Patent Application
20120037734
The present invention is directed to improvements in apparatus and methods for preparing carpet for recycling.
Many industries are trying to become more environmentally friendly. As a result, many companies try to use more natural materials in their products. Others try to use recycled materials. One industry that has been very active in recycling has been the carpet industry. Many carpet companies use recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) from soda bottles to manufacture carpet fibers.
There is also a great deal of interest in recycling old carpet. At the present time, there is no uniform method of recycling carpet. Recycled carpet has a variety of uses including but not limited to composite lumber in the form of decking and sheets, tile backer board roofing shingles, railroad ties, automotive parts, carpet cushion, etc.
Carpet basically has two components, the face fiber and the backing structure to which the face fibers are secured. The face fiber is the part of the carpet on which the consumer walks. It is the top surface of the carpet. There are four common face fibers in use today. These are Nylon 6, Nylon 6.6, polypropylene (also called olefin) and polyester. Each of the face fibers has completely different properties (of the listed), which is why each of the types of face fibers must be separated from other different face fibers. The backing to where the face fibers are secured is usually a different material. Typical backing materials include polyvinyl chloride, latex and polypropylene.
At the present time, most recycling processes used for carpet try to recycle the face fibers. It is much more difficult to deal with the backing. The backing is usually composed of one or two polypropylene scrims and usually an adhesive present in addition to the backing material itself Each of these materials are frequently made from different polymeric materials that are difficult to recycle together and need to be separated.
In some recycling processes, the carpet is initially tested to identify the types of fibers. Once the recycler knows with which kind of carpet they are dealing, the face fiber is separated from the backing and the glue is stripped off the back of the carpeting. In one process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,063, nylon polymers or nylon fibers are dissolved in a solvent at, at least, the dissolution temperature of the nylon in the solvent. The solvent containing the dissolved nylon is then removed from the remainder of the solid residue. Last, the solvent nylon solution is cooled to precipitate and recover the nylon. There are other types of chemical carpet recycling processes, including those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,067,613 to Mauldin, U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,769 to Blanpain and U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,489 to Goulet. Besides chemical recycling processes, there are shredding methods where shredded carpet is melted to be reused in another application. These patents include U.S. Published Patent Applications 2004/0048035 to Bailey, 2003/0075824 to Moore and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,052 to Krishnan. Some other processes grind the carpet into small granules and then use air to separate the individual components into their constituent parts. These patents include U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,949 to Sharer, U.S. Pat. No. 7,635,099 to Meredith and U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,945 to Sferrazza. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,300 portions of the carpet are selected for grinding. These selected separate portions are melted after grinding for reuse.
A screen is used to separate ground particles of carpet materials in U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,575 to White and U.S. Pat. No. 6,155,020 to Deem. Costello et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,207 is directed towards a process for recycling carpet selvage waste that employs a device for shearing the face fiber of a carpet using multiple beveling heads. The device contains four beveling heads encased in separate boxes each which include a rotating cutting device, a stationary cutting device and a vacuum hose. The beveling heads are situated at equal intervals and are placed so that they are adjacent to a central rotating drum that carries selvage waste along its outer surface. The device functions by contacting the moving selvage waste with the beveling heads to yield removed face fiber and a sheared selvage waste composite. The face fiber is ultimately removed to a face fiber storage bin through the vacuum lines attached to the respective box. (See column 9, lines 40-67).
Hoover, U.S. Published Patent Application 2009/0082476 is for a process where face yarn is shaved and the face shaved yarn is reduced in size. Contaminants are removed by mechanical screeners. The shaved face yarn is then melt filtered and then fiber spun.
It is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus that provides more complete separation of carpet backing from carpet fibers.
It is also an object of the invention to provide an apparatus that facilitates carpet recycling.
It is another object of the invention to provide a means for separating a backing made from polypropylene or other polymeric composition from carpet fibers of nylon or other fibrous polymeric material.
It is a further object of the invention to reduce unrecycled carpet materials.
It is still another object of the invention to increase the recyclability of carpet materials.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for preparing one or more sections of carpet for recycling. The apparatus of the present invention permits a carpet strip to be separated into its backing component and its fiber component. By the term strip is meant a carpet section that is up generally up to 72″ wide and any length desired. The width of the carpet used in the present invention is only limited by how wide the cylindrical roller or drum is. One of the benefits of the present invention is that the old carpet need not be cut into fairly small pieces in order to recycle it. The carpet has a backing material that is made of a first polymeric thermoplastic material and has fibers of a second polymeric thermoplastic material extending from the backing. Although the first and second material may be the same polymeric thermoplastic material, the more usual situation is where the first and second materials are different thermoplastic materials and therefore more difficult to separate from each other. In addition, blends of the two different polymeric materials, such as nylon and polypropylene do not have the same types of uses as polypropylene and nylon would have separately. As a result, there is a greater market for the individual components than for the blend. In addition, some of the polymeric materials are incompatible with each other and therefore blends of these materials are not marketable as recycled polymers. In one embodiment of the invention, the first carpet material is polypropylene. Polypropylene, while it can be used as a carpet fiber, does have particular application as a backing material.
Secured to the backing material by any suitable means including but not limited to heat bonding or an adhesive is a fiber that constitutes the pile of the carpet. This pile may be a length of fiber that has one end secured to the backing and the other end extending upwardly therefrom or the fiber may be a length of fiber that is folded over so that it is in the form of two lengths connected at a base portion. The two lengths are secured at the base portion to the backing where there is a fold at the base. The fiber may also be secured to the backing in any suitable manner. The carpet backing is the structure that holds together all the single lenghts of fiber that form the pile of the carpet. The fiber that is attached to the backing is preferably a nylon material but could be another type of material such as polyethylene terephthalate or other carpet material. The term nylon material includes but is not limited to nylon 6 and nylon 6.6 or blends thereof.
The carpet strip is preferably placed face down on the feeder belt or feed in belt of the device of the present invention. By face down is meant that the carpet fibers attached to the backing are positioned closer to the surface of the feeder belt than the backing. The feeder belt drives the carpet strip to a first roller, which is positioned above the belt. This roller holds the carpet in position on the belt as the carpet is passed into the device of the present invention. The first roller is preferably positioned above one of the rollers of the feeder belt so that the two rollers can keep the carpet strip from rising above the surface of the belt during belt travel. The two rollers help also to hold the carpet while the pins of the main drum tear the carpet apart and free the face pile fibers from the fibers of the backing structure. From the belt the carpet strip is passed to a pair of nip rollers that drive the leading edge of carpet strip to the edge of a dish plate. This edged may be a sharp edge if desired. The nip rollers pull the carpet from the feeder belt to the dish plate. The top nip roller is preferably a floating roller meaning that it can be adjusted to accommodate different thicknesses of carpet and hold the carpet with an adjustable pressure operated by two air cylinders positioned one on each side of the machine. Once set to the desired height and pressure in one embodiment, the upper of the two nip rollers may be secured in that position.
The dish plate has an upper edge which the fiber side of the carpet passes. The angle of the upper edge is preferable less than about 30°, more preferably less than about 20° and most preferably less than about 15° The dish plate has a top surface that is curved to conform generally to the curve of the circumference of the upper nip roller. The carpet fibers contact the surface of the curve on the dish plate as the carpet strip passes from the nip rollers. As the carpet is driven up the face of the curved portion of the dish plate by the nip rollers, the first end of the carpet strip reaches the top edge of the dish plate and is aggressed by the pins of the main drum that tear the carpet and free the face pile fibers from the fibers of the backing structure. The main drum is provided with a plurality of pins. These pins extend upwardly from the outer surface of the drum. As the main drum rotates downwards from the top edge of the dish plate about its axis, the pins push down the carpet backing around the top edge of the dish plate. The close tolerances of the top edge, the upper nip roller and the main drum's pins, make possible for the pins to shred and tear apart the whole structure of the carpet, thus separating a significant percentage of the carpet fiber from the backing. In some instances the fibers when separated from the backing material have as little as 5-10% of backing and adhesive material with the carpet fibers which is significantly better than is typically obtained. Similarly the backing that is separated from the carpet fibers may only have as little as 10% carpet fiber present with the backing material separated from the fibers.
The face carpet fibers separated from the backing fibers by the high speed of the pins of the drum generally fly away tangentially to the drum and drop by gravity into a suitable receptacle where they can be collected for recycling. The main drum preferably rotates at a high speed. Preferably the drum rotates at about 525 RPM's. The receptacle may be provided with one or more sidewalls that are hinged or flexible to permit the opening area of the receptacle to be enlarged to facilitate collection of the fibers.
The receptacle may be a belt that removes the fibers away from the device for further processing. The apparatus of the present invention is preferably provided with a suitable guide to assist in directing the fibers to the receptacle. There may also be a guide that directs the remainder of the carpet strip into contact with the pins extending outwardly from the main drum as the drum rotates. In a preferred embodiment, the guides may be combined into a single guide. The combined guide of the present invention, broadly speaking, is in the form generally of an inverted V in cross section. The apex or point of the inverted V is an edge preferably extending from the region adjacent, from one side of the main drum to the opposite side of the main drum. The V has two legs extending generally downwardly from the apex. The first leg has a generally curved profile and the curve follows the general curve of the circumference of the main wheel drum. The position of the guide is adjustable so that the surface of the curved guide leg that is adjacent the main drum can be moved closer or further away from the main drum to increase or decrease the separation and removal of pile fiber that fly away tangentially to the main drum from the backing fibers that continue to turn inside the pins of the main drum towards the back end of the machine (the closer the edge of the guide is to the drum, the higher quantity of pile fiber can be removed). This adjustment causes as a secondary effect that bringing the edge of the guide closer to the drum increases the percentage of undesired backing fiber contaminating the pile fiber, therefore the user of the machine will have to decide the best compromise on the distance of the guide from the main drum for his needs.
The opposite leg of the guide is positioned so that one end, the end opposite the apex is in or nearly in the receptacle so that the shredded fiber may be deposited from the knife blade into the receptacle. In a preferred embodiment, the second leg of the V extends partially into the receptacle where it contacts an inner surface of the sidewall of the receptacle. Because the guide is adjustable with respect to the proximity of the first curved leg to the surface of the main drum, the second leg also moves as a result of this adjustability. This motion is such that the receptacle is preferably provided with a flexible side wall or a hinged sidewall to accommodate the movement of the guide.
The receptacle may be any suitable container for receiving the shredded pieces of carpet fiber. Alternatively, the fiber may drop onto a channel or belt where the fiber pieces are passed from the belt to a receptacle or other packing means for recycling. Similarly, the fibers may be processed directly at the facility where the carpet is treated by the apparatus of the present invention.
After the fibers are stripped from the backing, the pins on the main drum cause the backing to be directed around the drum where the backing reaches a negative pressure roller (also known as a condenser cage), which holds the shredded backing to its outer surface by the internal vacuum. As the negative pressure roller rotates, the shredded backing is transported to a pair of rollers. One roller is a drive roller; the second roller causes the shredded backing to pass onto a belt where it can be transported away from the device for further processing. The condenser cage also assists in removing dust generated by the process. This dust enters the cage through the orifices in the surface and the negative pressure in the cage causes the dust to be removed.
A second guide positioned on the other side of the main drum. This guide cuts off the wind generated by the rotation of the main drum and the pins on the main drum and forces the backing to fall on the negative pressure roller or condenser cage.
The negative pressure roller is preferably a roller with a plurality of orifices in the surface of the roller that are preferably smaller than the sizes of the pieces of the shredded carpet backing. The negative pressure in the roller causes the backing particles to adhere to the surface of the drum because of the vacuum present in the roller. This negative pressure causes the backing particles to fall from the area where the second guide meets the main drum onto the negative pressure roller. As particles of backing go along the negative pressure roller they are held in place by the vacuum until they are removed from the negative pressure roller and dropped onto the belt for removal and recycling. The air sucked through the holes of the perforated surface of the negative pressure roller removes a great amount of dust, latex and calcium carbonate (all components of the carpet backing) generated during the tearing action of the pins of the main drum on the carpet. This dusty air is then processed and cleaned through a dedicated filter (not shown in the enclosed drawings).
The carpet section of
The carpet that may be used in the present invention is preferably a carpet that has the backing made from one thermoplastic polymeric material and the fibers made from a different polymeric thermoplastic material although prior to being placed on the belt of the device of the present invention, the face fibers could have been trimmed as close to the backing as possible by conventional shearing devices. However, it is not required that the face fibers be pre-trimmed in the present invention. In the conventional process the face fibers are recycled separately from the remainder of the carpet. In conventional systems, the backing with the residue of fiber secured thereto is recycled as a composite material; however, this composite material has limited use in recycling as the backing is typically made from a polymeric thermoplastic method that is different from the pile fibers.
As depicted in
The longer shredded backing fibers remain closer to the pins of the drum and are dropped to between the rear surface of the dish feed 25 and a guide 32. The guide 32 has a first surface 33 that may be curved to generally conform to the curve of the circumference of the main drum 28. The curved surface of the first leg 33 of the guide keeps the shredded backing fibers in position on the pins 31 of the main drum 28. The second surface 34 of the guide is angled towards the receptacle that received the fiber debris stripped from the backing. This guide is adjustable so that it can be moved closer to the main drum 28 or further away depending on the quantity of pile carpet fiber that is to be separated from the carpet backing fiber. As the guide moves closer to the main drum or further away as required, the second surface 34 of the guide is also moving thereby narrowing or widening the opening area of the receptacle 30 receiving the carpet fiber debris. Because of this motion the receptacle has at least one side wall 35 that is angled as shown. In a more preferred embodiment, this side wall is hinged so that the opening of the receptacle can be adjusted as the guide is adjusted in response to the desired pile fiber/carpet backing fiber separation.
As the backing fiber 11 moves along the main drum 28, the pins 31 extending outwardly of the surface of the main drum 28 pull the backing along the outer surface of the main drum 28. As shown in
The air sucked through the plurality of orifices in the outer surface of the negative pressure roller carries with itself a great amount of dust and crushed latex and calcium carbonate generated during the tearing action of the pins of the main drum on the carpet.
