Patent Grant
6957522
The present invention generally relates to the handling of syringes, and is particularly apt for use in automated syringe handling operations, such as syringe filling, labeling and capping operations.
Each year countless syringes are used throughout the world by the healthcare industry for the administration of liquid medications to humans and animals with hypodermic needles or infusion catheters, as well as for delivery of oral and topical medications. Some medications provided by pharmaceutical manufacturers are prepared, stored, and shipped as powders, crystals, or some other solid form due to the lack of stability in solution. These medications are then reconstituted with liquid, such as water or some other suitable liquid solvent. For one or several administrations of a medication, the manual filling of the syringes with reconstituted liquid medication is a small chore. However, larger health care institutions often administer medications in syringes to hundreds of patients per day, thus requiring the rather large chore of filling hundreds of syringes with medications and labeling each filled syringe to show the contents, strength, and fill dates, usually under the direction of a qualified pharmacist. Healthcare providers have found that preparing (e.g. filling and labeling) the quantities of syringes needed has many efficiencies and other advantages when it is done in batches.
In the later regard, batch preparation may be particularly preferred for syringes carrying medications that are not stable in liquid form and are therefore frozen after preparation to maintain acceptable stability. Further, the task of maintaining sterility in the transfer of liquid from containers provided by pharmaceutical manufacturers to pre-sterilized syringes may be enhanced by batch completion in controlled environments. Also, safety and overall reliability may improve when syringes are prepared in batches by pharmacy personnel or others who are dedicated to and well-trained for the task.
Currently, syringe preparation typically entails a number of separate operations with individual syringe handling. For example, systems used today fill syringes with dispensing pumps that are capable of delivering exact quantities of fluids but that require individual handling of each syringe. Peristaltic pumps that can be accurately calibrated, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,347, are often used. In such arrangements, The syringe caps are packaged so that sterility can be maintained in the capping procedure. The caps are located in trays where each cap is positioned so that the person doing the filling can manually place the tip of the syringe into the cap without touching or holding the cap. Labeling of the syringes has been done using a label dispenser similar to those used for applying pricing labels to grocery or other similar products.
With smaller syringes there are sometimes problems with getting sufficient label information on the syringe without covering over the syringe graduations or blocking the view of the medication. To overcome this, the labels are often applied by hand with the label wrapped around the syringe with most of the label extending from the syringe to form a flag.
Silicone lubricants are used in syringe manufacturing to provide lubrication for lowering the frictional force in movement of the syringe plunger. These silicone lubricants have a characteristic of migrating over all surfaces. Often, this migration causes difficulties in getting pressure sensitive labels to stay in place. This has caused users to use a clear plastic tape to wrap completely around the syringe and the label.
Efforts to automate hospital or clinic-based syringe preparation have been made, but most systems have automated only portions of the process and still require human intervention during critical stages of the process. In one such system, caps are pre-positioned in a cartridge holder. The syringes are also provided in a cartridge where each syringe is oriented. The machine to perform the filling and capping function requires an operator to load the cartridges of caps and syringes. The filling is done with a calibrated peristaltic pump. The machine fills each syringe and places a cap. The labeling is done separately by a labeling machine that is commercially available.
In view of the foregoing, a broad objective of the present invention is to provide a method, system and apparatus for enhanced syringe handling. A closely related objective is to facilitate automated syringe handling for various operations, such as syringe filling, labeling and capping.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a syringe handling approach that facilitates the maintenance of sterility.
An additional objective of the present invention is to provide an improved syringe filling and capping approach.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide an improved approach for syringe labeling.
In addressing one or more of the above objectives, the present inventors have recognized that significant benefits may be realized by interconnecting multiple syringe bodies to facilitate handling of the same. More particularly, such interconnection allows multiple syringes to be commonly oriented for packaging and/or automated preparation operations.
In one aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided that includes a plurality of syringe bodies, e.g. each comprising a barrel, and a belt fixedly connected to (e.g. adhered to or shrink-wrapped upon) each of the syringe bodies. Each syringe body may further include a plunger at least partially disposed in an open end of the barrel and a removable cap disposed on a dispensing end of the barrel. Of importance, the belt is provided to both interconnect the plurality of syringe bodies and position the same in a predetermined orientation.
In the later regard, and by way of primary example, the dispensing ends of the syringe body barrels may be oriented to extend in a common direction. In addition, the barrels of adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies may be disposed in side-by-side, series relation. Further, the belt may be provided to define a predetermined spacing between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies, such spacing preferably being equidistance throughout a given assembly to accommodate ready positioning in holders adapted for automated operations, as will be further described.
To facilitate handling, production and packaging, the belt may be of a pliable construction. Further, the belt may be advantageously constructed for ready separation in automated labeling operations, as described hereinbelow. In this regard, it is advantageous for the belt to be of a predetermined length between adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies, such predetermined length defining belt segments that are sufficient for the placement of contents information thereupon (e.g. via the application of a label thereto or direct printing thereupon).
Preferably, the belt is interconnected to each of the syringe body barrels. In this regard, the barrels maybe of a common length, wherein the belt is fixedly connected to the barrels along a common portion of the length of each. In addition, the belt may advantageously be of a width that exceeds a majority of a length of each of the barrels. Further, the belt may comprise a first portion that extends between adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies, and a second portion that extends about at least a portion of each of the syringe body barrels. Preferably, the second portion adhesively engages the syringe body barrels and may be substantially transparent to facilitate observation of the volumetric contents within and markings on the syringe barrels.
In one approach, the belt may be defined by opposing layers adjoined in face-to-face relation between adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies and wrapped about opposing sides of the barrels of each of the syringe bodies. At least one of the opposing layers may be substantially transparent to allow for visual determination of volumetric contents and amount. As may be appreciated, a clear pliable plastic material may be utilized for easy and low-cost construction of the belt.
As noted, each syringe body of the inventive apparatus may typically include a plunger and cap. In this regard, the barrel, inserted plunger and applied cap may preferably be assembled under low bioburden environment conditions, such as a class 100,000 or lower clean room. Further, and of importance, the plurality of interconnected syringe bodies should preferably be packaged (e.g. in a shipment container) and thereafter sterilized (e.g. via gamma radiation) to achieve terminal sterilization.
To facilitate the maintenance of a clean internal volume, yet allow for syringe filling, the caps utilized on syringe bodies should preferably engage dispensing ends of the barrels in a mating fashion. By way of primary example, each cap may include an inner member matingly positionable within or about a fluid port of the barrel dispensing end, and an outer member matingly positionable about an outer flange of the barrel dispensing end.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for producing an assembly of syringe bodies. The inventive method includes the steps of positioning a plurality of syringe bodies in a predetermined relative orientation, and disposing opposing layers of material about opposing sides of the syringe bodies and in face-to-face relation between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies. As may be appreciated, the inventive method defines an assembly comprising a belt that interconnects and orients a plurality of syringe bodies to facilitate handling as previously described.
In an additional more general aspect of the present invention, an overall method and apparatus for handling a plurality of syringe bodies is provided. Such method comprises the steps of positioning a plurality of syringe bodies in a predetermined orientation, and interconnecting a belt to each of the plurality of syringe bodies in said predetermined orientation. The method may further comprise the step of positioning the plurality of syringe bodies into a plurality of holders for at least one production operation. To facilitate such positioning, the belt may advantageously define a predetermined spacing between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies, wherein the holders are separated by a distance that corresponds with the predetermined spacing between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies. Further, where the belt is constructed of a pliable material, the method may include the step of successively suspending, or hanging, adjacent ones of the syringe bodies so as to position the same for receipt by a holder.
Numerous automated production operations may be facilitated by the disclosed handling method, wherein the holders may be moved along a predetermined path during such operations. Of particular note, one or all of the following production operations may be automated utilizing the invention:
In relation to the inventive apparatus for handling a plurality of syringe bodies, it should be appreciated that it is particularly advantageous for the syringe bodies to be interconnected in series by a belt in a predetermined orientation and with a predetermined spacing therebetween. In the latter regard, the inventive apparatus may comprise a plurality of holders for holding the of syringe bodies, such holders being separated by a distance corresponding with the predetermined spacing.
The apparatus may further include a drive for moving the holders along a predetermined path. In this regard, the holders may be oriented so as to locate adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies in substantial parallel relation, wherein the dispensing and opposing ends of the syringe bodies extend outwardly from and in a common orientation relative to the predetermined path. In turn, at least one workstation may be provided having a support member disposed to move towards and away from the dispensing ends of the syringe bodies. By way of primary example, such workstations may be provided for automated filling and/or automated cap removal/replacement, free from manual handling requirements.
Further, one or more workstations may be provided with a support member disposed to move towards and away from an outward facing surface of the belt at locations between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies. Such workstations may provide for automated separation of the belt between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies and/or automated printing of contents information on belt segments located between adjacent ones of the syringe bodies.
In a further aspect of the present invention a method and apparatus is provided for filling syringe bodies. In the inventive method, the filling of each syringe body entails the step of holding the syringe body in at least one holder and the further steps of removing a cap from, filling and replacing the cap back on the syringe body during the holding step. As may be appreciated, completion of the removing, filling and replacing steps while the syringe body is being held by at least one holder yields a significant handling advantage in that manual manipulation of a syringe body may be avoided.
The filling method may further include, for each syringe body, the steps of placing the cap on the dispensing end of the syringe body prior to the holding step, and packaging the syringe body in a container (e.g. for bulk shipment with other syringe bodies) and unpackaging the syringe body from the container after the placing step and prior to the holding step. Such sequencing allows for cap placement and packaging in a production location, followed by shipment to a remote location for unpackaging and completion of the filling method. Further in this regard, the method may include the important step of sterilizing syringe bodies after packaging (e.g. at the production facility prior to shipment).
Additionally, the method may comprise the step of interconnecting a belt to the plurality of syringe bodies in a predetermined orientation. Preferably, such interconnection occurs prior to the packaging and sterilization steps.
In conjunction with the removal and replacement of each of the caps, such steps may include, for each of the syringe bodies, the further steps of retainably engaging the cap in a retainer and moving at least one of the retainer and the holder to affect relative movement between the cap and the dispensing end of the syringe body. Further in this regard, such retainable engagement may be completed by moving the holder for a syringe along a predetermined path so as to insert the cap in the retainer.
In conjunction with noted filling step, the method may further provide for the interconnection of a fluid supply member with a dispensing end of the syringe body and for the flow of fluid into the syringe body through the interconnected fluid supply member. In one embodiment, such steps as well as the cap removal and cap replacement steps, may be completed with the syringe body held at a single location. In such embodiment the retainer, and fluid supply member may be interconnected for tandem forward/rearward and sideways movement. In another embodiment, the cap removal and cap replacement steps may be completed with a syringe body held at a first location, while the filling step may be completed at a second location. Such an approach only requires forward/rearward tandem movement of the retainer and fluid supply member.
Of note, the inventive filling method and apparatus may also provide for sensing of the position of a syringe body plunger during fluid filling. In this regard, optical sensing, pressure sensing or the like may be utilized, wherein a sense signal may be provided that reflects the fluid volume within a syringe as it is filled. In turn, the sense signal may be employed to terminate the flow of fluid at a predetermined amount. In another approach, a predetermined amount of fluid may be drawn into each syringe body via controlled retraction of the associated plunger.
As may be appreciated, the inventive apparatus for filling a plurality of syringe bodies may include at least one, and preferably a plurality of holders for holding a plurality of syringe bodies in a predetermined orientation. Further, the apparatus may include a retainer for retainably engaging the cap of a syringe body, wherein the cap may be selectively removed and replaced by the retainer. Additionally, the apparatus may include a fluid supply member disposed for selective fluid interconnection with a dispensing end of the syringe body.
To facilitate automated operations, the inventive apparatus may further comprise a driven support member for moving the holder(s) along a predetermined path. Additionally, one or more driven support members may be provided for moving the retainer towards/away from the dispensing end(s) of each syringe body and/or for moving the fluid supply member towards and away from the dispensing end(s) of each syringe body.
In yet additional aspect of the present invention, an inventive method and apparatus are provided for labeling a plurality of syringe bodies. The inventive method includes the steps of interconnecting a belt to a plurality of syringe bodies in a predetermined orientation, and placing contents-related information on belt segments interconnected to each of the syringe bodies. The method further includes the step of separating the belt between each of said plurality of syringe bodies to define an interconnected flap (e.g. corresponding with the belt segments) on each of the syringe bodies.
In conjunction with the inventive labeling method, the separating step may provide for severing, or cutting the belt between adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies. Alternatively, the separating step may entail relative displacement of adjacent ones of the syringe bodies so as to achieve separation along perforation lines or the like.
With respect to the step of placing contents-related information on each given belt segment, such step may entail the printing of information on a label and fixation of such label to a belt segment. Alternatively, this step may simply be completed via printing of the contents-related information directly on a given belt segment.
In either case, the contents-related information may comprise one or more of the following types of information:
In further relation to the inventive labeling method, the interconnected syringe bodies may be packaged in a container, sterilized and unpackaged from the container prior to the separating and contents-information placement steps. As may be appreciated, such sequencing provides for the interconnection, packaging and sterilization of syringe bodies at a production location, and the unpackaging, separation and labeling of the syringe bodies at another location (e.g. at a location where the syringe bodies are filled with liquid medication).
The inventive labeling apparatus is particularly adapted for use with a plurality of syringe bodies interconnected by belt, as described above, and may include a plurality of holders and a labeling member for placing contents-related information on belt segments extending the syringe bodies. The apparatus may further include a separation member for separating the belt between adjacent ones of the plurality of syringe bodies, wherein a different belt segment in the form of a flap is interconnected with each one of the plurality of syringe bodies. To facilitate operation of the separation member and labeling member, each of such members may be provided with driven support members that may be selectively actuated to such members towards and away from the belt segments.
As may be appreciated, various ones of the inventive aspects noted hereinabove may be combined to yield an inventive system for handling a plurality of syringe bodies, including a system that facilitates automated labeling and filling operations. The automated filling operations may further provide for automated cap removal replacement.
These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the invention are set forth in part in the description that follows and will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following description and figures or may be learned by practicing the invention.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention, and together with the descriptions serve to explain the principles of the invention.
a through 6e comprise diagrammatic plan views of the syringe-filling station on the apparatus embodiment of
a and 7b comprise isometric assembly and exploded views, respectively, of a labeling and filling apparatus of the embodiment corresponding with
a-8d comprise isometric views of the syringe-filling station of the apparatus embodiment of
a-11h are flat, diagrammatic views of syringe handling operations at the filling-station of the apparatus embodiment of
a-12c are isometric, end and cross-sectional views of a syringe cap employable in one embodiment of the syringe shown in FIG. 1.
a-13c are isometric, end and cross-sectional views of a syringe cap employable in another embodiment of the syringe shown in FIG. 1.
A capped syringe S that has been labeled and filled according to one embodiment of this invention is shown in
In the embodiment shown in
As mentioned above, a significant feature of this invention is having a plurality of sterile, capped syringes S mounted in spaced apart relation to each other in a band or belt 30, as shown in
Before proceeding, reference is now made to
There are many ways by which the plurality of syringes S can be mounted in the band or belt 30 shown in
As the wheel 40 rotates, as indicated by the arrow 42, it carries the syringes S in the notches 46 and in contact with the tape strip 16 to a position where the syringes S come into contact with the adhesive side of the other tape strip 14, which is simultaneously being unwound from a roll 50 as indicated by arrows 52, 54, 56. An idler wheel 58 positions the tape strip 14 in relation to the wheel 40 so that it contacts the syringes S mounted in the notches 46. Therefore, the tapes strips 14, 16 get adhered to diametrically opposite sides of the syringes S. In this regard, a contact plate 67 may also be provided to insure engagement between tape strip 14 and syringes.
As the syringes S, which are adhered to tape strips 14, 16 emerge from the wheel 40, they are captured by notches 60 in a press wheel 62 that rotates, as indicated by arrow 64, to press the tape strips 14, 16 to each other between the syringes S. Press wheel 62 may be provided for driven rotation, wherein such driven rotation effects rotation of the tape rolls 32 and 50, as well as rotation of syringe mounting wheel 40 as the tape strips 14, 16 are pulled around press wheel 62 with syringes S secured therebetween. A rotatable pressing block 63 is juxtaposed to the press wheel 62 so that the tape strips 14, 16 run between the press wheel 62 and the rotatable pressing block 63. The pressing block 63 may be configured to present a plurality of semicircular surfaces that are spaced to be in opposing relation to notches 60. Thus, the press wheel 62 and the pressing block 63 cooperate to press and adhere the tape strips 14, 16 tightly together and around the circumference of each syringe S. The pressing block 63 is preferably yieldably biased by a spring-loaded pivot arm 65 or some other bias system to press the pressing block 63 toward the press wheel 62.
After disengaging from press wheel 62, the belt 30 with the syringes S mounted therein are fed as indicated by arrow 66 into a bin or bag 68. Alternatively, the belt 30 with syringes S could be fed directly into a labeling and/or filling apparatus, which will be described below.
In general, the syringes S are positioned in the band or belt 30 in a common orientation, i.e., with luers of all the syringes S on the same side of the band 30. The notches 46 in the wheel 40 are spaced uniformly around the rim 44, so the syringes S in the resulting band 30 are spaced equidistantly apart. The caps C can be placed on the syringes S either before, while, or after the syringes S are mounted in the band 30. The band 30 of syringes S can then be fan folded or rolled and placed in the plastic bag 68, which can be closed and/or sealed to protect sterility. The package or bag 68 of banded syringes 30 can then be sterilized by any of a variety of standard sterilization processes, for example by gamma radiation. The sterilized packages 68 of sterilized, banded syringes S, usually in quantities of about 200 to 1,000 syringes S per package 68, are shipped to users, such as hospitals or other health care institutions, who will label and/or fill and re-cap the syringes S for use within an acceptable time after filling.
As shown by
After interconnection of one side of syringes S to adhesive tape 16, the
As further shown in
Referring now to the diagrammatic elevation view of the labeling and filling apparatus 70 in
In
With continuing reference primarily to
It is appropriate to mention at this point that the sequential order of cutting, labeling, and filling is not critical to the invention, and these operations can be performed in any sequential order or even simultaneously, depending on how one wishes to mount the appropriate equipment, as would be within the capabilities of persons skilled in the art once the principles of this invention are understood. However, the convenient sequence of cutting, labeling, and filling will be used for purposes of this description of the invention. The drum 72 can be driven to rotate, as indicated by arrow 75, and to stop with syringes S positioned appropriately for the cutting, labeling, and filling operations at the respective stations 100, 80, 90 by any appropriate drive and control system as is well within the capability of persons skilled in the art, such as, for example, with a stepper motor (not shown) connected to appropriate motor control devices (not shown). A control panel (not shown) connected to the stepper motor can be set up for use by an operator to either jog the drum 72 through incremental steps and/or jog the cutting station 100, labeling station 80, or filling station 90 through their respective operations or to initiate continuous automatic operation.
At the cutting station 100, an actuator 101 drives a knife blade 102 as indicated by arrow 103 to cut and sever the band 30 to disconnect the syringes S from each other and to leave the resulting band segments or flaps connected to each syringe S to form individual label substrates 10 for each syringe S. The knife blade 102 is preferably serrated and a slot 104 in the drum in alignment with the knife blade 102 facilitate sure, complete cuts. Any suitable actuator 101 can be used, such as a rotary drive motor, solenoid, or the like. A sheath (not shown) can be provided to cover the blade 102 when it is not cutting. An optical or other sensor (not shown) can be positioned adjacent the drum 72 where the syringes S are first engaged by notches 74 to detect whether any syringes S have missing caps. A signal from the sensor in response to a missing cap could actuate and alarm and/or shut down the apparatus to prevent an uncapped syringe S from being labeled and filled.
For the syringe S that has advanced to the labeling station 80, a labeler device 81, moving as indicated by arrow 82, affixes a label 12 to the substrate 10. The labeler device 81 can be any of a variety of known label apparatus that transfer labels 12 from a strip 83 to an object, or it could be some other device, such as printer apparatus that prints the label directly onto the flap substrate 10, or some combination of such apparatus, as would be within the capabilities of persons skilled in the art once they understand the principles of this invention. An optical sensor (not shown) is used to detect whether a label has been affixed to the substrate 10 at the label station 80. A microprocessor (not shown) can be used to keep count of labels properly affixed and/or activate an alarm and/or shut down the apparatus 70 if a label is not detected on a substrate where a label is supposed to be affixed.
For a syringe S that has advanced to the fill station 90, the cap C (not shown in
After the syringes S leave the fill station 90, they are allowed to drop individually out of the sprocket drum 72 and, for example, into a basket 150 or other receptacle. At this stage, the syringes S are labeled, filled, and ready for use, as shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Continued rotation of the cam lever 134 as indicated by the arrow 141 in
As best seen in
When the desired fill volume has been reached and detected, as explained above, a signal from the sensor 124 is used to deactuate the pump 93. A preferred, albeit not essential, pump 93 is a peristaltic pump, such as, for example, a model 099 Repeater Pump, manufactured by Baxa Corporation, of Englewood, Colo., which can be reversed momentarily to take the fluid pressure off the tubing 94 and syringe S to minimize, if not prevent, dripping of the liquid medication when the nozzle 121 is detached from the luer L. Then, the motor 133 is actuated to rotate the cam lever 132 in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrow 159 in
At this position, shown in
The control system (not shown) can utilize signals from the sensors to record number of syringes S filled, program the number of doses desired and automatically stop when that number of syringes S are filled, record the number of doses actually pumped, record the number of doses or syringes in the basket 150 and keep track of rejected labels or syringes. Other functions can also be provided.
Referring now to
The drum 72 may be driven in a clockwise direction by a step motor 301, wherein syringes S are positioned into the notches 74 for sequential feeding to the work stations 80, 90 and 100. At cutting station 100, an actuator 101 in the form of a stepper motor may be utilized. In particular, the actuator 101 may be controlled to turn a crank 303 having a cam follower 305 that is located in a slot 307 on a mount block 309 for cutting blade 102. The block 309 is supported on rails 311, wherein driven rotation of the crank 303 effects linear travel of the cutting blade 102 towards and away from the drum 72 and a belt 30 with syringes S carried thereby. The operation of actuator 101 may be timed in relation to the stepped movement of drum 72 so that belt 30 is cut into belt segments 10 of a consistent width by cutting blade 102.
At labeling station 80, the labeling device 81 may include a stepper motor 315 to which a shaft 317 is interconnected for driven eccentric motion. That is, upon actuation stepper motor 315 may drive shaft 317 through an arc from a first position to a second position. By way of example, the first position may be as illustrated in
Referring now to
As next shown in
In the later regard,
As noted above, the filling and labeling apparatus 70 is only one embodiment of the present invention. Numerous other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. By way of example, reference is now made to
In this embodiment a drum 472 is driven in a counter-clock wise direction, wherein a band 430 of syringes S pulled in series into the notches 474 for preparation operations. In the later regard, the band 430 is suspended from the drum 472 to facilitate aligned, side-by-side positioning of the syringes S in notches 474. As schematically shown in
In the modified operation shown in
a-11h are flat, diagrammatic views of filling station 490 from a rearward perspective relative to the isometric front view shown in FIG. 10. Before proceeding, it should be noted that the filling station 490 shown in
With particular reference to
c shows the syringe S moved to the location II shown in FIG. 9. More particularly, drum 472 may be rotated clockwise to affect such positioning, wherein the liquid dispensing apparatus 420 is aligned with the dispensing end of the syringe S. Then, liquid dispensing apparatus 420 may be advanced into engagement with the dispensing end of syringe S as shown in
In this regard, and referring now to
Thereafter, syringe S may return to location I via counter-clockwise rotation of drum 472, as shown in
The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired limit the invention to the exact construction and process shown and described above. Accordingly, resort may be made to all suitable modifications and equivalents that fall within a scope of the invention as defined by the claims which follow. The words “comprise,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, or groups thereof.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/928,007, filed Aug. 10, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,813,868, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2194220 | Elder | Mar 1940 | A |
| 3228129 | Gwinn et al. | Jan 1966 | A |
| 3391694 | Spaeth | Jul 1968 | A |
| 3597826 | Shields | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3599389 | Hartman | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3634175 | Delle Vite | Jan 1972 | A |
| 3650773 | Bush et al. | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3653176 | Gess | Apr 1972 | A |
| 3662517 | Tascher et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3683483 | Klettke | Aug 1972 | A |
| 3698383 | Baucom | Oct 1972 | A |
| 3708945 | Klettke | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3713771 | Taylor et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3770026 | Isenberg | Nov 1973 | A |
| 3791009 | Gess | Feb 1974 | A |
| 3801291 | Shields | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3802987 | Noll | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3807119 | Shields | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3823818 | Shaw | Jul 1974 | A |
| 3835897 | Gess | Sep 1974 | A |
| 3878967 | Josin et al. | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3885562 | Lampkin | May 1975 | A |
| 3955020 | Cavanagh et al. | May 1976 | A |
| 3994085 | Groselake et al. | Nov 1976 | A |
| 4115939 | Marks | Sep 1978 | A |
| 4118914 | Shields | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4135561 | Senelonge | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4142633 | Raghavachari et al. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4167229 | Keusch et al. | Sep 1979 | A |
| 4271587 | Shields | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4278167 | Van Rowwem | Jul 1981 | A |
| 4312523 | Haines | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4372681 | Sallenbach | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4501306 | Chu et al. | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4579759 | Breuers | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4628969 | Jurgens, Jr. et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4658974 | Fujita et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4674652 | Aten et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4718463 | Jurgens, Jr. et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4763930 | Matney | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4815625 | Filhol et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4842028 | Kaufman et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4884827 | Kelley | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4907394 | Tschepke et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4921277 | McDonough | May 1990 | A |
| 5024347 | Baldwin et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5071168 | Shamos | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5157894 | Mini et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5283093 | All | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5321933 | Seifert et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5356393 | Haber et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5366249 | Diemert | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5390469 | Shimizu et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5410827 | Smith | May 1995 | A |
| 5468022 | Linder et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5609712 | Takumi | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5651775 | Walker et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5692640 | Caulfield et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5765345 | Svec | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5884457 | Ortiz et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5954700 | Kovelman | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5984901 | Sudo et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6012595 | Thilly | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6070761 | Bloom et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6685678 | Evans et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6722404 | Osborne | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 9832690 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040172915 A1 | Sep 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09928007 | Aug 2001 | US |
| Child | 10727097 | US |
