Patent Grant
7505811
The present application relates to a method and apparatus for examining tissue for the presence of predefined target cells therein, and also to a probe for use in such method and apparatus. The invention is particularly useful for detecting cancerous cells in a real-time manner during a surgical operation for removing, e.g., a breast tumor. The invention is therefore described below with respect to such an application, but it will be appreciated that the invention is useful in many other applications.
During a surgical operation for the removal of a tumor, it would be highly desirable to provide the surgeon with a real-time indication of the nature of the tissue at the surgical site, i.e., whether it is normal tissue or cancerous tissue. In the absence of such a real-time indication, the surgeon may remove more tissue than really necessary in order to provide better assurance that the entire tumor is removed.
Existing medical instruments, such as computed tomography (CT) scanners, magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) devices, electrical bioimpedance scanning devices (T-scan), ultrasound, and other similar instruments, are commonly used in pre-operative guided biopsy procedures to obtain samples of tissues in order to delineate the extent of the cancerous tissue. However, the accuracy of such instruments and procedures for the delineation of cancerous tissue depends to a high degree on the accuracy by which the sample was taken, and the expertise of the surgeon in translating such information to the actual conditions at the tumor site.
My above-cited U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/035,428, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, briefly reviews various electrical techniques described in the prior art for examining tissue in order to indicate its nature according to the dielectric properties of the examined tissue. That patent application is directed to an improved method of making such an examination, by applying an electrical pulse (or a sequence of pulses) to the tissue to be examined via a probe, which generates an electrical field in the examined tissue and produces a reflected pulse therefrom. The reflected electrical pulse is detected, and its electrical characteristics are compared with those of the applied electrical pulse to provide an indication of the dielectric properties of the examined tissue, and thereby, the extent of the presence of cancerous cells therein.
However, because of the critical importance of this information to the surgeon during a surgical operation, efforts are continually being made to provide methods, apparatus and probes, which are capable of more accurately determining the extent of the presence of cancerous cells in a real-time manner.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for examining tissue which is basically an electrical optical measuring technique, but which is capable of more accurately determining the extent of the presence of cancerous cells, as well as other predefined target cells, in an examined tissue. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for destroying the target cells immediately after detection. Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus for use in the novel method, and a further object is to provide a probe particularly useful in such apparatus.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of examining tissue for the presence of predefined target cells therein, comprising: subjecting the tissue to be examined to a contrast agent containing small particles of a physical element conjugated with a biological carrier, e.g., an antibody, selectively bindable to the target cells; applying energy pulses to the examined tissue; detecting changes in electrical properties of the examined tissue produced by the applied energy pulses; and utilizing the detected changes in electrical properties for determining the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue.
As indicated earlier, the method is particularly useful for detecting cancer target cells in a real-time manner during a surgical operation, and therefore the invention is described below particularly with respect to this application.
As will be described more particularly below, the novel method exploits the known technique for localization of tumors by the injection of physical elements conjugated with a biological carrier such as an antibody selectively bindable to the cancerous cells. Such techniques have been used with radioisotopes in order to target tumor tissue or cancerous cells when examined with computer tomography. Techniques using nano/micro crystal particles have also been used as novel intravascular probes for both diagnostic (e.g., imaging) purposes and therapeutic (e.g., drug delivery) purposes. For example, reference is made to the publications Akerman, M. E., et al., Nanocrystal Targetting in vivo, PNAS, Oct. 1, 2002, 12617-12621; and Beard, M. C., et al., Size-Dependent Photoconductivity in CdSe Nanoparticles as Measured by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy, American Chemical Society, Aug. 14, 2002, the contents of which publications are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention utilizes such a technique (e.g., with non-radioactive conjugated antibodies) in an electric optical measuring procedure for detecting cancerous cells. Preferably, the applied energy pulses include pulses of optical (e.g., laser) energy, and the physical element conjugated with the antibody is one which changes in impedance when illuminated by the optical energy. As described more particularly below, especially good results are obtainable when the physical element is a light-sensitive semiconductor having an impedance which substantially decreases in the presence of light. In the preferred embodiments described below, changes in optical properties of the examined tissue produced by the applied optical pulses are also detected and utilized in determining the extent of the presence of the target (e.g., cancer) cells in the examined tissue.
While particularly good results are obtainable when the physical element conjugated with the antibody is a light-sensitive semiconductor, the invention may also be implemented in applications wherein the physical element is a metal having good light reflecting characteristics, and wherein changes in an optical characteristic (e.g., frequency, amplitude and/or phase) of the reflected light are detected and utilized for determining the extent of the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue. The physical element may also be a fluorescent material which emits radiation of a predetermined frequency when illuminated by light, or a light absorption material which absorbs radiation of a particular frequency, in which cases changes in frequency of the reflected light would be detected and utilized for determining the extent of the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue.
According to further features in the described preferred embodiments, voltage pulses may be applied to a probe area of the examined tissue to detect the presence of the target cells in the probe area, and optical pulses may be applied to a central region of the probe area of the examined tissue to detect the presence of the target, e.g., cancerous, cells in the central region. Such an arrangement greatly aids the surgeon in determining, during a surgical operation, the size of a tumor to be removed, and its exact delineation from normal healthy tissue to be retained.
According to a further feature of the invention, as described below, the target cells, e.g., cancerous cells, once detected, may be subjected to optical energy of sufficient intensity to destroy them. For example, where the target cells are cancerous cells and the optical energy is laser energy, the same probe as used for detecting the cancerous cells may also be used for destroying such cancerous cells by applying femtosecond pulses at an intensity of 100 nj-1 mj at the targeted cells. Longer pulses can be also used but with more heat dissipation to the surrounding area.
According to still further features in the preferred embodiments described below, the optical pulses may be applied by means of a flexible probe introduced into a subject's body via a catheter, or incorporated in a biopsy needle.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of examining tissue for the present of cancerous cells therein, comprising: applying laser pulses to the examined tissue; detecting the reflections of the laser pulses from the examined tissue; comparing an optical characteristic of the laser pulses applied to the examined tissue with that of the laser reflections from the examined tissue; and utilizing the comparison of optical characteristics for determining the presence of cancerous cells in the examined tissue.
According to a still further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of examining tissue for the presence of cancerous cells therein, comprising: applying voltage pulses and laser pulses to the examined tissue; detecting reflections of the voltage pulses from the examined tissue; comparing an electrical characteristic of the voltage pulse reflections from the examined tissue with that of the voltage pulses applied to the examined tissues with the laser pulses; and utilizing the comparison of electrical characteristics for determining the presence of cancerous cells in the examined tissue.
According to yet another aspect of present invention, there is provided apparatus for examining tissue for the presence of predefined target (e.g., cancer) cells therein comprising: a voltage pulse source; an optical pulse source; a probe having an operative end for applying optical pulses and voltage pulses from the sources to the examined tissue, and for detecting the reflections of the voltage pulses produced by the examined tissue; and a data processor system including an electrical measuring sub-system coupled to the probe for detecting changes in the electrical properties of the examined tissue produced by the optical and voltage pulses, and for determining therefrom the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue.
According to further features in the described preferred embodiments, the probe also detects optical reflections of the optical pulses from the examined tissue. In such case, the data processor system also includes an optical analyzer sub-system utilizing the detected optical reflections from the examined tissue for detecting changes in optical characteristics of the examined tissue produced by the applied pulses in determining the extent of the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a probe for use in examining tissue for the presence of cancerous cells therein, comprising: an operative end having at least one pair of spaced conductors for applying voltage pulses to the examined tissue; and an optical fiber at the operative end for applying optical pulses to the examined tissue.
Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description below.
The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
a-2e are pictorial illustrations illustrating the mechanism of action involved in the impedance measuring technique of the present invention, when using a contrast agent conjugated with an antibody selectively bindable to the cancerous cells;
a illustrates the probe of
a and 9b illustrate examples of polarization measurements from the two spectrometers in the optical analyzer sub-system of
a schematically illustrates a possible variation in the probe construction that enables the use of the probe inside a biopsy/needle/tool;
b schematically illustrates a possible variation in the probe construction that enables the use of the probe in front of the biopsy/needle/tool;
a is a fragmentary view illustrating the orientation sensor in the probe of
b is a plan view schematically illustrating the orientation sensor in the probe of
It is to be understood that the foregoing drawings, and the description below, are provided primarily for purposes of facilitating understanding the conceptual aspects of the invention and various possible embodiments thereof, including what is presently considered to be a preferred embodiment. In the interest of clarity and brevity, no attempt is made to provide more details than necessary to enable one skilled in the art, using routine skill and design, to understand and practice the described invention. It is to be further understood that the embodiments described are for purposes of example only, and that the invention is capable of being embodied in other forms and applications than described herein.
As indicated earlier, the invention of the present application provides an electro optic method and apparatus for examining tissue for the presence of predefined target cells, particularly cancerous cells, by using the known conjugation technique presently used in imaging and drug-delivery procedures. According to the present invention, the tissue to be examined is subjected to a contrast agent containing small particles of a physical element conjugated with an antibody selectively bindable to the target cells. Energy pulses arc applied to the examined tissue; and changes in impedance of the examined tissue produced by the applied energy pulses are detected; and utilizing for determining the extent of the presence of the target cells in the examined tissue.
Before describing the particulars of the method and apparatus of the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it would be helpful first to provide a technical discussion of the conjugation technique generally and of the mechanism of action, as illustrated in
One of the most promising developments in the biotechnology field is the creation of MAbs, which are exquisitely selective proteins (antigens or antibodies) that bind to only a single target. Depending on the clinical setting, the specific antigens to which MAbs may bind include bacteria, hormones, tumor cell antigens, growth factors, and a variety of other substances. The extraordinary specificity of MAbs has tremendous clinical value. As reagents, Mabs appear ideal since they are homogeneous in nature, recognize specific antigenic determinants, can be mass produced, are relatively stable to conjugation methods, and are biocompatible in vivo.
MAbs are created using cell fusion techniques in a process called hybridoma technology. Cell fusion is a form of genetic engineering that merges two types of cells to form a single cell.
First, a mouse is immunized with an antigen that specifically stimulates production of a desired antibody targeted at that antigen. White blood cells that produce antibodies, called B-lymphocytes, are isolated from the mouse's spleen. These cells are then fused to myeloma cells, which are tumor cells that replicate continuously and rapidly. Using cell fusion technology, these two cell types are merged into a single cell, called a hybridoma. The hybridoma contains the DNA of both of the original cells and thus possesses their desirable qualities.
Each hybridoma is capable of producing large numbers of identical antibody molecules, and also called MAbs because they are produced by the identical offspring of a single, cloned, antibody-producing cell. Like the lymphocytes from the immunized animal, they produce antibodies targeted at the injected antigen.
Efforts in hybridoma technology have created four different types of MAbs. Murine (mouse) MAbs have been the primary focus of MAb creation to date. However, they produce variable results. Because mouse-produced antibodies are not identical to human antibodies, they are eventually recognized as foreign proteins by the human body and cleared from circulation by human antimouse antibodies (HAMA). These reactions are not a serious problem with MAb-based diagnostic and imaging products, where only a single application may be required. However, they are a major obstacle to the therapeutic use of murine antibodies. Most patients produce a HAMA reaction, which significantly reduces therapeutic efficacy and increases toxicity.
Human MAbs do not produce a HAMA reaction, so they tend to succeed therapeutically and are less likely to produce allergic reactions. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to fuse human B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells. Several biotechnology companies are investigating novel ways to produce human MAbs, but this process appears to be much more expensive than murine-based systems.
Chimeric MAbs use recombinant engineering technology and involve the assembly of diverse gene segments not normally found together in nature. With this approach, recombinant genes are constructed that code for the production of specific proteins (MAbs), in which selected segments from the mouse antibody are fused to complementary segments from the human antibody. While the chimeric antibody produced retains its binding specificity, it more closely resembles a natural human antibody. Therefore, it is less likely to produce a HAMA reaction.
Humanized MAbs incorporate only the genes for the specific binding sites from the mouse.
Because MAbs act as specific probes that can be directed at the protein that induced their formation, they can be used successfully in clinical applications. For instance, MAbs can direct immune system activity by seeking out targeted antigens and attracting immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the targeted cell. Additionally, MAbs can be directed at target molecules needed for cellular growth or differentiation. For example, many patients with breast cancer carry a specific protein on the surface of their tumor cells. When a MAb directed at this protein is used in combination with traditional chemotherapy, patients experience a greater degree and duration of therapeutic response. This results in a greater rate of overall survival when compared with treatment with chemotherapy alone.
Conjugated MAbs are monoclonal antibodies that are combined with some physical element like radioisotopes, toxins, metal, or semiconductors. They also can be combined with other antibodies or drugs for targeted delivery to specific cells.
Because MAbs can be conjugated with a radioisotope, they are well suited for use in diagnosing and monitoring disease. This was one of the earliest uses for biotechnology. The first products using MAbs to diagnose disease were approved by the FDA in 1981, and MAbs have been used in diagnostic imaging since 1992. For example, in cancer diagnostics, MAbs targeted at specific antigens found on cancer cells, such as carcinoembryonic antigen, are conjugated with a radioisotope. These MAbs are then administered to patients, where they target tumor tissue, and their location is evaluated using computer tomography. This approach has been successful in diagnosing and monitoring patients with colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers.
As indicated earlier, in the present invention such a technique is used (e.g., with a non-radioactive conjugated antibody) in an impedance measuring procedure for detecting cancer cells.
a-2e schematically illustrate the process of producing the conjugated MAbs, namely a physical element conjugated with an antibody selectively bindable to certain defined target cells, such as cancer cells; and the manner in which such MAbs, when included in a contrast agent applied to the tissue to be examined, affect the impedance measurement of such tissue to provide an indication of the extent of the presence of the target (e.g., cancer) cells in such examined tissue.
a illustrates the conjugation process generally, wherein small particles (of nanometer or micrometer size, and therefore hereinafter termed “nano/micro-particles) of a physical element 2, such as silicon nano/micro-particles, are conjugated with a specific monoclonal antibody 3, selectively bindable to the target cells in the tissue to be examined, to produce a conjugation of the antibodies to the silicon nano/micro-particles, as shown at 4.
b illustrates a cancer cell 5 containing specific proteins 6 on its cell membrane to which the monoclonal antibodies 3 are selectively bindable or attachable.
c illustrates the attachment process occurring when the conjugated physical elements 4 of
Accordingly, the extent of the presence of cancer cells in the examined tissue will be indicated by the extent to which the conjugated nano/micro-particles 4 have been bonded to the tissue. The extent of the presence of cancer cells in the examined tissue can thus be determined by measuring the impedance, or changes in impedance, of the examined tissue.
d schematically illustrates making such an impedance measurement of the examined tissue 5 in order to detennine the extent of the target cells therein. Preferably in accordance with the present invention, the nanoparticles 2 conjugated with the antibodies 3 are particles which change in impedance when illuminated by optical energy, particularly laser energy. For example, when the nano/micro-particles 2 are of a semiconductor, such as silicon, they absorbs light photons above 1.1 ev resulting in a substantial increase in their conductivity, due to the transfer of electrons from the valance band to the conduction band.
In order to exploit this substantial change in the impedance of the examined tissue for purposes of determining the extent of cancer cells therein, an electro-optical probe, generally designated P in
d schematically illustrates the situation when the examined tissue 5 is not subjected to the laser, in which case the impedance of the examined tissue would be relatively high; whereas
d and 2e illustrate a further important feature of the present invention, namely that the voltage pulses produced by the electrode 7, 8 are applied to a relatively large probe area of the examined tissue to detect the extent of the presence of cancer cells in the probe area; whereas the optical pulses from optical fiber 9 are applied to a central region of the probe area of the examined tissue to detect the extent-of the presence of cancer cells in the central region. This feature enables the probe to detect, with relatively high accuracy, any cancer cells within the probe area, as shown by the following example:
Let us assume that the area of the electrical probe P is 160μ×160μ, that silicon conjugated crystals are joined to cancerous cells at that probe area, and that there are about 16 cancerous cells on the surface of that probe area. On each cell there are many thousands of 10 to 100 nm diameter silicon crystals; (in this example we are using the electrical parameter of the bulk material; the exact electrical parameters will be different for the various sizes of the crystals from the nanometer size to the micrometer size). The conductivity [=1/resistivity] of normal cells is, for example, 0.02-0.05 S/m for fat tissue, 0.1 S/m for brain tissue, and 1.3 S/m for saline. Normal tissues of the above dimensions (160μ×160μ),-for sensing an area as described above (160μ×160μ), with the above conductivity, as specified, will have a resistance of about 108Ω for fat, 7.5X 105Ω for saline, and 104Ω for brain tissue. The resistance of the probing zone is given by:
R=ρxL/[w×d].
where: ρ is the resistivity, L is the sample length, w is the sample width, and d is the thickness of the layer.
When light irradiates the sample, the resistivity of the crystal is reduced from about 1KΩcm to about 10−6Ωcm, and the resultant resistance will be about 1Ω to 0.1Ω. It is clear that the change is dramatically large. This abrupt change will be detected by the impedance measurements, as well as by light reflection, as described below.
Assuming only one cancerous cell exists between those 16 cells, and the one cell is only partially covered with silicon crystal, even with a covering ratio of 1/1000 the total change can be easily detected using a lock-in method, as also described below.
Following is a simplified order of magnitude calculation.
1 cell: 40 μm X40 μm =1600 μm2=1600X106nm2
1 average silicon crystal: 40 nm X40nm=1600 nm2
Assuming only 103 crystals on one cell, the covering ratio is 1600 nm2X103/1600X106 nm2=10−3; and the probe area is 160 mm X 160 mm for about 16 cells. If only one cell is cancerous, the effective covering ratio is 10−3/16. The change in conductivity of each crystal is of the order of 104. Therefore one cell among 16 normal cells will induce 104X10−3/16˜0.5 change in conductivity averaged over the 16 cells area. Even if the noise is of the order of 1000 times greater than the signal, by using a lock-in method, as described more particularly below, the signal is well in the detectable region.
The Embodiment of
The apparatus illustrated in
The illustrated apparatus further includes a central data processor system 13; an impedance measuring sub-system 14 coupled to the probe for detecting the impedance of the examined tissue and the change of impedance by the optical pulses; and an optical analyzer sub-system 15 for detecting changes in the optical characteristics of the examined tissue produced by the applied optical pulses. As described above with reference to
The apparatus illustrated in
The impedance measuring sub-system 14 is preferably that described in commonly owned U.S. Patent 6,813,515. In such a system, the electro-optical probe 10 applies the electrical pulses to the tissue 5 being examined such that the probe generates an electrical fringe field in the examined tissue and produces reflected pulses therefrom with negligible radiation penetrating into neighboring tissues near the examined tissue. The reflected electrical pulses are detected, and their electrical characteristics are compared with respect to the applied electrical pulses, to measure the impedance of the examined tissue and by comparison to find similarities to the pre-recorded data.
Such electrical property measurements, involving the complete area of the examined tissue contacted by the operative end of the probe 10, are capable of distinguishing between fat, muscle, bone, cancerous tissue and other human tissue, and therefore can serve to guide the surgeon on the way to the tumor and to define the tumor margin with a typical accuracy of about 90%. The optical beam produced by the laser 12 is applied to the center region of the probe area, and is capable of detecting, with much better accuracy, cancerous cells conjugated to the physical particles at the central region.
Preferably, the small particles are nano/micro-particles in size and are of a light-sensitive semiconductor, such as Silicon Germanium or CdTe crystals, having a an impedance that substantially decreases in the presence of light. While the use of a light-sensitive semiconductor is particularly advantageous, as described more particularly below, other materials can be used for the nano/micro-particles conjugated with the antibody. For example, nano/micro-particles of a metal, such as gold, having good reflecting characteristics can be used, whereupon an optical characteristic (e.g., amplitude, frequency or phase) of the reflected light could also be detected and utilized for determining the extent cancerous cells are present in the examined tissue. The nano/micro-particles may also be of a fluorescent material, which emits radiation of a predetermined frequency, such as fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 which emits light at 470 nm when exited at 360 nm, or a seiniconducting-fluorescent material like CdSe and Cds could be of a light absorption material which absorbs radiation of a particular frequency, such as diamond nanoparticles which absorbs radiation of from 200to 700nm, or CdSe and Cds. The emission wavelength of a nanocrystal depends on its size, and therefore by controlling its size, it is possible to tune the emission wavelength. The excitation spectrum of nanocrystals is very broad. This has the advantage that nanocrystals can be excited at many wavelengths shorter than the emission peak. It further means that a mixture of nanocrystals with different emission peaks may be excited efficiently by light of a single wavelength. Therefore, the numbers set forth above can be tuned and adjusted of a nanocrystal depends on its size, and therefore by controlling its size, it is possible to tune the emission wavelength. The excitation spectrum of nanocrystals is very broad. This has the advantage that nanocrystals can be excited at many wavelengths shorter than the emission peak. It further means that a mixture of nanocrystals with different emission peaks may be excited efficiently by light of a single wavelength. Therefore, the numbers set forth above can be tuned and adjusted.
In the above cases, changes in the spectrum of the reflected light would be detected and utilized for determining the extent cancer cells are present in the examined tissue.
Another possible application of the invention would be to use nano/micro-particles of a dielectric material, such as Iodine (which has a large dielectric constant (about 120), and to apply only voltage pulses, in which case the optical analyzer sub-system could be omitted or not used, and only the impedance measuring sub-system would be used for measuring the impedance of the examined tissue.
The Apparatus of
The apparatus of
The voltage pulses are applied from a voltage pulse source 30, and the optical pulses are applied by a laser 40 via an optical chopper 41 and an optical fiber 42. The illustrated apparatus further includes a data processor system, generally designated 50, having an impedance measuring sub-system 60. Data processor system 50 further includes an optical analyzer sub-system, generally indicated by the broken-lines 70, having a an optical splitting box 80. Further illustrated in
The electro optic probe 20 is more particularly illustrated in
Probe 20 is preferably of a construction similar to the electrical probe described in, commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,813,515, to include outer and inner coaxial conductors 21, 22, insulated from each other by a body of dielectric material 23, for generating an electrical fringe field in the examined tissue as described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,813,515. Probe 20 illustrated in
The inner conductor 22 is preferably a silver or other metal coating over the outer surface of the central optical fiber 24, whereas the outer conductor 21 is preferably in the form a flexible metal braid. At the operative end of the probe, the outer conductor 21 is enclosed by a rigid metal cap 25. The complete outer surface of the outer conductor 2l, including its cap 25, is preferably covered by an insulating jacket 29.
As described above, the two coaxial conductors 21, 22 apply voltage pulses from the voltage source 30 to the examined tissue 5, whereas the central optical fiber 24 applies optical pulses from the laser 40 to the central region of the probe area. The voltage pulses produce voltage reflections, and the optical pulses produce optical reflections, both of which are detected by the probe 20.
a and 6b schematically illustrate the results produced by such an examination with respect to tissue that has been previously subjected to a contrast agent as described above, namely one containing small particles (nano/micro-particles) of a physical element, particularly a light-sensitive semiconductor such as silicon, conjugated with an antibody selectively bindable to cancerous cells. Thus, when the examined tissue contains cancerous cells, the physical element nano/micro-particles are bonded to the cells, according to the extent the cancerous cells are present in the examined tissue, as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
The laser source 40 produces a sequence of femtosecond to nanosecond pulses of viz-nir (Visible-Near Infra-Red) light (the duration of the laser pulse is controlled by the CPU). Laser source 40 further includes an optical chopper 41 for chopping the train of nanosecond pulses at a desired frequency or modulation. The chopping modulation could be a constant modulation, for example 1000 HZ modulation, or other kind of modulation for example information-like modulation. The chopper itself is a standard mechanical chopping device (or an electro optic device) and is mounted inside the laser source box 40. As one example, chopper 41 could be Model 360C OEM Ultra Miniature Optical Chopper made by Sciatic Instruments Ltd. As seen in
As further shown in
As shown in
Each spectrometer 71, 72 is a fiber optic spectrometer equipped with computer software that allows real-time detection of optical properties of the light directed into the spectrometer, namely a portion of each incident optical pulse, and all of each reflected pulse. As one example, each spectrometer may be Ocean Optic pc2000 fiber optic spectrometer or Wavestarv750 made by Ophir The main spectrometer reading is the power spectrum of the light (amplitude at each optical frequency). Both spectrometers arc preferably the same.
The optical fiber 24 may be a commercial Silica core silica clad fiber, optimized for the NIR-VIZ (near infrared, visible light range of the electromagnetic spectrum). The outer diameter of the fiber is preferably 45 μm.
Following is one manner of making the electro-optical-probe 20.
A length of the commercially available optical fiber 24 is coated with a silver layer to define the inner conductor 22, it is then covered with a thick dielectric layer, preferably Teflon™, and is inserted into a flexible metal braid serving as the outer conductor 21 of the coaxial cable so produced. A metal rigid cap 25 is then applied at one end coaxial cable, constituting the operative end of the probe to be produced, and a thin layer of a polymer is then applied over the coaxial cable to serve as the outer jacket 29.
In view of the flexible nature of the probe, the metal cap facilitates grasping and moving the probe by the surgeon. As one example, the metal cap may be a gold-coated aluminum cylinder of 8 mm in length.
The optical fiber 24 is split into two portions at the opposite end of the probe. One portion coated with the inner conductor 22 continues to the opposite end of the probe where it is connected, together with the outer conductor 21, to connector 26 for connection, via transmission line 28 (
Transmission line 28, illustrated in
The impedance-measuring method performed by the impedance measuring sub-system 60 in
For example, if the nano/micro-particles are merely particles of dielectric material, then the extent to which they have become bonded to the examined tissue will merely affect the impedance of the examined tissue. However, if such nano/micro-particles are light-sensitive such that their impedance is of one value in the absence of light, and another value in the presence of light, then the presence of light pulses from the laser 40 will also affect the impedance of the examined tissue. Therefore the light can modulate the impedance of the tissue. The ability to modulate the measured impedance, only of cancerous tissue, is what make this mode so powerful. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the nano/micro-particles are preferably of a semi-conductor crystal, e.g., silicon, exhibiting a very substantial increase in electrical conductivity when exposed to light.
The Lock-In Method
As indicated earlier, laser source 40 includes a chopper 41, and the impedance measuring sub-system 60 includes a lock-in amplifier. These features enable a lock-in examination to be performed to increase the sensitivity of the measurement particularly with respect to background noise. Thus, the lock-in measurement method can provide high-resolution measurements producing relatively clean signal outputs having a high signal-to-noise ratio over several orders of magnitude and frequency.
A lock-in amplifier, commonly used with most AC indicating instruments, provides a DC output proportional to the AC signal under investigation. In practice, the DC output may be presented as a reading on a digital panel meter or as a digital value communicated over a computer interface, rather than a voltage at an output connector, but the principle remains the same. A special rectifier, called a phase-sensitive detector (PSD), which performs this AC to DC conversion, forms the heart of the instrument. It is special in that it rectifies only the signal of interest, while suppressing the effect of noise or interfering components, which may accompany that signal.
The traditional rectifier in a typical AC voltmeter makes no distinction between signal and noise and produces errors due to rectified noise components. The noise at the input to a lock-in amplifier, however, is not rectified but appears at the output as an AC fluctuation. This means that the desired signal response, now a DC level, can be separated from the noise accompanying it in the output by means of a simple low-pass filter. Hence in a lock-in amplifier, the final output is not affected by the presence of noise in the applied signal.
In order to function correctly, the detector must be “programmed” to recognize the signal of interest. This is achieved by supplying it with a reference voltage of the same frequency and with a fixed phase relationship to that of the signal. This is most commonly done by ensuring that they are derived from the same source. The use of the reference frequency ensures that only signals at the reference frequency will be measured. In our case the reference frequency is given by the optical modulation frequency so the impedance changes in the tissue are in the reference frequency while all other “noises” are not in that frequency. This inherent tracking ability allows extremely small bandwidths to be defined for the purpose of signal-to-noise ratio improvement since there is no frequency “drift”, as is the case with analog “tuned filter/rectifier” systems. Because of the automatic tracking, lock-in amplifiers can give effective “Q” values (a measure of filter selectivity) in excess of 100,000, whereas a normal band pass filter becomes difficult to use with Q's greater than 50.
The following mathematical description of a typical lock-in operation will aid in understanding this measurement method.
Consider the case where a noise-free sinusoidal signal voltage Vin is being detected, where Vin=A cos (ωt) ω is the angular frequency of the signal which is related to the frequency, F, in Hertz by the equality: −ω=2πF.
The lock-in amplifier is supplied with a reference signal at frequency F derived from the same source as the signal, and uses this to generate an internal reference signal of: −Vref=B cos (ωt+q). The reference frequency is the modulation frequency of the optical chopper, where q is a user-adjustable phase-shift introduced within the lock-in amplifier.
The detection process consists of multiplying these two components together so that the PSD output voltage is given by:
by: −Vpsd=A -cos(ωt). B cos(ωt+q)
=½AB cos(q)+½A B cos(2ωt+q)
If the magnitude, B, of the reference frequency is kept constant, then the output from the phase-sensitive detector is a signal which is:
Proportional to the magnitude of the input signal A;
Proportional to the cosine of the angle, q, between it and the reference signal; and
Modulated at 2ωt, i.e., it contains components at twice the reference frequency.
The output from the PSD then passes to a low-pass filter which removes the 2ωt component, leaving the output of the lock-in amplifier as the required DC signal.
In a practical situation the signal will usually be accompanied by noise, but it can be shown that as long as there is no consistent phase (and therefore by implication frequency) relationship between the noise and the signal, the output of the multiplier due to the noise voltages will not be steady and can therefore be removed by the output filter that integrates the signal over a time interval. The out of phase components which contains the noise will be summed towards zero, while the in phase signal will be summed.
Thus, a condition in the use of the lock-in measurement method is that the detected signal should be modulated at a reference frequency while all other signals from the surrounding environment should not be modulated. This condition is satisfied in above described method and apparatus by providing modulation to the physical element conjugated to the antibody. In all other respects, the lock-in method used herein is the same as in traditional lock-in measurements.
A preferred amplifier in the impedance measuring sub-system 60 is the commercial Lock-In Model SRS850.
Before the surgical operation, the contrast agent is prepared and injected into the patient's bloodstream. As described above, the contrast agent includes a tumor specific antibody conjugated to nano/micro-particles of a physical element having a characteristic which affects the impedance measurements of the examined tissue, and preferably also of the optical measurements of the examined tissue.
The present invention integrate synergistically two modalities in the same device: (1) local electrical measurement, and (2) optical detection. Both modalities can work independently to detect the existence of cancerous tissue, or together, in conjunction with a pre-injected contrast agent to detect, with high accuracy the cancerous cells. The contrast agent consists of antibodies conjugated to small particles, or nano/micro-particles, of physical elements. The synergetic combination of the two detection technologies allows the following three detection Modes of operation, depending on the material used for the nano/micro-particles and one cell destruction mode (Mode 4):
Thus, if the nano/micro-crystals are merely non-switchable material like a dielectric or a conductor material, such as Iodine or gold, the extent of their presence in the examined tissue would affect the impedance of the examined tissue, in which case merely an impedance measurement may be made of the examined tissue to provide an indication of the extent cancerous cells are present therein. In the case of iodine, the measurement will detect its impedance because of the high dielectric constant of the iodine. In the case of gold, the measurement will detect the very low conductivity of the gold particles. Such an examination may be called a Mode 1 examination.
On the other hand, if the nano/micro-particles are of a light-reflecting material, such as nano/micro-particles of gold or of a light fluorescent material, such as CdSe, Cds, or of a light absorptive material such as diamond nano particles, an optical examination and analysis of the light detected from the examined tissue would also provide an indication of the extent cancerous cells are present in the examined tissue. Such an examination may be called a Mode 2 examination.
Preferably, however, the nano/micro-particles are light sensitive, such as Silicon, Germanium, ZnSe, ZnS or GaAs crystals, which substantially affect the impedance of the examined tissue when irradiated with light (e.g., laser pulses). When such materials are used as the nano/micro-particles, a Mode 3 type examination may be performed. In this mode any sequence of light pulses will induce a similar sequence of impedance-change pulses. Since the light pulses are controllable, the changes in the impedance pulses can be expected. This knowledge regarding the impedance modulation is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the system.
While the first two modes can be measured, in principle, sequentially by two different devices, the third mode is a unique one and can be realized only with a device that combines the 1 and 2 modalities. The ability to control cells impedance using light, switching on and off, make this mode an enabling tool for ultra-high accuracy tumor cells detection.
It will be appreciated that the contrast agent could include just one of the above-type nano/micro-particles conjugated with the tumor-specific antibody, or could include a plurality of such types of nano/micro-particles, to permit more than one of the above mode-type examination to be performed on the tissue. Furthermore a few different types of nanocrystals can be attached together to form a microsphere.
Accordingly, during the course of a surgical operation for the removal of a tumor, the surgeon may move the probe 20 over different tissues in order to examine such tissue to determine the extent of cancerous cells therein, and thereby to decide whether such tissue should be considered as cancerous tissue to be removed, or healthy tissue not to be removed. As the surgeon moves probe 20 to different tissues of the patient's body, the data processor system housed within the user interface unit 90 shown in
The broad determination of tissue type by electrical properties measurement, and the accurate detection of cancerous cells by physical element detection, gives the surgeon excellent background knowledge for decision-making during the operation as to the delimitation of the cancerous tissue. Using that knowledge, the surgeon can manipulate the surgical cutting tool to maximizing the removal of cancerous tissue and minimize the removal of healthy, non-cancerous tissue.
In the embodiment of the invention described below, the nano/micro-particles are of a light-sensitive semi-conductor, such as silicon, which drastically changes its impedance when exposed to light immediately after absorbing the light. In addition, both optical (laser) pulses and voltage pulses are applied together to the tissue being examined. This permits first a Mode 1 examination, and then a Mode 2 and Mode 3 examination to be performed.
Thus a Mode 1 examination, involving merely measuring the impedance of the tissue, can be performed by the application only of the voltage pulses from voltage source 30 (
As more particularly described in that patent application, the probe generates an electrical fringe field in the examined tissue and produces reflected pulses therefrom. The reflected electrical pulses are detected and compared with respect to the applied electrical pulses to provide an indication of the dielectric properties of the examined tissue, and thereby of the type of tissue then contacted by the probe. The voltage pulses are measured by a high-speed digitizer, and are then transformed to the frequency domain mathematically. Since the present invention preferably includes, but does not require, the specific biological tissue impedance measuring technique in that patent application, further details of that biological tissue impedance measuring system and method are not set forth herein.
When the probe 20 is determined to be within the area of the tumor site, the apparatus is switched-over to a Mode 2 and 3 operation in order to more accurately determined the extent of the target cells present in the examined tissue. During this Mode 3 operation, the laser source 40 is actuated to produce a train of laser pulses which are applied to the examined tissue via the optical fiber 24 within probe 20 concurrently with the application of the voltage pulses applied by voltage pulse source 30 to the examined tissue via the coaxial conductors 21, 22 of the probe 20. In this mode, the laser source 40 produces a train of nanosecond pulses of small viz-nir (visible-near infra-red) light via optical chopper 41 which modulates the frequency of the optical pulses in order to produce a more precise indication of the extent target cells are present in the examined tissue.
Thus during the Mode 3 operation, the electrical impedance measurement is set to detect impedance changes that are at the same frequency as the optical pulse train modulation frequency of chopper 41. For example: if the repetition rate of the electrical pulses is 500 KHz and the repetition of the laser pulse is 2 KHz with modulation of 500 Hz, the impedance measurement is set to detect changes in the 500 Hz band. In this mode, the digitizing process is as in Mode 1, e.g., as described in the above-cited patent application Ser. No. 10/035,428, but the system no longer compares pairs of electrical voltage pulses (incident and reflected). Instead it looks for the changes in reflected pulse amplitude only at the modulation frequency as described above in the description of the lock-in method.
This feature produces a new important advantage: If the probe does not point on cancerous cells, no electrical impedance changes will be detected; but if the probe points on cancerous cells containing the attached nano/micro-particles of light-sensitive material, a substantial change of impedance is induced. Since the detection method looks for changes at the modulation frequency, its sensitivity increases dramatically such that even one cancerous cell will induce a total change in the detected impedance.
Thus, as described above, the lock-in method utilizing the lock-in amplifier in the impedance measuring sub-system 60 of
The change of reflected amplitude at each measurement point is saved in the memory (e.g., 17,
The analysis program during the Mode 1 operation (i.e., wherein only voltage pulses are applied to the examined tissue), is the same as described in the above-cited patent application Ser. No. 10/035,428. As indicated earlier, the Mode 1 operation is capable of detecting changes in impedance of the examined tissue sufficiently for determining the type of tissue sufficient to locate the tumor and to remove it. However, in order to determine whether tissue adjacent to the removed tissue may also be cancerous and should therefore be removed, a Mode 2 and Mode 3 examination is performed to detect changes in the electrical characteristics and in the optical characteristics of the examined tissue, and to utilize such detected characteristics for more accurately determining the presence of cancerous cells in the examined tissue.
In Modes 2 and 3, the analysis program looks for different features in order to detect cancerous cells.
Thus, the analysis checks the data array and looks for local, same point, changes of impedance during the light activation. If a change exists, it is due the existence of the physical element nano/micro-particles, and therefore confirms cancer cell presence in the tissue under the tip of the probe. The surgeon thus receives a clear indication of cancerous cell, e.g., by an audio output from the user interface unit 90.
The analysis also compares the light reflection from each tissue point with respect to that from the previous tissue point. It also looks for a distinct features of light reflection due to the existence of the physical elements attached to the cancerous cells; absorption at certain frequency, emission at certain frequency (florescence), a change of polarization as a function of frequency, and total change (average) of the reflection over the full spectrum. When the analysis finds a parameter that is a unique for the physical element in the contrast agent, this provides a clear indication of a cancerous cell.
The measurement of changes in impedance during the Mode 3 examination is performed by the impedance-measuring sub-system 60 of
The measurement of changes in the optical characteristics of the examined tissue, according to the Mode 2 examination, is performed by the optical analyzer sub-system 70 in
As briefly described above, and as more particularly illustrated in
a and 9b show how the polarization function is calculated from the readings of the two spectrometers 71, 72. Each spectrometer digitizes the power amplitude of light at each frequency. The light directed to each of the spectrometers is of a different polarity. Accordingly, at certain frequencies the relation between the amplitudes of the two spectrometers gives the polarity. The relation calculation is repeated at all measured frequencies, and the polarization function is measured. This is done for the incident pulse. For the reflected pulse, the change in polarities is again calculated and recorded.
Since the apparatus, when operated as described above, has detected cancerous cells with a relatively high accuracy, the apparatus may now be operated according to a fourth mode (Mode 4) for destroying the detected cells by ablation without the need for aiming it again since it is already in the place. This may be done automatically when detecting cancerous cells, or on demand, by activating the laser to transmit high-power short duration pulses at the detected spot of the examined tissue. The ablation pulses should be of femtosecond pulse duration with energy per pulse of about 100 nj up to about 1 mj.
Modifications in the Probe Structure
Probe 220 illustrated in
a illustrates the probe, therein generally designated 320, incorporated in a biopsy needle 300 having a needle cavity 302. Such a biopsy needle may be about 2 mm in diameter. As shown in
b illustrates a biopsy needle 400 which includes a side cavity 402 and a front sharp edge 404. As shown in
Probe 20 illustrated in
In addition, the probe could be equipped with a 3-D coordinate orientation sensor for determining the location and orientation of the operative end of the probe, and thereby of the tissue being examined.
It will also be appreciated that the sensor array 530 could all be used for imagining the examined tissue 505 and for displaying its image in a real-time manner during the course of the surgical operation.
Another variation would be to provide the probe with a thimbal-type mounting device for mounting it on the surgeon's fingertip. Further, while the embodiments described above included only one pair of electrodes for applying voltage pulses, the probe could include a plurality of such pairs, e.g., in the form of micro-electrodes, at the operative end of the probe.
While the invention has been described with respect to several preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that these are set forth merely for purposes of example, and that many variations may be made. For example, the apparatus could be used for targeting other cells, such as bacteria, etc., which are selectively bindable to an antibody conjugated with the nano/micro-particles. In addition, the apparatus and method could be used for examining cells off-line, e.g., in examining pre-operation biopsies or post-operation samples of removed tissue. Further, while the above selective-bonding technique is described above with respect to using antibodies, it will be appreciated that other biological carriers could be used for this purpose instead of antibodies. Other electrical-characteristic measuring techniques and/or light-measuring techniques may be used. Many other variations and applications of the invention will be apparent. As recited on page 4, second paragraph of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/331,548, filed Nov. 19, 2001, which was incorporated into this application by reference: The bioimpedance sensor is connected via a transmission line to a nanosecond pulse source, a fast sampler, and an analysis unit. The light from the laser pulse or CW, is transmitted to the sampler, through the metal coated optic fiber, which serves also as the coaxial core. During operation, two actions take place simultaneously, a voltage pulse is incident on the sample and reflects back, and light is incident on the sample and reflects back. While the voltage pulse initiates transient currents inside the sample and by its reflection the dielectric properties of the tissue are calculated, the light signal reflection is measured by the spectrometer. The polarization and phase of the light signals are measured using standard measurement methods.
The present application is related to, and claims the priority dates of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/331,548 filed Nov. 19, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/343,583 filed Jan. 2, 2002: the contents of both applications are incorporated herein by reference. The present application is also related to my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/035,428, filed Jan. 4, 2002, the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference.
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