Patent Application
20250110089
This U.S. patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to: Indian Patent Application number 202321065751, filed on Sep. 29, 2023. The entire contents of the aforementioned application are incorporated herein by reference.
The disclosure herein generally relates to damage localization, and, more particularly, to a method and a system for damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves.
Ultrasonic guided waves are routinely used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) for defect identification and localization in metal sheets or other complex structures. Usually, a high voltage burst excitation (100 to 1000 volts) is used by the available techniques to induce symmetric and asymmetric modes in thin plates of the complex structures/metal sheets. And then the defect is detected by observing the response of the transmitted symmetric and asymmetric modes.
However, there may be some applications where such high voltage is not permitted for safety reasons or for other reasons, such as unavailability of energy. For example, in-flight detection of defects in airplane wings may have such restrictions. So, identification and localization of defects with low voltage burst excitation is yet to be achieved.
Embodiments of the present disclosure present technological improvements as solutions to one or more of the above-mentioned technical problems recognized by the inventors in conventional systems. For example, in one aspect, there is provided a method for damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves. The method comprises receiving, by a damage localization system via one or more hardware processors, one or more inputs associated with at least one structure comprising a damage, wherein the one or more inputs comprise a velocity of a lamb wave to be used for damage localization in the at least one structure, a frequency sweep information, and a location information of a transmitter and a receiver that are placed on the at least one structure; performing, by the damage localization system via the one or more hardware processors, a Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of a predefined frequency range on the at least one structure to form a primary guided wave resonance spectra; performing an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the primary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculating a pulse arrival time of a predefined pulse from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculating a directional pulse arrival time of an x-directional pulse based, at least in part, on the velocity of the lamb wave and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined directional arrival time calculation equation; creating an auto-correlation picture by auto-correlating a template of the time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture, wherein the template is taken from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture based on a template range, wherein the template range is decided based on the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse; identifying a predefined peak in the auto-correlation picture; determining whether the predefined peak is in a predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time; upon determining that the predefined peak is not in the predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time, calculating an arrival time of a predefined final pulse in the predefined time range; calculating a time difference between the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse and the arrival time of the predefined final pulse; and determining a damage location in the at least one structure based on the calculated time difference, the velocity of the lamb wave, and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined time difference calculation equation.
In an embodiment, upon determining that the predefined peak is in the predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time, the method comprises: identifying a new predefined peak in the auto-correlation picture.
In an embodiment, the velocity of the lamb wave is estimated by performing: placing the transmitter and the receiver at a predefined distance in an undamaged structure; performing the VNA sweep of the predefined frequency range on the undamaged structure to form a secondary guided wave resonance spectra; performing IFFT on the secondary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a secondary time domain pulse propagation picture; determining a secondary pulse arrival time of a primary pulse from the secondary time domain pulse propagation picture; and estimating velocity of the lamb wave based on the secondary pulse arrival time and the predefined distance using a velocity estimation formula.
In another aspect, there is provided a damage localization system for damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves. The system comprises a memory storing instructions; one or more communication interfaces; and one or more hardware processors coupled to the memory via the one or more communication interfaces, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured by the instructions to: receive one or more inputs associated with at least one structure comprising a damage, wherein the one or more inputs comprise a velocity of a lamb wave to be used for damage localization in the at least one structure, a frequency sweep information, and a location information of a transmitter and a receiver that are placed on the at least one structure; perform a Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of a predefined frequency range on the at least one structure to form a primary guided wave resonance spectra; perform an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the primary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculate a pulse arrival time of a predefined pulse from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculate a directional pulse arrival time of an x-directional pulse based, at least in part, on the velocity of the lamb wave and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined directional arrival time calculation equation; create an auto-correlation picture by auto-correlating a template of the time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture, wherein the template is taken from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture based on a template range, wherein the template range is decided based on the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse; identify a predefined peak in the auto-correlation picture; determine whether the predefined peak is in a predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time; calculate an arrival time of a predefined final pulse in the predefined time range upon determining that the predefined peak is not in the predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time; calculate a time difference between the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse and the arrival time of the predefined final pulse; and determine a damage location in the at least one structure based on the calculated time difference, the velocity of the lamb wave, and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined time difference calculation equation.
In yet another aspect, there are provided one or more non-transitory machine-readable information storage mediums comprising one or more instructions which when executed by one or more hardware processors cause damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves by receiving, by a damage localization system, one or more inputs associated with at least one structure comprising a damage, wherein the one or more inputs comprise a velocity of a lamb wave to be used for damage localization in the at least one structure, a frequency sweep information, and a location information of a transmitter and a receiver that are placed on the at least one structure; performing, by the damage localization system, a Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of a predefined frequency range on the at least one structure to form a primary guided wave resonance spectra; performing an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the primary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculating a pulse arrival time of a predefined pulse from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture; calculating a directional pulse arrival time of an x-directional pulse based, at least in part, on the velocity of the lamb wave and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined directional arrival time calculation equation; creating an auto-correlation picture by auto-correlating a template of the time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture, wherein the template is taken from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture based on a template range, wherein the template range is decided based on the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse; identifying a predefined peak in the auto-correlation picture; determining whether the predefined peak is in a predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time; upon determining that the predefined peak is not in the predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time, calculating an arrival time of a predefined final pulse in the predefined time range; calculating a time difference between the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse and the arrival time of the predefined final pulse; and determining a damage location in the at least one structure based on the calculated time difference, the velocity of the lamb wave, and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined time difference calculation equation.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the disclosed principles:
Exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. While examples and features of disclosed principles are described herein, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible without departing from the scope of the disclosed embodiments.
As discussed earlier, ultrasonic guided waves for damage identification and localization is a well matured technique in Non-Destructive Testing/Evaluation. However, most of the time it is performed with high voltage pulse excitations that use several hundreds of volts in the form of a short burst, thus making it unsafe and unsustainable for defect localization in large structures like airplane wings, bridges, buildings, wind turbine blades etc.
So, damage localization techniques that can reduce the power requirement to several order of magnitude is still to be explored.
Embodiments of the present disclosure overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages by providing a method and a system for damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves. The system of the present disclosure uses a Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of defined frequency range with low signal amplitude on a structure to form a guided wave resonance spectra. Then, the system performs an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a time domain pulse propagation picture. Thereafter, the system uses a pulse echo based analysis technique based on the time domain pulse propagation picture to locate the damage position in the structure.
In the present disclosure, the system and the method use the VNA sweep of defined frequency range with low signal amplitude on the structure to form a guided wave resonance spectra, thus ensuring safety of the structure which further makes the system more sustainable from the usage perspective on large structures. Further, the use of low signal amplitude drastically reduces the power requirement of the system, thus making the system usable for structures where high voltage usage is not allowed/not available.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
The network 104 may include, without limitation, a light fidelity (Li-Fi) network, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a satellite network, the Internet, a fiber optic network, a coaxial cable network, an infrared (IR) network, a radio frequency (RF) network, a virtual network, and/or another suitable public and/or private network capable of supporting communication among two or more of the parts or users illustrated in
Various entities in the environment 100 may connect to the network 104 in accordance with various wired and wireless communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 2nd Generation (2G), 3rd Generation (3G), 4th Generation (4G), 5th Generation (5G) communication protocols, Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication protocols, or any combination thereof.
The user device 106 is associated with a user (e.g., a structure maintenance personnel/structure engineer) who is responsible for managing/examining/maintaining manufacturing quality of a structure, such as airplane wings, bridges, buildings, wind turbine blades etc. Examples of the user device 106 include, but are not limited to, a personal computer (PC), a mobile phone, a tablet device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a server, a voice activated assistant, a smartphone, and a laptop.
The damage localization system 102 includes one or more hardware processors and a memory. The damage localization system 102 is first configured to receive one or more inputs associated with at least one structure comprising a damage via the network 104 from the plurality of data sources 108a-108n. In an embodiment, the plurality of data sources 108a-108n may include, but are not limited to, structure manufacturing data, structure information management system, manufacturing execution systems (MES), manual input etc. The one or more inputs include a velocity of a lamb wave to be used for damage localization in the at least one structure, a frequency sweep information, and location information of a transmitter and a receiver that are placed on the at least one structure. The damage localization system 102 then performs Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of a predefined frequency range on the at least one structure to form a primary guided wave resonance spectra. In an embodiment, without limiting the scope of the invention, the predefined frequency range is 50 kHz to 1 MHz. Then, the damage localization system 102 performs IFFT on the primary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a primary time domain pulse propagation picture. Thereafter, the damage localization system 102 calculates a pulse arrival time of a predefined pulse and a directional pulse arrival time of an x-directional pulse. Further, the damage localization system 102 creates an auto-correlation picture by auto-correlating a template of the time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture which is then used to calculate a time difference between the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse and an arrival time of a predefined final pulse. Finally, the damage localization system 102 uses the calculated time difference, the velocity of the lamb wave, and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver to determine a damage location in the at least one structure using a predefined time difference calculation equation.
The determined damage location is then displayed on a user device, such as the user device 106. The process of determining damage location is explained in detail with reference to
The number and arrangement of systems, devices, and/or networks shown in
In an embodiment, the system 102 includes one or more processors 204, communication interface device(s) or input/output (I/O) interface(s) 206, and one or more data storage devices or memory 202 operatively coupled to the one or more processors 204. The one or more processors 204 may be one or more software processing modules and/or hardware processors. In an embodiment, the hardware processors can be implemented as one or more microprocessors, microcomputers, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, central processing units, state machines, logic circuitries, and/or any devices that manipulate signals based on operational instructions. Among other capabilities, the processor(s) is configured to fetch and execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory. In an embodiment, the system 102 can be implemented in a variety of computing systems, such as laptop computers, notebooks, hand-held devices, workstations, mainframe computers, servers, a network cloud and the like.
The I/O interface device(s) 206 can include a variety of software and hardware interfaces, for example, a web interface, a graphical user interface, and the like and can facilitate multiple communications within a wide variety of networks N/W and protocol types, including wired networks, for example, LAN, cable, etc., and wireless networks, such as WLAN, cellular, or satellite. In an embodiment, the I/O interface device(s) can include one or more ports for connecting a number of devices to one another or to another server.
The memory 202 may include any computer-readable medium known in the art including, for example, volatile memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM, flash memories, hard disks, optical disks, and magnetic tapes. In an embodiment a database 208 can be stored in the memory 202, wherein the database 208 may comprise, but are not limited to, a predefined directional arrival time calculation equation, a predefined peak, a predefined time range of a directional pulse arrival time, a predefined time difference calculation equation, one or more processes and the like. The memory 202 further comprises (or may further comprise) information pertaining to input(s)/output(s) of each step performed by the systems and methods of the present disclosure. In other words, input(s) fed at each step and output(s) generated at each step are comprised in the memory 202 and can be utilized in further processing and analysis.
It is noted that the system 102 as illustrated and hereinafter described is merely illustrative of an apparatus that could benefit from embodiments of the present disclosure and, therefore, should not be taken to limit the scope of the present disclosure. It is noted that the system 102 may include fewer or more components than those depicted in
At step 302 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 receive one or more inputs associated with at least one structure comprising a damage. The one or more inputs comprise a velocity of a lamb wave to be used for damage localization in the at least one structure, a frequency sweep information, and location information of a transmitter and a receiver that are placed on the at least one structure.
At step 304 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 perform a Vector network analyzer (VNA) sweep of a predefined frequency range on the at least one structure to form a primary guided wave resonance spectra. It should be noted that the VNA is a device used for measuring frequency response of a component. In particular, it measures the transmitted and reflected wave passes through the component. In one embodiment, the VNA sweep of 50 kHz to 1 MHz frequency range is performed on the at least one structure to form the primary guided wave resonance spectra. The above step can be better understood by way of the following description.
In an exemplary scenario, assume a piezoelectric transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are placed side by side at the edge of a sheet (i.e., a structure) and a deep through and through cut (i.e., the damage) is present in the sheet at some distance from the transducer pair as depicted in
Mathematically, resonance occurs when: L=n*λ/2 Equation (1)
and
Where, n=1, 2, 3 and so on,
L is a length between two reflecting boundaries (i.e., a distance between one edge and a damage position),
λ is the excitation wavelength corresponding to excitation frequency f, and
v is the velocity of the lamb wave.
So, a sweep of wide range of frequencies (i.e., the predefined frequency range) may produce a plurality of resonance conditions and can be observed by recording the response at Rx. Thus, if magnitude of Rx at each frequency excitation is recorded and plotted against the frequencies, a frequency spectrum (also referred as the primary guided wave resonance spectra) is created.
At step 306 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 perform an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the primary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a primary time domain pulse propagation picture. The IFFT of the frequency spectrum i.e., the primary guided wave resonance spectra transforms the frequency domain data into time domain and produces an equivalent time domain pulse propagation picture i.e., the primary time domain pulse propagation picture. Once the time domain pulse propagation picture is available, the system 102 follows a pulse-echo based analysis technique to create a pulse propagation diagram (shown with reference to
In the pulse propagation diagram of a typical pulse-echo measurement, a single pulse created at Tx travels back and forth between an edge of the at least one object and a damage location present in the object. A corresponding timing information (as recorded at Rx) is them utilized to locate the damage position.
In an exemplary scenario, assume dimension of a thin aluminum sheet i.e., the object is length (L) and width (W) with a deep cut i.e., the damage located at I from one edge of the aluminum sheet (shown with reference to
As seen in
A next pulse arrival time (T2) is calculated using an auto-correlation picture that is created by auto-correlating a template of a time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture. The creation of the auto-correlation picture is explained in detail with reference to step 310-318.
The time difference Δt is calculated using:
So, if v is known and Δt is measured from the pulse-propagation picture, the damage location information can be calculated using:
It is to be noted that for an undamaged metal sheet/structure, the reflection boundaries for resonance is governed by two edges of the metal sheet. So, in the equivalent time domain pulse propagation picture, the pulse transmitted from the Ty would travel and bounce back from the opposite edge. Thus, for the undamaged sheet, d2 is substituted by d4 to capture the distance of the opposite edge from the sensor pair (Tx-Rx) and Equation (5) is applied to calculate the corresponding pulse arrival time.
Further, for using Equation (5) for damage localization, v needs to be known in prior. So, the value of v is estimated by putting the Rx and Tx in pitch-catch mode with known distance and then marking the arrival of a first pulse. For example, if Tx to Rx distance is kept as D then v can be calculated using:
Where, t is the first pulse arrival time as can be seen from the equivalent time domain pulse picture.
The process followed for estimating velocity of the lamb wave v prior to damage localization is explained in detail with reference to
It should also be noted that since the sensors are not very directional in nature, some energy (though significantly small compared to forward direction) may also travel along X direction and there is some possibility to have lamb wave resonance setup along the width of the metal sheet/structure. In such cases, a pulse may bounce back and forth in X direction and Rx may record such pulses. Then, in such cases, an approximate pulse arrival time can be represented as:
Where d3 represents a horizontal distance between Tx and Rx, and d5 represents a horizontal distance between an edge of the structure and the Tx.
At step 308 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 calculate a pulse arrival time of a predefined pulse from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture. In an embodiment, a first pulse that Rx receives as crosstalk is ignored as the crosstalk does not carry any information on damage location. And a second pulse (T1) (shown with reference to
At step 310 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 calculate a directional pulse arrival time Txdir of an x-directional pulse based, at least in part, on the velocity of the lamb wave and the location information of the transmitter and the receiver using a predefined directional arrival time calculation equation mentioned in Equation (7).
At step 312 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 create an auto-correlation picture by auto-correlating a template of the time domain pulse propagation picture with the time domain pulse propagation picture. The template is taken from the primary time domain pulse propagation picture based on a template range. In an embodiment, the template range is decided based on the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse. In at least one example embodiment, without limiting the scope of the invention, the template range is 0 to 3*T1.
At step 314 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 identify a predefined peak in the auto-correlation picture. In an embodiment, the predefined peak is the second peak present in the auto-correlation picture as the first peak indicates the template itself in the time domain pulse propagation picture.
At step 316 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 determine whether the predefined peak is in a predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time. In an embodiment, the predefined time range is ±20% of Txdir. In particular, whether the predefined peak i.e., the second peak is in the range of ±20% of Txdir is checked at this step.
At step 318 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 calculate an arrival time i.e., T2 of a predefined final pulse in the predefined time range, upon determining that the predefined peak is not in the predefined time range of the directional pulse arrival time. In particular, if the second peak doesn't indicate that the time window in in ±20% of Txdir, then the system 102 takes that peak i.e., the second peak and also calculates the arrival team of that peak. In an embodiment, if the predefined peak i.e., the second peak indicates a time window of ±20% of Txdir then the predefined peak is ignored and the next highest peak i.e., a new predefined peak is identified in the auto-correlation picture.
At step 320 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 calculate a time difference (Δt) between the pulse arrival time of the predefined pulse i.e., T1 and the arrival time of the predefined final pulse T2 using Equation (5).
At step 322 of the present disclosure, the one or more hardware processors 206 of the system 102 determine a damage location (d2) in the at least one structure based on the calculated time difference (Δt), the velocity of the lamb wave (v), and the location information (d1) of the transmitter and the receiver (received at step 302) using a predefined time difference calculation equation mentioned in Equation (6).
In an embodiment, once the damage location (d2) is determined, the system 102 displays the determined damage location on a user device, such as the user device 106.
At step 602 of the present disclosure, a transmitter Tx and a receiver Rx is placed at a predefined distance (D) in an undamaged structure.
At step 604 of the present disclosure, the VNA sweep of a predefined frequency range i.e., 50 kHz to 1 MHz is performed on the undamaged structure to form a secondary guided wave resonance spectra.
At step 606 of the present disclosure, an IFFT is performed on the secondary guided wave resonance spectra to obtain a secondary time domain pulse propagation picture.
Once secondary time domain pulse propagation picture is available, a secondary pulse arrival time of a primary pulse from the secondary time domain pulse propagation picture is calculated at step 608. In particular, the arrival time of a first pulse present in the secondary time domain pulse propagation picture is calculated to obtain t.
At step 610 of the present disclosure, the velocity of the lamb wave is calculated based on the secondary pulse arrival time and the predefined distance using a velocity estimation formula mention in equation (7).
The written description describes the subject matter herein to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments. The scope of the subject matter embodiments is defined by the claims and may include other modifications that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have similar elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims or if they include equivalent elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
As discussed earlier, existing damage identification techniques perform high voltage pulse excitations using several hundreds of volts in the form of a short burst. So, to overcome the disadvantages, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and a system for damage localization using low power ultrasonic guided waves. More specifically, the system and the method use the VNA sweep of 50 Khz-1 Mhz with low signal amplitude on the structure to form a guided wave resonance spectra, thus ensuring safety of the structure which further makes the system more sustainable from the usage perspective on large structures. Further, the use of low signal amplitude drastically reduces the power requirement of the system, thus making the system usable for structures where high voltage usage is not allowed/not available.
It is to be understood that the scope of the protection is extended to such a program and in addition to a computer-readable means having a message therein; such computer-readable storage means contain program-code means for implementation of one or more steps of the method, when the program runs on a server or mobile device or any suitable programmable device. The hardware device can be any kind of device which can be programmed including e.g., any kind of computer like a server or a personal computer, or the like, or any combination thereof. The device may also include means which could be e.g., hardware means like e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or a combination of hardware and software means, e.g., an ASIC and an FPGA, or at least one microprocessor and at least one memory with software processing components located therein. Thus, the means can include both hardware means, and software means. The method embodiments described herein could be implemented in hardware and software. The device may also include software means. Alternatively, the embodiments may be implemented on different hardware devices, e.g., using a plurality of CPUs.
The embodiments herein can comprise hardware and software elements. The embodiments that are implemented in software include but are not limited to, firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. The functions performed by various components described herein may be implemented in other components or combinations of other components. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can comprise, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
The illustrated steps are set out to explain the exemplary embodiments shown, and it should be anticipated that ongoing technological development will change the manner in which particular functions are performed. These examples are presented herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Further, the boundaries of the functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternative boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Alternatives (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of those described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternatives fall within the scope of the disclosed embodiments. Also, the words “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” and “including,” and other similar forms are intended to be equivalent in meaning and be open ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items, or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Furthermore, one or more computer-readable storage media may be utilized in implementing embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A computer-readable storage medium refers to any type of physical memory on which information or data readable by a processor may be stored. Thus, a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors, including instructions for causing the processor(s) to perform steps or stages consistent with the embodiments described herein. The term “computer-readable medium” should be understood to include tangible items and exclude carrier waves and transient signals, i.e., be non-transitory. Examples include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, disks, and any other known physical storage media.
It is intended that the disclosure and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of disclosed embodiments being indicated by the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202321065751 | Sep 2023 | IN | national |
