100 to be controlled remotely, either within the same facility, or via a regional or national control room. Accordingly, the lighting of one or more unmanned horticultural facilities may be centrally controlled by a single control station. Such a control station, for example, may also control other aspects of the horticultural facility. Air filtration and circulation systems, for example, may require remote access control for heat and exhaust mitigation. Various irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, hydroponic flood benches and trough benches along with a nutrient management system may also be controlled by the control station. In general, the control station may not only control the one or more horticultural lights 100 of the horticultural facility, but also the nutrients, air circulation, irrigation, dehumidification, carbon dioxide (CO2) injection and other facilities that may be required to maintain the exact environment needed by the various growing rooms, cloning rooms and flowering rooms of the horticultural facility.
Turning to
Mechanical portion 204 may further include raised portions 210 that may be used to create an optimal separation distance between the lens array and the underlying LED array (not shown). Indented portions 212 may, for example, accommodate the insertion of at least a portion of an LED package (e.g., the dome portion of an LED package). The height of raised portions 210 may be selected to create an optimal separation distance between the optical input portion of the lens (e.g., lens 206) and the associated LED (not shown) that is inserted into the corresponding indented portion 212 of lens 206 as discussed in more detail below. Raised portions 210 may exhibit a particular geometric shape (e.g., circular) so as to match a particular footprint of each LED (not shown) of the LED array. As such, raised portions 210 may impose a substantially uniform pressure surrounding, and in close proximity to, each associated LED (not shown) so as to create a uniform conduction path so that heat may be conducted away from the LED through the associated PCB and heat sink, thereby improving the performance of the LED.
In one embodiment, the array of lenses 206 may be arranged as an array of rows and columns of lenses, where each lens may exhibit a circular shape having a diameter (e.g., 13 mm diameter) and a separation distance from each neighboring lens (e.g., a separation distance of 16 mm center to center). The composition of the array of lenses 206 may be that of an optical grade polymer (e.g., acrylic) that may exhibit an index of refraction of between about 1.48 and 1.5 (e.g., approximately 1.491) or that of an optical grade polycarbonate that may exhibit an index of refraction of between about 1.5 and 1.7 (e.g., approximately 1.58).
Turning to
Portion 310 may exemplify a cross-section of a lens array (e.g., a cross-section of lens 206 of
It should be noted that the lens array is configured such that a projected light distribution from an individual lens (e.g., lens 314) of the lens array may not be incident upon adjacent lenses (e.g., lenses 326 and 328) of the lens array. In one embodiment, for example, lens 314 may refract the light distribution of LED 306 into a half-beam angle between about 50 degrees and 90 degrees (e.g., between approximately 65 degrees and 75 degrees) having full-beam width 322 that is not incident on any adjacent lenses (e.g., lenses 326 and 328).
Turning to
It can be seen, therefore, that if the light distribution of
According to the inverse square law, therefore, the target illuminance decreases in proportion to the inverse square of the distance between the lens and the target, thereby causing the target illuminance to decrease with increasing beam width. However, since the intensity of the light distribution of
As a comparison,
Turning to
Portion 610 may exemplify a cross-section of a lens array (e.g., a cross-section of lens 206 of
It should be noted that the lens array is configured such that a projected light distribution from an individual lens (e.g., lens 614) of the lens array may not be incident upon adjacent lenses (e.g., lenses 626 and 628) of the lens array. In one embodiment, for example, lens 614 may refract the light distribution of LED 606 into a beam angle between about 100 degrees and 140 degrees (e.g., between approximately 115 degrees and 128 degrees) having beam width 624 that is not incident on adjacent lenses 626 and 628.
Turning to
It can be seen, therefore, that if the light distribution of
According to the inverse square law, therefore, the target illuminance decreases in proportion to the inverse square of the distance between the lens and the target, thereby causing the target illuminance to decrease with increasing beam width. However, since the intensity of the light distribution of
In comparing the intensity distribution plots of
As discussed above in relation to
Turning back to
By utilizing such mounting hardware and/or bezel, mechanical portion 205 may be pressed against the underlying PCB and LEDs (not shown), which may in turn press the underlying PCB against the housing/heat sink (not shown) of the horticultural light (e.g., horticultural light 100 of
Mechanical portion 205 may further include raised portions 215 that may be used to create an optimal separation distance between the lens array and the underlying array of LEDs (not shown). Indented portions 217 may, for example, accommodate the insertion of at least a portion of an LED package (e.g., the dome portion of a non-UV LED package). The height of raised portions 217 may be selected to create an optimal separation distance between the optical input portion of the lens (e.g., lens 209) and the associated non-UV LED (not shown) that may be inserted into the corresponding indented portion 217 of lens 209 as discussed above. Accordingly, the non-UV light distribution may exhibit the same light distribution attributes as discussed herein (e.g., as discussed above in relation to
Mechanical portion 205 may further include voids (e.g., holes 219) that may be formed (e.g., drilled or molded) into the lens array so as to allow the insertion of one or more UV compatible lenses (not shown). Any number of voids 219 may be accommodated by mechanical portion 205 such that the number of UV LED/UV compatible lens combinations accommodated by the lens array may be some fraction of the number of non-UV LED/lens combinations accommodated by the lens array. In one embodiment, for example, the number of UV LEDs may equal between approximately 1 and 10 percent (e.g., about 5 percent) of the total number of broad spectrum white LEDs contained within the light fixture and/or the number of UV LEDs may equal between approximately 10 and 30 percent (e.g., about 20 percent) of the total number of colored (e.g., red) LEDs contained within the light fixture.
Turning to
In one embodiment, each of the UV LEDs 227 contained within the light fixture may form a channel of UV LEDs that may be controlled independently from other channels of non-UV LEDs to conduct a variable percentage (e.g., 0-100%) of the current that may also be made available to the other channels of non-UV LEDs contained within the light fixture. In addition, lens 207 may be composed of a material (e.g., silicone) that may exhibit optical properties to produce a UV light distribution substantially the same as the light distribution produced by lens 209 (e.g., as discussed above in relation to
In order to substantially eliminate any incidence of UV light onto non-UV compatible lenses (e.g., lenses 209), a secondary portion (e.g., portion 225) may be added to lens 207. For example, a secondary optic 225 may be overmolded onto lens 207 so that UV light may be redirected (e.g., refracted) into a beam angle that may not be incident onto adjacent non-UV compatible lenses (e.g., lenses 209). Conversely, portion 225 may be removably attached (e.g., pressed into place via friction) around the base circumference of lens 207, adjacent to and/or touching mechanical portion 203 and may be similarly configured to redirect and/or absorb UV radiation emanating from lens 207 in such a way so as to disallow the incidence of UV radiation onto neighboring non-UV compatible lenses 209.
Turning to
In one embodiment, controller 802 may access a database (e.g., light prescription database 814), which may include predetermined light prescriptions for controlling the light output from horticulture light 804 and may then utilize interface 810 to tune horticulture light 804 in accordance with the predetermined light prescriptions (e.g., prescribed light intensity, CCT, PPF, PPFD and color spectrum). Controller 802 and interface 810 may, for example, be used by an operator to either manually tune horticulture light 804 to manual settings or tune horticulture light 804 to predetermined light prescriptions (e.g., as may be stored locally within horticulture light 804 or within light prescription database 814). Alternately, controller 802 may automatically update horticulture light 804 based upon comparisons between quantum sensor measurements 812 and light prescriptions 814 using closed-loop feedback control so as to maintain horticulture light 804 within operational constraints as defined by light prescriptions 814. For example, the temperature of horticulture light 804 may increase, thereby increasing the temperature of the LEDs contained within horticulture light 804, which may in turn decrease an intensity of light generated by horticulture light 804. As a result of closed-loop feedback, the decreased intensity due to increased temperature may be detected by quantum sensor 806 and reported to controller 802, whereby controller 802 may responsively increase the intensity of the light distributed by horticulture light 804. Conversely, as discussed in more detail below, controller 802 may instead invoke other measures (e.g., increased air flow), which may then lower the temperature of horticulture light 804, thereby resulting in an increased intensity light distribution.
As per another example, quantum sensor 806 may detect ambient light (e.g., ambient light 830 provided within a greenhouse) in addition to the light that may or may not be generated by horticulture light 804. In such an instance, controller 802 may automatically update horticulture light 804 (e.g., control the PPF, PPFD and/or intensity of light generated across the PAR spectrum) based upon comparisons between quantum sensor measurements 812 and light prescriptions 814 using closed-loop feedback control so as to maintain horticulture light 804 within operational constraints as defined by light prescriptions 814.
In one embodiment, for example, light prescriptions 814 may define a particular PPF that may be necessary to achieve an optimal electron transport rate (ETR) within a plant (e.g., plants contained within grow beds 808, 808A and 808B), which may be dependent upon the particular species of plant being grown within grow beds 808, 808A and 808B. An optimal ETR, for example, may be achieved at lower levels of PPF for one plant species, while higher levels of PPF may be required to achieve an optimal ETR for another species of plant. The efficiency of the conversion of the energy of photons into electron transport may, for example, be proportional to the exponential expression, a(1−e−bPPF), where the constants “a” and “b” may be plant species dependent and “PPF” may be the photosynthetic proton flux measured in micro-moles per square meter per second (e.g., as measured by quantum sensor 806). Such an exponential expression may be provided within light prescriptions 814 and may be utilized by controller 802 to constrain an aspect of horticulture light 804 (e.g., light intensity) so that the PPF received by the plant may result in optimized ETR.
In one example, the PPF received by a plant located within a greenhouse may already be sufficient, which may result in the deactivation of horticulture light 804 by controller 802. Conversely, the PPF received by a plant located within a greenhouse may not be sufficient, which may result in the activation of one or more channels of LEDs contained within horticulture light 804 to generate the PPF required. Accordingly, for example, controller 802 may vary the intensity of light generated by the one or more channels of LEDs contained within horticulture light 804 between 0% and 100% intensity in response to measurements 812 taken by quantum sensor 806 to generate the PPF required for optimal ETR as dictated by light prescriptions 814.
Additionally, plants may require the transfer of a threshold number of micro-moles of electrons per square meter per day to optimize growth. Accordingly, quantum sensor 806 may record a cumulative number of micro-moles of photons received (e.g., from horticulture light 804 and the ambient light produced by the greenhouse within which the plant is housed) on a hourly/daily basis and may forward the measurements to controller 802 for comparison to a variable contained within light prescriptions 814. Based on the comparison, controller 802 may vary an aspect of light generated by horticulture light 804 (e.g., intensity variation between 0% and 100%) so that the plant may receive a proper number of micro-moles of photons per square meter per day to achieve optimized ETR for optimized growth.
In an alternate embodiment, for example, light prescriptions 814 may define a particular color spectrum and intensity of light distributed within the color spectrum that may be necessary for optimal growth of plants contained within grow beds 808, 808A and 808B. Controller 802 may compare measurements 812 with light prescriptions 814 to determine whether measurements 812 conform to a particular color spectrum recipe (e.g., whether ambient light generated within the greenhouse without the use of horticulture light 804 is sufficiently matched to the color spectrum recipe). If not, controller 802 may tune the spectrum generated by horticulture light 804 as discussed herein to augment the spectral gaps contained within the ambient light generated within the greenhouse. If, on the other hand, the ambient light already conforms to the color spectrum recipe, then controller 802 may instead deactivate horticulture light 804 to, for example, save energy.
Controller 802 may provide command and control signals to horticulture light 804 via interface 810 (e.g., via a wired protocol such as 0-10V, I2C, RS-232, DALI or DMX, or via a wireless protocol, such as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, thread-based mesh or Bluetooth). Controller 802 may receive all measurement data from quantum sensor 806 and may provide such results via human-machine interface (HMI) 816 to an operator of horticultural system 800 so that the operator may ascertain the performance characteristics of horticulture light 804. It should be noted that HMI 816 may either be located within the same facility as controller 802 or may be located remotely within a regional or national control room, so that multiple controllers 802 in multiple grow facilities may be centrally managed remotely.
As discussed above in relation to
Horticulture light 804 may be utilized to produce broad-spectrum white light (e.g., between about 420 nm and about 750 nm) with variable CCT so that the light spectrum may be tuned to better simulate various aspects of sun light. For example, multiple phases of the sun, simulation of sun light in all four seasons (e.g., fall, winter, spring, summer) and latitude of the sun may be better simulated using CCT control. Furthermore, no matter what CCT value may be selected, the intensity of light produced may be selectable as well, such that in one example, multiple CCT values may be obtained while maintaining a constant intensity.
As discussed above, horticultural light 804 may include appropriate lens/LED combinations to provide illuminance 818, where illuminance 818 may be substantially uniform or may substantially increase as the angle of incidence increases with respect to optical axis 824. In addition, through increased intensity at increased beam angles as compared to optical axis 824, light rays 820 and 822 may illuminate adjacent grow beds 808A and 808B, respectively, with increased illuminance from the sides of the respective grow beds to better simulate light received from the sun. Stated differently, by increasing the intensity at increasing angles of incidence as compared to optical axis 824, light generated by horticulture light 804 may not only be effective as to grow bed 808, but also to grow beds 808A and 808B even though grow beds 808A and 808B are further away from horticulture light 804 as compared to grow bed 808.
In one embodiment, horticulture light 804 may include multiple channels (e.g., two rows) of broad-spectrum white LEDs, whereby the intensity of each row of LEDs may be controlled by a separate channel (e.g., 1 of N channels 810) of controller 802. The first set of broad-spectrum white LEDs may, for example, exhibit a first CCT (e.g., a CCT equal to about 2700K) and the second set of broad-spectrum white LEDs may exhibit a second CCT (e.g., a CCT equal to about 5700K). Through operation of controller 802, the intensity of each set of broad-spectrum white LEDs may be controlled to create an averaged mix of light exhibiting a CCT between about 2700K and 5700K as may be required (e.g., as required by light prescription 814). Alternately, each channel of broad-spectrum white LEDs may include mixed CCT values (e.g., both 2700K and 5700K).
In alternate embodiments, the number of channels of broad-spectrum white LEDs may, for example, be increased (e.g., increased to 3 channels) each channel exhibiting a different CCT value (e.g., 2700K, 4000K and 6000K). In such an instance, the averaged CCT value of the 3-channel combination may be variable between about 2700K and 6000K, but with an emphasis of mid-range energy due to the addition of the 3rd channel (e.g., the 4000K channel) of broad-spectrum white LEDs. Alternately, each channel of broad-spectrum white LEDs may include mixed CCT values (e.g., all three of 2700K, 4000K and 5700K).
In yet other embodiments, horticulture light 804 may include one or more channels of fixed color LEDs (e.g., one channel of red LEDs and/or one channel of blue LEDs) in addition to one or more channels of broad-spectrum white LEDs. In such an instance, even wider ranging mixed CCT values may be obtained, since the averaged CCT values produced by the broad-spectrum white LEDs may be pushed to lower values (e.g., through the use of the variable intensity red channel) and/or pushed to higher values (e.g., through the use of the variable intensity blue channel).
Even broader spectrums may be achieved, for example, when the one or more channels of fixed color LEDs may themselves be implemented using multiple wavelengths. For example, a channel of red LEDs may be implemented through use of a first proportion of red LEDs (e.g., 50% of the red LEDs producing light with a 660 nm wavelength) and a second proportion of red LEDs (e.g., 50% of the red LEDs producing light with a 625 nm wavelength). Additionally, a channel of blue LEDs may be implemented through use of a first proportion of blue LEDs (e.g., 50% of the blue LEDs producing light with a 440 nm wavelength) and a second proportion of blue LEDs (e.g., 50% of the blue LEDs producing light with a 460 nm wavelength). Accordingly, even broader spectrum red and blue channels may be combined with broad-spectrum white channels to create the broadest spectrum light possible all while also providing variable CCT.
Turning to
Horticulture light 900 may exhibit a longer length profile as compared, for example, to horticulture light 100 of
Turning to
In one embodiment, for example, converters 1006-1008 may generate a voltage substantially equal to the forward voltage of their respective LED arrays and may vary the drive current according to a constant current topology to achieve a desired intensity of each LED array (e.g., as may be determined by light prescription 814 or HMI 816 of
If, on the other hand, the intensity of a particular LED array is commanded to a threshold value (e.g., 0%), then the corresponding heating element (not shown) may instead receive a variable voltage and current magnitude from its respective power supply (e.g., one of DC-DC converters 1006-1008). In such an instance, the heating element may receive a power signal that otherwise may be received by the corresponding LED array to generate light in a first mode of operation, but instead may be received by the heating element to generate heat in a second mode of operation.
Firmware executed by CPU 1018 may reside, for example, within memory (e.g., flash memory), which may be local to CPU 1018 or remotely located with respect to CPU 1018. Firmware may, for example, be changed or updated (e.g., boot loaded) via universal serial bus (USB) 1012 (e.g., USB port 906 of
Firmware executed by CPU 1018 may, for example, receive telemetry data (e.g., thermal, humidity, CO2 and air flow data via sensors 1016) relative to, for example, the horticulture light (e.g., horticulture light 900 of
As discussed above, firmware received (e.g., via USB 1012) may be used to control certain parameters of operation of horticulture light 900 via a computer (not shown) that may be communicating with USB 1012. For example, any number of DC-DC converters 1006-1008 may be activated depending upon the number of LED arrays or channels that may exist within horticulture light 900. For example, if eight DC-DC converters exist within power supply 904, but only four LED arrays or channels exist within a particular horticulture light, then half of the DC-DC converters may be activated for operation via firmware loaded via USB 1012 while the other half remain in a deactivated state. In operation, each activated DC-DC converter may receive a unique DMX address such that DMX control words may be correctly addressed to the corresponding DC-DC converter to correctly control the intensity of the associated LED array. Conversely, each activated DC-DC converter may receive a unique group address so as to be responsive to unique wireless and/or analog/digital hybrid commands as received from wireless control 1024 and/or analog/digital hybrid control 1022, respectively.
In addition, firmware loaded via USB 1012 may be used to select the temperature trigger value, such that either fan RPM may be increased or LED array current drive may be decreased (as discussed above) once the temperature trigger value (e.g., as detected by temperature sensors 1016) is exceeded. Dim control may also be selected via firmware loaded via USB 1012 to, for example, select the rate at which the LED array(s) may be dimmed. For example, each DMX control word (e.g., 256 control words per DMX slot total), each wireless command and/or each analog/digital hybrid control command may correspond to a particular LED array intensity as may be controlled by a corresponding PWM signal as generated by CPU 1018. User controllable dimming as defined by firmware loaded via USB 1012 may, for example, be used to select the rate at which such intensity variation occurs.
Turning to
AC/DC converter 1102 may be configured to provide sufficient power to, for example, vary the intensity of the one or more arrays of LEDs contained within one or more horticulture lights (e.g., one or more horticulture lights as exemplified in
As discussed in more detail below, the magnitude of DC voltage available from any one DC stage 1110, 1112 or 1140 may be adjusted as needed (e.g., via control 1148 from processor 1104) to be substantially equal to the combined forward voltage of any one associated LED string 1122, 1124 or 1138. In one embodiment, for example, processor 1104 may empirically deduce the magnitude of forward voltage required to forward bias each LED in each string LED string 1122, 1124 and/or 1138. Once the magnitude of forward voltage needed to forward bias each LED in each LED string 1122, 1124 and/or 1138 is known, processor 1104 may then command one or more associated DC stages 1110, 1112 and/or 1140 (e.g., via control 1148) to the determined magnitude of forward voltage so that each LED string may be operated as efficiently as possible. In alternate embodiments, DC stages 1110, 1112 and/or 1140 may automatically determine the magnitude of forward voltage needed to forward bias each LED in each LED string 1122, 1124 and/or 1138 and may communicate that voltage to processor 1104 (e.g., via control 1148).
In one embodiment, each LED array may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more bias topologies. As per one example, LED array 1122 and 1124 may be configured in parallel to operate using a single voltage rail (e.g., a single voltage rail generated by one of DC stages 1110, 1112 or 1140) such that switches 1118 and/or 1120 may be configured as shown (e.g., via control 1148 from processor 1104) to produce a forward voltage across each LED array and a forward current through each LED array as may be modulated by a power switch (e.g., field effect transistors (FETs) 1150 and/or 1152) via control signals 1154 and/or 1156, respectively, as may be appropriately level shifted by level shifters 1180 and 1182, respectively, whereby the current conducted by each LED array may be stabilized via ballast elements (e.g., resistors 1126 and 1128). Other power switching elements, such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) or vertical MOSFETs, may be used instead of FETs 1150 and 1152 as well.
As per another example, each LED array may be configured in parallel to operate using a single voltage rail (e.g., a single voltage rail generated by DC stage 1110 or DC stage 1112) whereby switches 1118 and 1120 may be configured in the opposite configuration as shown to produce a forward voltage across each LED array and a forward current through each LED array as may be modulated by a power switch (e.g., FETs 1150 and 1152) via control signals 1154 and/or 1156, respectively, as may be appropriately level shifted by level shifters 1180 and 1182, respectively, whereby the average current conducted by each LED array may be stabilized via a current stabilization network (e.g., inductor 1130/diode 1132 and inductor 1134/diode 1136, respectively).
Still other examples include configurations whereby each LED array (e.g., LED array 1122 and 1124) may be operated independently using a dedicated DC stage (e.g., DC stage 1112 and DC stage 1110, respectively) in either of a constant voltage or constant current configuration using either ballast or inductor-based current stabilization techniques as may be selected by switches 1118 and 1120.
As discussed in more detail below, wired node 1108 may include any wired interface (e.g., DMX, I2C, Ethernet, USB, DALI, 0-10V, analog/digital hybrid, etc.) that may be used to configure lighting system 1100 (e.g., via processor 1104) for operation and/or allow processor 1104 to communicate the status and operational capability of lighting system 1100 to wired network 1158 (e.g., BACnet-enabled or Internet-enabled wired network 1158). Similarly, wireless node 1106 may include any wireless interface (e.g., Wi-Fi, thread-based mesh, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) that may similarly be used to configure lighting system 1100 (e.g., via processor 1104) for operation and/or allow processor 1104 to communicate the status and operational capability of lighting system 1100 to wireless network 1160 (e.g., BACnet-enabled or Internet-enabled wireless network 1160).
As discussed above, processor 1104 may be configured to deduce the number of LED strings that may be under its control as well as the number of LEDs in each LED string. Such deduction, for example, may occur each time lighting system 1100 is provisioned with LEDs, either at initial deployment or after reconfiguration. Processor 1104 may then configure the operation of AC/DC converter 1102 for optimal performance in response to the number of LED strings found and/or the number of LEDs in each LED string subsequent to such deduction. Accordingly, the number of LED strings and the number of LEDs in each LED string contained within lighting system 1100 may not necessarily be fixed at initial deployment or after each reconfiguration, but rather may be dynamic such that processor 1104 may intelligently determine the lighting capability of lighting system 1100 (e.g., the number of LED strings and the number of LEDs in each LED string after initial deployment and/or after each reconfiguration) and may, therefore, intelligently select the most efficient mode of operation of each DC stage (e.g., constant current, constant voltage or a mixture of both), the most efficient magnitude of voltage and/or current to be generated by each DC stage and may also intelligently select the most efficient current stabilization mode for each LED string (e.g., ballast or inductor-based current stabilization).
It should be noted that the mode of operation of DC stages 1110, 1112 and 1140 may be programmable (e.g., via control 1148 of processor 1104) to either a constant-voltage or a constant-current mode of operation. Conversely, the mode of operation of DC stages 1110, 1112 and 1140 may be fixed such that a mixture of both constant-voltage and constant-current DC stages may exist within AC/DC converter 1102 and may be individually selected for operation (e.g., via control 1148 of processor 1104) and individually connected to respective LED strings 1122, 1124 and/or 1138 via a multiplexer (not shown) within AC/DC converter 1102.
In alternate embodiments, each DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 may be paired with either a ballast-based current stabilization network or an inductor-based current stabilization network, such that switches 1118 and 1120 may no longer be necessary. In addition, the operational mode of each DC stage (e.g., constant-current or constant-voltage) may be predetermined, such that upon configuration of lighting system 1100, LED strings 1122, 1124 and/or 1138 may be statically paired with a ballast-based current stabilization network, an inductor-based current stabilization network, or both, and each pairing may include constant-voltage and/or constant-current topologies.
Turning to
In step 1202, for example, processor 1104 may first select a continuity mode, whereby AC/DC converter 1102 may be selected to perform a continuity test to determine the number of LED strings that may exist within lighting system 1100. Initially, a first DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 (e.g., DC stage 1112) may be configured by processor 1104 via control 1148 to provide a maximum output voltage (e.g., 250 VDC) as in step 1204, which may then be applied to a first LED string (e.g., LED string 1122 in a current-limited fashion). In one embodiment, for example, processor 1104 may select switch 1118 to the position shown via control 1148 and FET 1150 may be momentarily rendered conductive by processor 1104 via control 1154 (e.g., as in step 1206). In response, a current may or may not be conducted by resistor 1126, as may be sensed by current sensor 1162 of processor 1104, to determine whether or not LED string 1122 exists within lighting system 1100. A voltage developed across resistor 1126, for example, may lead to the determination that a particular magnitude of current is being conducted by LED string 1122, which may then lead processor 1104 to deduce that LED string 1122 exists within lighting system 1100. Steps 1202-1206 may then be repeated as above (e.g., with the same DC stage or a different DC stage within AC/DC converter 1102) to determine the number of LED strings that may or may not exist within lighting system 1100, the result may then be logged as in step 1208.
For the one or more LED strings that may be detected through execution of steps 1202-1208 by processor 1104, a substantially minimum magnitude of forward voltage may then be empirically determined such that each LED string may be operated at maximum efficiency using the determined minimum magnitude of forward voltage. For example, processor 1104 may first select a continuity mode (as in step 1210), whereby AC/DC converter 1102 may be selected to perform a continuity test to determine the forward voltage required to illuminate all of the LEDs that may exist within a previously detected LED string. A first DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 (e.g., DC stage 1112) that may correspond to the first detected LED string may first be configured by processor 1104 via control 1148 to provide a maximum output voltage (e.g., 250 VDC) as in step 1212, which may then be applied to the first detected LED string (e.g., LED string 1122 in a current-limited fashion) as discussed above, for example, in relation to step 1206.
In step 1214, the applied voltage may be modulated (e.g., decreased from 250 VDC) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in coarse voltage steps (e.g., 10V steps) until current stops flowing (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162 as the applied voltage is decreased from 250 VDC). The coarse voltage obtained in step 1214 may then be logged by processor 1104 as the minimum coarse voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string.
In step 1216, the DC stage may be programmed to the minimum coarse voltage from step 1214 increased by one coarse voltage step and then modulated (e.g., decreased) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in medium voltage steps (e.g., 1V steps) until current stops flowing (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162). The medium voltage obtained in step 1216 may then be logged by processor 1104 as the minimum medium voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string.
In step 1218, the DC stage may be programmed to the sum of the minimum coarse voltage from step 1214 and the minimum medium voltage from step 1216 increased by one medium voltage step and then modulated (e.g., decreased) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in fine voltage steps (e.g., 0.1V steps) until current stops flowing (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162). The voltage may then be increased in fine voltage steps (e.g., 0.1 VDC steps) until the current begins to flow again. The fine voltage obtained in step 1218 may then be logged by processor 1104 as the minimum fine voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string.
Once steps 1214-1218 have been completed, the minimum forward voltage required to most efficiently illuminate the LED string may have been determined within a minimum voltage resolution (e.g., 0.1 VDC). For example, if the LED string under test contains 72 LEDs where each LED exhibits a forward voltage of 3.1 volts and assuming that the on-resistance of FET 1150 and the resistance of resistor 1126 adds an additional overhead voltage (e.g., 0.5 VDC) to the magnitude of forward voltage required to illuminate LED string 1122, then a minimum forward voltage of approximately 72*3.1+0.5=223.7 VDC (e.g., constituting a coarse voltage magnitude of 220 VDC, a medium voltage magnitude of 3 VDC and a fine voltage magnitude of 0.7 VDC) would be required to illuminate the LED string under test. In such an instance, the first DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 (e.g., DC stage 1112) corresponding to the first detected LED string of lighting system 1100 may be programmed by processor 1104 via control 1148 to provide approximately 223.7 VDC (perhaps rounding up to 225-230 volts for increased headroom), instead of the maximum output voltage (e.g., 250 VDC), such that the first detected LED string of lighting system 1100 may be operated at the most efficient voltage rail possible (e.g., substantially equal to the sum of forward voltages (Vf) of all LEDs in the LED string plus the FET, current sense and miscellaneous voltage overhead) and the current magnitude corresponding to such voltage may be measured (e.g., via current sense 1162) and logged by processor 1104 (e.g., as in step 1220). It should be noted that reduced resolution may be obtained when determining the minimum forward voltage required to most efficiently illuminate the LED string by simply eliminating step 1218 or steps 1218 and 1216.
In an alternate embodiment (e.g., as in step 1224), the applied voltage may be modulated (e.g., increased from 0 VDC) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in coarse voltage steps (e.g., 10V steps) until current begins to flow (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162 as the applied voltage is increased from 0 VDC). The coarse voltage obtained in step 1224 may then be decreased by one coarse voltage step and then logged by processor 1104 as the minimum coarse voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string.
In step 1226, the DC stage may be programmed to the minimum coarse voltage from step 1224 and then modulated (e.g., increased) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in medium voltage steps (e.g., 1V steps) until current begins to flow (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162). The medium voltage obtained in step 1226 may be decreased by one medium voltage step and then logged by processor 1104 as the minimum medium voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string.
In step 1228, the DC stage may be programmed to the sum of the minimum coarse voltage from step 1224 and the minimum medium voltage from step 1226 and then modulated (e.g., increased) by processor 1104 via control 1148 in fine voltage steps (e.g., 0.1V steps) until current begins to flow (e.g., as detected by current sense 1162). The fine voltage obtained in step 1228 may then be logged by processor 1104 as the minimum fine voltage magnitude required to illuminate the LED string. Once steps 1224-1228 have been completed, the minimum forward voltage required to most efficiently illuminate the LED string may have been determined within a minimum voltage resolution (e.g., 0.1 VDC) similarly as discussed above in relation to steps 1214 to 1218 and the current magnitude corresponding to such voltage may be measured (e.g., via current sense 1162) and logged by processor 1104 (e.g., as in step 1220). It should be noted that reduced resolution may be obtained when determining the minimum forward voltage required to most efficiently illuminate the LED string by simply eliminating step 1228 or steps 1228 and 1226.
In one embodiment, processor 1104 may determine which current stabilization mode to utilize depending upon the results of steps 1210-1220 or steps 1210-1212, steps 1224-1228 and step 1220. For example, in step 1230, processor 1104 may compare the optimal forward voltage for each detected LED string. In step 1234, comparison of the optimal forward voltage deduced for each detected LED string may lead to a determination that each optimal forward voltage may be approximately equal and in such an instance, a ballast-based stabilization technique may be selected as in step 1236, whereby each LED string may be operated from the same DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 and the current in each LED string may be appropriately stabilized by its associated ballast resistor and modulated (e.g., increased or decreased on average over time) by analog control and/or appropriate control of the duty cycle of each power switch associated with each LED string (e.g., FET 1150/duty cycle control 1154 for LED string 1122 and FET 1152/duty cycle control 1156 for LED string 1124).
If, on the other hand, the deduced optimal forward voltages for each detected LED string are not substantially equal, inductor-based current stabilization may instead be selected (e.g., as in step 1238), whereby each LED string may be operated from independent DC stages of AC/DC converter 1102 (e.g., constant current DC stages each set at the optimal forward voltage associated with each LED string) and the current in each LED string may be appropriately stabilized by its associated inductor/diode pair and modulated (e.g., increased or decreased on average over time) by analog control and/or appropriate control of the duty cycle of each power switch associated with each LED string (e.g., FET 1150/duty cycle control 1154 for LED string 1122 and FET 1152/duty cycle control 1156 for LED string 1124).
It should be noted that the inductor (e.g., inductor 1130 or inductor 1134) of an inductor-based current stabilization network may add an additional forward voltage component to the minimum voltage required to operate an LED string. However, since the voltage magnitude of each DC stage of AC/DC converter 1102 may be optimally controlled (e.g., minimized), the magnitude of inductance required by each inductor may be minimized as well (thereby minimizing the physical size of the inductor), since the required inductance magnitude is directly proportional to the voltage developed across the inductor.
In one embodiment, a capacitor (e.g., capacitor 1168 and 1170) may be optionally placed across LED strings 1122 and 1124, respectively, to a reference potential (e.g., ground) in either of a ballast-based or inductor-based current stabilization mode of operation. In a ballast-based mode of operation, for example, the capacitor may be selected for a specific output voltage ripple to maintain a substantially constant output voltage under load transient conditions.
In an inductor-based current stabilization mode of operation, on the other hand, capacitors (e.g., capacitors 1168 and 1170) may interact with inductors (e.g., inductors 1130 and 1134, respectively) to provide AC current filtering, thereby allowing the capacitor to control the ripple current to acceptable levels as required by each LED string while at the same time decreasing the required inductance magnitude, thereby further minimizing the physical size and cost of the inductor. For example, by allowing smaller inductance magnitudes to be selected, the resulting increase in peak-to-peak current ripple may be conducted by each capacitor (e.g., capacitor 1168 and 1170), thereby maintaining the magnitude of current ripple experienced by each LED string (e.g., LED string 1122 and 1124, respectively) to within acceptable limits (e.g., 10% of the DC forward current conducted by each LED string).
It should also be noted that other algorithms may be used to determine the current stabilization technique other than those algorithms depicted in steps 1230-1238. For example, inductor-based current stabilization may be selected by processor 1104 even though the optimal forward voltage for each detected LED string may be approximately equal and operated from the same or different DC stages of AC/DC converter 1102. Conversely, ballast-based current stabilization may be selected by processor 1104 even though the optimal forward voltage for each detected LED string may be substantially unequal and operated from the same or different DC stages of AC/DC converter 1102.
Algorithms defining the operation of lighting system 1100 (e.g., algorithms described by the execution steps of
In operation, the status of lighting system 1100 may be continuously monitored and such status may be relayed to wired network 1158 and/or wireless network 1160 via wired node 1108 and/or wireless node 1106, respectively. As per one example, processor 1104 may continuously monitor the current conducted by each LED string (e.g., LED strings 1122, 1124 and/or 1138 as may be measured by current sense 1162, 1164 and/or 1166, respectively) to determine whether each LED string is operating in accordance with the logged current magnitudes for each LED string (e.g., as logged by step 1220 of
In alternate embodiments, trends of each LED string may be tracked to predict, for example, efficiency, maximum light output, peak wavelength and spectral wavelength variations due to increased junction temperature. Increased junction temperatures, for example, may be related to a forward voltage decrease of a particular LED string due to a reduction in the bandgap energy of the active region of each LED in the LED string as well as a decrease in the series resistance of each LED occurring at high temperatures. Accordingly, for example, by tracking a reduced forward voltage of a particular LED string over time, predictions may be made and reported by processor 1104 (e.g., via wired network 1158 and/or wireless network 1160) as to certain performance parameters of each LED string so that maintenance personnel may respond accordingly.
Turning to
Similarly as discussed above in relation to
The number of series-connected LEDs (e.g., one or more) in each LED string (e.g., 1322, 1324 and 1380) may be selected based upon the sum of forward voltage (Vf) of each series-connected LED, where the forward voltage of each LED string may be selected to be substantially equal. In one embodiment, for example, an LED string may be selected to contain about 45 to 50 (e.g., 46) LEDs each having a Vf between about 2.5V and 3.5V (e.g., 3V) for a cumulative forward voltage of 46*3=138V for the LED string. In an alternate embodiment, for example, an LED string may be selected to contain about 60 to 75 (e.g., 69) LEDs each having a Vf between about 1.5V and 2.5V (e.g., 2V) for a cumulative forward voltage of 69*2=138V for the LED string.
In alternate embodiments, each LED string may have the same or a different number of LEDs, but due to differences in Vf for each LED type in each LED string, each LED string may exhibit a forward voltage that is substantially equal to the forward voltage of each of the other LED strings. Furthermore, while only three LED strings are depicted, any number of LED strings (e.g., 4) may be utilized. Still further, each of LED strings 1322, 1324 and 1380 may reside within a single lighting fixture or may reside within multiple lighting fixtures.
Due to slight deviations in the Vf for each LED of each LED string (e.g., due to forward current deviations in each LED string), the cumulative forward voltage for each LED string may not necessarily conform to the calculations above, which may necessitate the existence of ballast elements (e.g., resistor 1326, 1328 and 1382) such that the voltage magnitude at node 1310 may be allowed to remain substantially equal under all load conditions for each LED string. Furthermore, each ballast element may facilitate current stabilization as well as current sense measurements by processor 1304 as discussed in more detail below.
Turning to
LED string 1307 may, for example, represent one or more strings of series-connected broad spectrum white LEDs (e.g., a string of series-connected warm white LEDs and a string of series-connected cool white LEDs) that may be connected in parallel with LED string 1303 (e.g., a series-connected string of deep red LEDs) and LED string 1305 (e.g., a series-connected string of far red LEDs). As such, spectrum tuning may be performed by processor 1309 through adjustment of an average magnitude of current conducted over time by power switches 1311, 1313 and 1315, respectively, thereby controlling an average intensity of light generated over time by each LED string 1303, 1305 and 1307, respectively, as discussed herein.
Turning to
As discussed above, a number of LEDs in each LED string 1303, 1305 and 1307 may be selected such that the cumulative Vf magnitude of a series-connected LED string (e.g., LED string 1303) may be substantially equal to the cumulative Vf magnitude of each series-connected LED string that may be connected in parallel to the first LED string (e.g., LED strings 1305 and 1307). For example, the cumulative Vf magnitude of series-connected LED strings 1303, 1305 and 1307 may be selected to be substantially equal through appropriate selection of the number of LEDs that may exist in series-connected LED strings 1303, 1305 and 1307 multiplied by the Vf of each respective LED in each LED string. In one embodiment according to the I-V characteristics of
In one embodiment, however, supplying three times the number of red LEDs as compared to a number of white LEDs supplied in a particular lighting system may not conform to a requisite spectrum required of the lighting system, since in that instance, the lighting system may be overly biased toward the red spectrum. Accordingly, one or more LEDs that may exhibit an increased magnitude Vf (e.g., white LEDs 1327), for example, may be interspersed within each of LED strings 1303 and 1305 such that the requisite cumulative Vf magnitude of LED strings 1303 and 1305 may be obtained without unnecessarily increasing a number of red LEDs required in each of LED strings 1303 and 1305. In one embodiment, for example, for each white LED that may be interspersed within each of LED strings 1303 and 1305, a number (e.g., 3) red LEDs (not shown) may be displaced from LED strings 1303 and 1305 due to the disparity in the Vf magnitude of a white LED as compared to the Vf magnitude of a red LED.
In one embodiment, however, certain light recipes may require a limited color spectrum (e.g., limited to only the far red and deep red spectrum) to be emitted by the lighting system while excluding all other spectrums (e.g., broad spectrum white). In such an instance, for example, one or more shunt devices 1329 may be disposed (e.g., arranged in parallel) with one or more LEDs (e.g., one or more white LEDs 1327) and may be activated (e.g., by processor via one or more shunt control signals 1323) to selectively reduce the forward voltage applied across the one or more LEDs 1327 to a voltage magnitude that may be less than the minimum voltage required to forward bias the one or more LEDs 1327 while simultaneously conducting the current present within the respective LED string (e.g., LED strings 1303 and 1305). In such an instance, shunt devices 1329 may conduct a magnitude of current that would ordinarily be conducted by LEDs 1327 and thereby may be precluded from emitting light while the remainder of LEDs in each respective LED string (e.g., red LEDs in LED strings 1303 and 1305 not shown) may be allowed to emit a light intensity in accordance with the magnitude of current conducted within each respective LED string (e.g., LED strings 1303 and 1305).
The one or more shunt control signals 1323 may, for example, be implemented as a PWM signal by processor 1309 so as to control the conductive state of each shunt device 1329 (and conversely the non-conductive state of the one or more associated LEDs 1327 connected in parallel to each shunt device 1329) in proportion to the duty cycle of the PWM signal. Such a control mechanism may be necessary, for example, due to the disparity in the slope of conductive region 1353 as compared to the slope of conductive region 1351 as exemplified in
As per one example, a current magnitude conducted by LED string 1303 may be selected to provide an intensity magnitude of far red spectrum via processor 1309 according to a specified light recipe (e.g., as may be stored locally within processor 1309). However, since white LEDs 1327 may exist within LED string 1303, a portion of broad white spectrum light may also be emitted by LED string 1303, which may exceed the broad white spectrum intensity by a certain percentage as may be specified by the light recipe. In such an instance, processor 1309 may select one or more shunt control signals 1323 (e.g., a PWM shunt control signal) to remove that certain percentage of broad white spectrum by activating shunt devices 1329 that may be associated with broad white LEDs 1327. Accordingly, one or more shunt control signals 1323 may activate shunt devices 1329 to conduct a specified magnitude of current away from white LEDs 1327 to reduce the intensity of light generated by the white LEDs 1327 by that certain percentage.
As per another example, LED strings 1303, 1305 and 1307 may each be conducting a specified magnitude of current that may be required by a certain light recipe (e.g., a light recipe locally stored within processor 1309) to emit a specific light intensity to produce a specific CCT. As the light emitted by lighting system 1400 may be commanded to be dimmed (e.g., as wirelessly commanded by a user of lighting system 1400 via wireless network 1360 of
It should be noted that level shift devices 1325 may operate as floating shunt devices (e.g., not referenced to ground potential 1331) so as to allow proper operation irrespective of a location of the one or more shunt devices 1329 along LED strings 1303 and 1305. Alternatively, for example, one or more level shift devices 1325 may be decoupled from ground potential 1331 through the use of optically-coupled drivers.
Turning back to
Turning to
In a first embodiment, processor 1304 may have control of both the voltage and current magnitude output of DC stage 1340 via control 1348. In such an instance, processor 1304 may configure DC stage 1340 to its minimum voltage output (e.g., as in step 1402) and its maximum current output (e.g., as in step 1404). Processor 1304 may then configure lighting system 1300 for a continuity check (e.g., as in step 1406) whereby, for example, processor 1304 may render one of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 conductive by transitioning one of power switches (e.g., FETs 1350, 1352 or 1386, respectively), into a conductive state. In step 1408, the output voltage magnitude of DC stage 1340 may be increased (e.g., as in steps 1224 through 1228 of
In an alternate embodiment, processor 1304 may program the current magnitude output of DC stage 1340 via control 1348, but DC stage 1340 may internally adjust the output voltage as required to produce the programmed current magnitude output of DC stage 1348. In such an instance, processor 1304 may configure DC stage 1340 to its maximum current output (e.g., as in step 1414). Processor 1304 may then configure lighting system 1300 for a continuity check (e.g., as in step 1416) whereby, for example, processor 1304 may render one of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 conductive by transitioning one of power switches (e.g., FETs 1350, 1352 or 1386, respectively), into a conductive state. The output voltage magnitude of DC stage 1340 may then be internally increased (e.g., increased by circuitry located internal to DC stage 1340) until current is conducted through the LED string under test (e.g., as may be detected by current sense 1362, 1366 or 1364, respectively). Processor 1304 may then decrease the current conducted by the LED string under test via control 1348 by programming the current output of DC stage 1340 to decreasingly lower magnitudes (e.g., in 1 mA steps decreasing from the maximum current set in step 1414) until current ceases to flow (e.g., as in step 1418). In step 1420, for example, processor 1304 may then log the minimum voltage (e.g., as may be reported by DC stage 1340 to processor 1304 via control 1348) and current magnitudes (e.g., minimum and maximum current magnitudes) as measured by step 1418 into a memory location (e.g., local to processor 1304 and/or as may be located in memory locations of wired network 1358 and/or wireless network 1360).
Once the initial configuration of each LED string is complete and lighting system 1300 is operational, each subsystem of lighting system 1300 may be monitored (e.g., as in step 1422) to, for example, continuously determine the operational status of lighting system 1300. For example, each LED string of lighting system confirmed to be operational (e.g., as in steps 1402-1412 or steps 1414-1420) may be continuously monitored (e.g., the forward current of each LED string may be continuously monitored) for normal operation. If the measured forward current substantially equals the current magnitudes as logged in steps 1412 or 1420 taking into account any digital current modulation performed by power switches (e.g., FETs 1350, 1352 and/or 1386), such as reduced forward current through less than 100% duty cycle modulation of the power switches, then normal status of lighting system 1300 may be reported (e.g., as in step 1426). If, on the other hand, the modulated forward current does not meet previously verified current magnitudes, then abnormal status of lighting system 1300 may be reported (e.g., as in step 1428) and reported to, for example, wired network 1358 and/or wireless network 1360 to alert maintenance personnel of the abnormal status.
Other operational aspects of lighting system 1300 may be monitored as well. For example, temperature sensors and fans (e.g., temperature sensors 1016 and fans 1014 as exemplified in
Processor 1304 may implement a hybrid dimming scheme, whereby both digital modulation of LED string current (e.g., via PWM control of the power switches) and analog modulation of LED string bias current may be used to provide deep dimming control of the LED string intensity while minimizing audible and radiated noise. In step 1430, for example, the minimum and maximum current magnitudes (e.g., as determined in steps 1414 and 1418) may be accessed by processor 1304 to determine the full range of DC bias current magnitudes (e.g., as produced by DC stage 1340) that may be utilized to illuminate a particular LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) across a range of intensity. As per one example, the maximum current for an LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) may be determined to be equal to an upper current limit (e.g., 1.25A as determined in step 1414 so that LED string 1322 may produce full intensity), whereas the minimum current for the LED string may be determined to be equal to a percentage of the upper current limit (e.g., 30% of 1.25 A or 0.375 A).
In step 1432, processor 1304 may determine the range over which analog control of the current magnitude may be used to select a particular intensity of light emission from a particular LED string. In one embodiment, for example, processor 1304 may determine that for all current magnitudes conducted by an LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) between a maximum current magnitude and a minimum threshold current magnitude (e.g., 30% of the maximum current magnitude), analog control (e.g., the continuous bias current magnitude provided by DC stage 1340 as commanded by control 1348) may be used. That is to say for example, that for light intensities produced by LED string 1322 between a maximum intensity and a lower threshold intensity (e.g., 30% of maximum intensity), processor 1304 may command DC stage 1340 to the desired bias current magnitude via control 1348 as required to produce the desired intensity range (e.g., 1.25 A of continuous DC bias current for maximum intensity and 0.375 A of continuous DC bias current for 30% intensity). Variation between maximum intensity and the lower threshold intensity may be accomplished through variation of the continuous DC bias current generated by DC stage 1340 via control 1348 from processor 1304 in programmable steps (e.g., 1 mA steps). In each instance, the averaged current conducted by LED string 1322 may be equal to the continuous DC bias current generated by DC stage 1340 as delivered to LED string 1322 via node 1310, as may be controlled by FET 1350 in accordance with an appropriate DC control signal 1354 applied to the gate terminal of FET 1350.
In step 1434, processor 1304 may determine the range over which digital control of the current magnitude may be used to select a particular intensity (e.g., below the lower threshold intensity) of light emission from a particular LED string. In one embodiment, for example, processor 1304 may determine that for all current magnitudes conducted by an LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) between the lower threshold intensity (e.g., 30% of maximum intensity) and a minimum intensity (e.g., 1% of maximum intensity), digital control (e.g., PWM modulation of FET 1350 to produce a discontinuous current signal where the current signal is reduced from a non-zero magnitude to a zero magnitude according to the duty cycle of the PWM modulation over multiple periods) may be used. In particular, any number (e.g., 256) of PWM duty cycle variations may be used to modulate the minimum bias current generated by DC stage 1340 and provided to LED string 1322 via node 1310 between an average bias current (e.g., averaged over multiple periods of maximum duty cycle discontinuities in the current signal) required to produce the lower threshold intensity and an average bias current (e.g., averaged over multiple periods of minimum duty cycle discontinuities in the current signal) required to produce the minimum intensity.
In step 1436, dimming may be adjusted through a combination of both analog and digital controls. As per one example, analog control of light intensities produced by an LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) between a maximum intensity and a lower threshold intensity (e.g., 30% of maximum intensity) may be accomplished via appropriate control of DC stage 1340 via control 1348 to generate continuous DC bias current magnitudes required to produce intensities between the maximum intensity (e.g., 1.25 A bias current magnitude) and the lower threshold intensity (e.g., 0.375 A bias current magnitude) in programmable and continuous current steps (e.g., 1 mA steps) for an intensity control granularity substantially equal to, for example, (0.001/(1.25−0.375))*100=0.1%. As per the same example, digital control of light intensities produced by an LED string (e.g., LED string 1322) between the lower threshold intensity (e.g., 30% of maximum intensity) and a minimum intensity (e.g., 1% of maximum intensity) may be accomplished via appropriate modulation of the lower threshold bias current generated by DC stage 1340 via PWM control 1354 to produce discontinuities in the bias current to program light intensities below the lower threshold intensity. In one embodiment, for example, 256 DMX control values via wired node 1308 may be used to vary the intensity between the lower threshold intensity (e.g., 30% of maximum intensity using maximum duty cycle discontinuities in the bias current) and the minimum intensity (e.g., 1% of maximum intensity using minimum duty cycle discontinuities in the bias current) with a control granularity substantially equal to (30%−1%)/256≅0.1%.
Through implementation of PWM control only over the lower portion of the current control range (e.g., the lower 30% of the current control range), fidelity may be improved within that range by, for example, reducing conducted emissions, reducing radiated emissions and reducing audible noise pollution. Furthermore, color mixing control across all LED strings (e.g., LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324) may be enhanced through the application of digital dimming control beyond the limitations conventionally imposed by analog dimming, which for example, may deteriorate when analog dimming is attempted below a threshold dimming percentage (e.g., 10% of maximum intensity). Furthermore, by limiting the digital dimming control to lower levels of intensity (e.g., 1% to 30% of maximum intensity), the frequency of discontinuities in the PWM control waveform may be increased to frequencies above about 20 kHz (e.g., between about 20 kHz and 1 MHz) that may be less prone to generate detectable flicker and shimmer thereby further enhancing dimming fidelity.
In one embodiment, processor 1304 may determine that DC stage 1340 may not provide a magnitude of current that may be required by each of LED strings 1322, 1324 and 1380 operating at 100% intensity or lower. In such an instance, processor 1304 may implement a current sharing algorithm whereby each of the LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be operated at a percentage intensity that may be accommodated by DC stage 1340. For example, DC stage 1340 may only be capable of providing an upper limit of current magnitude (e.g., 1.2 A) and in such and instance, processor 1304 may apportion a percentage of the upper limit current magnitude to each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 as may be necessary using analog control, digital control or a combination of analog and digital control as discussed above.
It should be noted that any one LED string may be apportioned 100% of the available current from DC stage 1340 using the current sharing algorithm. Conversely, any number of LED strings may share any portion of the available current from DC stage 1340. As per one example, each LED string may equally share in the available current, whereby the magnitude of current apportioned to any one LED string may be calculated as the maximum current available divided by the number of activated LED strings (e.g., three activated LED strings may each receive 0.4 A of the available 1.2 A from DC stage 1340) by any of an analog, digital or combination of analog/digital current control algorithm as discussed above.
In an alternate embodiment, for example, processor 1304 may determine that DC stage 1340 may provide a magnitude of current that may meet or exceed the requirement of any one or more LED strings 1322, 1324 and 1380 operating at 100% intensity or lower. In such an instance, processor 1304 may implement a current provisioning algorithm whereby any one or more of the LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be operated at a commanded percentage intensity using a combination of analog and/or digital current control as discussed above.
As per one example, DC stage 1340 may be commanded to a current magnitude of 1.2 A, but each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may only require 0.4 A on average via appropriate PWM control of their associated power switches (e.g., FETs 1350, 1352 and 1386, respectively) to operate at their respective commanded intensity. In such an instance, 1.2 A may be conducted instantaneously by any one LED string 1322, 1380 and 1324 at a time (e.g., only one of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be conductive at any given time), but through time division multiple access (TDMA) control, each LED string may be operating at 33% duty cycle to receive only the required 0.4 A on average to operate at its commanded intensity. It should be noted that through analog and/or digital current control and proper time division multiple access to such controlled current, any one LED string may operate at any intensity (e.g., 0-100%) at any given time (e.g., any one LED string may be conductive to the mutual exclusion of all of the other LED string conductivity states) to operate on average at the commanded intensity.
Examples of such TDMA control are illustrated in
In time slot 1504, for example, processor 1304 may command LED string 1322 to conduct a percentage (e.g., 100%) of the maximum available current by causing a maximum magnitude of bias current from a corresponding DC stage (e.g., DC stage 1340 via control 1348) to be conducted by LED string 1322. Capacitor 1368 may, for example, be utilized to extend the on-time of LED string 1322 by allowing the current conducted at the end of time slot 1504 to decay into the beginning of time slot 1506 in accordance with the RC time constant created by capacitor 1368 in combination with the resistance of each LED in LED string 1322. In such an instance, for example, the light emitted by LED string 1322 at the end of time slot 1504 may be blended with the light emitted by LED string 1380 at the beginning of time slot 1506 so as to implement true mixing of the light emitted by LED string 1322 with the light emitted by LED string 1380 across the end of time slot 1504 and into the beginning of time slot 1506.
In time slots 1506 and 1508, LED strings 1380 and 1324, respectively, may similarly be programmed to receive analog and/or digitally controlled current signals so that a percentage (e.g., 100%) of the maximum available current from DC stage 1340 may be received by each of LED strings 1380 and 1324 in their respective time slots. Capacitors 1372 and 1370 may, for example, be similarly utilized to extend the on-time of LED strings 1380 and 1324, respectively, by allowing the current conducted at the end of time slot 1506 to decay into the beginning of time slot 1508 and by allowing the current conducted at the end of time slot 1508 to decay into the beginning of time slot 1504 in accordance with the RC time constants created by capacitors 1372 and 1370, respectively, in combination with the resistance of each LED in LED strings 1380 and 1324, respectively. In such an instance, for example, the light emitted by LED string 1380 at the end of time slot 1506 may be blended with the light emitted by LED string 1324 at the beginning of time slot 1508 and the light emitted by LED string 1324 at the end of time slot 1508 may be blended with the light emitted by LED string 1322 at the beginning of time slot 1504.
In alternate embodiments, capacitors 1368, 1372 and 1370 may not exist at all and optional slew rate control 1393, 1395 and 1397 may instead be implemented either as hardware networks or executed in software by processor 1304. Slew rate control 1393, 1395 and 1397 may, for example, be implemented via hardware and may include resistor/capacitor networks combined with other elements (e.g., diodes) to increase or decrease the slew rate of control signals 1354, 1342 and 1356, respectively, thereby controlling the rate at which power switches 1350, 1352 and 1386, respectively, become conductive and/or non-conductive. Slew rate control 1393, 1395 and 1397 may, for example, be implemented via software, whereby processor 1304 may execute embedded firmware or commands issued by wired network 1358 or wireless network 1360 to increase or decrease the slew rate of control signals 1354, 1342 and 1356, respectively, thereby controlling the rate at which power switches 1350, 1352 and 1386, respectively, become conductive and/or non-conductive.
It should be noted that since each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may receive a maximum bias current magnitude in each of respective time slots 1504, 1506 and 1508 and since each of time slots 1504, 1506 and 1508 are of equal time duration, the average amount of current conducted by each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 over multiple time periods 1502 is substantially equal to about ⅓ the maximum current available from DC stage 1340.
Stated differently, the average magnitude of current conducted by any one of LED strings 1322, 1380 or 1324 over multiple periods 1502 may be calculated by multiplying the current available from DC stage 1340 (e.g., as selected by control 1348) by the ratio of time slot 1504, 1506 or 1508, respectively, to period 1502, which as stated above may be equal to ⅓ since each time slot exhibits an equal time duration.
It should be further noted that current conducted by LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 in each of time slots 1504, 1506 and 1508, respectively, may be modulated (e.g., pulse width modulated) to further reduce the average amount of current conducted over time. As discussed above, for example, any one of 256 duty cycle selections may be made by processor 1304 such that the amount of current conducted by each LED string 1322, 1380 and 1324 in each time slot 1504, 1506 and 1508, respectively, may be further reduced on average by the duty cycle selection of control signals 1354, 1342 and 1356, respectively.
TDMA current sharing mode, however, may rely upon each LED string associated with each TDMA time slot to conduct the entire magnitude of current provided by DC stage 1340. Accordingly, each LED of each LED string may be operating at a reduced efficacy (e.g., as measured in lumens per watt), since LED efficacy may be inversely proportional to the magnitude of current conducted by each LED. In order to increase the efficacy of each LED of each LED string while conducting the same amount of current on average, for example, processor 1304 may transition from a TDMA current sharing mode to a direct drive mode, whereby each LED string (e.g., LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324) may continuously conduct a reduced magnitude of current during the entire period 1502 that may be substantially equal to the averaged amount of current conducted by each LED string while operating in a TDMA current sharing mode.
As discussed above, for example,
In one embodiment, processor 1304 may be configured (e.g., via firmware executing within processor 1304 or via wired network 1358 or wireless network 1360) to transition between TDMA current sharing mode and direct drive mode when the TDMA time slots (e.g., time slots 1504, 1506 and 1508) are substantially equal to each other or within a percentage range of between zero percent and twenty percent (e.g., between about zero percent and five percent) of each other. As per one example, if time slots 1504 and 1506 constitute 35% of period 1502 and time slot 1508 constitutes 30% of period 1502, processor 1304 may determine that time slots 1504, 1506 and 1508 are substantially equal within a threshold percentage range of each other so as to justify a transition from TDMA current sharing mode to direct drive mode in order to effectuate substantially the same intensity produced by each LED string but with significantly increased efficacy. In such an instance, for example, each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be made concurrently conductive (e.g., via appropriate control signals 1354, 1342 and 1356, respectively) during each time period 1502. As a result, each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be concurrently conducting substantially less current (e.g., LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may each present substantially the same current load to node 1310 each conducting ⅓ the available current from DC stage 1340) as compared to a TDMA current sharing mode thereby increasing efficacy while maintaining substantially the same intensity.
In alternate embodiments, as discussed in relation to
In other embodiments as exemplified in
Turning to
In time slot 1512, for example, processor 1304 may command LED string 1322 to conduct a percentage (e.g., 100%) of the maximum available current by causing a maximum magnitude of bias current from a corresponding DC stage (e.g., DC stage 1340) to be conducted by LED string 1322. In time slot 1516, LED string 1324 may similarly be programmed to receive an analog and/or digitally controlled current signal so that a percentage (e.g., 100%) of the maximum available current from DC stage 1340 may be received by LED string 1324.
It should be noted that since each of LED strings 1322 and 1324 receive a maximum bias current magnitude in each of respective time slots 1512 and 1516 and since time slot 1512 is twice the duration of time slot 1516, the average amount of current conducted by LED string 1322 over multiple time periods 1510 is substantially equal to about ⅔ the maximum current available from DC stage 1340 and the average amount of current conducted by LED string 1324 over multiple time periods 1510 is substantially equal to about ⅓ the maximum current available from DC stage 1340.
It should be further noted that current conducted by LED strings 1322 and 1324 in each of time slots 1512 and 1516, respectively, may be modulated (e.g., pulse width modulated) to further reduce the average amount of current conducted over time. As discussed above, for example, any one of 256 duty cycle selections may be made by processor 1304 such that the amount of current conducted by each LED string 1322 and 1324 in each time slot 1512 and 1516, respectively, may be further reduced on average by the duty cycle selection of control signals 1354 and 1356, respectively.
Turning to
In time slot 1522, for example, processor 1304 may command LED string 1322 to conduct a percentage (e.g., 100%) of the maximum available current by causing a maximum magnitude of bias current from a corresponding DC stage (e.g., DC stage 1340) to be conducted by LED string 1322. It should be noted that since LED string 1322 receives a maximum bias current magnitude in time slot 1522 and since time slot 1522 is the same duration as time period 1520, the average amount of current conducted by LED string 1322 over multiple time periods 1520 is substantially equal to all of the maximum current available from DC stage 1340.
It should be further noted that current conducted by LED string 1322 in time slot 1522 may be modulated (e.g., pulse width modulated) to further reduce the average amount of current conducted over time. As discussed above, for example, any one of 256 duty cycle selections may be made by processor 1304 such that the amount of current conducted by LED string 1322 in time slot 1522 may be further reduced on average by the duty cycle selection of control signal 1354.
As per an alternate example, DC stage 1340 may be commanded to a current magnitude of 1.2 A, but each of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may only require 0.4 A on average via appropriate PWM control of their associated power switches (e.g., FETs 1350, 1352 and 1386, respectively) to operate at their respective commanded intensity. In such an instance, 1.2 A may be conducted instantaneously by any one LED string 1322, 1380 and 1324 at a time (e.g., only one of LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 may be conductive at any given time), but through time division multiple access (TDMA) control, each LED string may be operating at 33% duty cycle to receive only the required 0.4 A on average to operate at its commanded intensity. It should be noted that through analog and/or digital current control and proper time division multiple access to such controlled current, any one LED string may operate at any intensity (e.g., 0-100%) at any given time (e.g., any one LED string may be conductive to the mutual exclusion of all of the other LED string conductivity states) to operate on average at the commanded intensity.
Turning to
Turning to
In one embodiment, the secondary mode of operation may be used during a failure of the primary wireless network, whereby analog control 1659 (e.g., a 0-10V control signal) may be implemented to provide analog control of one or more lighting fixtures 1665 to vary an aspect (e.g., the intensity magnitude of all LED arrays contained within the respective lighting fixture) of light generated through selection of a magnitude of analog voltage (e.g., a voltage between about 0 and 10 volts) that may be applied via two-wire bus 1667. Alternatively, digital control 1661 (e.g., RS-232 control) may be communicated serially on two-wire bus 1667, whereby data may be communicated not by the magnitude of voltage present, but by the time-based relationship of signals transitioning between two voltage magnitudes (e.g., between approximately 0 volts and 10 volts). Such digital control may, for example, configure individual LED arrays within each respective lighting fixture 1665 to varying intensities so that lighting aspects (e.g., spectrum and color temperature) may be selected by varying each individual LED array of each respective lighting fixture 1665 as discussed herein. In an alternate embodiment, detection of a control signal applied to two-wire bus 1667 (whether an analog control signal 1659 or a digital control signal 1661) may transition from the primary mode of operation to the secondary mode of operation.
Communications from controller 1653 to one or more lighting fixtures 1665 may, for example, be implemented as a time-series of synchronous and/or asynchronous data bits transmitted in half-duplex and/or full-duplex via two-wire bus 1667, or conversely, as a continuous analog voltage via the same two-wire bus 1667. In one embodiment, wireless communication (e.g., via thread-based mesh interface 1669) may be the primary mode of communication until an analog or digital signal as discussed above may be detected as present on the two-wire bus 1667 (e.g., as detected by a processor contained within one or more lighting fixtures 1665 as discussed above in relation to processors 1018, 1104 and 1304 of
Turning to
In one embodiment, for example, an active component (e.g., current mirror 1681) may be used to support a voltage magnitude at node 1687 that in the absence of a signal at two-wire control bus 1667 may be substantially equal to the voltage magnitude present at supply node 1685 minus the voltage drop across the emitter-collector (VEC) terminals of reference transistor 1699 as may be mirrored by the voltage drop across the emitter-collector (VEC) terminals of transistor 1683. Controller 1689 may confirm that the voltage magnitude present at node 1687 exceeds or equals a threshold value (e.g., approximately 10.5 volts), for example, by sampling the output of voltage divider 1697 at RX port 1691, which if confirmed may cause controller 1689 to enter a digital control mode of operation, whereby controller 1689 may monitor RX port 1691 for the receipt of valid digital control data (e.g., time-based binary signals at node 1687 transitioning between two voltage magnitudes of approximately 0 volts and 10 volts, respectively) that may be used to control the intensity of lighting fixture 1665. As per an example, digital control data may be generated by controller 1653 of
If, on the other hand, the voltage magnitude at node 1687 is substantially below a threshold value (e.g., approximately 10.5 volts), which when confirmed by controller 1689 (e.g., by sampling the output of voltage divider 1697 at RX port 1691) may cause controller 1689 to enter an analog control mode of operation, whereby controller 1689 may monitor RX port 1691 for valid analog control data (e.g., a voltage magnitude present at node 1687 ranging between a minimum of about 0 volts and a maximum of about 10 volts) that may also be used to control the intensity of lighting fixture 1665. As per an example, analog control data may be generated by controller 1653 of
Current mirror 1681 may further be used to fortify node 1687 in support of communications received at node 1687. As per one example, current mirror 1681 may be used as an alternative to a passive device (e.g., pull-up resistor) at node 1687 to increase stability and signal integrity by substantially removing any R-C time constant that may be introduced by any such pull-up resistor in combination with any distributed capacitance that may be introduced by cabling (e.g., telephone wire or ethernet cable) that may be connected to two-wire bus interface 1667.
Lighting fixture 1665 may also transmit digital data onto two-wire bus interface 1667 that may be received by a receiver connected to two-wire bus interface 1667 (e.g., digital transceiver 1661 of
A communication protocol may, for example, be generated by translator 1655 such that analog and/or digital control signals that may be transmitted on two-wire bus 1667 may control all aspects of the horticultural facility, such as spectrum, color temperature and fan speed of each respective lighting fixture 1665. In addition, the associated nutrient distribution, environmental controls and height controller (e.g., nutrient distribution 1654, environmental controls 1694, height controller 1652 of
Indoor horticultural system of
Indoor horticultural system 1600 may also include nutrient distribution 1654 that may provide the nutrients and water that may be required by each plant of each grow bed(s). Nutrient distribution 1654 may be implemented as a closed-loop system, whereby nutrients and water may be extracted from their respective storage containers (not shown) and mixed to proper proportions. Once properly mixed, the nutrient solution may be pumped (e.g., at a monitored flow rate) into hydroponic flood benches and/or trough benches (not shown) to be delivered for consumption by each plant of each grow bed that may be contained within indoor horticultural system 1600. Any unused nutrient solution retrieved from nutrient distribution 1654 may be collected, filtered and prepared to be recirculated to the hydroponic flood benches and/or trough benches. Nutrient distribution 1654 may also include sensors (not shown), which may be used to test the collected nutrient flow for any deficiencies and subsequently reported as additional status information which may then be used to adjust (e.g., automatically via master controller 1688) the nutrient/water content for optimized growth of the associated plants in the associated grow beds.
As shown, indoor horticultural system 1600 may include lighting systems that may be included within any facility that may exhibit structural components such as walls (not shown) and ceilings (e.g., ceiling 1696). Each of the lighting fixtures, sensors and associated control elements of indoor horticultural system 1600, therefore, may be deployed within such structural components of the facility as fixed, mobile, temporary or permanent assets.
For example, light controller 1692 may be deployed within ceiling 1696 (or elsewhere) as a fixed, mobile, temporary or permanent asset within indoor horticultural system 1600. Light controller 1692 may, for example, include a DMX master controller (not shown) that may receive wireless commands and in response, may control the desired intensity of each horticultural light fixture 1604-1612 (e.g., each LED array of each horticultural light fixture 1604-1612) accordingly. In one embodiment, for example, each individual LED array of each horticultural light fixture 1604-1612 may exist within the same DMX universe and may be responsive to an 8-bit intensity control word received within its uniquely designated DMX slot from light controller 1692.
As per another example, light controller 1692 (e.g., controller 1653 as exemplified in
In alternate embodiments, light controller 1692 (e.g., controller 1653 of
Other fixed, mobile, temporary or permanent assets within indoor horticultural system 1600 may include, for example, horticultural lighting fixtures 1604-1612 and their associated height control mechanisms (e.g., winch mechanisms that may control the length of cable assemblies 1602). Cable assemblies 1602, for example, may be controlled by a height controller (e.g., height controller 1652) that may be used to raise and lower horticultural lighting fixtures 1604-1612 in accordance with the canopy height of the associated plants (e.g., as may be reported by plant/sensor pairs 1630/1631 to 1646/1647 to master controller 1688). For example, as the plants grow taller, it may be necessary to raise the associated horticultural lighting fixtures 1604-1612 in relation to the extended height of the associated plant canopies.
As discussed above, each of the horticultural lighting fixtures and associated sensors/controllers of indoor horticultural system 1600 may be interconnected wirelessly (e.g., via a thread-based mesh network). Accordingly, for example, indoor horticultural system 1600 may be implemented as a wireless personal area network (WPAN) utilizing a physical radio layer (e.g., as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 communication standard). As such, the thread-based mesh network may utilize an encapsulation and header compression mechanism (e.g., 6LoWPAN) so as to allow data packets (e.g., IPv6 data packets) to be sent and received over the physical radio layer. Messaging between each device within indoor horticultural system 1600 may be implemented using a messaging protocol (e.g., user datagram protocol (UDP)), which may be preferred over an alternative protocol such as the transmission control protocol (TCP).
In addition, each device may use an application layer protocol for delivery of the UDP data packets to each device. Such application layer protocols may include the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) or the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) within the thread-based mesh network as contrasted with the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) as may be used, for example, within Internet 1684. CoAP, for example, may be more conducive for use by the thread-based mesh network, rather than HTTP, due to the smaller packet header size required by CoAP, which may then yield smaller overall packet sizes required by the components of indoor horticultural system 1600 interconnected by the thread-based mesh network.
In operation, some components (e.g., horticultural lighting fixtures 1604-1612) interconnected (e.g., via the thread-based mesh network of
In one embodiment, user control device 1686 (e.g., iOS/Android device 1679 of
Indoor horticultural system 1600 may, for example, be sensitive to control signals as may be provided by controlling entities (e.g., external BACnet network 1682 or any entity within Internet 1684) that may exist external to the thread-based mesh and/or Bluetooth network of
Each of horticultural light fixtures 1606-1612 may, for example, generate relatively wide beam patterns (e.g., beam patterns 1615-1621, respectively) that may be produced by a particular LED/lens combination (e.g., the LED/lens combination as discussed above in relation to
As an example, horticultural light 1606 may produce a uniform illuminance, or an increasing illuminance from centerbeam outward (e.g., illuminance 1622) onto a plane that may be defined by the canopy of plant 1632 due to the increasing intensity of light at increasing angles with respect to the optical axis of horticultural light 1606. Since the intensity of light generated by horticultural light 1606 is greatest at the edges of light distribution 1615, plants 1630 and 1634 may receive a substantially equal intensity of light as received by plant 1632 from horticultural light 1606 owing to the effects of the inverse square law as discussed above. In such an instance, each plant may not only receive a uniform illuminance, or an increasing illuminance from centerbeam outward, onto its canopy by an associated horticultural light fixture, but may also receive substantially equal intensities of light on the sides of the plant by adjacent horticultural light fixtures, thereby more correctly simulating sunlight, since light is being received by each plant from multiple angles. It should be noted that horticultural light fixtures 1604-1612 may be arranged not only as a linear-array, but as a two-dimensional array (e.g., arranged along rows and columns) such that each plant may receive light from its associated horticultural light fixture and adjacent horticultural light fixtures at all angles formed from a 360-degree light distribution (e.g., each plant may receive a substantially uniform cone of light from its associated and adjacent horticultural light fixtures).
Plants on the edge of each grow bed (e.g., plants 1630 and 1646) may receive light from their associated horticultural lighting fixtures configured at angles that are different than the angles of horticultural lighting fixtures 1606-1612. For example, horticultural lighting fixtures 1604 and 1605 may be angled (e.g., via height controller 1652 and associated cable assemblies 1602) as shown to direct light onto their associated plants (e.g., plants 1630 and 1646, respectively) as well as the adjacent plants (e.g., plants 1632 and 1644, respectively). In addition, each of horticultural light fixtures 1604-1605 may, for example, generate relatively narrow beam patterns (e.g., beam patterns 1613-1614, respectively) that may be produced by a particular LED/lens combination (e.g., the LED/lens combination as discussed above in relation to
In alternate embodiments, each of horticultural light fixtures 1604-1612 may, for example, generate relatively wide beam patterns (e.g., beam patterns 1613-1621, respectively) that may be produced by bare LEDs (e.g., standard LED packages producing a Lambertian beam pattern without an associated lens) where each bare LED may be mounted at varying angles with respect to one another. In such an instance, for example, a first bare LED may be mounted within a light fixture (e.g., light fixture 1606) such that the optical axis of the first LED may align with a light distribution (e.g., light distribution 1622) that may be directed toward a target (e.g., plant 1632). Second and third bare LEDs may alternately be mounted within a light fixture (e.g., light fixture 1606) at opposing angles such that the optical axes of the first and second bare LEDs may align with the edges of a light distribution (e.g., light distribution 1615). For example, a second bare LED may be mounted within light fixture 1606 such that its optical axis may be directed at its respective target (e.g., plant 1630) and a third bare LED may be mounted within light fixture 1606 such that its optical axis may be directed at its respective target (e.g., plant 1634). Accordingly, light fixture 1606 may, for example, not only provide direct lighting to plant 1632, but may also provide cross-lighting for adjacent plants 1630 and 1634 without the use of lenses that may optically vary the light distributed by light fixture 1606.
Turning to
In operation, operational amplifier 1710 may seek to maintain the voltage at its inverting input substantially equal to the voltage at its non-inverting input through operation of negative feedback applied to its inverting input as shown. As such, the conductive state of transistor 1728 may be selected by operational amplifier 1710 (e.g., through selection of the voltage, Vb, applied to the base terminal of transistor 1728) such that the voltage at node 1726 (e.g., a 0-10V control voltage, VCTRL) may be maintained to be proportional to the voltage selected by potentiometer 1704 (VPOT) according to voltage follower equation (1):
where R1720 is the resistance magnitude of resistor 1720 and R1712 is the resistance magnitude of resistor 1712. Writing VCTRL in terms of the current (I1728) conducted by transistor 1728:
VCTRL=Vb+I1728R1714+VEB, (2)
where R1714 is the resistance magnitude of resistor 1714 and VEB is the emitter-base voltage of transistor 1728 and combining equation (1) with equation (2):
it can be seen from equation (3) that the magnitude of current conducted by transistor 1728, I1728, may be directly dependent upon the base voltage, Vb, of transistor 1728 as applied by operational amplifier 1710. Turning back to equation (1), the voltage at node 1726 (VCTRL) follows the voltage selected by potentiometer 1704 (VPOT) as modified by the gain constant (1+R1720/R1712) and the current conducted by current sink 1718 may be adjusted (e.g., increased) by adjusting (e.g., decreasing) the base voltage, Vb, of transistor 1728 via operational amplifier 1710. As the voltage at node 1726, VCTRL, decreases below a threshold voltage magnitude, shunt transistor 1736 may be utilized to shunt the voltage at node 1726, VCTRL, to a reference voltage (e.g., the collector-emitter voltage of transistor 1736 referenced to ground potential) so as to extend the voltage control range at node 1726 below that which may be accommodated by transistor 1728.
Master light fixture 1722 (e.g., via 0-10V driver 1730) and slave light fixtures 1724 may be configured with 0-10V drivers that may source current into node 1726 and may derive their intensity control signal, VCTRL, from node 1726 as well. As the number of slave light fixtures 1724 increases, so may the current magnitude conducted by current sink 1718. Through operation of equation (3) as discussed above, it can be seen that an increase in current conducted by current sink 1718 (e.g., as may be required through the addition of slave light fixtures 1724 and master light fixture 1722) may be accommodated by a corresponding decrease in base voltage, Vb. Accordingly, the number of slave light fixtures and master light fixture that may be accommodated by current sink 1718 may be directly proportional to the current conduction capability of current sink 1718. In one embodiment, for example, the current conduction capability of current sink 1718 may be selected to be approximately 50 mA, which may then accommodate up to 99 slave light fixtures (and one master light fixture 1722), such that up to 100, 0-10V drivers may each source 500 uA of current into node 1726.
In an alternate embodiment, switch 1708 (e.g., a PCB jumper) may be selected such that a wireless control module (e.g., wireless control 1706) may instead control the voltage at the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 1710, which may then control the voltage at node 1726, VCTRL, as discussed above. It can be seen, therefore, that the intensity of multiple lights within an indoor horticultural system (e.g., horticultural lights 1604-1612 of indoor horticultural system 1600 of
Turning to
As per one example, a cluster (e.g., cluster 1812) may be comprised of four LEDs (e.g., LEDs 1804, 1806, 1808 and 1810), whereby LED 1804 may exist within a first LED string (e.g., LED string 1322 of
LED 1804 may, for example, be implemented with an LED having a specific color spectrum (e.g., blue) or a specific color temperature (e.g., 6500K), LED 1806 may, for example, be implemented with an LED having a specific color temperature (e.g., 3000K white LED) and LEDs 1808-1810 may, for example, be implemented with LEDs having a specific color spectrum (e.g. red). As discussed above, the remaining clusters within agricultural light fixture 1800 may be similarly configured, whereby for example, LED 1814 may, for example, be implemented with an LED having the same specific color spectrum or the same specific color temperature as LED 1804, LED 1816 may, for example, be implemented with an LED having the same specific color temperature as LED 1806 and LEDs 1818-1820 may, for example, be implemented with LEDs having the same specific color spectrum as LEDs 1808-1810.
In one embodiment, the number of LEDs that may exist within any given LED string may be chosen such that the combined forward voltage of any one LED string is substantially equal to the combined forward voltage of the remaining LED strings. As per one example, LEDs 1804, 1814 and the remaining LEDs in similar positions within the remaining clusters of agricultural light fixture 1800 (e.g., the upper left-hand corner of each cluster) may exist within the same LED string (e.g., LED string 1322 of
As per another example, LEDs 1808-1810 and the remaining LEDs in similar positions within the remaining clusters of agricultural light fixture 1800 (e.g., the lower row of each cluster) may exist within the same LED string (e.g., LED string 1324 of
As discussed in more detail below, each cluster of agricultural light fixture 1800 may include an optical puck (e.g., optical puck 1950 as exemplified in the top orthographic view of
As discussed in more detail below, cover 1822 may be disposed in relation to agricultural light fixture 1800 such that each optical puck may protrude through apertures disposed within cover 1822 (e.g., aperture 1824), such that no further optical treatment (e.g., sheet lens) may be applied to the light generated from each cluster beyond the optical treatment provided by each lens of each optical puck. Accordingly, increased efficiency (e.g., between about 6-12% increased efficiency) may be achieved by eliminating the use of a sheet lens.
Turning to
PCB 1902 may include electrically conductive traces (not shown), such that each LED of each cluster may be electrically connected to each corresponding LED of each remaining cluster on PCB 1902. Furthermore, corresponding LEDs of the remaining clusters of the remaining PCBs (e.g., PCBs 1908-1914) may be electrically interconnected to form multiple LED strings (e.g., LED strings 1322, 1380 and 1324 as discussed above in relation to
Heat generated by illumination of the LEDs of the clusters of agricultural light fixture 1800 mounted to each of PCBs 1902 and 1908-1914 may be conducted away from PCBs 1902 and 1908-1914 by the corresponding ribs 1904 and 1916-1922, respectively. Accordingly, panel 1924 may receive the heat conducted by each of ribs 1904 and 1916-1922 by virtue of the conductive path implemented by each rib to panel 1924. Additionally, an electrically insulative, thermally conductive layer (e.g., a polyester film not shown) may exist to conduct heat to panel 1822). The conducted heat may then be removed from agricultural light fixture 1800 by convection through circulation of air past panel 1924 and cover 1822. In addition, ribs 1904 and 1916-1922 may provide considerable structural support within agricultural light fixture 1800, such that in operation (e.g., agricultural light fixture 1800 is inverted as compared to the position shown), panel 1924 may provide a storage surface, or shelf, upon which utility articles may be stored while agricultural light fixture 1800 operates within its associated agricultural facility.
Each optical puck may include a trough (e.g., trough 1926 of
Turning to
As exemplified in
In addition, the area of overlap portions 2052 and 2054 on surface 2050 may be increased or decreased depending upon the angle at which LED arrays 2006 and 2014 are projecting light with respect to LED array 2010. Similarly, the area of overlap portions 2056 and 2058 on surface 2050 may be increased or decreased depending upon the angle at which LED arrays 2026 and 2034 are projecting light with respect to LED array 2030.
It can be seen, for example, that by decreasing angles 2042 and 2044, the area of overlap portions 2052 and 2054 increases. Similarly, for example, by decreasing angles 2046 and 2048, the area of overlap portions 2056 and 2058 increases. Accordingly, the amount of cross-lighting produced by the agricultural lighting fixtures of
Turning to
It can be seen, therefore, that if agricultural light fixture 2100 were applied to an indoor horticultural system (e.g., as lights 1604-1612 of indoor horticultural system 1600 of
Turning to
It can be seen, therefore, that if agricultural light fixture 2200 were applied to an indoor horticultural system (e.g., as lights 1604-1612 of indoor horticultural system 1600 of
Turning to
As discussed in more detail below in relation to
In operation, LED arrays (not shown) that exist on a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA not shown) on the opposite side of optic arrays 2304A and 2304B as shown may create heat that may be conducted away from horticulture light 2300 by operation of conductive heat transfer from the LED arrays (not shown) to the associated PCBA (not shown) to the associated extrusion (not shown) and finally to the associated heat sink fin arrays 2306A and 2306B. Convective heat transfer may then cool an interior of horticulture light 2300 by first creating a rising flow of heated air 2310 which may then create a vacuum (e.g., the absence of air) within an interior of horticulture light 2300. Such a vacuum may then cause cool air 2308 to enter an interior of horticulture light 2300 to fill the void created by the rising heated air flow 2310.
Center panel 2312 may be arranged on horticulture light 2300 for various reasons. First, a power supply and control electronics (e.g., as discussed above in relation to
As per an example, an array of multiple (e.g., 20) horticulture lights 2300 may be arranged over a canopy such that the PAR distribution may be substantially uniform over the entire canopy due at least in part to the physical separation facilitated by center panel 2312. As such, excessive deviations in the PAR distribution over a canopy may be prevented thereby substantially avoiding particularly excessive PAR values especially within the middle portion of the canopy.
Turning to
Flair portions 2302C and 2302D may be configured to increase the flow of cool air 2308 into an interior portion of horticulture light 2300 by increasing the magnitude of surface area that may be exposed to cool air 2308 by an amount substantially equal to the surface area of a geometric shape created by the flair (e.g., triangular shape 2356). The surface area exposed by geometric shapes 2356 may account for an increase in cooling surface area that would otherwise not be available in the absence of flair portions 2302C and 2302D (and associated geometric shapes 2356) thereby increasing the effectiveness of convective heat transfer. It can be seen, therefore, that any increase in surface area that may be caused by virtually any shape (e.g., as discussed in more detail below in relation to
Turning to
A PCBA (not shown) may attach to a metallic extrusion (e.g., aluminum extrusion 2404 that may run the full length of horticulture light 2300) via mechanical means (e.g., screws and alignment tabs). Furthermore, an optic array (e.g., optic array 2304A) may be attached to horticulture light 2300 in such a way so as to apply pressure to a full length of the PCBA (not shown) such that heat generated along the full length of the PCBA may be conducted onto corresponding portions of extrusion 2404.
Each heat sink fin 2400 of a heat sink fin array (e.g., heat sink array 2306A) may be connected to extrusion 2404 via one or more crimp tab connections (e.g., crimp tab connections 2404A through 2404G). As such, heat may be conducted away from the PCBA (not shown) via extrusion 2404 and each heat sink fin 2400 (e.g., heat sink fins 2400 of heat sink fin array 2306A) via heat conduction paths (e.g., heat conduction paths as depicted by heat conduction paths 2408A-2408D, 2414 and 2416A-2416B) as depicted in
Voids (e.g., voids 2410A and 2410B) may be included within each heat sink fin 2400 to split a single “hot zone” into two or more separate hot zones within heat sink fin 2400. For example, void 2410A may be established to split a single hot zone into two hot zones, whereby each hot zone may establish separate heat conduction paths (e.g., heat conduction paths 2408A and 2408B) as heat is conducted away from the PCBA (not shown) via extrusion 2404. Similarly, void 2410B may be established to split a single hot zone into two hot zones, whereby each hot zone may establish separate heat conduction paths (e.g., heat conduction paths 2408C and 2408D) as heat is conducted away from the PCBA (not shown) via extrusion 2404. It should be noted that the absence of voids 2410A and 2410B may contribute to a stagnant “hot zone” that does not generate heat conduction paths as exemplified by heat conduction paths 2408A through 2408D, but instead accumulates as a single “hot zone” that stagnates around a base portion of heat sink fin 2400 (e.g., base portions 2402A and 2402B of heat sink fin 2400) with relatively little conduction along paths 2408A-2408D.
Extrusion 2404 may further include heat pipe 2412 that may further prevent “hot zones” within the vicinity of the PCBA (not shown) by providing a conductive pathway for heat to be conducted to an upper portion of heat sink fin 2400 (e.g., as depicted by heat conduction path 2414 along heat pipe 2412 onto heat sink fin 2400 via crimp connection 2404E). Extrusion 2404 may include other heat pipes (e.g., heat pipes 2422A and 2422B) that may further prevent “hot zones” within the vicinity of the PCBA (not shown) by allowing heat to be conducted to an upper portion of heat sink fin 2400 (e.g., as depicted by heat conduction paths 2416A and 2416B along heat pipes 2422A and 2422B, respectively, via crimp connections 2404F and 2404G, respectively).
As heat may be conducted away from the PCBA (not shown) as discussed above (e.g., via heat conduction paths 2408A-2408D, 2414 and 2416A-2416B), heated air may be created within each gap between each heat sink fin (e.g., within the gap between each heat sink fin 2400 of heat sink fin array 2306A) and may rise from within an interior of horticultural light (e.g., horticulture light 2300 of
Turning to
As per an example,
As per an alternate example,
As per an alternate example,
Turning to
Optical array 2304A may exhibit mechanical protrusions 2608B such that once optical array 2304A is pressed into extrusion 2404 as shown, mechanical protrusions 2608B may mate with interlocking portions 2608A. Once interlocked, optical array 2304A may impose pressure onto PCBA 2602 such that both PCBA 2602 and gaskets 2606A and 2606B may be pressed against extrusion 2404. As such, heat transfer from PCBA 2602 to extrusion 2404 may be optimized and PCBA 2602 may be further protected from environmental elements (e.g., water, dirt and other contaminants) so as to substantially keep the volume between extrusion 2404 and PCBA 2602 contaminant free.
Turning to
As discussed above, a gasket (e.g., gaskets 2606A and 2606B as discussed above in relation to
Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended, therefore, that the specification and illustrated embodiments be considered as examples only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/094,568 filed Jan. 9, 2023, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/539,302 filed Jan. 22, 2022, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/219,346 filed Mar. 31, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,357,173, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/089,961 filed Nov. 5, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,268,673, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/907,217 filed Jun. 20, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,129,248, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/779,636 filed Feb. 2, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,191,220, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/515,778 filed Jul. 18, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,548,264, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/281,990 filed Feb. 21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,512,132, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/194,111 filed Nov. 16, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,398,090, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/185,530 filed Nov. 9, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,309,613, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/822,024 filed Nov. 24, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,178,730, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/822,074 filed Nov. 24, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,034,342, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/821,941 filed Nov. 24, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,028,350, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/784,683 filed Oct. 16, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,955,632, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/714,337 filed Sep. 25, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,943,040, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/489,965 filed Apr. 25, 2017, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/422,243 filed Nov. 15, 2016, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/399,447 filed Sep. 25, 2016, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/089,961 filed Nov. 5, 2020 claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/931,088 filed Nov. 5, 2019, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/042,969 filed Jun. 23, 2020, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030103347 | Friend | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20050211416 | Kawabata | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20060230616 | Zaghlol | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20110103060 | Wang | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20140369054 | Tsou | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140369055 | Tsou | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20170023228 | Dyson | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20180252476 | Johnson | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180324980 | Duong | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20210278072 | Lys | Sep 2021 | A1 |
| 20220039228 | Cunningham | Feb 2022 | A1 |
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