The present invention relates generally to detecting potentially threatening mail, more particularly, to a method and system for examining mail pieces to determine the presence of suspicious powders or threatening letters thereby preventing hoaxes or hazards from being perpetrated through the mail distribution system.
In late 2001, several United States postal offices and other buildings were contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores (anthrax) along the eastern United States, resulting in as many as twenty-two cases of anthrax infection. This incident was quite costly, not only in terms of the health-related impact, but also in the required decontamination efforts. Clean-up following the anthrax contamination proved to be difficult, labor intensive, and expensive. As this threat still exists, there is a need to detect biological contaminants within the postal packages or other containers. Similar attacks through the mail system are possible with other hazardous substances such as nerve or blistering agents, or any other substance harmful to those coming in contact with the contaminated mail piece.
In addition to actual or real acts of terror, there are, unfortunately, acts which only serve to provoke fear, i.e., hoaxes. Since the time of the original attacks of contamination in 2001, there have been reportedly over twenty-thousand (20,000) incidents or occurrences of hoaxes perpetrated through or using the mail distribution system. Over time the number of daily hoaxes has diminished, yet, the number still exceeds one incident daily.
While a sigh of relief is a natural human reaction/response to a determination that the event was a hoax, i.e., not life-threatening, the misdirection of resources and loss in productivity cannot be understated. Billions of dollars annually are lost as a result of office buildings being evacuated, employees being quarantined, examined and tested, and hospitals treating patients, i.e., with quarantined, examined and tested, and hospitals treating patients, i.e., with antibiotics, as a precautionary measure. Even harmless events result in building evacuations, business disruption, and mental anxiety/anguish.
Today, there are no satisfactory, i.e., pragmatic or economically viable, methods for detecting biohazardous/chemical threats and powder mail hoaxes perpetrated through the mail distribution system. This is, in great part, due to the daunting number of mail pieces delivered on a daily basis, (i.e., approximately 500 million daily), the complex nature of biohazardous/chemical materials, the number of similar microorganisms (i.e., those which in the same genetic family but are non-hazardous to humans), the minute quantities of the agent/material which are dangerous/hazardous, and the virtually limitless range of hoax materials which are, by definition, not intrinsically harmful. Due to the high cost of implementation, only a handful of mail recipients, e.g., members of Congress, Pentagon employees, and the President, have mail screened for the presence of hazardous agents/materials. As a general practice, each piece of mail is individually sampled (a composite sample is sent out for laboratory testing) and opened to examine its contents. All other mail recipients must be sensitive to, and on guard for, the presence of any unusual substance, especially for substances having the consistency of a powder. Furthermore, the difficulty of tracing anonymous threat mail back to the sender increases the number of hoaxes perpetrated through the mail, especially when a perpetrator may have the satisfaction of observing the disruption caused by the hoax. Moreover, a perpetrator may also remain confident that he/she is unlikely to be identified or suffer the repercussions or consequences for such activities.
A need, therefore, exists for an economically viable method for efficiently identifying mail pieces which may be unsafe for delivery, thereby mitigating biohazardous/chemical threats and/or hoaxes perpetrated through the mail delivery system.
A method is provided for identifying mail pieces which may contain a hazardous agent/material and/or a benign powder. The method includes the steps of (i) causing particulate material to collect in a particular region of the mail piece; (ii) producing a first content profile indicative of the internal contents of the mail piece; (iii) comparing the first content profile to a predefined baseline profile for determining whether the first content profile indicates the presence of a particulate material in the first region of the mail piece; and (iv) out-sorting a mail piece in response to the indicator. To ensure that other mail piece prints, or physical characteristics, are not mistakenly identified as particulate material, steps (i)-(iii) may be repeated with certain modifications. These changes are directed to causing particulate material to collect in a second region of the mail piece envelope and comparing a newly-developed second content profile with the first content profile to ascertain whether the particulate material shifts location, i.e., from the first to the second regions. Additionally, other non-specific threat detection apparatus may be used in combination to enhance the accuracy of the system by mitigating “false positive” results. For example, aerosol particulate counters could be used in combination with a mail piece transillumination system. Augmenting either or both of these detection/trigger devices may be the use of laser discriminators or text imaging and recognition, i.e., Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems. The combination of these apparatus provides additional information about the identity of the observed particulate material and/or nature of the threat.
Reference is now made to the various figures wherein like reference numerals designate similar items in the various figures and in which:
a is a schematic block diagram of a jogger device for preparing a mail piece for analysis by an imaging device and computer processor.
b is a schematic block diagram of the imaging device and processor for producing and analyzing a content profile.
a is a mail piece disposed in a first orientation for causing particulate material to accumulate in a first region of the envelope.
b is an exemplary content profile produced by the imaging device and processor in connection with the mail piece illustrated in
a is the mail piece of
b is an exemplary content profile produced by the imaging device and processor in connection with the mail piece illustrated in
a-5d depict a mail piece having printed matter in a corner region thereof and the corresponding content profiles when the mail piece is examined in each of two spatial orientations.
The present invention describes a method and system for efficiently removing or out-sorting mail pieces which may be unsafe for delivery from a mail distribution system. The method and system may be useful for determining the presence of a biohazardous/chemical threat, i.e., for yielding a positive or affirmative indication thereof, as well as for the detection of benign or hoax materials or threatening letters. It is desirable that all of these mail pieces be intercepted to enable forensic analysis and prosecution and to protect the intended recipients from the potential hazards or business disruption associated with the delivery of such mail pieces. As such, the forensic analysis may be commenced in a timely manner and the flow of contaminated mail may be detected and stopped—helping to protect public health. Furthermore, in the event of a hoax, the flow of uncontaminated mail may continue unabated and instances of disruption caused by hoaxes may be significantly reduced.
The method employs a simple, low cost examination technique, or combination of at least two complimentary examination methods, which can rapidly determine whether a mail piece is “suspect” and, therefore, requires further investigation/study. Those which are deemed suspect are out-sorted in real time for further analysis while the steady processing flow of mail continues. Timely follow-up analysis of suspect mail pieces expedites identification and stops the flow/delivery of potentially cross-contaminated mail to intended mail recipients. One embodiment of the method is identified for use on letter mail pieces fabricated from or using conventional paper envelopes of standard thickness and content while another embodiment may be used in the context of flats or parcels. The method is directed to examining loose material content, such as powdered or particulate material in such mail pieces, in addition to threatening messages on the outside of mail pieces or within envelopes which can be transilluminated with light.
Several embodiments are disclosed including the use of an energy source to generate a viewable profile of the mail piece contents, i.e., trans-illumination of the mail piece. Additionally, other detection schemes are employed which combine at least two non-specific triggering mechanisms to mitigate the instances of “false positive” indications. That is, by combining at least two such detection schemes, the probability of an accurate or valid assessment is dramatically increased. This embodiment is discussed hereinafter in the context of a Venn diagram.
In a first embodiment of the invention shown in
In the described embodiment, a “jogger” 14 (see
The mail pieces 10 are then removed from the jogger 14 and separated or singulated (i.e., removed one-by-one) into a mail processing or sortation system. In step B, the mail is examined to produce a content profile (discussed in greater detail hereinafter). More specifically, for processing multiple mail pieces 10, each may be placed in rapid succession on a conveyor 20 for transport to an imaging device 30 (shown in
Furthermore, the mail pieces 10 are arranged and positioned on the conveyor 20 in a predetermined spatial orientation so as to minimally disturb the contents of the mail piece 10. That is, the mail pieces 10 are positioned such that loose particulate material 12 induced into the corner 10R of the mail piece 10 (should any be present) remains substantially undisturbed as a result of separation and placement onto the conveyor 20. In the described embodiment, the mail piece 10 is preferably arranged in a vertically upright position, e.g., top side facing up, with the corner 10R on the left-hand side facing down. Generally, the corner 10R of interest should be positioned to retain any loose particulate material 12 while being exposed to various external forces acting on the envelope. That is, the forces of gravity and acceleration due to, or induced by, the conveyor 20 should be taken into consideration when positioning the mail piece 10.
In the illustrated embodiment, the content profile may be produced by the imaging device 30 operative to illuminate, irradiate or excite the internal contents of the mail piece 10. The imaging device 30 includes a source of light energy 32 on one side of the mail piece, a reader/receiver 34 disposed on the other, and a computer processor 36 for processing the image data. More specifically, the light source 32 may include a conventional incandescent light bulb (i.e., in the visible light spectrum) for illuminating the mail piece 10 from behind, while the receiver/detector 34 may comprise a standard digital line scan charge coupled device (CCD) camera for receiving/recording the light energy transmitted through the mail piece 10. The light 32 may be positioned off the camera axis, i.e., off-axis, to avoid shining light directly into the camera when no envelope is present. Alternatively, if an array of light emitting diodes (not shown) is used, the light emitting diodes may be activated only when the envelope is present as determined by photocells monitoring the mail path.
As the light energy passes through the mail piece 10, it may be partially, absorbed, attenuated or reflected by the mail piece/mail piece contents. As such, the processor 36 produces a characteristic content profile corresponding to the transmitted light energy. While the imaging device 30 is described in the context of light energy for transillumination of the mail piece 10, it should be appreciated that other imaging devices may be employed. For example, an X-Ray tube may be used as an energy source and an X-Ray sensor or spectrometer may be used to receive the energy emissions caused by x-ray illumination. Notwithstanding the energy source for transillumination, the processor 36 collects the data, sums the pixel intensity (or average pixel intensity value) along horizontal rows of the envelope, and produces the content profile.
In
In step C, the content profile 40a is further analyzed by the computer processor 36 for determining whether the contents of the mail piece 10 are characteristic of a powdered substance or particulate material. For example, the processor 36 may store data relating to one or more predefined baseline profiles (not shown) or a continuously maintained running average baseline value. If, by way of comparison, the actual content profile 40a is substantially similar to the baseline profile, i.e., the deviation from the baseline is within some threshold tolerance or range, then the mail piece 10 is deemed “suspect” and is out-sorted. Alternatively, or additionally, the processor 36 may employ various algorithms which calculate deviations from the predefined or average baseline. For example, when seeking to identify a powdered substance, the algorithm may examine the content profile 40a for the presence of a substantially linear line of contrast in the predefined region 10R of the mail piece. Of course, the rules for identifying such powdered substance will greatly depend upon on its physical properties. Further, the data for generating one or more baseline profiles and/or governing algorithms will, in great part, be developed by empirical testing and making various observations/rules based upon the empirical testing. Such testing and governing rules are capable of being accomplished by one possessing ordinary skill in the art based on the teachings provided herein.
Using these indicators, the mail piece 10 may be deemed to contain a powdered substance and is, consequently, “suspect”. In the context used herein, “suspect” means that the mail piece may potentially contain a hazardous material or a hoax material and that certain precautionary steps or measures should be taken with respect to its subsequent handling. The term suspect is also used in view of the fact that other physical characteristics of a mail piece may effect a content profile resembling the collection of particulate material in a predefined region, e.g., a small piece of colored notepaper or an external printed logo.
In step D, suspect mail pieces 10 are culled or out-sorted. When implementing the invention in a high-speed, high volume mail sorter, various methods and apparatus may be employed for out-sorting a particular mail piece. While such out-sorting apparatus are conventionally employed for culling improperly prepared mail pieces, e.g., unreadable address, inadequate postage etc., the present invention may use the out-sorting capability to segregate any suspect mail pieces 10. That is, mail distribution facilities typically employ a system for marking/identifying mail pieces upon induction into the distribution system for use by automated mail processing equipment such as mail sorters/conveyers. Typically, such markings, e.g., a barcode identification symbol, are used by the automated processing equipment to track the mail piece at a variety of stations. The markings may be optically scanned to determine the position of the mail piece, or the mail piece carrying tray, at any instant while the mail piece is being handled by the automated processing equipment. Consequently, these existing systems can also be used to identify and out-sort the suspect mail pieces 10.
More specifically, and referring to
It may also be desirable to print a human readable symbol 56 on any out sorted mail piece 10 that it has been identified as suspect and/or a symbol 58 indicative of the orientation of the mail piece during the first examination step B. With respect to the latter, an upwardly pointing arrow 58 may be used to record the initial orientation of the mail piece such that in subsequent steps E and F (discussed in the paragraphs below) a desired orientation (other than the indicated orientation) may be selected.
In step E, the out-sorted mail pieces are placed in the jogger 14 for a second time, although now the mail pieces 10 are placed in a different orientation. That is, in step A above, if any loose particulate material is presence in a mail piece, it is collected in a predefined region due to forces acting on the mail piece, i.e., the energy field. The region where the particulate material is anticipated to collect is, naturally, based upon the orientation of the mail piece relative to such forces. In step F, and referring to
In step G and referring to
If the second analysis step G does not produce similar results then it may be presumed that the mail piece is safe for delivery. In
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the system may employ additional detection or triggering technologies. In
A particle counter/laser discriminator 60 can provide critical information about the number of aerosolized particles in the area of and surrounding the mail piece. Inasmuch as biohazardous/chemical materials tend to aerosolize readily, particle counter/laser discriminator 60 can detect a sudden burst of particles coincident with the passage of a particular envelope through the sortation equipment. Passage through the singulation mechanism of sortation equipment tends to disburse powders from such envelopes, which would normally result in an increase of particles in the area. For example, rod-shaped particles of anthrax are extremely small, i.e., 5 microns in length, 1 micron in diameter, and light-weight such that, once aerosolized, the particles remain airborne for an indefinite period of time.
By monitoring the running average of particles/cubic inch and comparing the instantaneous particle count to a statistical threshold value, an alarm, advisory or cue can be provided to facility operators. That is, if the instantaneous particle count exceeds some predetermined threshold value (e.g., the running average×1.2, or 120% of the running average) and, a mail piece, within some interval of time, has been deemed “suspect”, then a warning would be issued.
Additionally or alternatively, a Raman or LIB spectrometer 70 used with the imaging device 30, or employed in combination with both the imaging device 30 and the particle counter/laser discriminator 60, provides a combination of system elements which can increase confidence yet further. That is, greater confidence in the veracity of an alarm or advisory. A Raman spectrometer 70 shines a beam 72 of laser light energy in the air surrounding a passing mail piece 10 while a LIBS 70 may be used to identify materials on the envelope surface. The Raman or LIBS spectrometer 70 uses the laser beam 72 to obtain spectral signatures from individual passing particles or powders. The processor 36 retains stored data or a library of optical signature patterns associated with various known papers, hoax materials, and biohazardous/chemical materials for comparison with the returned signatures. Further, the processor 36 could be programmed to use conventional correlation analysis of the stored and detected optical signature patterns to determine the nature of the aerosolized particles being released from the passing mail pieces. Even if such spectrometers 70 cannot be used to identify specific biohazardous materials, i.e., anthrax, their use to recognize hoax materials or paper may provide significant value. That is, one can quickly negate a particle count trigger if it can readily be determined that the aerosolized particles are merely paper dust.
Additionally, an OCR system 80 can augment the previously described system elements by monitoring for inflammatory text or images. It has been observed that the imaging device 30 can capture data of sufficient fidelity or clarity to be read or interpreted by an OCR system. More specifically, back lighting of the mail piece enables text to be read within the envelope while front lighting permits the reading of text on the face of the mail piece. By passing the text through OCR algorithms it is possible to detect for the presence of inflammatory/threatening text or symbols. That is, the processor 36 can maintain a database of such text or symbols for comparison with the images read by the OCR algorithms. Similarly, the processor 36 can maintain a name/location database of known offenders such that mail pieces coming from a particular region or country may be scrutinized and/or out-sorted.
A thickness detection device may also be employed as a trigger in combination with the foregoing monitoring devices. By touching a mail piece with a thickness probe or a probe for sensing surface irregularities, additional information can be acquired useful for the detection of biohazardous or hoax materials. The method may employ a simple “touch test”, i.e., a thickness detector along the bottom edge of the mail piece to feel for suspicious thickness variations, especially in the corners of the mail pieces. Alternatively, a more sophisticated mechanical probe may be used for producing a surface profile which can be compared to other known surface profiles, e.g., a surface profile known to be caused by benign content material such as paper clips, staples, etc., or known to be caused by suspicious material such as a particulate material.
In particular, the foregoing approach may be considered in light of the Venn diagram shown in
By examination of the Venn Diagram it will be apparent that area of intersection V represents a very small, identifiable population of mail pieces. This area of intersection represents mail pieces which are “suspect” for more than one, and, in the example provided, as many as three non-correlated modes of detection, i.e., triggered by the imaging device 30, particle counter 60, and OCR system 80. It can be concluded that while mail pieces within each population, i.e., each circle of the Venn diagram, may reasonably be present, coincidence of more than one can be a matter for even greater concern.
The present invention, therefore, functions to rapidly trigger a warning or advisory when a “suspect” mail piece is detected, whether the threat is due to an actual bioterrorism event or due to a hoax perpetrated through the mail. As discussed in the Background of the Invention, the positive detection of biohazardous/chemical agents or hoax materials in real-time is a daunting task due to the complex nature of the agents/materials. In the prior art, emphasis has been placed on detection of specific biological agents such as anthrax, ricin, etc., using serially arranged detection triggers. That is, a particle counter is used to monitor an instantaneous particle count and, upon exceeding some threshold value of aerosolized particles, a DNA analyzer is used to determine whether the increased particle count is due to a specific biological agent. Hence, if the increase was produced by a material commonly used in hoax, such as talcum powder, no alarm would sound nor would the mail pieces containing such material be out sorted. As a result, the threatening mail piece is delivered in the normal course of mailing and the hoax is successfully perpetrated (along with the adverse consequences of business delay, interruption and mental anguish).
In contrast, the present invention employs simple, non-specific trigger technology and protocols to monitor for the presence of suspicious agents/materials. The mail piece is examined by detection triggers which are indicative of non-specific properties of a particulate material, such as the characteristic of a powder to flow (under gravitational or inertial forces), aerosolize in air, emit a spectral signature in response to spectral illumination, or produce surface irregularities on the face of a mail piece. As such, monitoring or examining mail pieces concurrently or in parallel two or more detection triggers, the invention provides a powerful yet low cost method for out-sorting threatening mail pieces; that is, mail pieces which heretofore would be delivered irrespective the adverse business and human consequences produced by hoaxes perpetrated through the mail distribution system.
Although the invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and various other changes, omissions and deviations in the form and detail thereof may be made without departing from the scope of this invention.