Patent Application
20050235354
The present invention relates to a signal processing technology, and more particularly, to a method and system for protecting content stored in a programmable encapsulated system.
Digital hearing aids have been developed in recent years. For example, in hearing aids for “In-The-Ear” (ITE) and “Behind-The-Ear” (BTE) applications, an incoming audio signal is processed according to processing scheme and subsequently transmitted to the user of the hearing aid through a hearing aid loud speaker (i.e., hearing aid receiver). The processing scheme, which is used to process the incoming audio signal and to produce the processed, outgoing signal, represents the nucleus of the signal improvement which the hearing aid user experiences. This improvement may be increased speech intelligibility. Thus, the processing scheme represents methods and core knowledge proprietary to the individual hearing aid manufacturer who has developed the methods and knowledge for the application. These methods and knowledge are often referred to as algorithms.
An algorithm can be considered as a sequence of actions that need to be carried out to fulfill a task. In the case of digital hearing aids, an algorithm is a sequence of instructions that manipulate the incoming signal in addition to other processing, such as control, in order to produce an outgoing signal that generally represents an enhancement of the incoming signal. This enhancement is beneficial for the hearing impaired person who wears the hearing aid.
The digital hearing aid contains a programmable processing module called a hybrid. The hybrid is an encapsulated entity that includes integrated circuits, a circuit that connects the integrated circuits, and passive components.
The hearing aid has a connector through which the hearing aid is connected to an external fitting device. The external fitting device is connected to a PC (Personal Computer) or similar device in which fitting data is generated. The hearing aid connector is connected internally in the hearing aid to the access port of the hybrid. Data is downloaded from the PC to the integrated circuits in the hybrid through the access port.
The hybrid serves as the basis for multiple hearing aids developed by different manufacturers. In other words, one hybrid can execute a multitude of algorithms due to the flexibility and programmability that comes with an open platform type of processing system. Open platform in this context means the ability to develop and execute a multitide of algorithms as described above. For example, two competing hearing aid manufacturers, who use the same type of hybrid originating from a common vendor, can execute two or more completely different algorithms in the hearing aids. Currently available open hybrid(s) do not prevent access to the embedded application code from an external device. Thus, it is possible to gain unauthorized access to application code in a hybrid, for purposes of reverse engineering or to deploy the code in another hybrid.
There is a need to provide a method and system for protecting any critical content stored in a programmable system.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and system that obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of existing programmable systems.
The invention uses mode-based operation for accepting or restricting commands from an external device to allow a programmable system to be visible or invisible from the external device.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of protecting content embedded in a programmable system. The system includes at least one Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) executing an application, and a non-volatile (NV) storage element storing information on the application. The ASIC and the NV storage element are encapsulated inside the system. The method includes the steps of: (1) assigning at least one of a plurality of access modes to at least one access port, the access modes including at least an unrestricted access mode and a restricted access mode; (2) in the unrestricted access mode, accepting one or more access port commands provided by an external device through the access port, including the step of:in response to an access port command, allowing a content stored in the system to be visible to the external device via the access port; (3) in the restricted access mode, accepting a limited set of access port commands provided by the external device through the access port, including the step of: in response to an access port command, restricting visibility of the content, (4) switching the restricted access mode to the unrestricted access mode without exposing the content to the external device via the access port.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a programmable system for implementing an application and being accessible from an external device via at least one access port. The system includes: (1) at least one Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) executing an application; (2) a non-volatile (NV) storage element storing information on the application; (3) a housing for encapsulating the ASIC and the NV storage element inside the system; and (4) a content protection manager adapted for: assigning at least one of a plurality of access modes to the access port, the access modes including at least an unrestricted access mode and a restricted access mode; in the unrestricted access mode, allowing a content stored in the system to be visible to the external device via the access port; in the restricted access mode, restricting visibility of the content to the external device via the access port; and switching the restricted access mode to the unrestricted mode without exposing the content to the external device via the access port.
This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all features of the invention. Other aspects and features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:
The embodiment of the present invention is now described for a hybrid in a hearing aid. However, the present invention may be applied to different types of devices, such as but not limited to, listening devices (e.g. headsets), any other programmable systems in which one or more elements are embedded and are encapsulated within the systems.
In the embodiment, an entity is defined as a block of elements inside an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). In the embodiment, an element is defined as a specific functionality inside an entity. For example, a memory block inside a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is considered as an element, while the DSP itself is considered as an entity.
The DSP(s) and/or coprocessor(s), and the analog circuitry in the ASIC 12 are accessible through one or more access ports (external pads) 50 located on the accessible outside of the hybrid 10.
The analog circuitry 14 contains a plurality of elements, e.g., preamplifier(s) 20, analog to digital (A/D) converter(s) 22, and configuration registers 24.
The DSP 16 contains a plurality of elements, e.g., a memory 26, a data path 28, a sequencer 30, an Input/Output (I/O) unit 32, peripherals 34, and a Read-Only-Memory (ROM) 36. The memory 26 is used for storage of application code and temporary data during normal hearing aid operation. In the data path 28, mathematical calculations are carried out during normal hearing aid operation. The sequencer 30 fetches, decodes and executes application code from the memory 26. The I/O unit 32 handles information interchange with external devices (e.g., 2 of
In the embodiment, a command, which is provided from the external device 2 and is received at the access port 50, is referred to as access port command.
The hybrid 10 includes a non-volatile (NV) storage element 40. The NV storage element 40 stores data, such as application code, fitting information, information relevant to a specific hearing aid application. The DSP 16 executes algorithms represented by the application code during normal hearing aid audio processing (operation). The fitting information is used to configure the algorithm in order to provide the signal enhancement for the hearing impaired user. The fitting information is different for each user, and is stored on a per-user basis.
In
Information is interchanged between the NV storage element 40 and the ASIC 12 over wires or other connection scheme internally in the hybrid 10. In
An external device 2 is capable of communicating with the hybrid 10 through the access port 50. The external device 2 may be a PC (Personal Computer). External devices other than the PC may be connected to the hybrid 10 through the access port 50. In
More than two access ports may be provided to the hybrid 10. For example, the access ports 50 may include a debug port for debugging. The number of access ports related to communication as well as the type of communication conducted may vary, and are not limited to those of 50A and 50B.
Data are interchanged between the external device 2 and the DSP 16. The data transferred between the external device 2 and the hybrid 10 (and vice versa) through the access port 50 include, such as application code, fitting information or any other information.
The NV storage element 40 is not directly connected to any one of the access ports (50A, 50B). Access to the NV storage element 40 from the external device 2 is implemented through the connection between the access port 50 and the ASIC 12 (such as the DSP 16).
The hybrid 10 includes mechanism or algorithm for implementing content protection. The content protection may be implemented by software, hardware, or a combination thereof (referred to as content protection manager or content protection method). In the description below, the term “the content protection method” is used. The content protection method is provided to protect contents stored in a certain region(s) of one or more elements in the hybrid 10 from unauthorized access through the access port 50.
The content protected by the content protection method is referred to as protected content(s). The protected content includes application code, such as application code for a specific hearing aid application. The protected content may include information stored in the hybrid 10 other than the application code.
For example, the memories and registers in the DSP 16, the configuration registers 24 in the analog circuitry 14 and the NV storage element 40 may store protected contents. An element, which stores a protected content, is referred to as a protected element. The protected element may include a protected region and an unprotected region. The protected region is protected by the content protection method. Any access to the protected region is managed by the content protection method. The unprotected region is accessible in restricted access mode. The access to the unprotected region when in unrestricted access mode is described below. For example, the NV storage element 40 may have a protected region 40A and an unprotected region 40B as shown in
The content protection method is now described in detail. The content protection method allows an individual to configure a hybrid over its access port 50 without providing the ability for that individual to access proprietary application code. The content protection method ensures that any critical content (i.e., any protected content) cannot be copied, viewed, altered (except deleted) or otherwise accessed by an unauthorized individual, such as an individual involved in developing a competing product or other. Deleting the protected content may be allowed since it does not expose the protected contents to the external device 2. Any unauthorized individual (access) cannot obtain knowledge about algorithms executed in the hybrid 10.
The content protection method allows the hybrid 10 to be re-furbished or in another way be re-conditioned by an authorized individual who owns the application code. For example, in the case of the return of a defect part, the hybrid 10 can be re-furbished or re-conditioned by the manufacturer who owns the application code.
In the embodiment, the content protection method is implemented by assigning one of operation modes to the access port 50, and switches the operation modes. The operation modes include unrestricted access mode and restricted access mode.
In unrestricted access mode, the external device 2 is allowed to access the ASIC 12 and the NV storage element 40 within the natural limitations of the actual implemented hardware.
In restricted access mode, the access to the ASIC 12 and the NV storage element 40 is limited. Only a subset of elements in the ASIC 12 and the NV storage element 40 is “visible” from the external device 2 through the access port 50.
Once the access mode is switched from unrestricted access mode to restricted access mode, the protected element (protected region) becomes invisible from the external device 2 through the access port 50. No one can review the protected elements. If the protected element has a protected region and an unprotected region, the protected region is invisible from the external device 2 while the unprotected region is visible from the external device 2 within the limitations of the actual implemented hardware.
The content protection method allows the access port 50 to be switched from restricted access mode to unrestricted access mode without exposing the protected content. When switching restricted access mode to unrestricted access mode, protected contents are cleared, or are obfuscated.
The access mode is selected by setting a bit in a register 24. If the bit is “0”, unrestricted access mode is selected. If the bit is “1”, restricted access mode is selected.
Unrestricted access mode is now described in detail. In unrestricted access mode, the access port commands are executed through built-in functionality embedded in the hybrid 10. For example, the built-in functionality is embedded in the ROM 36, a ROM in the access port 50, or a combination thereof.
In unrestricted access mode, all access port commands are executable. There are no restrictions on subsets of access port commands that will not result in the specified functionality. The specifics of operating the access port 50 in unrestricted access mode relate to the set of access port commands that can be executed.
In unrestricted access mode, entities inside the hybrid 10 are visible. The content stored in the ASIC 12, such as, memories, ROM, data path registers, can be read or written through the access port 50. A read or write operation is performed by transmitting associated access port commands from the external device 2. For example, the external device 2 may transmit a read-from-memory command, and the DSP 16 may return the content of the requested memory address in response to that command. Similarly, the external device 2 may transmit a write-to-memory-at-address-X command, which is followed by the sequence of data/application code to be written to a memory at address X in the hybrid 10.
In unrestricted access mode, the NV storage element 40 is accessible from the external device 2 through the access port 50 such that contents can be read from the NV storage element 40 and/or can be written to the NV storage element 40. When the access port 50A receives access port commands associated with access to the NV storage element 40, the access port 50 may call function(s) in the ROM 36, which handle read or write to the NV storage element 40. The DSP 16 may return requested data to the access port 50B in case of a read command, or the DSP 16 may write transmitted data in case of a write command.
The access port 50A may directly access the NV storage element 40 using its built-in functionality without calling function(s) in the ROM 36. For example, the access port 50 has executable access function(s) embedded into it for directly accessing the NV storage element 40, and has a DSP executing the called functions in its built-in functionality or other part of the NV storage element 40 where the command set is stored (not shown). The access port 50 may include a ROM for the built-in functionality. The call is executed directly from the I/O unit 32. The NV storage element 40 then provides a response directly to the register 33 in the I/O unit 32, which is read by the access port 50.
Restricted access mode is now described in detail. In restricted access mode, certain application code (e.g., application code for processing audio signal, application code for looking at the shared register 33 and determining how to deal with a command) assesses and handles the execution of access port commands.
In restricted access mode, entities inside the hybrid 10 are invisible from the external device 2. Contents cannot be directly written on the ASIC 12 (e.g., memories, ROM, data path registers) from the access port 50 or cannot be read through the access port 50.
Any access mode commands associated with reading from any protected element (or any protected region) and writing to any protected element (or any protected region) are not executed. The built-in functions associated with reading and writing executed to the protected element are disabled.
No response is returned through the access port 50 in restricted access mode. It may return a dummy response that is not associated with the given access port command. The dummy response may be a message associated with an access port command other than an access port command using call-functions in the ROM for reading or writing.
For example, when the hybrid 10 receives a read-from-memory-at-address-X command from the external device 2 via the access port 50, the hybrid 10 may return a response that has nothing to do with the requested data.
Similarly, write commands are not executed from the access port 50. If writing is allowed, an unauthorized individual could write a small piece of code to memory over the access port 50 that would result in application code being returned to the access port 50 upon execution of this piece of code. Thus, in restricted access mode, the hybrid 10 does not accept from the external device 2 any requests associated with reading writing executed to the protected element (or the protected region).
In one embodiment, all contents stored in the NV storage element 40 are protected in restricted access mode. Access port commands for writing to the NV storage element 40 and for reading from the NV storage element 40 are not executed.
A limited set of information, such as fitting data and other information, may be storable and assessable in restricted access mode. In this case, it only allows a single part of an element, such as a register 33 in the I/O unit 32, to be “shared” between the access port 50 and the DSP that executes commands appearing on the access port 50. An access port command that arrives in the register 33 results in the running application code to interpret this access port command and subsequently “jump” to the part of the application code that is associated with executing this particular access port command.
In restricted access mode, certain ROM functions in the hybrid 10, which are irrelevant to accessing application code or other critical information, are callable from the access port 50. It depends on the application code to decide which memory cells and NV RAM parts can be read or written. These cells and NV RAM parts may contain fitting and/or certain critical information.
When an access control bit in the access mode control register is set to “1” by an access port command, the Unrestricted access mode state 100 is changed to a Restricted access mode state 102 (S2).
At the Restricted access mode state 102, in response to a JumpROM command delivered from the external device 2 to the access port 50, a Wipe mode state 104 (step S4) or a Set Unrestricted mode state 106 (step S8) is entered.
If the JumpROM is associated with wiping the protected contents stored in the protected region (e.g., 40A of
If the JumpROM is associated with entering Set Unrestricted mode, the state is switched to the Set Unrestricted mode state 106.
At the Set Unrestricted mode state 106, the access port 50 turns to be in the Unrestricted access mode state 100 (step S10) or in the Restricted access mode state 106 (S8).
Unrestricted mode is entered from the Set Unrestricted mode (S10), if the NV RAM protected region has been wiped. Further, the access mode bit is set to “0”. Restricted mode is entered (S12), if the NV RAM protected region has not been wiped.
For example, during the development of application code, unrestricted access mode is assigned to the access port 50 such that the hybrid 10 accepts full set of access port commands from the external device 2. The developer is capable of obtaining full access to the hybrid 10 to debug his application.
For example, during the manufacturing process of the hybrid 10, restricted access mode is assigned to the access port 50 such that the hybrid 10 accepts a limited set of access port commands from the external device 2. The limited set of access port commands may include access port commands for configuration and for switching the access mode. Any access port commands for accessing the protected contents are rejected.
The examples of the application scenarios are now described. In the following scenarios, the term “a command” covers “one command” and “multiple commands”. It is noted that the situation to which the content protection method is applied is not limited to the following scenarios.
Scenario 1: In order to assert the state of the hybrid 10 over the access port 50, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where this command is executed. If the access port 50 is in unrestricted access mode, all aspects of the state of the hybrid 10 may be returned. If the access port 50 is in restricted access mode, the aspects of the state that relate to the content of memories 26, registers 24 and NV storage element 40 are not returned.
Scenario 2: In order to write fitting parameters to the hybrid 10, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where this command is executed. In the case of fitting, the execution of the ROM 36 results in the ASIC 12 “looking for” data on the access port 50, converts the information to a format suitable for writing into the NV storage element 40, and performs actual write operation. This applies for both unrestricted access mode and restricted access mode.
Scenario 3: An individual needs to interrupt the execution of the program running on the hybrid 10 (regardless of what state this program is in) to pass control information to the DSP 16 (or other entity) in order to initiate EEPROM write or for any other purpose. In this case, the command appearing on the access port 50 results in the DSP 16 stopping followed by a call to the ROM 36.
Scenario 4: In order to access the hybrid 10, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where the command is executed. For each command in the ROM 36, the command itself asserts whether the access port 50 is in unrestricted access mode or restricted access mode, and executes accordingly. As described above, information, which is written into the hybrid 10, is limited in restricted access mode.
Scenario 5: In order to write a piece of information to the NV storage element 40, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where the command is executed. The ROM 36 handles all tasks related to writing to the NV storage element 40. This functionality applies for both unrestricted access mode and restricted access mode. In restricted access mode, information, which is written into the hybrid 10, is limited.
Scenario 6: In order to write a piece of information to a memory other than the NV storage element 40, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where the command is executed. The ROM 36 handles all tasks related to writing to the memory. This functionality applies for both unrestricted access mode and restricted access mode. In restricted access mode, information, which is written into the hybrid 10, is limited.
Scenario 7: In order to assess whether the NV storage element 40 is correctly connected to the ASIC 12 inside the hybrid 10, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where the command is executed. The ROM 36 verifies the connection by initially setting a bit in a register on the NV storage element 40; reading and verifying that the bit is set; resetting the bit; and reading and verifying that the bit is reset. This functionality applies for both unrestricted and restricted access mode.
Scenario 8: In order to read the content of the NV storage element 40 or a part hereof, an individual may transmit an access port command to the access port 50 followed by the access port 50 making a call to the ROM 36 from where the command is executed. The ROM 36 handles all tasks related to reading from the NV storage element 40. The information returned to the individual over the access port 50 depends on the access mode.
Scenario 9:
Scenario 11: A manufacturer may have his command sequence that can be executed over the access port 50 to switch restricted access mode to unrestricted access mode for the return of a defect part or debugging. This command sequence is not public and is only known to the manufacturer.
Scenario 12: For the return of a defect part or debugging, all contents may be wiped before switching the access mode and re-configuring the hybrid 10.
The embodiment of the present invention allows an individual to configure a hybrid over its access port without providing the ability for that individual to access proprietary application code. In the case of the return of a defect part, the hybrid is re-furbished or in another way re-conditioned by a manufacturer who owns the application code.
The embodiment of the present invention allows for a physical access port, and an associated communication protocol to be common for different hearing aid manufacturers A and B without the manufacturer A having access to the “part” of the DSP inside the hybrid that encompasses the application code (and vice versa).
The embodiment of the present invention allows each hearing aid manufacturer to get access to his hybrid during manufacturing, hearing aid fitting or refurbishing in case of a field return.
The embodiment of the present invention allows each hearing aid manufacturer to get full access to his hybrid during application development followed by the ability “lock” the hybrid, i.e. restricted access mode, at the end of the development cycle and before launching a product on the market that encompasses this hybrid.
The embodiment of the present invention is applicable to any on-system Intellectual Property (IP), and prohibits an unauthorized access to that IP.
The present invention has been described with regard to one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2,462,495 | Mar 2004 | CA | national |
