Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring conditions affecting color

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the detection and/or measurement of a condition that affects the color of a test subject, and more particularly to a process and instrument for measuring at least one color characteristic or factor of a test subject indicative of the condition of interest such as biological condition or hair coloration.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Visual observation of a subject for changes in coloration indicative of a particular condition has often occurred. The subject may be a person or animal being observed to determine the presence or absence of a medical condition. The color characteristics or a single color characteristic of other test subjects such as biopsy specimens or excretions have diagnostic value.

An individual person's skin color is often assessed by her or his doctor. Hypertension, tuberculosis, sclerosis of the liver, to name just a few, are examples of ailments with symptomatic skin color changes among at least a sizeable population segment. Hair color evaluation and dental coloration evaluation are valuable. These may bear on the health of the individual, or on the health of the individual's hair and teeth, or these may permit accurate cosmetic activities, for example, to counteract graying or to accurately match new dental work to existing teeth.

Likewise, the condition of plants and agricultural products is visually inspected for color as an indication of condition. Contamination of soil is likewise apparent from visual inspection. Such visual inspections are subjective. Measuring by instrument the color characteristics that are key to the visual inspection has the benefit of objectivity and consistency.

In the past, hyperbilirubinemia in newborns has been detected by visually observing an individual for jaundice or by routinely taking and testing a blood sample. Upon detection, hyperbilirubinemia has been treated by phototherapy. During the course of phototherapy, blood samples have been taken and tested at regular intervals until it was determined that the level of serum bilirubin had decreased to an acceptable level.

In infants, there is little blood available for use in the blood testing for hyperbilirubinemia. So much blood is drawn that transfusions are often necessary to replace the drawn blood. The newborn is thereby exposed to all of the risks that transfusions bring. Blood sampling and transfusions are, of course, painful to the newborn, and as with any invasive procedure, both present medical risks, such as for example, risk of infection. There is a need, therefore, for a reliable, noninvasive technique for detecting and measuring a skin color affecting medical condition such as hyperbilirubinemia.

This is one example of a wider need for procedures and instruments to objectively and consistently determine a color characteristic or factor indicative of the condition of a test subject or indicative of a particular ailment or condition. The methods and apparatus of this invention can be employed where previously visual inspection, of which examples are given above, have been carried out at least in part on the basis of observable color characteristics.

This invention also relates to a method and apparatus for the categorizing of hair color and hair color treatment agents for their interrelationship, and more particularly to a process and instrument for measuring three color characteristics of hair color and categorizing it and determining the effect of a wide variety of hair coloring agents thereon.

Hair coloring agent choices are often made by a consumer based on relatively vague indications of the color to be expected as a result of the use of the agent on an individual person's hair. This approach does not take into consideration the color of the hair that is to be treated and how interaction of that particular individual's hair color with the coloring agent will affect the resultant color.

No reliable source of information has been available to a private consumer regarding what the actual color of her or his hair is and what hair coloring agent will provide the hair color alteration that consumer seeks.

Consequently it can be seen there exists a need for procedures and apparatus that will accurately characterize an individual's hair color to enable selection of appropriate coloring agents for a desired color result. Likewise there exists a need for a reliable process and instrumentation to permit the use of the accurate color characterization of an individual's hair color in the selection of hair coloring agents to effect hair color alterations of a type desired by the individual.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to this invention there is provided a method and apparatus for detecting and quantitatively measuring a condition affecting the color of a test subject. The method includes measuring at least one color characteristic of the subject.

In one exemplary procedure according to this invention at least one skin color characteristic is measured at least at first and second points in time. To test for hyperbilirubinemia, the two measurements are then compared for change. In the preferred procedure a second skin color characteristic is also measured on the basis of which the subject can be assigned to one of plural categories among which varying amounts of change in the first-mentioned skin color characteristic are indicative of the presence of a medical condition. The first characteristic is then observed for a change of measured value sufficient to indicate the medical condition for a subject in that category. Preferably, a base reading of at least the

first color characteristic is first made at a time the subject is without characteristic skin coloration indicative of the medical condition for which he or she is to be tested.

In the case of hyperbilirubinemia detection, the first skin color characteristic is Hunter b, which is a color factor dependent on the relative content, in a color, of two opponent colors, yellow and blue. Hunter b is a factor comprising a first function (Y) weighted in a first portion of the spectrum, the yellower portion, a second function (Z) weighted in a second portion of the spectrum, the bluer portion, and a weighting term (1/Y

½

) that is a function of the lightness of a color and that decreases the value of the color factor as lightness increases. Y and Z are part of the three tristimulus values X, Y and Z known to the color scientist for the purpose of defining a color. They are measurable by commercially available instruments such as colorimeters.

In the case of testing newborns for hyperbilirubinemia, readings of Hunter b and the Hunter lightness measure L are made shortly after birth. These can provide the base reading since hyperbilirubinemia does not manifest itself immediately after birth. The first reading is preferably made within five hours, but as soon as possible after birth. Subsequent readings are then made during the next few days. The subsequent readings of Hunter b are compared with the first, baseline reading of Hunter b to determine whether Hunter b has increased to an extent that indicates a degree of jaundice characteristic of hyperbilirubinemia for a person having the range of the subject's particular skin lightness L. L is measured during each subsequent test to be sure that it remains close to the original reading. This gives a degree of confidence that the test procedures are being conducted appropriately.

In the event that the medical condition affecting skin color is detected in a procedure like that described above for hyperbilirubinemia, then the measuring of skin color characteristics continues at regular intervals until the symptomatic color characteristic abates sufficiently to indicate the individual's recovery from the medical condition. In the case of hyperbilirubinemia, phototherapy is administered once a sufficient change in Hunter b is observed to indicate the jaundice of hyperbilirubinemia. Throughout the course of phototherapy, then, the Hunter b and L characteristics are continually monitored until the jaundice has been eliminated. This is valuable in removing the newborn from under the phototherapy lamps, since there is the danger of damage to the newborn's eyes in the event eye protection is prematurely removed or accidentally dislodged.

The apparatus used in accordance with this invention includes a color measuring device such as a calorimeter and computational means for storing and comparing the characteristic or characteristics that are measured when testing for the medical condition. Where Hunter b is measured for the purpose of detecting hyperbilirubinemia, a colorimeter capable of calculating Hunter b and L can be used. This can be a commercially available colorimeter with this capability. The computational means preferably has sufficient memory to store one or more previous readings and should be programmed to compare previous and current readings to detect changes in Hunter b and L. Preferably the colorimeter and the computational means are integrated in a single instrument, but the commercial colorimeter can be utilized in cooperation with, for example, a personal computer, which stores and can compare Hunter b and L values from measurements taken at timed intervals Likewise, the computational means, whether an integrated part of the instrument or a separate computer, can be used to store ranges of lightness L and the increases in Hunter b that, for the various lightness ranges, indicate an unacceptable increase in serum bilirubin.

In one embodiment Hunter a is also measured. The ordinary range of Hunter a for individuals is known. If Hunter a lies outside the ordinary range the reason for this should be determined. If it is because the infant is flushed from crying or has just been washed and rubbed dry the Hunter a is not an indication of a medical problem. If Hunter a is above the ordinary range, but the infant has not been crying, or recently washed or some other non-medical reason, a circulatory problem could be the reason and bears watching to observe if a medical condition is present or phototherapy is in progress. Also, Hunter a sometimes increases just before the jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia increasing Hunter b. Hunter a, then, may be a warning for closer observation to observe if a medical condition is present or phototherapy is in progress. A decrease in Hunter a along with an increase in both Hunter L and Hunter b such that the ratio of Hunter L to Hunter b remains essentially constant can mean that the infant is anemic and therefore pale, in which case the increase in Hunter b (with a simultaneous increase in Hunter L) would not be indicative of hyperbilirubinemia. The observation of Hunter a then may suggest various medical conditions and it allows one to understand the Hunter L and b readings better and to be more certain whether they are or are not indicative of hyperbilirubinemia.

Preferably, each skin color characteristic measurement used to assess the presence or absence of the condition for which testing is carried out is actually an average of multiple tests. For example, when newborns are tested for the jaundice that signals hyperbilirubinemia, multiple readings are made at multiple sites. Five or six Hunter value readings are made at, for example, each of several locations which may include some or all of a forehead location, at least one chest location, a cheek location and two back locations. Out of range Hunter L, a and b values are discarded. At each site, the Hunter readings that have the highest and lowest values of L, a and b are discarded, then all of the readings of each Hunter characteristic are averaged for each site. Subsequent readings are made in the same manner at exactly the same sites and compared. As used herein, the terms “Hunter a,” “Hunter b,” and “Hunter L” include such average values, but are not limited to just the values arrived at by the averaging technique unless expressly so-limited. The discarding and averaging is readily accomplished by the computational provisions of the test equipment. The averaging technique may improve the testing of other than skin color where the testing steps of this invention are used, for example in the evaluation of hair by color measurement.

In skin color testing, it is important to cleanse the site utilizing a cleansing agent that does not contribute any coloration. Likewise, when testing is carried out on test subjects other than an individual's skin, the test subject should be free of any color altering contaminant. In skin color testing, the site on the test subject should be dry, and in all cases the instrument should have the capability of being applied to the site in such a manner that ambient light does not enter the instrument.

In one method according to the invention Hunter L and b are used. Hunter L is monitored for consistency each time measurements are made. The change in Hunter b is monitored for a warning of hyperbilirubinemia. In another method according to the invention Hunter L, a and b are used. Hunter L is monitored for consistency, Hunter b is monitored for a warning of hyperbilirubinemia, and Hunter a is observed for additional information as to the infant's condition.

Determination of the first and second skin color characteristics, Hunter L and b, at just one point in time can indicate or strongly suggest a medical condition affecting skirt color if the first characteristic measurement is observed to lie outside a range of values for that characteristic known by experience to be normal for a subject having the particular measured value of the second characteristic. Again the value of Hunter a should be observed and if abnormal the reason should be sought. For example, in many individuals hyperbilirubinemia is strongly suggested if Hunter b and L are measured and it is determined that, based on skin color categories previously observed, Hunter b is above any ordinary value for a subject with skin having the L value measured. Also, even if baseline readings of Hunter b and L (and preferably a) are not made, changes in the value of Hunter b can nevertheless signal the presence of hyperbilirubinemia if measurements of the Hunter values are made at timed intervals in the foregoing fashion. Out of the ordinary increases in Hunter b, of for example two or more points, can be an indication of hyperbilirubinemia when the measured L value remains in a constant range from one measurement to the next. Similarly, large decreases in Hunter b, of for example two or more points, can be an indication of hyperbilirubinemia from which the infant is recovering, again if L remains relatively constant. If Hunter a changes due to a medical condition such as anemia and the ratio of Hunter L and Hunter b changes, then it is likely necessary to take the anemia into account, for example by using a different change in Hunter b to indicate hyperbilirubinemia or by multiplying Hunter b by a compensatory factor.

Significant testing has established the value of the foregoing techniques in detecting hyperbilirubinemia. The same techniques will indicate other jaundice-producing medical conditions in human and animal subjects. Hepatitis or liver disorders are examples of such medical conditions susceptible to diagnosis with the methods and apparatus of this invention.

Tuberculosis has been observed to affect skin color in dark skinned individuals such as many persons of African descent. Appropriate color measurement in accordance with this invention may provide a valuable diagnostic tool.

Biopsy specimens, body fluids, excretions, etc. are visually inspected for color. The techniques and instrumentation according to this invention can provide objectivity and consistency to such inspections.

According to this invention there is also provided a method and apparatus for accurately characterizing the hair color of individuals to enable identification of the hair color and products suitable to achieve a desired change in hair color, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for measuring color factors in an individual's hair color to assign that hair color to a classification previously determined to interact with identified hair coloring agents to bring about predictable color changes.

Through experimentation over a prolonged period, the applicants were able to compile a vast amount of information relating to coloration of virtually every imaginable hair color. Thousands of individual hair samples were treated with many various coloring agents. The hair color before and after such treatment was accurately, scientifically measured and characterized using known, reliable color measurement. Hair color was then assembled into a large number of categories based on ranges of the measured color factors. A database was assembled comprising the desired changes available through various hair coloring agents and the particular agents that would effect those changes in human hair to the various categories.

Instrumentation was implemented to measure from an individual's hair the color factor that operate to place the hair color in one of the numerous hair color classifications and to identify that classification to the individual or the individual's hair specialist. In addition, the instrumentation was arranged to allow for selection of a desired alteration in hair color, and or the basis of the gathered empirical data, hair coloring agents capable of effecting the desired change were located from within a database.

In an embodiment of the invention, the process for hair color analysis is carried out by measuring with a measuring instrument the value of a number of color factors in the color of an individual's hair at various sites, and then providing an indicator or table having a large number of hair color classifications defining ranges of those same color factors, and finally comparing the color factors of the indicator or table to the measured color factors to arrive at a classification of the individual's hair color.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention just described the color factors were Hunter L, a and b.

In an instrumentation implementing the process just described, a colorimeter was used to measure the color factors. The indicator or table having a large number of color classifications was retained in computer memory, and the comparison was made electronically between the memory retained classifications and the measured color factors.

To use the process just described a list or menu of possible choices for varying hair color was presented. Upon selection of that choice, along with the hair color classification as previously determined, is used together with a database of hair color classifications and associated product identifications empirically determined to effect the presented choices of color changes to locate in that database previously tested hair coloring agents capable of effecting the chosen action.

In one further embodiment of the process described, the color factors measured in an individual's hair color were Hunter L, a and b. Classifications of hair color provided in the indicator or table were percentages of grey in the hair of the individual. This embodiment enables the coloring of grey hair or partially grey hair to obtain an individual's natural hair coloring or another preferred hair color. This procedure required the selection of one of a number of categories of hair colors such as “light brown,” “darkest blond,” “light red,” etc. The indicator or table that identified various hair color classifications was divided among broad hair color families or groups of categories, and for an individual the particular hair family division of the indicator associated with that individual's broad family of hair color was found. The ranges of color factors in that division were then compared with the factors measured in the individual's hair to arrive at a classification.

In another embodiment of the invention, to arrive at a hair color treatment agent, a database of hair color treatment agents and classifications of color characteristics of individuals was compiled and an individual's color characteristics were determined by measurement of color factors, followed by comparison of those color factors with ranges contained in the database. In one embodiment the color characteristic of the individual that provided the basis for comparison was skin color.

The above and further advantages of this invention will be better understood with reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in combination with the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

is a block diagram illustration of an instrument for determining Hunter L, a and b values and for comparing changes in Hunter b to Hunter b changes predetermined to be indicative of bilirubinemia.

FIG. 1A

is a diagrammatic illustration of exemplary memory content in an instrument like that of FIG.

1

.

FIG. 2

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of monitoring an infant for hyperbilirubinemia based upon changes in Hunter b in skin color and including measuring and reviewing Hunter b and L.

FIG. 3

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of monitoring an infant for hyperbilirubinemia based on Hunter b including measuring and reviewing Hunter a as well as Hunter b and L.

FIG. 4

is a block diagram illustration of an instrument for determining hair color Hunter L, a and b values and for those with hair color classifications previously determined and stored in memory.

FIG. 4A

is a diagrammatic illustration of exemplary memory content in an instrument like that of FIG.

4

.

FIG. 5

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of arriving at hair color classification of an individual.

FIG. 6

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of using hair color classification and a database to arrive at a coloring agent for making a selected alteration in hair color.

FIG. 7

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of arriving at hair color classification of a greying individual.

FIG. 8

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of using hair color classification of a greying individual and a database to arrive at a coloring agent for making selected alteration in hair color.

FIG. 9

is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustrating the steps in the process of arriving at hair color treatment agents based upon a database of agents and individual skin color characteristics.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Any modem version of two general types of color-measuring instruments, colorimeters and spectrophotometers, is an example of instruments suitable for the skin color measurement or hair color measurement according to preferred embodiments of this invention. The basic components of either type of instrument are a light source, a sample illumination and viewing arrangement, a means of selecting certain wavelengths of light for the measurement, a detector of the light reflected from the sample, and some relatively simple computing capacity. In commercially available instruments the main purposes of the computing capacity are to store and apply calibration information and to calculate various color coordinates for later use. In

FIGS. 1 and 4

, such color measuring instruments

10

are illustrated. An individual person's skin or hair

11

is illuminated by the instrument as generally indicated by the broken line arrow

12

, and the instrument receives illumination reflected from the skin or hair

11

as generally indicated by the broken line arrow

13

. Based on the illumination received by reflection from the skin or hair, the instrument

10

develops the coordinates Y, x and y. In

FIGS. 1 and 4

, the instrument

10

is a calorimeter, commercially available and suitable for development of the values Y, x and y. The instrument of

FIG. 1

is particularly well suited for biological testing, such as in testing newborns for hyperbilirubinemia. The instrument of

FIG. 4

is particularly well suited for methods associated with measuring hair coloration.

Another type of instrument that can be used in the skin color categorization methods according to this invention is the spectrophotometer that measures the reflectance at discrete wavelengths and from these data derives tristimulus values, from which can be computed the Hunter color values used to measure the color of a specimen (i.e., hair or skin) for diagnostic purposes as discussed below.

Important to the use of a commercial calorimeter of the kind employed for the color measurement instrument

10

of

FIGS. 1 and 4

is the calibration of the instrument using a standard. In the early use of an instrument of this kind by the inventors, the “Light Skin” sample from the Macbeth Color Checker, described in the publication of C.S. McCamy, H. Marcus, and J. G. Davidson, “A Color-Rendition Chart,” J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 2, 95-99 (1976) was used. A tile of this approximate color was selected for its greater durability as an instrument standard. It was found, however, that the use of the “Light Skin” painted paper as the primary standard did not adequately avoid the phenomenon known as metamerism, by which objects that look alike (have the same perceived color) under some kinds of light sources, or to some observers, do not match under other types of light sources, or to other observers. By this phenomenon colorimeters may not read their colors the same as the average human observer would under the daylight type light source usually employed for visual observation, hence leading to an error in colorimeter calibration.

As an improved primary standard, the skin of a subject whose skin color measurements were highly reproducible, and in the approximate center of the range of skin colors of the human population was selected. The spectral reflectance factors of the skin of this subject were carefully measured on a Macbeth 1500 Plus spectrophotometer (Macbeth, New Windsor, N.Y.); these data are given in column 2 (second from left) of Table I at the wavelengths listed in column 1 (the leftmost column). By using well-established techniques of computer color matching, carried out on an ACS 1800 system equipped with an ACS SpectroSensor II color measuring instrument (Datacolor International, Lawrenceville, N.J.), a colorant formulation matching this skin color was developed. The spectral reflectance factors for this match are given in column 3 of Table I. It may be seen that the data closely match those of column 2, indicating the absence of metamerism. Calculations according to the CIE 1976 CIELAB system showed that the two data sets match to within 0.27-0.36 units, less than can be perceived by human color vision, for daylight, incandescent light, and cool white fluorescent light, the three most commonly used light sources for the proposed applications.

The above-mentioned formulation was made up in a stable, durable material, and tiles were prepared as instrument standards. The spectral reflectance factors of one of these tiles are given in column 4 of Table I. It was found, however, that the improvement in calibration resulted in color coordinates that were significantly different from those obtained in the many studies made with the earlier system. A decision was made to adjust the calibration values of the new tiles in order to achieve consistent results between the new and old methods of calibration. Column 5 of Table I gives the adjusted set of spectral reflectance factors for the tile of column 4. The CIE and Hunter color coordinates, for measurement with the specular component excluded and calculated for CIE standard illuminant C and the 1931 2° CIE standard observer, are also tabulated for each of the samples in the table.

TABLE I

Wavelengths,

Skin

Tile,

Tile,

nm.

Standard

Formulation

correct

adjusted

400

19.03

20.70

21.51

16.67

420

18.96

20.69

21.10

16.93

440

21.53

21.68

20.99

17.65

460

25.36

24.43

23.27

20.56

480

28.06

28.30

27.82

25.67

500

30.13

30.77

29.03

27.94

520

31.19

31.31

29.38

28.24

540

30.01

30.84

28.48

27.59

560

31.41

30.76

28.22

27.33

580

32.85

34.01

31.49

30.12

600

44.37

43.54

42.58

40.52

620

51.24

51.57

51.27

47.93

640

54.56

55.09

55.56

51.10

660

57.09

57.60

59.22

53.82

680

58.67

60.41

61.82

56.55

700

59.95

62.69

63.93

58.87

X

37.14

37.28

36.14

33.76

Y

34.66

34.89

33.07

31.53

Z

28.50

28.54

27.63

24.20

x

0.3703

0.3702

0.3732

0.3772

y

0.3456

0.3464

0.3415

0.3523

L

58.87

59.07

57.51

56.15

a

9.58

9.29

11.54

9.05

b

12.51

12.70

11.77

13.75

With a suitable standard, basically, calibration is carried out by forcing the colorimeter

10

to give the desired color coordinates Y, x and y mentioned above, while utilizing the colorimeter with the standard tile chosen. The method of calibration is known for particular instruments and follows a series of steps prescribed by the manufacturer that need not be detailed here.

In skin color testing, prior to each test of a subject, each test site is cleansed. A cleansing agent, such as isopropyl alcohol, which leaves behind no coloration, is suitable. In hair color analysis, prior to each test of a subject the subject's hair should be free of dirt. The site is well dried to avoid any wetness which may interfere with the reflection of light from the skin or hair

11

to the instrument

10

. In all cases of testing, with the instrument correctly calibrated, the measuring head or instrument orifice is placed against the test site to be measured. Care is taken to avoid the admission of ambient light to the instrument. Pressing the instrument head firmly against the measurement site prevents the entry of ambient light. Additionally, it was determined that best results are obtained if one removes the instrument from the test site briefly, between illuminations. This can be provided for in software by a conventional delaying routine and, if desired, with an appropriate display instructing the user to remove the instrument briefly well away from the skin or hair.

In a colorimeter of the type shown in

FIGS. 1 and 4

, at block

10

the instrument has an internal microprocessor or other computing capability so that it is able to develop the color coordinates Y, x and y from the measured values X, Y and Z (Y being the same in each case). Certain colorimeters develop the Hunter color coordinates L, a, and b. Since the degree of computation that the color measuring device

10

(i.e. colorimeter or spectrophotometer) internally performs varies, the manner of calculating the Hunter values from the tristimulus coordinates is useful to an understanding and practice of the invention and will enable correct use of a CPU by appropriate calculation to perform the invention with any commercially available colorimeter or spectrophotometer. Most modern color measuring instruments begin with measurement of the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z. From these can be derived the CIE chromaticity coordinates x and y:

x=X/(X+Y+Z) (1)

y=Y/(X+Y+Z) (2)

The instrument

10

of

FIG. 1

or

4

outputs the triplet of values x, y and Y as the starting point for further calculations by a central processing unit which can be dedicated microprocessor circuitry or personal computer

15

. The remaining two tristimulus values X and Z are available by computation as follows:

X=xY/y, and (3)

Z=(1−x−y)Y/y (4)

In one preferred embodiment for measurement of biological samples, the CPU according to

FIG. 1

develops the Hunter value b discovered in accordance with this invention to be capable of use to detect and monitor hyperbilirubinemia. In another preferred embodiment for hair measurement, the CPU according to

FIG. 4

develops the Hunter values L, a, and b. The Hunter L, b and a values are the three values derived by Richard S. Hunter in 1958. Richard S. Hunter, “Photoelectric Color Difference Meter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 985-995 (1958). The equations for these are:

L=10(Y)

½

(5)

a=17.5(1.02X−Y)/Y

½

(6)

b=7.0(Y−0.847Z)/y

½

(7)

where L is a lightness coordinate whose values correlate better with the visual perceptions of the lightness of object colors than do values of Y; a is a coordinate denoting redness or greenness, for which positive values denote that the color is red rather than its opponent color green, and negative values of a denote the opposite; and b is a yellowness-blueness coordinate, for which positive values denote that the color is yellow rather than the opponent color blue, and negative values of b denote the opposite. For yellow colors, starting with a=b=0 and an appropriate high value of L, which would be a light grey, increasing positive values of b result in a series of colors that may be described as light yellowish grey, pale yellow, light yellow, brilliant yellow and vivid yellow, in turn. Thus b is a measure of the “intensity” of the yellow color.

Historically, all three Hunter values, a, b and L, have been utilized to describe a color. The inventors have determined that one can use the Hunter skin lightness measure L and comparative determinations of the Hunter value b developed at time intervals to measure the jaundice that is symptomatic of hyperbilirubinemia and by that measurement of jaundice detect the presence or absence of the ailment. The coordinate b provides a reliable measure of the yellow undertone of the color of human skin. This does not mean that Hunter a and Hunter L should be ignored, but they are not used in the usual way to define a color. In the particular arrangement of

FIGS. 1 and 4

, wherein the colorimeter

10

produces the values Y, x, y, the computer

15

derives the Hunter values L and b. The Hunter lightness skin color characteristic L affects the amount of increase in the yellow measure Hunter b that indicates hyperbilirubinemia. Following the procedure represented in

FIG. 2

, steps I to

4

and preferably using an averaging technique described below, a newborn is measured, preferably within 2-5 hours of birth, to establish the initial, baseline values of Hunter L and b, L

0

and b

0

. The values

are recorded, step

5

, for example by placement in machine memory

17

. (A baseline Hunter a, a

0

, may be calculated at this time, too, for the purposes explained below and out of range values are discarded, i.e. 20>L>80, 2>a>50 and 2>b>40. Thereafter, again preferably using the averaging technique described below, throughout the next several days, Hunter L and b are measured at intervals as represented by step

6

of

FIG. 2. L

is compared to the value originally measured as indicated at step

7

. It should not vary more than 3 to 5 points (depending on the range of L being measured) or the test is discontinued as at step

8

. Otherwise, Hunter b is compared at step

9

to the baseline value established shortly after birth. As determined at step

10

, if Hunter L remains consistent, if at any time Hunter b increases two points or more for skins with L values at or below approximately 51 or three points or more for skins with L values above approximately 51, then hyperbilirubinemia is indicated, a confirming blood test should be conducted, and phototherapy, the usual treatment for this condition, may be prescribed. Hunter b increases of one to two points for L values at or below approximately 51 and Hunter b increases of two to three points for L values above approximately 51 can be used as red flags or warning signs requiring closer monitoring.

When the measured value of Hunter L at any time is found to have varied more than 3-5 points the test procedure is suspect and the test may be discontinued. Hunter L variations of this magnitude do not ordinarily occur in skin color measurement. Unless this change can be explained by a change in the condition of the subject (such as anemia or phototherapy treatment, which would lighten the subjects entire skin color measurement and range, but in direct ratio of L and b) the test would be suspect and in which case an adjustment factor would be used to calculate L and b.

During phototherapy too, the testing procedure according to this invention can be used with an adjustment factor for the lightening of the skin color while under the phototherapy lights.

As indicated, it has been the inventors' practice to require the additional measurement of Hunter a at each testing. This is illustrated in FIG.

3

. Again the averaging technique is preferably used as described below. Based upon the testing of the skin color of several million individuals, the inventors have identified some

210

broad categories of skin coloration. That is to say,

210

broad ranges of Hunter L, a and b have been identified. Hunter L and b values for each of these categories are shown in Table II, set forth below. Table III, below, provides the ranges of Hunter a reasonably to be expected. For certain values of L, Hunter a above a particular value has not typically been observed. Should the test indicate a Hunter a outside any previously observed range for a particular L and b, this would be taken as at least a further indication of some disorder in a condition of the subject if the Hunter a value cannot otherwise be accounted for, e.g. from crying or drying after bathing. This occurrence is represented at step

7

of

FIG. 3

, which drawing figure represents the steps in the hyperbilirubinemia test that includes the measurement and comparison of Hunter a.

The measurement of Hunter a can have the further value of a warning that the jaundice associated with hyperbilirubinemia may shortly occur since, at times Hunter a will increase in value just before Hunter b increases.

If, then, an infant has not been crying (which boosts Hunter a), and an increase in Hunter a is observed, Hunter b bears watching for signs of hyperbilirubinemia.

TABLE II

No.

Hunter L

Hunter b

1.

<27

−5

*

2.

<27

6

3.

<27

7

4.

<27

8

5.

<27

9

6.

<27

10

7.

<27

11

8.

<27

12

+**

9.

27 to <30

−5

10.

27 to <30

6

11.

27 to <30

7

12.

27 to <30

8

13.

27 to <30

9

14.

27 to <30

10

15.

27 to <30

11

16.

27 to <30

12

+

17.

30 to <33

−5

18.

30 to <33

6

19.

30 to <33

7

20.

30 to <33

8

21.

30 to <33

9

22.

30 to <33

10

23.

30 to <33

11

24.

30 to <33

12

+

25.

33 to <36

−5

26.

33 to <36

6

27.

33 to <36

7

28.

33 to <36

8

29.

33 to <36

9

30.

33 to <36

10

31.

33 to <36

11

32.

33 to <36

12

+

33.

36 to <39

−5

34.

36 to <39

6

35.

36 to <39

7

36.

36 to <39

8

37.

36 to <39

9

38.

36 to <39

10

39.

36 to <39

11

40.

36 to <39

12

41.

36 to <39

13

42.

36 to <39

14

43.

36 to <39

15

+

44.

39 to <42

−5

45.

39 to <42

6

46.

39 to <42

7

47.

39 to <42

8

48.

39 to <42

9

49.

39 to <42

10

50.

39 to <42

11

51.

39 to <42

12

52.

39 to <42

13

53.

39 to <42

14

54.

39 to <42

15

+

55.

42 to <45

−5

56.

42 to <45

6

57.

42 to <45

7

58.

42 to <45

8

59.

42 to <45

9

60.

42 to <45

10

61.

42 to <45

11

62.

42 to <45

12

63.

42 to <45

13

64.

42 to <45

14

65.

42 to <45

15

66.

42 to <45

16

67.

42 to <45

17

68.

42 to <45

18

+

69.

45 to <48

−5

70.

45 to <48

6

71.

45 to <48

7

72.

45 to <48

8

73.

45 to <48

9

74.

45 to <48

10

75.

45 to <48

11

76.

45 to <48

12

77.

45 to <48

13

78.

45 to <48

14

79.

45 to <48

15

80.

45 to <48

16

81.

45 to <48

17

82.

45 to <48

18

+

83.

48 to <51

−5

84.

48 to <51

6

85.

48 to <51

7

86.

48 to <51

8

87.

48 to <51

9

88.

48 to <51

10

89.

48 to <51

11

90.

48 to <51

12

91.

48 to <51

13

92.

48 to <51

14

93.

48 to <51

15

94.

48 to <51

16

95.

48 to <51

17

96.

48 to <51

18

97.

48 to <51

19

98.

48 to <51

20

+

99.

51 to <54

−5

100.

51 to <54

6

101.

51 to <54

7

102.

51 to <54

8

103.

51 to <54

9

104.

51 to <54

10

105.

51 to <54

11

106.

51 to <54

12

107.

51 to <54

13

108.

51 to <54

14

109.

51 to <54

15

110.

51 to <54

16

111.

51 to <54

17

112.

51 to <54

18

113.

51 to <54

19

114.

51 to <54

20

+

115.

54 to <57

−5

116.

54 to <57

6

117.

54 to <57

7

118.

54 to <57

8

119.

54 to <57

9

120.

54 to <57

10

121.

54 to <57

11

122.

54 to <57

12

123.

54 to <57

13

124.

54 to <57

14

125.

54 to <57

15

126.

54 to <57

16

127.

54 to <57

17

128.

54 to <57

18

129.

54 to <57

19

130.

54 to <57

20

+

131.

57 to <60

−5

132.

57 to <60

6

133.

57 to <60

7

134.

57 to <60

8

135.

57 to <60

9

136.

57 to <60

10

137.

57 to <60

11

138.

57 to <60

12

139.

57 to <60

13

140.

57 to <60

14

141.

57 to <60

15

142.

57 to <60

16

143.

57 to <60

17

144.

57 to <60

18

145.

57 to <60

19

146.

57 to <60

20

+

147.

60 to <63

−5

148.

60 to <63

6

149.

60 to <63

7

150.

60 to <63

8

151.

60 to <63

9

152.

60 to <63

10

153.

60 to <63

11

154.

60 to <63

12

155.

60 to <63

13

156.

60 to <63

14

157.

60 to <63

15

158.

60 to <63

16

159.

60 to <63

17

160.

60 to <63

18

161.

60 to <63

19

162.

60 to <63

20

+

163

63 to <66

−5

164.

63 to <66

6

165.

63 to <66

7

166.

63 to <66

8

167.

63 to <66

9

168.

63 to <66

10

169.

63 to <66

11

170.

63 to <66

12

171.

63 to <66

13

172.

63 to <66

14

173.

63 to <66

15

174.

63 to <66

16

175.

63 to <66

17

176.

63 to <66

18

177.

63 to <66

19

178.

63 to <66

20

+

179.

66 to <69

−5

180.

66 to <69

6

181.

66 to <69

7

182.

66 to <69

8

183.

66 to <69

9

184.

66 to <69

10

185.

66 to <69

11

186.

66 to <69

12

187.

66 to <69

13

188.

66 to <69

14

189.

66 to <69

15

190.

66 to <69

16

191.

66 to <69

17

192.

66 to <69

18

193.

66 to <69

19

194.

66 to <69

20

+

195.

≧69

−5

196.

≧69

6

197.

≧69

7

198.

≧69

8

199.

≧69

9

200.

≧69

10

201.

≧69

11

202.

≧69

12

203.

≧69

13

204.

≧69

14

205.

≧69

15

206.

≧69

16

207.

≧69

17

208.

≧69

18

209.

≧69

19

210.

≧69

20

+

Wherein the designation −5 means less than 5 but more than 4 and the designation 12+ means more than 12 but less than 13.

TABLE III

If Hunter L values are:

Then Hunter a values are:

24 (or less) to

44

4 to 16

45 to

54

4 to 18

55 to

59

5 to 25

60 to

71 (or more)

6 to 30

For greater accuracy, multiple Y,x and y readings are made with the calorimeter

10

at several different sites, for example at one or more locations on some or all of the subject's forehead, cheek, chest or back, as suggested in the steps of the method outlined in FIG.

2

. In a preferred embodiment 5 or 6 readings at 5 different sites are made. Hunter a, b and L values are calculated for each reading. The high and low values of a, b, and L from each site are discarded, the computer

15

then averages all of the remaining values of Hunter a, b and L for each site. The average a, b and L thus calculated for each site are then used as the Hunter b and L values in the previously described testing for bilirubinemia. If Hunter a is out of range for the site measured, this can also be an indicator of some disorder in the condition of a subject.

Some variation of b value occurs in dependence on the body location where readings are taken. Consistently averaging the values of Hunter a, b and L calculated from measurements taken at the same several locations on each individual can be used to eliminate any uncertainty resulting from such variations. The consistent measurement of consistent sites is essential throughout the entire procedure.

A hospital's measure of serum bilirubin typically uses a scale different from the measure of Hunter b detected by the above procedure. In extensive tests at one hospital, a linear relation was observed between serum bilirubin measured using the hospital's scale and the Hunter b measurement according to the invention. In that hospital

12

was the serum bilirubin value that signaled monitoring or treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. Steps

12

-

15

of FIG.

2

and

13

-

16

of

FIG. 3

calculate the serum bilirubin level from the above procedures and compare it to the determination made by blood test.

Correlation between Hunter b and the hospital bilirubin count (BRC) was determined to be in accordance with the following equation:

BRC=2.5([{47/L}

½

b]−6.8) (8)

where BRC equals the hospital bilirubin count, the number 47 is the average L for the entire database gathered over the course of research, and L and b are the average Hunter values determined as described above.

The term in braces modifies b according to the value L relative to its average, in this case 47, according to a square root (superscript ½) function. It may be easier to understand the above equation if it is written another way. If the modified b (in square brackets) is called MODB:

MODB=6.8+0.4 BRC (9)

The numbers 6.8 and 0.4 (=1/2.5) are, respectively, the intercept and slope of the straight line relation between modified b and BRC. The 6.8 is the value of MODB when BRC=0 and is related to the average baseline skin color. The 0.4 shows how rapidly MODB changes as BRC increases, an increase of 2.5 in BRC raises MODB by one point.

The equation is exemplary only and may vary in detail when applied to a larger database or to bilirubin count values from another hospital since hospitals do not have a standard scale used consistently from one hospital to the next. However, the linear relationship between MODB and BRC indicates relatively straightforward conversion of measured L and b to arrive at a particular hospital's bilirubin count value so that the medical practitioner can employ the optical measurement of jaundice in accordance with this invention in the same way she or he employed bilirubin count previously.

In the system of

FIG. 1

, following the routine of

FIG. 2

, from the initial measurement preferably within 2-5 hours of birth, the CPU calculates the initial Hunter values L

0

, a

0

and b

0

and stores these in the Baseline Values addresses of the data portion or RAM of memory

17

. The data RAM (or nonprogram) portion

18

of the memory

17

is indicated in

FIG. 1A. A

relatively permanent section

18

a

of RAM

18

stores the data of Table II (and Table III if Hunter a is to be checked) and data such as the ranges of L that establish categories of skin coloration for which varying Hunter b value changes are significant.

A more often revised memory segment stores the results of the measurements performed with the instrument. Based on a relatively straightforward program retained in the permanent ROM memory, from the measurements taken at intervals, the CPU calculates the new values of L, a, and b (or L and b to follow the procedure of FIG.

2

), retrieves L

0

, a

0

and b

0

, and subtracts those from the new value L

1

, a

1

and b

1

. The change in Hunter L, a and b, ΔL, Δa and Δb, can be displayed, or preferably, the CPU determines if the change in L indicates an error by comparing the change in L to that value, stored in the RAM

18

of the memory

17

, that raises the suspicion of test error. If there is no suspicion of error, then the CPU determines whether an increase in b is above the value, again stored in memory, that indicates monitoring or treatment of hyperbilirubinemia for the particular value of L that has been measured. Similarly, for an infant that has previously been diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia and is undergoing phototherapy, the same order of decrease to within 2 or 3 points of baseline, depending on L, can indicate recovery and phototherapy may be ended. The CPU memory

17

can be provided with Table II, or another compilation of the categories of skin coloration, which the CPU then can use as a look-up table to determine if Hunter a has a value outside of previously observed ranges for the particular Hunter L and b. Also, if desired, the CPU can calculate and display the hospital's measure of serum bilirubin based upon changes in Hunter b, for example by applying equation 8 above.

Even in the absence of an initial reading, based on observed ranges of skin coloration, measurement of either Hunter L and b or L, a and b can warn of the likelihood of hyperbilirubinemia if a Hunter b value is measured that is in excess of Hunter b ordinarily observed for subjects with that value of L. Hunter b values exceeding those ordinarily observed for individuals in a particular range of Hunter L values can be determined by reference to Table II. For example, it will be apparent that no individual whose skin has a Hunter L value between 24 and 26 has measured above 13 in Hunter b. Such a measurement may be used to determine that a blood test is advisable. In all instances, however, even where there has not been a Hunter b baseline established, an increase over time of 2, 3 or more Hunter b points indicates the likelihood of hyperbilirubinemia, and if the change is a decrease., this is indicative of a recovering newborn.

Table IV is an actual set of measurements made on a three day old infant. Using the averaging technique described above, Hunter L of 48.0 and Hunter b of 11.1 is calculated. Converting to the hospital bilirubin count in the equation (9) above, a bilirubin count of 10.5 was calculated.

TABLE IV

L

a

b

Y

x

y

Forehead

47.8

21.6

11.6

22.9

0.411

0.333

48.6

19.5

11.5

23.6

0.404

0.335

48.8

21.2

11.6

23.8

0.407

0.333

46.7

21.6

11.6

21.8

0.413

0.333

48.6

21.6

11.8

23.6

0.410

0.333

48.0

22.1

11.7

23.1

0.412

0.332

Forehead

46.4

20.5

11.2

21.5

0.409

0.333

46.0

20.3

11.1

21.1

0.409

0.333

47.4

21.4

11.6

22.4

0.411

0.333

46.1

21.4

10.7

21.2

0.409

0.330

46.3

20.4

11.2

21.5

0.409

0.333

46.9

20.7

11.3

22.0

0.409

0.333

Chest

50.5

16.5

11.2

25.5

0.391

0.336

50.9

15.3

11.2

25.9

0.388

0.338

50.1

17.5

11.2

25.1

0.395

0.336

50.7

16.9

11.2

25.7

0.392

0.336

50.4

16.4

11.1

25.4

0.391

0.336

50.1

17.3

11.1

25.1

0.394

0.335

Back

49.0

17.1

11.1

24.0

0.395

0.336

48.7

16.3

11.0

23.7

0.394

0.337

48.3

16.6

10.6

23.3

0.393

0.335

49.2

16.6

10.9

24.2

0.393

0.336

49.1

18.3

11.3

24.1

0.399

0.335

50.0

18.0

11.4

25.0

0.397

0.336

Back

46.2

15.8

10.5

21.4

0.395

0.337

45.3

16.5

10.2

20.5

0.397

0.335

45.9

16.0

10.4

21.1

0.395

0.336

45.5

14.4

10.3

20.7

0.392

0.338

46.3

16.1

11.0

21.4

0.398

0.339

47.3

16.9

10.9

22.3

0.397

0.336

The invention can afford good evidence of jaundice resulting from medical conditions other than hyperbilirubinemia. Liver disorders in adults and children produce jaundice, for example. These and other skin color characteristics can be factors in diagnosing additional diseases that affect skin color. It has been observed, for example, that at least among dark skinned individuals, such as African Americans or others of African descent, skin color is affected by tuberculosis.

The application of the method and apparatus is not limited to the jaundice-related testing described above. Experiments with rhesus monkeys have shown a correlation between hormone levels and the coloration of the female monkey's very visible reddened hind end. An instrument like that described above was able to distinguish varying levels of reddening in an individual test subject's posterior using Hunter a and Hunter L in a similar fashion to that described above. The hormone level of the subject was thus indicated by the methods and apparatus of this invention.

Successful experimentation has begun on the evaluation of the condition of laboratory mice based upon the use of Hunter a and Hunter L in a similar fashion to that described above.

Table V is a broad categorization of human hair coloration.

TABLE V

CATEGORY

L

a

b

NAME

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Black

0.00

14.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

5.00

Darkest Dark

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

1.00

Brown

Darkest Dark

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.00

1.15

Brown

Darkest Dark

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.15

1.25

Brown

Darkest Dark

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.25

3.00

Brown

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

2.70

Brown

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

2.70

2.95

Brown

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

2.95

3.20

Brown

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

3.20

10.00

Brown

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

−10.00

2.70

Brown

(Cool Auburn

Tones)

Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

3.20

10.00

Brown

(Warm Auburn

Tones)

Brown

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

−10.00

2.95

Brown

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

2.95

3.20

Brown

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

3.20

3.45

Brown

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

3.45

10.00

Brown

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

3.45

10.00

(Warm Auburn

Tones)

Brown

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

3.45

(Cool Auburn

Tones)

Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

−10.00

3.75

Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

3.75

4.00

Golden Med.

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

4.00

4.25

Brown

Golden Med.

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

4.25

10.00

Brown

Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

4.25

10.00

(Warm Auburn

Tones)

Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

4.25

(Cool Auburn

Tones)

Darkest Med.

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

Blonde

Darkest Med.

27.00

28.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

Blonde

Darkest Med.

27.00

28.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

Blonde

Darkest Med.

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

Blonde

Medium Blonde

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

Medium Blonde

28.00

31.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

Med. Golden

28.00

31.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

Blonde

Med. Golden

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

Blonde

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

Blonde

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

Blonde

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

Blonde

Lightest Med.

31.00

33 00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

Blonde

Light Blonde

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

7.00

Light Blonde

33.00

36.00

1.80

5.00

7.00

7.50

Light Blonde

33.00

36.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

7.50

Light Blonde

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

7.50

20.00

Lighter Blonde

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

8.00

Lighter Blonde

36.00

40.00

1.80

5.00

8.00

8.50

Lighter Blonde

36.00

40.00

5.00

6.00

8.00

8.50

Lighter Blonde

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

8.50

20.00

Lightest Blonde

40.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

−5.00

9.00

Lightest Blonde

40.00

80.00

1.80

5.00

9.00

10.00

Lightest Blonde

40.00

80.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

10.00

Lightest Blonde

40.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

−10.00

30.00

Light Red

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

−5.00

3.50

Light Red

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

Light Red

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

Light Red

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

Medium Red

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

−10.00

3.50

Medium Red

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

Med. Golden Red

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

Med. Golden Red

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

Dark Red

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

10.00

2.50

Dark Red

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.50

2.75

Dark Red

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.75

3.00

Dark Red

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

3.00

30.00

Red Blonde

27.00

40.00

6.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

Red Blonde

40.00

80.00

7.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

Black/Dk Brown/

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

10.00

3.75

Med Brown/

Brown w/

70%-90% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

3.75

4.00

Med Brown/

Brown w/

70%-90% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.00

4.25

Med Brown/

Brown w/

70%-90% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.25

10.00

Med Brown/

Brown w/

70%-90% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

−10.00

3.75

Med Brown/

Brown w/

40%-60% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

3.75

4.00

Med Brown/

Brown w/

40%-60% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.00

4.25

Med Brown/

Brown w/

40%-60% Grey

Black/Dk Brown/

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.25

10.00

Med Brown/

Brown w/

40%-60% Grey

For Grey Hair

Light Brown/Darkest Blonde

40%-60% Grey

4.00

10.00

−10.00

−0.08

70%-90% Grey

10.00

To

−10.00

−0.08

Maximum

Dark Red, Medium Red or Medium Light Red

40%-60% Grey

6.00

10.00

−10.00

−0.80

70%-90% Grey

10.00

To

−10.00

−0.80

Maximum

Light Red or Red Blonde

40%-60% Grey

5.00

7.00

− 10.00

−0.80

70%-90% Grey

7.00

To

−10.00

−0.80

Maximum

Medium to Medium Dark Blonde

40%-60% Grey

1.70

4.00

0.00

0.00

70%-90% Grey

4.00

To

0.00

0.00

Maximum

Light Blonde Hair

40%-60% Grey

−99.99

−0.25

−1.75

−1.25

70%-90% Grey

−99.99

−0.25

−99.99

−1.75

*Wherein negative values denote values less than zero.

In addition to diagnostic use, test procedures and instruments according to this invention can be used to determine how to restore the hair to its natural color, or with reference to the categories of Table V or VI, hair that has changed in color by greying or by bleaching or dying can be restored to a more natural appearance, whether the test subject's original coloring or a chosen color consistent with the limitation of the categories identified in Table V or VI. In the particular arrangement of

FIG. 4

, wherein the calorimeter

10

produces the values Y, x and y, the computer

15

derives the Hunter values L, a and b. Following the procedure represented in

FIG. 5

, the colorimeter is calibrated as described above. The values of Y, x and y are measured for each of multiple sites on the subject's hair. Preferably the top, each side, the back of the subject's head, the color of the hair at the roots and at its ends, are measured. Three measurements are taken at each site and are averaged to arrive at an Y, x and y for each site and, from the average for each site, Hunter L, a and b for each site are calculated.

The following discussion references tables VI through XII. Due to their length, those tables are produced at the end of the specification for the sake of clarity.

The values of Hunter L, a and b are compared to the values of Hunter L, a and b of the color categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc. of the Hair Categories table of Table VI. This, then, identifies the category of the subject's hair coloring at each of the measured sites. Each Hair Category in the table of Table VI has in association with it the hair color name, such as Black-Cool, Darkest Dark Brown-Cool, etc., an identification of one or more manufacturer's “Levels” which are commonly indicated upon a manufacturer's product to indicate products recommended for individuals with particular hair color. In other words, the identification of hair category or classification can also indicate to the subject or the subject's hair specialist the designation or level that the subject should seek out in a particular manufacturer's line of products. The Hair Categories illustrated in Table VI may further identify for the subject or his or her specialist the pigment designation given by the manufacturers to the particular color.

The hair color categories for the several measured sites, then, can be used by the subject or her or his hair specialist to allow for accurate assessment of the hair color to be dyed and to choose product for hair coloring. As will be appreciated, the category or classification may vary from site to site and this will inform the subject or specialist whether it will be necessary to use varying products or longer or shorter periods of application at varying sites to achieve a hair coloration desired. In other words, dark roots might be treated differently than light ends.

In accordance with the further method according to

FIG. 6

, a hair coloring agent recommendation is made to achieve a subject's desired coloration change. Once having determined the correct color categories for each measured site, a menu of possible actions (Table VII) affecting hair color is displayed and one such action in chosen by the subject or hair specialist. Using that selection and the hair color category, a database (Table VIII) is consulted as indicated at step

7

and at step

8

products are identified from Table IX of a given manufacturer that will accomplish the sought-after result.

The menu of hair color action choices available in step

6

is listed in Table VII.

The database used in step

7

to arrive at a particular product that will effect the chosen hair color option for the particular person's hair category is shown in Table VIII. Certain codes in this appendix that are used by this database require explanation. The same

75

hair color categories 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., and category names as appear in Table VI are listed under the heading “Category Name.” Also under “Category Name” the Category Group, A, B, C, D, etc. is designated as in Table VI. Next, the ranges of Hunter L, a and b defining the category appear. Under the heading “CW Level” one of four levels of cool to warm is listed. In these the numeral “1” is coolest, “2” is a border color on the cool side of the cool-warm boundary, “3” is a warm color on the warm side of the cool-warm boundary, and “4” is a warm color. The “Level” column lists again the product manufacturer's “Level” designations like those listed in Table VI.

In the database illustrated in Table VIII, two manufacturers are listed for each category. Opposite each appears a series of numbers such as −1:01 −2:01 +1:02 +2:02. In each of these numbers the first digit represents an action which may be chosen from the menu of hair color options. For example in −1:01, the number “−1” making hair color slightly darker. The number “−2” means “darker,” which is somewhat more darkening than “slightly darker.” The number “+1” means “slightly lighter” and the number “+2” means “lighter,” e.g. somewhat more lightening than “slightly lighter.” The number after the (:), “01,” is a direction to go to category group A. In category Group A, then, are identified the manufacturer products of :011. An index, listed in Table IX, identifies products of each manufacturer. These are the products that will have the desired effect.

From the database of Table VIII it will be seen, then, that, for example, to darken hair of Categories 2, 3, 4 and S, “01” appears, making reference to Category Group A

1

.

The database appended as Table VIII was developed empirically by, first, measuring the Hunter L, a and b of an enormous number of sample hairs from the numerous Categories, then applying the colorants of the manufacturers to these hairs and again measuring the Hunter L, a and b to determine the color change effect of the hairs thus colored. This was done as well for the lighter ends of these hairs and for darker roots. This was also done for greying hair for use in the grey hair program described below. In this fashion the database of Table VIII was built.

Turning to the block diagram of

FIG. 7

, characterization of greying hair can be accomplished, following calibration of the instrument at step one, by selecting one's natural color from the following List Of Natural Hair Color Options. (Table X).

Again, at step three Y, x and y for the natural hair is identified, either by measurement at a natural hair color site on the individual or by the individual's identifying hair swatches considered to be his or her natural color. From Y, x and y, Hunter L, a and b—three measure ments are taken and then averaged to reach average Hunter L, a and b, or in the case of the swatch this may already have been done so that Hunter L, a and b for the swatch is known.

Further sites containing grey are then measured at step

4

to arrive at Y, x and y for these additional sites, which again may be the sides, top, back of the head, roots and ends. The same procedure is followed with three measurements per site to reach average Y, x and y for each site and thereafter calculating average L, a and b for each site. With the Hunter L, a and b for natural hair and the Hunter L, a and b for the greying hair determined, the table entitled “Calculation of Percentage of Grey Hair.” Table XI, is consulted, which defines the grey hair categories on the basis of percentage of grey.

The percentage grey thus identified is displayed and this represents the category for an individual with greying hair. This characterization is used similarly to the previously described characterization or category of the table of hair categories shown in Table V or VI.

In

FIG. 8

the use of the grey hair identification as just described in a procedure for identifying colorants to achieve a desired result is indicated. After calibration of the instrument as described, the steps previously discussed in connection with

FIG. 7

are followed to identify the category of greying hair. Then, at step

7

from the menu of options appearing in Table VII, a selection of one of the 35 choices is made. With that, now the database of Table VIII can be used in exactly the same manner as described previously. That is to say, the category of hair is found, the option selected is chosen as −1, −2, +1 or +2. The Category Group designator, 01, 02, 03, etc. is used to identify the appropriate category family to go to and in that category family is found the identifier of manufacturer's hair colorants that will produce the desired result which is found in Table IX.

In

FIG. 9

a method of using an indicator table to choose hair coloring agents for compatibility with skin coloration entails taking 5 measurements for the subjects right cheek and calculating Y, x and y, following calibration of the instrument. Out of range readings are discarded prior to calculation of Hunter L, a and b based on the remaining three averaged Y, x and y readings. Using the value of Hunter b at step

5

it is determined whether the skin tone type is less than 11.5 and consequently cool or equal to or higher than 11.5 and therefore warm. Using this cool or warm designation, Table XI is consulted to arrive at hair color recommendations.

Table XI is developed by assessment of Hunter b in the products listed to assess the warmness or coolness of those products and products are recommended that have the same proportion of yellow to blue as does the measured skin color.

In

FIG. 4

the colorimeter

10

provides Y, x and y to the computer

15

. The computer's memory

17

is divided into RAM and ROM.

In the system of

FIG. 4

, following the routine of

FIG. 5

, the CPU or central processing unit of the computer calculates the Hunter values L, a and b and stores these at selected addresses of the data portion or RAM state of memory

17

. The data RAM (or nonprogram) portion

18

of the memory

17

is indicated in

FIG. 4A. A

relatively permanent section

18

a

of RAM

18

stores the data of Table VI. A more often revised memory segment stores the results of the measurements performed with the instrument. Based on a relatively straightforward program retained in the permanent ROM memory, from the measurements taken at intervals, the CPU calculates new values of L, a and b. The CPU compares these to the L, a and b values in Table VI and indicates the appropriate hair color category from Table VI, for example on the display

20

.

To perform the procedure according to

FIG. 6

, the RAM memory

18

also contains the information of the menu of options in Table VII. These are called up and displayed at display and, using an input device such as a keyboard

22

or a mouse, a selection is made. The selection in retained in the more temporary portion

18

b

of the RAM

18

.

The CPU consults the Table VIII database, in the more permanent RAM section

18

a

and pulls up the appropriate manufacturer's product identifications in Table IX, for the choice of menu items and the hair color category. These are displayed on the display

20

.

To accomplish the procedure of

FIG. 7

the RAM

18

retains the Table VI information which includes the greying hair categories 61 to 68 and the Table XI information giving the manner of arriving at percentage of grey hair. The CPU inquires of the user via the display or measurement and is given the natural hair color via the input. The CPU uses the Hunter L, a and b values and Table VI to determine Color Category or if Table VI does not yield a category the Table XI information is employed with L to arrive at a Category using Table XI. The category is displayed.

To perform the procedures of

FIG. 8

, the CPU determines the category-percentage of grey hair as above, from either Table VI or Table XI. The menu of selections, Table VII, is displayed and a choice is indicated. Using the choice and the category identified, the Table VIII database is used to indicate a group or “file” of manufacturer's products in Table IX, which are then displayed on the display

20

.

For the choice of hair coloring agent based on skin color the CPU determines if Hunter b is above or below 11.5 and based on this available selections from Table XII are chosen and displayed.

In much the same way as described for hair and skin coloration, tooth coloration can be assessed by this invention and the techniques described can be used to arrive at a natural coloring of replacement dental work consistent with existing or replacement teeth.

Plant and crop specimens are good candidates for the application of the procedures and apparatus of the invention. For example, conditions leading to the degradation of grain stored in silos are observable based upon color change. Determination of these conditions by instrument is made possible by the techniques of the present invention, and this opens the way to automated monitoring for this purpose. Soil samples from oil spills when measured by these procedures and apparatus indicate the degree of soil contamination by oil or gasoline. Testing of such soil contamination has been successfully conducted. Biological test subjects of a great variety can be tested by means of the present invention. Such test subjects include, for example, hair, teeth, tissue, excretions, foods, soils, animals and plants.

From the foregoing it should be apparent that the methods and apparatus described are exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of protection of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

TABLE VI

HAIR CATEGORIES

L

a

b

Clairol

L'Oreal

CATEGORY NAME

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Level

Pigmt

Level

Pigmt

1

A

Black-Cool

0.00

14.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

5.00

1

Red

M1

None

Brown

2

B

Darkest Dark Brown-

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

1.00

2

Red Brown

M3

None

Cool

3

B

Darkest Dark Brown-

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.00

1.15

2

Red Brown

M3

None

Border C/W-C

4

B

Darkest Dark Brown-

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.15

1.25

2

Red Brown

M3

None

Border C/W-W

5

B

Darkest Dark Brown-

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.25

3.00

2

Red Brown

M3

None

Warm

6

C

Darker Dark Brown-

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

2.70

2

Red Orange

M4

Red

Cool

7

C

Darker Dark Brown-

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

2.70

2.95

3

Red Orange

M4

Red

Border C/W C

8

C

Darker Dark Brown-

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

2.95

3.20

3

Red Orange

M4

Red

Border C/W W

9

C

Darker Dark Brown-

16.00

19.00

−10.00

3.00

3.20

10.00

3

Red Orange

M4

Red

Warm

FLAG: Darker Dark

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

−10.00

2.70

3

Red Orange

M4

Red

Brown (Auburn Tones-

Cool)

Darker Dark Brown

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

3.20

10.00

3

Red Orange

M4

Red

(Auburn Tones-Warm)

10

D

Brown-Cool

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

−10.00

2.95

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

11

D

Brown-Border C/W-C

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

2.95

3.20

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

12

D

Brown-Border C/W-W

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

3.20

3.45

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

13

D

Brown-Warm

19.00

22.00

0.00

6.00

3.45

10.00

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

FLAG: Brown

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

3.45

10.00

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

(Auburn Tones-Warm)

Brown

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

3.45

4

Red Orange

M5

Red Orange

(Auburn Tones-Cool)

14

E

Medium Brown-Cool

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

−10.00

3.75

5

Orange

M6

Orange

15

E

Medium Brown-Border

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

3.75

4.00

5

Orange

M6

Orange

C/W C

16

E

Golden Med. Brown-

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

4.00

4.25

5

Orange

M6

Orange

Border C/W W

17

E

Golden Med. Brown-

22.00

27.00

1.00

6.00

4.25

10.00

5

Orange

M6

Orange

Warm

FLAG: Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

4.25

10.00

5

Orange

M6

Orange

(Auburn Tones-Warm)

Medium Brown

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

4.25

5

Orange

M6

Orange

(Auburn Tones-Cool)

18

F

Darkest Med. Blonde-

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

6

Gold Orange

M7

Yellow Orange

Cool

19

F

Darkest Med. Blonde-

27.00

28.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

6

Gold Orange

M7

Yellow Orange

Border C/W C

20

F

Darkest Med. Blonde-

27.00

28.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

6

Gold Orange

M7

Yellow Orange

Border C/W W

21

F

Darkest Med. Blonde-

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

6

Gold Orange

M7

Yellow Orange

Warm

22

G

Medium Blonde-Cool

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

6

Gold Orange

M8

Yellow

23

G

Medium Blonde-Border

28.00

31.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

6

Gold Orange

M8

Yellow

C/W C

24

G

Med. Golden Blonde-

28.00

31.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

6

Gold Orange

M8

Yellow

Border C/W W

25

G

Med. Golden Blonde-

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

6

Gold Orange

M8

Yellow

Warm

26

H

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

7

Gold

M8

Yellow

Blonde-Cool

27

H

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

7

Gold

M8

Yellow

Blonde-Border C/W

C

28

H

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

7

Gold

M8

Yellow

Blonde-Border C/W

W

29

H

Lightest Med.

31.00

33.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

7

Gold

M8

Yellow

Blonde-Warm

30

I

Light Blonde-Cool

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

7.00

7

Gold

M9

Pale Yellow

3

I

Light Blonde-Border

33.00

36.00

1.80

5.00

7.00

7.50

7

Gold

M9

Pale Yellow

C/W C

32

I

Light Blonde-Border

33.00

36.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

7.50

7

Gold

M9

Pale Yellow

C/W W

33

I

Light Blonde-Warm

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

7.50

20.00

7

Gold

M9

Pale Yellow

34

J

Lighter Blonde-Cool

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

8.00

8

Deep

M9

Pale Yellow

Yellow

35

J

Lighter Blonde-

36.00

40.00

1.80

5.00

8.00

8.50

8

Deep

M9

Pale Yellow

Border C/W C

Yellow

36

J

Lighter Blonde-

36.00

40.00

5.00

6.00

8.00

8.50

8

Deep

M9

Pale Yellow

Border C/W W

Yellow

37

J

Lighter Blonde-

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

8.50

20.00

8

Deep

M9

Pale Yellow

Warm

Yellow

38

K

Lightest Blonde-

40.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

−5.00

9.00

9

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Cool

Yellow

39

K

Lightest Blonde-

40.00

80.00

1.80

5.00

9.00

10.00

9

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Border C/W C

Yellow

40

K

Lightest Blonde-

40.00

80.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

10.00

9

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Border C/W-W

Yellow

41

K

Lightest Blonde-

40.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

10.00

30.00

9

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Warm

Yellow

42

L

Lightest Blonde-

50.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

−5.00

9.00

10

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Cool

Yellow

43

L

Lightest Blonde-

50.00

80.00

1.80

5.00

9.00

10.00

10

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Border C/W C

Yellow

44

L

Lightest Blonde-

50.00

80.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

10.00

10

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Border C/W W

Yellow

45

L

Lightest Blonde-

50.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

10.00

30.00

10

Pale

M10

Pale Yellow

Warm

Yellow

46

M

Light Red-Cool

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

−5.00

3.50

5 (with

Orange

M6 (with

Orange

Red

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

47

M

Light Red-Border

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

5 (with

Orange

M6 (with

Orange

C/W C

Red

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

48

M

Light Red-Border

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

5 (with

Orange

M6 (with

Orange

C/W W

Red,

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

49

M

Light Red-Warm

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

5 (with

Orange

M6 (with

Orange

Red,

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

50

N

Medium Red-Cool

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

−10.00

3.50

4 (with

Red

M5 (with

Red Orange

Red,

Orange

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

51

N

Medium Red-Border

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

4 (with

Red

M5 (with

Red Orange

C/W C

Red

Orange

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

52

N

Med. Golden Red-

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

4 (with

Red

M5 (with

Red Orange

Border C/W W

Red,

Orange

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

53

N

Med. Golden Red-

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

4 (with

Red

M5 (with

Red Orange

Warm

Red,

Orange

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

54

O

Dark Red-Cool

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

−10.00

2.50

2/3 (with

Red

M4 (with

Red Orange

Red

Orange

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

55

O

Dark Red-Border

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.50

2.75

2/3 (with

Red

M4 (with

Red Orange

C/W C

Red

Orange

Ash,

Violet,

Irridescent

Neutral

or Auburn

or Blue

tones)

Violet

tones)

56

O

Dark Red-Border

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.75

3.00

2/3 (with

Red

M4 (with

Red Orange

C/W W

Red,

Orange

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

57

O

Dark Red Warm

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

3.00

30.00

2/3 (with

Red

M4 (with

Red Orange

Red,

Orange

Gold or

Gold or

Copper

Red

tones)

Orange

tones)

58

P

Red Blonde

27.00

40.00

6.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

6/7/8

Yellow

M7/M8

Yellow

(with

(with Gold

Red,

or Copper

Gold or

tones)

Red

Orange

tones)

59

Q

Red Blonde

40.00

80.00

7.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

9/10

Pale

M9 (with

Pale Yellow

(with

Yellow

Gold or

Red,

Copper

Gold or

tones)

Red

Orange

tones)

60

R

Red Blond

50.00

80.00

7.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

9/10

Pale

M9 (with

Pale Yellow

(with

Yellow

Gold or

Red,

Copper

Gold or

tones)

Red

Orange

tones)

61

S

Black/Dk Brown/Med

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

−10.00

3.75

Brown/Brown

w/70%-90% Grey-

Cool

62

S

Black/Dk Brown/Med

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

3.75

4.00

Brown/Brown

w/70%-90% Grey-

Border C/W-C

63

S

Black/Dk Brown/Med

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.00

4.25

Brown/Brown

w/70%-90% Grey-

Border C/W-W

64

S

Black/Dk Brown/Med

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.25

10.00

Brown/Brown

w/70%-90% Grey-

Warm

65

T

Black/Dk Brown/Med

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

−10.00

3.75

Brown/Brown

w/40%-60% Grey-

Cool

66

T

Black/Dk Brown/Med

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

3.75

4.00

Brown/Brown

w/40%-60% Grey-

Border C/W-C

67

T

Black/Dk Brown/Med

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.00

4.25

Brown/Brown

w/40%-60% Grey-

Border C/W-W

68

T

Black/Dk Brown/Med

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.25

10.00

Brown/Brown

w/40%-60% Grey-

Warm

For Grey Hair

Light Brown/Darkest Blonde

40%-60% Grey

4.00

10.00

−10.00

−0.08

70%-90% Grey

10.00

To

−10.00

−0.08

Maximum

Dark Red Medium Red or Medium Light Red

40%-60% Grey

6.00

10.00

−10.00

−0.80

70%-90% Grey

10.00

To

−10.00

−0.80

Maximum

Light Red or Red Blonde

40%-60% Grey

5.00

7.00

−10.00

−0.80

70%-90% Grey

7.00

To

−10.00

−0.80

Maximum

Medium to Medium Dark Blonde

40%-60% Grey

1.70

4.00

0.00

0.00

70%-90% Grey

4.00

To

0.00

0.00

Maximum

Light Blonde Hair

40%-60% Grey

−99.99

−0.25

−1.75

−1.25

70%-90% Grey

−99.99

−0.25

−99.99

−1.75

*Wherein negative values denote values less than zero.

TABLE VII

Menu of Hair Color Options

1. Match Natural Hair Color

2. Make Natural Hair Color Warner

3. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler

4. Highlight Natural Hair Color

5. Make Natural Hair Color Slightly Darker

6. Make Natural Hair Color Slightly Lighter

7. Make Natural Hair Color Darker

8. Make Natural Hair Color Lighter

9. Make Natural Hair Color Wanner and Slightly Darker

10. Make Natural Hair Color Wanner and Slightly Lighter

11. Make Natural Hair Color Warner and Darker

12. Make Natural Hair Color Wanner and Lighter

13. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Darker

14. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Lighter

15. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and Darker

16. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and Lighter

17. Make Natural Hair Color Warmer with Highlights

18. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler with Highlights

19. Make Tinted Hair Color Wanner

20. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler

21. Highlight Tinted Hair Color

22. Make Tinted Hair Color Slightly Darker

23. Make Tinted Hair Color Slightly Lighter

24. Make Tinted Hair Color Darker

25. Make Tinted Hair Color Lighter

26. Make Tinted Hair Color Wanner and Slightly Darker

27. Make Tinted Hair Color Warner and Slightly Lighter

28. Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer and Darker

29. Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer and Lighter

30. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Darker

31. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Lighter

32. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Darker

33. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Lighter

34. Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer with Highlights

35. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler with Highlights

TABLE VIII

DATABASE

Category Name

LMin

LMax

aMin

aMax

bMin

bMax

CW

Level

1. A BLACK - COOL

0.00

14.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

5.00

1

1

Clairol: #1

−1:01

−2:01

+1:02

+2:02

Pig.:1

File:011

L'Oreal: M1

−1:01

−2:01

+1:02

+2:02

Pig.:0

File:011

2. B. DARKEST DARK

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

−10.00

1.00

1

2

BROWN - COOL

Clairol: #2

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:1

File:021

L'Oreal: M3

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

3. B. DARKEST DARK

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.00

1.15

2

2

BROWN - BORDER C/W -

COOL

Clairol: #2

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:1

File:021

L'Oreal: M3

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

4. B. DARKEST DARK

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.15

1.25

3

2

BROWN - BORDER C/W --

WARM

Clairol: #2

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:1

File:000

L'Oreal: M3

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

5. B. DARKEST DARK

14.00

16.00

−10.00

3.00

1.25

3.00

4

2

BROWN - WARM

Clairol: #2

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:1

File:000

L'Oreal: M3

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

6. C. DARKER DARK BROWN -

16.00

15.00

−10.00

2.00

−10.00

2.70

1

3

COOL

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:2

File:031

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:031

7. C. DARKER DARK BROWN -

16.00

19.00

−10.00

2.00

2.70

2.95

2

3

BORDER C/W - COOL

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:2

File:031

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:031

8. C. DARKER DARK BROWN -

16.00

19.00

−10.00

2.00

2.95

3.20

3

3

BORDER C/W - WARM

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:034

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:034

9. C. DARKER DARK BROWN -

16.00

19.00

−10.00

2.00

3.20

10.00

4

3

WARM

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:2

File:034

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:034

10. C. DARKER DARK

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

−10.00

3.20

1

3

BROWN (AUBURN TONES) -

COOL

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:2

File:031

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:031

11. C. DARKER DARK

16.00

19.00

2.00

3.00

3.20

10.00

4

3

BROWN

(AUBURN TONES) - WARM

Clairol: #3

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:2

File:034

L'Oreal: M4

−1:02

−2:02

+1:04

+2:04

Pig.:1

File:034

13. D. BROWN - COOL

19.00

22.00

0.00

3.50

−10.00

2.95

1

4

Clairol: #4

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

14. D. BROWN - BORDER C/W -

19.00

22.00

0.00

3.50

2.95

3.20

2

4

COOL

Clairol: #3

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

15. D. BROWN - BORDER C/W -

19.00

22.00

0.00

3.50

3.20

3.45

3

4

WARM

Clairol: #4

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

16. D. BROWN - WARM

19.00

22.00

0.00

3.50

3.45

10.00

4

4

Clairol: #4

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

17. D. BROWN (AUBURN

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

3.45

1

4

TONES) - COOL

Clairol: #4

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:041

18. D. BROWN (AUBURN

19.00

22.00

3.50

6.00

3.45

10.00

4

4

TONES) - WARM

Clairol: #4

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

L'Oreal: M5

−1:03

−2:03

+1:05

+2:05

Pig.:2

File:044

19. E. MEDIUM BROWN -

22.00

27.00

1.00

3.50

−10.00

3.75

1

5

COOL

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

20. E. MEDIUM BROWN

22.00

27.00

1.00

3.50

3.75

4.00

2

5

BORDER C/W - COOL

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

21. E. MEDIUM BROWN (G)

22.00

27.00

1.00

3.50

4.00

4.25

3

5

BORDER C/W - WARM

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

22. E. MEDIUM BROWN (G) -

22.00

27.00

1.00

3.50

4.25

10.00

4

5

WARM

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

23. E. MEDIUM BROWN

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

−10.00

4.25

1

5

(AUBURN TONES) - COOL

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:051

24. E. MEDIUM BROWN

22.00

27.00

3.50

6.00

4.25

10.00

4

5

(AUBURN TONES) - WARM

Clairol: #5

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

L'Oreal: M6

−1:04

−2:04

+1:06

+2:06

Pig.:3

File:054

25. F. DARKEST MEDIUM

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

1

6

BLONDE - COOL

Clairol: #6

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:061

L'Oreal: M7

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:061

26. F. DARKEST MEDIUM

27.00

28.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

2

6

BLONDE - BORDER C/W -

COOL

Clairol: #6

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:061

L'Oreal: M7

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:061

27. F. DARKEST MEDIUM

27.00

28.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

3

6

BLONDE - BORDER C/W -

WARM

Clairol: #6

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:064

L'Oreal: M7

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:064

28. F. DARKEST MEDIUM

27.00

28.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

4

6

BLONDE - WARM

Clairol: #6

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:064

L'Oreal: M7

−1:05

−2:05

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:4

File:064

29 G. MEDIUM BLONDE -

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

1

7

COOL

Clairol: #6

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:4

File:071

L'Oreal: M8

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:5

File:071

30 G. MEDIUM BLONDE -

28.00

31.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

2

7

BORDER C/W - COOL

Clairol: #6

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:4

File:071

L'Oreal: M8

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:5

File:071

31 G. MEDIUM BLONDE - (G)

28.00

31.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

3

7

BORDER C/W - WARM

Clairol: #6

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:4

File:074

L'Oreal: M8

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:5

File:074

32 G. MEDIUM BLONDE (G) -

28.00

31.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

4

7

WARM

Clairol: #6

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:4

File:074

L'Oreal: M8

−1:06

−2:06

+1:08

+2:08

Pig.:5

File:074

33 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM

31.00

33.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

6.00

1

8

BLONDE - COOL

Clairol: #7

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:081

L'Oreal: M8

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:081

34 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM

31.00

33.00

1.80

5.00

6.00

6.50

2

8

BLONDE - BORDER C/W -

COOL

Clairol: #7

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:081

L'Oreal: M8

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:081

35 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM

31.00

33.00

5.00

6.00

6.00

6.50

3

8

BLONDE - BORDER C/W -

WARM

Clairol: #7

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:084

L'Oreal: M8

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:084

36 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM

31.00

33.00

1.80

6.00

6.50

15.00

4

8

BLONDE - WARM

Clairol: #7

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:084

L'Oreal: M8

−1:07

−2:07

+1:09

+2:09

Pig.:5

File:084

37 I. LIGHT BLONDE - COOL

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

7.00

1

9

Clairol: #7

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:5

File:091

L'Oreal: M9

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:6

File:091

38 I. LIGHT BLONDE -

33.00

36.00

1.80

5.00

7.00

7.50

2

9

BORDER C/W - COOL

Clairol: #7

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:5

File:091

L'Oreal: M9

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:6

File:091

39 I. LIGHT BLONDE -

33.00

36.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

7.50

3

9

BORDER C/W - WARM

Clairol: #7

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:5

File:094

L'Oreal: M9

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:6

File:094

40 I. LIGHT BLONDE - WARM

33.00

36.00

1.80

6.00

7.50

20.00

4

9

Clairol: #7

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:5

File:094

L'Oreal: M9

−1:08

−2:08

+1:10

+2:10

Pig.:6

File:094

41 J. LIGHTER BLONDE -

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

−5.00

8.00

1

10

COOL

Clairol: #8

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:101

L'Oreal: M9

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:101

42 J. LIGHTER BLONDE -

36.00

40.00

1.80

5.00

8.00

8.50

2

10

BORDER C/W - COOL

Clairol: #8

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:101

L'Oreal: M9

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:101

43 J. LIGHTER BLONDE -

36.00

40.00

5.00

6.00

8.00

8.50

3

10

BORDER C/W - WARM

Clairol: #8

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:104

L'Oreal: M9

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:104

44 J. LIGHTER BLONDE -

36.00

40.00

1.80

6.00

8.50

20.00

4

10

WARM

Clairol: #8

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:104

L'Oreal: M9

−1:09

−2:09

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:104

45 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

40.00

50.00

1.80

7.00

−5.00

9.00

1

11

COOL

Clairol: #9

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:8

File:111

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:111

46 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

40.00

50.00

1.80

5.00

9.00

10.00

2

11

BORDER C/W COOL

Clairol: #9

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:8

File:111

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:111

47 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

40.00

50.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

10.00

3

11

BORDER C/W WARM

Clairol: #9

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:8

File:114

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:114

48 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

40.00

50.00

1.80

7.00

10.00

30.00

4

11

WARM

Clairol: #9

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:8

File:114

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:114

49 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE-

50.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

−5.00

9.00

1

12

COOL

Clairol: #10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:8

File:111

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:6

File:111

50 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

50.00

80.00

1.80

5.00

9.00

10.00

2

12

BORDER C/W COOL

Clairol: #10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:8

File:111

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:6

File:111

51 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

50.00

80.00

5.00

7.00

9.00

10.00

3

12

BORDER C/W WARM

Clairol: #10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:8

File:114

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:6

File:114

52 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE -

50.00

80.00

1.80

7.00

10.00

30.00

4

12

WARM

Clairol: #10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:8

File:114

L'Oreal: M10

−1:10

−2:10

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:6

File:114

53. M. LIGHT RED - COOL

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

−5.00

3.50

1

13

Clairol: #5 (with Red Violet,

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:131

Neutral or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M6 (with Ash,

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:131

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

54. M. LIGHT RED BORDER

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

2

13

C/W - COOL

Clairol: #5 (with Red Violet,

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:131

Neutral or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M6 (with Ash,

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:131

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

55. M. LIGHT RED BORDER

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

3

13

C/W - WARM

Clairol: #5 (with Red Gold or

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:134

Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M6 (with Gold or

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:134

Copper tones)

56. M. LIGHT RED - WARM

22.00

28.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

4

13

Clairol: #5 (with Red, Gold or

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:134

Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M6 (with Gold or

−1:14

−2:14

+1:07

+2:07

Pig.:3

File:134

Copper tones)

57. N. MEDIUM RED - COOL

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

−10.00

3.50

1

14

Clairol: #4 (with Red Violet,

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:141

Neutral or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M5 (with Ash,

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:141

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

58. N. MEDIUM RED BORDER

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.50

3.75

2

14

C/W - COOL

Clairol: #4 (with Red Violet,

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:141

Neutral or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M5 (with Ash,

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:141

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

59. N. MEDIUM RED (G)

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

3.75

4.00

3

14

BORDER C/W WARM

Clairol: #4 (with Red, Gold or

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:144

Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M5 (with Gold or

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:144

Copper tones)

60. N. MEDIUM RED (G)

19.00

22.00

6.00

30.00

4.00

30.00

4

14

WARM

Clairol: #4 (with Red, Gold or

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:144

Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M5 (with Gold or

−1:15

−2:15

+1:13

+2:13

Pig.:2

File:144

Copper tones)

61. O. DARK RED COOL

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

−10.00

2.50

1

15

Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red Violet

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M4 (with Ash,

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

62. O. DARK RED BORDER

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.50

2.75

2

15

C/W - COOL

Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red Violet,

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

Neutral or Blue Violet tones)

L'Oreal: M4 (with Ash,

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

Iridescent or Auburn tones)

63. O. DARK RED BORDER

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

2.75

3.00

3

15

C/W - WARM

Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red, Gold

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:000

or Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M4 (with Gold or

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

Copper tones)

64. O. DARK RED- WARM

14.00

19.00

3.00

30.00

3.00

30.00

4

15

Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red, Gold

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:000

or Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M4 (with Gold or

−1:03

−2:03

+1:14

+2:14

Pig.:2

File:151

Copper tones)

65. P. RED BLONDE

27.00

40.00

6.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

4

16

Clairol: #6/#7/#8 (with Red,

−1:13

−2:13

+1:18

+2:18

Pig.:7

File:164

Gold or Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M7/M8 (with Gold or

−1:13

−2:13

+1:18

+2:18

Pig.:5

File:164

Copper tones)

66. Q. RED BLONDE

40.00

50.00

7.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

4

17

Clairol: #9/#10 (with Red, Gold

−1:16

−2:16

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:7

File:164

or Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M9 (with Gold or

−1:16

−2:16

+1:11

+2:11

Pig.:6

File:164

Copper tones)

67. R. RED BLONDE

50.00

80.00

7.00

30.00

6.00

30.00

4

Clairol: #9/#10 (with Red, Gold

−1:16

−2:16

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:8

File:164

or Red Orange tones)

L'Oreal: M9 (with Gold or

−1:16

−2:16

+1:12

+2:12

Pig.:6

File:164

Copper tones)

68. S. BLACK/DARK

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.25

10.00

4

19

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%-

90% GREY HAIR - WARM

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:000

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

69. S. BLACK/DARK

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

4.00

4.25

3

19

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%-

90% GREY HAIR - BORDER

C/W - WARM

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:000

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

70. S. BLACK/DARK

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

3.75

4.00

2

19

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%-

90% GREY HAIR - BORDER

C/W - COOL

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

71. S. BLACK/DARK

27.00

50.00

−10.00

1.80

−10.00

3.75

1

19

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%-

90% GREY HAIR - COOL

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

72. T. BLACK/DARK

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.25

10.00

4

20

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%-

60% GREY HAIR - WARM

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:000

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

73. T. BLACK/DARK

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

4.00

4.25

3

20

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%-

60% GREY HAIR - BORDER

C/W - WARM

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:000

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:024

74. T. BLACK/DARK

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

3.75

4.25

2

20

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%-

60% GREY HAIR - BORDER

C/W - COOL

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

75. T. BLACK/DARK

23.00

27.00

−10.00

1.00

−10.00

3.75

1

20

BROWN/MEDIUM

BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%-

60% GREY HAIR - COOL

Clairol:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

L'Oreal:

−1:01

−2:01

+1:03

+2:03

Pig.:0

File:021

TABLE IX

MANUFACTURERS PRODUCTS

CLAIROL FILES

011:

Logics Violet

-1V Black

Miss Clairol

-82N Dk. Neutral Brown

Miss Clairol

-52D Black Azure

Miss Clairol

-51D Black Velvet

014:

Logics Blue

-3B Medium Brown

Miss Clairol

-84N Lt. Neutral Brown

Logics Violet

-3V Medium Brown

Miss Clairol

-39G Sunset Brown

Miss Clairol

-95D-N Nightfall Brown

Miss Clairol

-46D Chestnut Brown

Loving Care

-80 Auburn

Miss Clairol

-56R Cinnamon

Miss Clairol

-37D Iced Brown

021:

Logics Violet

-2V Dark Brown

Logics Neutral

-2N Dark Brown

Logics Red Violet

-2RV Deep

Miss Clairol

-57D Coffee Brown

Miss Clairol

-48D Sable Brown

031:

Logics Blue

-3B Medium Brown

Logics Neutral

-3N Medium Brown

Logics Red Violet

-3RV Medium

Logics Violet

-3V Medium Brown

Loving Care

-79 Dark Brown

034:

Logics Gold

-3G Medium Brown

041:

Logics Blue

-4B Light Brown

Logics Violet

-4V Light Brown

Logics Red Violet

-4RV Light

Logics Neutral

-4N Light Brown

Miss Clairol

-84N Lt. Neutral Brown

Miss Clairol

-39G Sunset Brown

Miss Clairol

-95D-N Nightfall Brown

Miss Clairol

-46D Chestnut Brown

Loving Care

-80 Auburn

Miss Ciairol

-56R Cinnamon

Miss Clairol

-37D Iced Brown

044:

Logics Gold

-4G Light Brown

Logics Red Orange

-4RO Deep Bright

Loving Care

-77 Medium Ash Brown

Miss Clairol

-75R Sunsparked Brown

Miss Clairol

-47R Red Ginger

Loving Care

-83 Natural Black

Miss Clairol

-46D Chestnut Brown

Loving Care

-80 Auburn

Miss Clairol

-56R Cinnamon

Loving Care

-82 Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

-37 D Iced Brown

051:

Logics Neutral

-5N Lightest Brown

Logics Violet

-5V Lightest Brown

Miss Clairol

-94D-N Twilight Brown

Miss Clairol

-86N Dk. Neutral Brown

Born Blonde Toner

-360 Moonlight Mink

Miss Clairol

-36D Moonlit Brown

Beautiful Browns

-18D Darkest Brown

Beautiful Browns

-20D Black

Beautiful Browns

-15W Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

-32D Moon Haze

054:

Beautiful Browns

-12D Medium Ash Brown

Loving Care

-76 Lt. Golden Brown

Creme Toner

-345D True Camel Beige

Creme Toner

-346D True Taupe Beige

Loving Care

-78 Med Golden Brown

Loving Care

-75 Light Ash Brown

Loving Care

-74 Reddish Blonde

Miss Clairol

-42D Moongold

Loving Care

-775 Smokey Ash Brown

Miss Clairol

-35G Sunlit Brown

Beautiful Browns

-20D Black

Beautiful Browns

-15W Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

-32D Moon Haze

061:

Beautiful Browns

-11W Med Golden Brown

Jazzing

-78 Creme Soda

Born Blonde Toner

-354 Baby Blush

Creme Toner

-343D True Ash Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

-357 Beautiful Beige

Beautiful Browns

-131D Med Smokey Brown

Miss Clairol

-28D Autumn Mist

Miss Clairol

-25G Sunblonde Brown

Beautiful Browns

-13W Med Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

-74G Sunwashed Blonde

Beautiful Browns

-121W Med Honey Brown

064:

Beautiful Browns

-10W Bronzed Brown

Miss Clairol

-28D Autumn Mist

Miss Clairol

-25G Sunblonde Brown

Beautiful Browns

-13W Med Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

-74G Sunwashed Blonde

Beautiful Browns

-121W Med Honey Brown

Beautiful Browns

-131D Med Smokey Brown

071:

Born Blonde Toner

-356 Innocent Ivory

Logics Blue

-6V Dark Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

-358 Winsome Wheat

Beautiful Browns

-8D Light Ash Brown

Born Blonde Toner

-355 Blissfully Blonde

Jazzing

-76 Sandstorm

Born Blonde Toner

-359 Fair Fawn

Miss Clairol

-93D-N Dusk Blonde

Miss Clairol

-34D Hazy Mist

Miss Clairol

-88N Lt. Neutral Blnde

Miss Clairol

-34D Hazy Mist

Creme Toner

-342D True Brown Blnde

Creme Toner

-10B Sandy Blonde

Creme Toner

-341 True Tan Blonde

074:

Beautiful Blondes

-6D Blonde Brown

Miss Clairol

-41G Golden Apricot

Beautiful Reds

-9W Lt. Reddish Brown

Creme Toner

-344R True Tawny Beige

Loving Care

-73 Ash Blonde

Miss Clairol

-88N Lt. Neutral Blnde

Miss Clairol

-34D Hazy Mist

Creme Toner

-342 True Brown Blnd

Creme Toner

-10B Sandy Blonde

Creme Toner

-341D True Tan Blonde

081:

Born Blonde Toner

-352 precious Platnm

Born Blonde Toner

-353 Sweet Silver

Born Blonde Toner

-361 Happy Honey

Jazzing

-72 Icicle

Creme Toner

-311D 9A Towhead

Creme Toner

-309D Chapgn Parfait

Creme Toner

-331G Tan Pearl

Miss Clairol

-92D-N Daybreak Blonde

Logics Violet

-7V Medium Blonde

084:

Beautiful Blondes

-4W Med Golden Blonde

Creme Toner

-307D Champagne Ice

Logics Gold

-8G Light Blonde

Creme Toner

-303G Champgn Beige

Loving Care

-72 Golden Blonde

Beautiful Brights

-30W 14K Gold

Miss Clairol

-27G Spring Honey

Beautiful Blondes

-5D Light Ash Blonde

Creme Toner

-311D 9A Towhead

Creme Toner

-309D Champgn Parfait

Creme Toner

-331G Tan Pearl

Logics Violet

-7V Medium Blonde

Miss Clairol

-92DN Daybreak Blonde

Miss Clairol

-71R-G Sunrise Gold

091:

Jazzing

-10 Clear Hairglosser

Logics Blue

-8B Light Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

-351 Silent Snow

Creme Toner

-310D Champgn Toast

094:

Beautiful Blondes

-2W Lt. Golden Blonde

101:

Logics Violet

-12V Ultra Lt. Blonde

Miss Clairol

-20D Arctic Blonde

Creme Toner

-302D Platinum Beige

Creme Toner

-319G Ivory Chiffon

Creme Toner

-315G X-Lite B

Logics Blue

-12B Ultra Lt. Blonde

Logics Violet

-8V Light Blonde

Miss Clairol

-91D-N Starlit Blonde

Creme Toner

-314G X-Lite A

Creme Toner

-332R Strawberry Blnde

Miss Clairol

-40D Topaz

Miss Clairol

-26D Winter Wheat

Logics Gold

-10G Lightest Blonde

104:

Creme Toner

-340G True Golden Blonde

Creme Toner

-332R Strawberry Blonde

Miss Clairol

-40D Topaz

Miss Clairol

-26D Winter Wheat

Logics Gold

-10G Lighest Blonde

111:

Creme Toner

-301D White Beige

Logics Biue

-10B Lighest Blonde

Creme Toner

-323D X-Lite Platinum

Miss Clairol

-30D Flaxen Blonde

Logics Violet

-10V Lightest Blonde

Logics Gold

-12G Ultra Lt. Blonde

114:

Miss Clairol

-12G Blondest Blonde

Jazzing

-20 Bold Gold

Logics Violet

-10V Lightest Blonde

Logics Gold

-12G Ultra Lt Blonde

Beautiful Reds

-175W Wine Brown

Beautiful Brights

-17W Rosewood Brown

Beautifut Brights

-40W Amethyst

131:

Beautiful Reds

-175W Wine Brown

Beautiful Brights

-17W Rosewood Brown

Beautiful Brights

-40W Amethyst

134:

Beautiful Reds

-14W Cedar Red Brown

Miss Clairol

-33F Flame

Miss Clairol

-45R Sparkling Sherry

Beautiful Brights

-38W Ruby

Logics Red Orange

-4RO Deep Bright

Miss Clairol

-44R Coppertone

Beautiful Reds

-17W Rosewood Brown

141:

Logics Red Violet

-3RV Medium

Logics Red Violet

-4RV Light

144:

Logics Red Violet

-4RV Light

Miss Clairol

-64R Red Oak

151:

Miss Clairol

-68R Berrywood

Miss Clairol

-70R Plum Brown

Logics Red Violet

-2RV Deep

164:

Logics Red Orange

-10RO Ltst Bright

Logics Red Orange

-8RO Light Bright

Miss Clairol

-29R Honey Red

Miss Clairol

-43R Sun Bronze

Miss Clairol

-72R Sunberry

Beautiful Reds

-91W Copper Red

Jazzing

-40 Red Hot

Beautiful Brights

-34W Spiced Topaz

Beautiful Brights

-32W Amber

Jazzing

-30 Spiced Cognac

Logics Red Orange

-6RO Med Bright

Miss Clairol

-31R Sunny Auburn

Miss Clairol

-73R-G Apricot Glaze

L'OREAL FILES

011:

Majirel

-M1 Black

Crescendo

-1 Black

Diacolor

-Darkest Brown

Diacolor

-Plum

021:

Crescendo

-3 Darkest Brown

Majirel

-M3 Darkest Brown

Majirel

-M5-12 Medium Ash Iridescent Brown

Majirel

-M4 Dark Brown

024:

Diacolor

-Dark Brown

Diacolor

-Medium Natural Ash Brown

031:

Crescendo

-4 Dark Brown

Crescendo

-5.1 Ash Brown

Crescendo

-5 Brown

Diacolor

-Medium Brown

Majirel

-M6.12 Light Ash Iridescent Brown

Majirel

-M6.1 Light Ash Brown

Majirel

-M5.1 Ash Brown

Majirel

-M5 Brown

034:

Diacolor

-Light Brown

Diacolor

-Light Natural Ash Blonde

Majirel

-M5 Brown

041:

Crescendo

-5 Brown

Majirel

-6.2 Light Iridescent Brown

Majirel

-M4.51 Ash Mahogany Brown

Crescendo

-6 Light Brown

Crescendo

-6.01 Light Natural Ash Brown

Crescendo

-6.12 Light Ash Iridescent Brown

Majirel

-M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown

Majirel

-M5.15 Mahogany Ash Light Brown

Crescendo

-5.3 Golden Brown

044:

Diacolor

-Dark Blonde

Majirel

-M5.3 Golden Brown

Majirel

-M7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-6.52 Lt. Mahogany Irid Brown

Majirel

-M6 Light Brown

Majirel

-M7.1 Dark Ash Blonde

Majirel

-M6.01 Light Natural Amber Brown

Majirel

-M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown

Majirel

-M5.15 Mahogany Ash Light Brown

Crescendo

-5.3 Golden Brown

051:

Majirel

-M7.23 Dark Iridescent Golden Blonde

Crescendo

-7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-7.1 Dark Ash Blonde

Diacolor

-Natural Ash

054:

Majirel

-Color Mixer Dark Ash

Crescendo

-8.31 Golden Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-7.31 Dk Golden Ash Blonde

Majirel

-M6.52 Light Mahogany Irid Brown

Majirel

-M7 Dark Blonde

Crescendo

-7 Dark Blonde

Crescendo

-8.52 Mahogany Irid Blonde

Crescendo

-8.42 Copper Irid Blonde

061:

Majirel

-Color Mixer Light Ash

Majirel

-M9.01 Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-8.13 Ash Beige Blonde

Crescendo

-8.01 Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10.1 Very Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10.01 Very Light Natural Blonde

Crescendo

-9.1 Light Ash Blonde

Diacolor

-Dark Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde

Crescendo

-9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde

064:

Majirel

-M7.3 Dark Golden Blonde

Majirel

-M8.3 Golden Blonde

Majirel

-M8 Blonde

071:

Majirel

-M9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde

Crescendo

-9.01 Lt Natural Ash Blonde

Majirel

-Color Mixer Light Ash

Majirel

-M8.1 Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-8 Blonde

074:

Crescendo

-9.04 Lt. Natural Copper Blonde

Crescendo

-8.3 Golden Blonde

Majirel

-M8.1 Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-8 Blonde

081:

Crescendo

-10.1 Very Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10.01 Very Light Natural Blonde

Crescendo

-9.1 Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde

Crescendo

-9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde

084:

Crescendo

-9.31 Lt Golden Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-9 Light Blonde

Crescendo

-9.12 Lt Ash Irid Blonde

Crescendo

-9.13 Lt Ash Beige Blonde

091:

Majirel

-M10.l Very Lt Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-P10A Pearl Ash

Majirel

-M9.01 Lt. Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10.21 Very Light Iridescent Ash Blonde

Diacolor

-Light Beige

Majirel

-M10.01 Very Light Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-P10A Shimmer Beige

Diacolor

-Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10 Very Light Blonde

094:

Crescendo

-9.3 Light Golden Blonde

Majirel

-M9 Light Blonde

Majirel

-M9.3 Light Golden Blonde

Majiblond

-901X Extra Lt Ash Blonde

Diacolor

-Light Beige

Majirel

-M10.01 Very Light Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-P10A Shimmer Beige

Diacolor

-Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

-10 Very Light Blonde

101:

Majiblond

-901 Light Light Natural Ash Blonde

Majiblond

-Lightest Light Ash Irid Blonde

104:

Majirel

-M10 Very Light Blonde

Majirel

-M9.13 Lt. Ash Beige Blonde

Majiblond

-900 Lt. Lt Natural Blonde

Majiblond

-911 Lightest Light Int Ash Blonde

111:

Crescendo

-P10E Iridescent Ivory

Diacolor

-Clear

114:

Majiblond

-913X Lightest Lt Natural Beige Blonde

Majiblond

900X Extra Light Platinum Blonde

Diacolor

-Clear

131:

Majirel

-M6.6 Light Auburn Brown

134:

Majirel

-M6.64 Light Auburn Copper Brown

Diacolor

-Copper

Majirel

-M6.6 Light Auburn Brown

Crescendo

-7.43 Dk Copper Golden Blonde

Diacolor

-Golden Copper

Crescendo

-6.46 Light Copper Auburn Brown

141:

Diacolor

-Red Mahogany

Diacolor

-Dark Auburn

Majirel

-M7.62 Dark Auburn Iridescent Blonde

Diacolor

-Auburn

Diacolor

-Light Auburn

144:

Crescendo

-4.56 Dark Mahogany Auburn Brown

Majirel

-M7.62 Dark Auburn Irid Blonde

Diacolor

-Auburn

Diacolor

-Light Auburn

Crescendo

-4.45 Dark Copper Mahogany Brown

151:

Majirel

-M5.62 Auburn Iridescent Brown

Majirel

-M5.20 Int Iridescent Brown

164:

Majirel

-M8.34 Golden Copper Blonde

Majirel

-M9.04 Light Natural Copper Blonde

Majirel

-M7.4 Dark Copper Blonde

Majiblond

-903 Light Light Natural Golden Blonde

Majirel

-M7.40 Dark Int Copper Blonde

Diacolor

-Gold

Crescendo

-7.44 Dark Tp Copper Blonde

Crescendo

-8.34 Golden Copper Blonde

Crescendo

-4.56 Dark Mahogany Auburn Blonde

TABLE X

List of Natural Hair Color Options for Grey Hair Program

1. If Grey is present in Black, Dark Brown, Medium Brown or Brown Hair, please press #1.

2. If Grey is present in Light Brown/Darkest Blonde Hair, please press #2.

3. If Grey is present in Dark Red, Medium Red, or medium Light Red Hair, please press #3.

4. If Grey is present in Light Red or Red Blonde hair, please press #4.

5. If Grey is present in Medium to medium Dark Blonde Hair, please press #5.

6. If Grey is present in Light Blonde Hair, please press #6.

TABLE XI

CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE OF GREY HAIR

For Color Categories in Table IX having grey (e.g. 61-68):

The “L” value of the natural hair (site #1) and the value of the “L” from another site.

If the other site's “L” value is from 1 to 2 points higher than the “L” of the natural

hair, the category is: 40% to 60% Grey Hair.

If the other site's “L” value is above 2 points higher than the “L” of the natural hair,

the category is: 70% to 90% Grey Hair.

If the “L” value is under 1 point increase from the most natural site (Site #1), then the

category is: Low percentage of Grey Hair.

For Color Categories containing grey, not listed in Table I:

LIGHT BROWN/DARKEST BLOND HAIR:

If “L” = +4 to +10 and

hair is 40%-60% Grey

“a” =10.00 to −.80

If “L” = +10 or higher and

hair is 70%-90% Grey

“a” =−10.00 to −.80

DARK RED MEDIUM RED OR MEDIUM LIGHT RED HAIR:

If “L” = +6 to +11 and

hair is 40%-60% Grey

“a” = −10.00 to −.80

If “L” = +11 or higher and

hair is 70%-90% Grey

“a” = −10.00 to −.80

LIGHT RED OR RED BLONDE HAIR:

If “L” = +5 to +7 and

hair is 40%-60% Grey

“a” = −10.00 to −.80

If “L” = +7 or higher and

hair is 70%-90% Grey

“a” = −10.00 to −.80

MEDIUM TO MEDIUM DARK BLONDE HAIR:

If “L” = +2 to +4

hair is 40%-60% Grey

If “L” = +4 or higher

hair is 70%-90% Grey

LIGHT BLONDE HAIR:

If “L” = −.25 or less and

hair is 40%-60% Grey

“a” is −1.5 to −2.00

If “L” = .25 or less and

hair is 70%-90% Grey

“a” is −2.00 or higher

TABLE XII

CLAIROL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COOL SKIN

BLACK

Miss Clairol

82N Dk Neutral Brown

Miss Clairol

52D Black Azure

Logics Violet

IV Black

Miss Clairol

51 D Black Velvet

GRAY

Glorious Grays

G07 Glorious Silver

Glorious Grays

G05 Glorious Platinum

Glorious Grays

G11 Glorious Smoke

Glorious Grays

609 Glorious Slate

DARKEST DARK BROWN

Miss Clairol

57D Coffee Brown

Miss ClairoI

48D Sable Brown

Logics Violet

2V Dark Brown

DARK BROWN

Logics Neutral

3N Medium Brown

Loving Care

79 Dark Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN

Logics Blue

3B Medium Brown

Miss Clairol

84N Lt Neutrl Brown

Logics Violet

3V Medium Brown

Miss Clairol

39G Sunset Brown

Miss Clairol

95D-N Nightfall Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADES

Miss Clairol

46D Chestnut Brown

Loving Care

80 Auburn

Miss Clairol

56R Cinnamon

Miss Clairol

37D Iced Brown

DARK MEDIUM BROWN

Miss Clairol

94D-N Twilight Brown

Miss Clairol

86N Dk Neutral Brown

Logics Neutral

4N Light Brown

MEDIUM BROWN

Born Blonde Toner

360 Moonlight Mink

Logics Blue

4B Light Brown

Logics Neutral

5N Lightest Brown

Miss Clairol

36D Moonlit Brown

Beautiful Browns

18D Darkest Brown

MEDIUM BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES

Beautiful Browns

20D Black

Beautiful Browns

15W Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

32D Moon Haze

DARK RED

Miss Clairol

68R Berrywood

Miss Clairol

70R Plum Brown

Logics Red Violet

2RV Deep

MEDIUM RED

Logics Red Violet

3RV Medium

MEDIUM RED COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Logics Red Violet

4RV Light

LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN

Beautiful Reds

175W Wine Brown

LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADE

Beautiful Brights

17W Rosewood Brown

DARK AUBURN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES

Beautiful Brights

40W Amethyst

Miss Clairol

64R Red Oak

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE

Creme Toner

301D White Beige

Logics Blue

10B Lightest Blonde

Creme Toner

323D X-Lite Platinum

Miss Clairol

30D Flaxen Blonde

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADES

Logics Vioiet

10V Lightest Blonde

Logics Gold

12G Ultra Lt. Blonde

LIGHT BLONDE

Logics Violet

12V Ultra Lt Blonde

Miss Clairol

20D Arctic Blonde

Creme Toner

302 D Platinum Beige

Creme Toner

319G Ivory Chiffon

Creme Toner

315G X-Lite B

Logics Blue

12B Ultra Lt Blonde

Logics Violet

8V Light Blonde

Miss Clairol

91D-N Starlit Blonde

Creme Toner

314G X-Lite A

LIGHT BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Creme Toner

332R Strawberry Blnde

Miss Clairol

40D Topaz

Miss Clairol

26D Winter Wheat

Logics Gold

10G Lightest Blonde

DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE

Jazzing

10 Clear Hairglosser

Logics Blue

8B Light Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

351 Silent Snow

Creme Toner

310D Champgn Toast

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Born Blonde Toner

352 Precious Platnm

Born Blonde Toner

353 Sweet Silver

Born Blonde Toner

361 Happy Honey

Jazzing

72 Icicle

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADES

Creme Toner

311D 9A Towhead

Creme Toner

309D Champgn Parfait

Creme Toner

331G Tan Pearl

Miss Clairol

92D-N Daybreak Blonde

Logics Violet

7V Medium Blonde

MEDIUM BLONDE

Born Blonde Toner

356 Innocent Ivory

Logics Blue

6V Dark Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

358 Winsome Wheat

Beautiful Browns

8D Light Ash Brown

Born Blonde Toner

355 Blissfully Blonde

Jazzing

76 Sandstonn

Born Blonde Toner

359 Fair Fawn

Miss Clairol

93D-N Dusk Blonde

Miss Clairol

34D Hazy Mist

MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES

Miss Clairol

89N Lt Neutral Blonde

Miss Clairol

34D Hazy Mist

Creme Toner

342D True Brown Blnde

Creme Toner

10B Sandy Blonde

Creme Toner

341D True Tan Blonde

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN

Beautiful Browns

11W Med Golden Brown

Jazzing

78 Creme Soda

Born Blonde Toner

354 Baby Blush

Creme Toner

343D True Ash Blonde

Born Blonde Toner

357 Beautiful Beige

Beautiful Browns

131D Med Smokey Brown

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN

COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES

Miss Clairol

28D Auturm Mist

Miss Clairol

25G Sunblonde Brown

Beautiful Browns

13W Med Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

74G Sunwashed Blonde

Beautiful Browns

121W Med Honey Brown

L'OREAL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COOL SKIN

BLACK

Majirel

M1 Black

Crescendo

1 Black

Diacolor

Plum

BLACK BORDERLINE SHADE

Diacolor

Darkest Brown

DARKEST DARK BROWN

Crescendo

3 Darkest Brown

Majirel

M3 Darkest Brown

Majirel

M5.12 Medium Ash Iridescent Brown

Majirel

M4 Dark Brown

MEDIUM DARK BROWN

Crescendo

4 Dark Brown

Crescendo

5.1 Ash Brown

Crescendo

5 Brown

Diacolor

Medium Brown

Majirel

M6.12 Light Ash Tridescent Brown

Majirel

M6.1 Light Ash Brown

Majirel

M5.1 Ash Brown

MEDIUM DARK BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M5 Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN

Crescendo

5 Brown

Majirel

6.2 Light Iridescent Brown

Majirel

M4.51 Ash Mahogany Brown

Crescendo

6 Light Brown

Crescendo

6.01 Light Natural Ash Brown

Crescendo

6.12 Light Ash Iridescent Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN COOL/WAKM BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown

Majirel

M5.15 Mahogany Ash Light Brown

Crescendo

5.3 Golden Brown

MEDIUM BROWN

Majirel

M7.23 Dark Tridescent Golden Blonde

Crescendo

7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

7.1 Dark Ash Blonde

Diacolor

Natural Ash

DARK RED

Majirel

M.562 Auburn Iridescent Brown

Majirel

MS.20 Int Iridescent Brown

MEDIUM RED

Diacolor

Red Mahogany

Diacolor

Dark Auburn

MEDIUM RED COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M7.62 Dark Auburn Iridescent Blonde

Diacolor

Auburn

Diacolor

Light Auburn

LIGHT RED COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M6.6 Light Auburn Brown

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE

Crescendo

P10E Iridescent Ivory

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADE

Diacolor

Clear

MEDIUM LIGHT BLONDE

Majiblond

901 Light Light Natural Ash Blonde

Majiblond

Lightest Light Ash Irid Blonde

DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE

Majirel

M10.l Very Lt Ash Blonde

Crescendo

P10A Pearl Ash

Majirel

M9.0l Lt Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

10.21 Very Light Iridescent Ash Blonde

DARKEST LTGHT BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADE

Diacolor

Light Beige

Majirel

M10.01 Very Light Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

P10A Shimmer Beige

Diacolor

Light Ash Bionde

Crescendo

10 Very Light Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Crescendo

10.1 Very Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

l0.01 Very Light Natural Blonde

Crescendo

9.1 Light Ash Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE

SHADE

Crescendo

9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde

Crescendo

9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde

MEDIUM BLONDE

Majirel

M9.J2 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde

Crescendo

9.01 Lt Natural Ash Blonde

Majirel

Color Mixer Light Ash

MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M8.1 Ash Blonde

Crescendo

8 Blonde

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Majirel

Color Mixer Light Ash

Majirel

M9.01 Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

8.13 Ash Beige Blonde

Crescendo

8.01 Natural Ash Blonde

Diacolor

Dark Natural Ash Blonde

REDDISH BLONDE

Crescendo

4.56 Dark Mahogany Aubum Blonde

CLAIROL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WARM SKIN

DARK BROWN

Logics Gold

3G Medium Brown

BROWN WITH AUBURN TONES

Miss Clairol

75R Sunsparked Brown

Miss Clairol

47R Red Ginger

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN

Logics Gold

4G Light Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADES

Loving Care

83 Natural Black

Miss Clairol

46D Chestnut Brown

Loving Care

80 Auburn

Miss Clairol

56R Cinnamon

Loving Care

82 Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

37D Iced Brown

DARK MEDIUM BROWN

Loving Care

77 Medium Ash Brown

MEDIUM BROWN

Loving Care

76 Lt Golden Brown

Loving Care

78 Med Golden Brown

Creme Toner

346D True Taupe Beige

Logics Gold

6G Dark Blonde

Loving Care

75 Light Ash Brown

Logics Violet

6V Dark Blonde

Logics Violet

4V Light Brown

Loving Care

74 Reddish Blonde

Miss Clairol

42D Moongold

Miss Clairol

35G Sunlit Brown

Beautiful Browns

12D Medium Ash Brown

Creme Toner

345D True Camel Beige

Logics Violet

5V Lightest Brown

Loving Care

775 Smokey Ash Brown

MEDIUM BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES

Beautiful Browns

20D Black

Beautiful Browns

15W Dark Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

32D Moon Haze

MEDIUM RED WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Logics Red Violet

4RV Light

LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN

Miss Clairol

33R Flame

Miss Clairol

45R Sparkling Sherry

Beautiful Brights

38W Ruby

Logics Red Orange

4R0 Deep Bright

Miss Clairol

44R Coppertone

Beautiful Reds

14W Cedar Red Brown

LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADE

Beautiful Reds

17W Rosewood Brown

DARK AUBURN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Beautiful Brights

40W Amethyst

Miss Clairol

64R Red Oak

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE

Miss Clairol

12G Blondest Blonde

Jazzing

20 Bold Gold

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADES

Logics Violet

10V Lightest Blonde

Logics Gold

12G ultra Lt Blonde

LIGHT BLONDE

Creme Toner

340G True Golden Blonde

LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES

Creme Toner

432R Strawberry Blnde

Miss Clairol

40D Topaz

Miss Clairol

26D Winter Wheat

Logics Gold

10G Lightest Blonde

DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE

Beautitul Blondes

2W Lt Golden Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Beautiful Blondes

4W Med Golden Blonde

Creme Toner

307D Champagne Ice

Logics Gold

8G Light Blonde

Loving Care

72 Golden Blonde

Beautiful Brights

30W 14K Gold

Miss Clairol

27G Spring Honey

Beautiful Blondes

5D Light Ash Blonde

Creme Toner

303G Champgn Beige

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADES

Creme Toner

311D 9A Towhead

Creme Toner

309D Champgn Parfait

Creme Toner

331G Tan Pearl

Logics Violet

7V Medium Blonde

Miss Clairol

92DN Daybreak Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE W/REDDISH TONES

Miss Clairol

71R-G Sunrise Gold

MEDIUM BLONDE

Beautiful Blondes

6D Blonde Brown

Miss Clairol

41G Golden Apricot

Beautiful Reds

9W Lt Reddish Brown

Loving Care

73 Ash Blonde

Creme Toner

344R True Tawny Beige

MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES

Miss Clairol

88N Lt Neutral Blnde

Miss Clairol

34D Hazy Mist

Creme Toner

342D True Brown Blnd

Creme Toner

l0B Sandy Blonde

Creme Toner

341D True Tan Blonde

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN

Beautiful Browns

10W Bronzed Brown

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN

WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES

Miss Clairol

28D Autumn Mist

Miss Clairol

25G Sunblonde Brown

Beautiful Browns

13W Med Warm Brown

Miss Clairol

74G Sunwashed Blonde

Beautiful Browns

121W Med Honey Brown

Beautiful Browns

131D Med Smokey Brown

REDDISH BLONDE

Logics Red Orange

10RO Ltst Bright

Logics Red Orange

8RO Light Bright

Miss Clairol

29R Honey Red

Miss Clairol

43R Sun Bronze

Miss Clairol

72R Sunberry

Beautiful Reds

91W Copper Red

Jazzing

40 Red Hot

Beautiful Brights

34W Spiced Topaz

Beautiful Brights

32W Amber

Jazzing

30 Spiced Cognac

Logics Red Orange

6R0 Med Bright

Miss Clairol

31R Sunny Auburn

Miss Clairol

73R-G Apricot Glaze

L'OREAL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WARM SKIN

BLACK WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Diacolor

Darkest Brown

DARKEST DARK BROWN

Diacolor

Dark Brown

Diacolor

Medium Natural Ash Brown

MEDIUM DARK BROWN

Diacolor

Light Brown

Diacolor

Light Natural Ash Blonde

MEDIUM DARK BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M5 Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN

Diacolor

Dark Blonde

Majirel

M7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

6.52 Light Mahogany Trid Brown

Majirel

M6 Light Brown

Majirel

M5.3 Golden Brown

Majirel

M7.1 Dark Ash Blonde

Majirel

M6.01 Light Natural Amber Brown

LIGHTEST DARK BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown

Majirel

M5.15 Mahogany Ash Light Brown

Crescendo

5.3 Golden Brown

MEDIUM BROWN

Crescendo

8.31 Golden Ash Blonde

Crescendo

7.31 Dk Golden Ash Blonde

Majirel

M6.52 Light Mahogany Irid Brown

Majirel

M7 Dark Blonde

Crescendo

7 Dark Blonde

Crescendo

8.52 Mahogany Irid Blonde

Crescendo

8.42 Copper Irid Blonde

Majirel

Color Mixer Dark Ash

MEDIUM RED

Crescendo

4.56 Dark Mahogany-Auburn Brown

MEDIUM RED WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M7.62 Dark Auburn Irid Blonde

Diacolor

Auburn

Diacolor

Light Auburn

LIGHT RED

Majirel

M6.64 Light Auburn Copper Brown

Diacolor

Copper

LIGHT RED WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M6.6 Light Auburn Brown

DARK AUBURN

Crescendo

4.45 Dark Copper Mahogany Brown

LIGHT AUBURN

Crescendo

7.43 Dk Copper Golden Blonde

Diacolor

Golden Copper

Crescendo

6.46 Light Copper Auburn Brown

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE

Majiblond

913X Lightest Lt Natural Beige Blonde

Majiblond

900X Extra Light Platinum Blonde

LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADE

Diacolor

Clear

MEDIUM LIGHT BLONDE

Majirel

M10 Very Light Blonde

Majirel

M9.13 Lt Ash Beige Blonde

Majiblond

900 Lt Lt Natural Blonde

Majiblond

911 Lightest Light Int Ash Blonde

DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE

Crescendo

9.3 Light Golden Blonde

Majirel

M9 Light Blonde

Majirel

M9.3 Light Golden Blonde

Majiblond

901X Extra Lt Ash Blonde

DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADE

Diacolor

Light Beige

Majirel

M10.01 Very Light Natural Ash Blonde

Crescendo

P10A Shimmer Beige

Diacotor

Light Ash Blonde

Crescendo

10 Very Light Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Crescendo

9.31 Lt Gotden Ash Blonde

Crescendo

9 Light Blonde

LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE

SHADE

Crescendo

9.12 Lt Ash Irid Blonde

Crescendo

9.13 Lt Ash Beige Blonde

MEDIUM BLONDE

Crescendo

9.04 Lt Natural Copper Blonde

Crescendo

8.3 Golden Blonde

MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE

Majirel

M8.1 Ash Blonde

Crescendo

8 Blonde

DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE

Majirel

M7.3 Dark Golden Blonde

Majirel

M8.3 Golden Blonde

Majirel

M8.18 Ash Beige Blonde

Majirel

M8 Blonde

REDDISH BLONDE

Majirel

M8.34 Golden Copper Blonde

Majirel

M9.04 Light Natural Copper Blonde

Majirel

M7.4 Dark Copper Blonde

Majiblond

9.03 Light Light Natural Golden Blonde

Majirel

M7.40 Dark Int Copper Blonde

Diacolor

Gold

Crescendo

7.44 Dark Tp Copper Blonde

Number	Name	Date
RE. 31815	Alfano	Jan 1985
205578	Rose et al.	Jul 1878
1496374	Jones	Jun 1924
1582122	Clapp	Apr 1926
1629330	Adler	May 1927
1741080	Stenz	Dec 1929
1802007	Durfee	Apr 1931
1979119	Radzinsky	Oct 1934
2221774	Bowser	Nov 1940
2809552	Ciavola	Oct 1957
3003388	Hunter et al.	Oct 1961
3176577	Frank	Apr 1965
3520626	Hach	Jul 1970
3533399	Goldberg et al.	Oct 1970
3627431	Komarniski	Dec 1971
3736064	Kent et al.	May 1973
3773425	Bentley	Nov 1973
3922095	Lee	Nov 1975
3935436	Halschlag	Jan 1976
3942899	Longhenry	Mar 1976
3973129	Blumberg et al.	Aug 1976
3999866	Mathisen	Dec 1976
4029085	Dewitt et al.	Jun 1977
4093991	Christie, Jr. et al.	Jun 1978
4135497	Meyers et al.	Jan 1979
4241738	Lübbers et al.	Dec 1980
4267844	Yamanishi	May 1981
4302971	Luk	Dec 1981
4357106	Tschirren et al.	Nov 1982
4423736	Dewitt et al.	Jan 1984
4434467	Scott	Feb 1984
4479499	Alfano et al.	Oct 1984
4561850	Fabbri et al.	Dec 1985
4648051	Wandell et al.	Mar 1987
4654794	O'Brien	Mar 1987
4681546	Hart	Jul 1987
4723554	Oman et al.	Feb 1988
4795254	Kravetz	Jan 1989
4813000	Wyman et al.	Mar 1989
4842523	Bourdier et al.	Jun 1989
4857071	Anderson	Aug 1989
4877034	Atkins et al.	Oct 1989
4894547	Leffell et al.	Jan 1990
4909632	Macfarlane	Mar 1990
4964874	Saphakkul	Oct 1990
4981361	Kobayashi et al.	Jan 1991
4989983	Terada et al.	Feb 1991
5127406	Yamaguchi	Jul 1992
5161553	Cohen et al.	Nov 1992
5259382	Kronberg	Nov 1993
5311293	Macfarlane et al.	May 1994
5313267	Macfarlane et al.	May 1994
5337745	Benaron et al.	Aug 1994
5344463	Chan et al.	Sep 1994
5353790	Jacques et al.	Oct 1994
5387977	Berg et al.	Feb 1995
5416613	Rolleston et al.	May 1995
5424545	Block et al.	Jun 1995
5642189	Alguard	Jun 1997
5671735	Macfarlane et al.	Sep 1997

Number	Date	Country
1236984	Mar 1967	DE
2916061	Nov 1979	DE
3827457	Jun 1989	DE
0128442	Dec 1984	EP
655221	May 1995	EP
1347400	Nov 1963	FR
1468339	Dec 1966	FR
2587181	Mar 1987	FR
5728338	Feb 1982	JP
59020824	Feb 1984	JP
0037896	Aug 1985	JP
0257328	Dec 1985	JP
63206655	Aug 1988	JP
8401665	Dec 1985	NL
2001595	Oct 1993	RU

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	08/939462	Sep 1997	US
Child	09/427658		US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	08/481174	Jun 1995	US
Child	08/939462		US
Parent	08/239733	May 1994	US
Child	08/481174		US
Parent	08/657590	Jun 1996	US
Child	08/239733		US
Parent	08/476809	Jun 1995	US
Child	08/657590		US
Parent	08/239733		US
Child	08/476809		US

Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring conditions affecting color

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Abstract

Description

Claims

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (60)

Foreign Referenced Citations (15)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (25)

Continuations (1)

Continuation in Parts (5)

Entry
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