Patent Application
20060237641
The present invention relates generally to the ionization of sample material, which finds use, for example, in fields of analytical chemistry such as mass spectrometry. More particularly, the present invention relates to improving the performance of an ion source, and particularly an electron ionization source, by controlling ion instabilities that may occur in the ionization source.
Mass spectrometry (MS) describes a variety of instrumental methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis that enable sample components to be resolved according to their mass-to-charge ratios. For this purpose, a mass spectrometer converts the components of a sample into ions, sorts or separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios, and processes the resulting ion output (for example, ion current, flux, beam, signal, et cetera) as needed to produce a mass spectrum. Typically, a mass spectrum is a series of peaks indicative of the relative abundances of charged components as a function of mass-to-charge ratio. The term “mass-to-charge” is often expressed as m/z or m/e, or simply “mass” given that the charge z or e often has a value of 1. The information represented by the ion output can be encoded as electrical signals through the use of an appropriate transducer to enable data processing by analog and/or digital techniques.
Insofar as the present disclosure is concerned, MS systems are generally known and need not be described in detail. Briefly, a typical MS system generally includes a sample inlet system, an ion source or ionization system, a mass analyzer (also termed a mass sorter or mass separator) or multiple mass analyzers, an ion detector, a signal processor, and readout/display means. Additionally, the MS system typically includes an electronic controller such as a computer or other electronic processor-based device for controlling the functions of one or more components of the MS system, managing data acquisition, storing information produced by the MS system, providing libraries of molecular data useful for analysis, and the like. The electronic controller may include a main computer that includes a terminal, console or the like for enabling interface with an operator of the MS system, as well as one or more modules or units that have dedicated functions such as data acquisition and manipulation. The MS system also includes a vacuum system to enclose the mass analyzer(s) in a controlled, evacuated environment. In addition to the mass analyzer(s), depending on design, all or part of the sample inlet system, ion source, and ion detector may also be enclosed in the evacuated environment.
In operation, the sample inlet system introduces a small amount of sample material to the ion source, which may be integrated with the sample inlet system depending on design. In hyphenated techniques, the sample inlet system may be the output of an analytical separation instrument such as a gas chromatographic (GC) instrument, a liquid chromatographic (LC) instrument, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument, a capillary electrochromatography (CEC) instrument, or the like. The ion source converts components of the sample material into a stream of positive and negative ions. One ion polarity is then accelerated into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates the ions according to their respective mass-to-charge ratios. The mass analyzer produces a flux of ions resolved according to m/z ratio and the ions are collected at the ion detector.
The ion detector functions as a transducer that converts the mass-discriminated ionic information into electrical signals suitable for processing/conditioning by the signal processor, storage in memory, and presentation by the readout/display means. A typical ion detector includes, as a first stage, an ion-to-electron conversion device. Ions from the mass analyzer are focused toward the ion-to-electron conversion device by means of an electrical field and/or electrode structures that serve as ion optics. The electrical and structural ion optics are preferably designed so as to separate the ion beam from any neutral particles and electromagnetic radiation that may also be discharged from the mass analyzer, thereby reducing background noise and increasing the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The ion-conversion stage may be followed by an electron-multiplier stage, which typically includes dynodes for multiplication and an anode for collecting the multiplied flux of electrons and transmitting an output electrical current to subsequent processes. Alternatively, a photomultiplier may be substituted for an electron multiplier and operated in a similar manner.
The output of an ion detector typically is an amplified electrical current proportional to the intensity of the ion current fed to the ion detector and the gain of the electron multiplier. This output current can be processed as needed to yield a mass spectrum that can be displayed or printed by the readout/display means. A trained analyst can then interpret the mass spectrum to obtain information regarding the sample material processed by the MS system.
Examples of ion sources include, but are not limited to, gas-phase ion sources and desorption ion sources. Ion sources may also be characterized according to whether they implement hard ionization or soft ionization. One example of an ion sources is an electron impact ionization (EI) source. In a typical EI source, sample material is introduced into a chamber in the form of a molecular vapor. A heated filament is employed to emit energetic electrons, which are collimated and accelerated as a beam into the chamber under the influence of a voltage potential impressed between the filament and an anode. The path of the beam of sample material into the chamber is typically orthogonal to the path of the electron beam. These paths intersect at a region within the chamber, where ionization of the sample material occurs as a result of the electron beam bombarding the sample material. The primary reaction of the ionization process may be described by the following relation: M+e−→*++2e−, where M designates an analyte molecule, e− designates an electron, and M*+ designates the resulting molecular ion. That is, electrons approach a molecule closely enough to cause the molecule to lose an electron by electrostatic repulsion and, consequently, a singly-charged positive ion is formed. A voltage potential is employed to attract the ions formed in the chamber toward an exit aperture, after which the resulting ion beam is accelerated into the mass analyzer.
In the operation of an ion source, a phenomenon of ion beam self-oscillation may occur when the source is operated under high electron emission currents (hundreds of micro-amps) and strong magnetic fields (hundreds of Gauss) in order to maximize its sensitivity. This phenomenon may manifest itself by a quasi-periodic oscillation of the ion signal extracted toward the mass spectrometer, with frequencies that vary according to the conditions of the source over a wide range: from Hz to hundreds of kHz. When this self-oscillation phenomenon occurs, the performance of the mass spectrometer may be degraded, leading to poor peak area reproducibility, poor linearity, and inconsistent ion ratios measured. The phenomenon occurs with higher probability when high electron emission currents are employed the source is operated at low pressures (<1 mTorr) and when the ion extracting lens voltage is small (a few volts).
Based on experimental observations of the inventors in the present disclosure in the use of EI sources, the following mechanism for the observed self-oscillation phenomenon is proposed, with the understanding that there is no intention to limit any aspect of the present disclosure by such proposal. Inside the ion source, the electron space charge may create a potential well around the electron beam. The ions that are generated by the electrons may be trapped in this potential well for a finite time before they can be extracted toward the mass spectrometer. Under certain conditions, particularly when the electron density is maximized in order to maximize the sensitivity of the source, the trapped ions may only be able to escape the electron potential well after they accumulate in large number, through charge repulsion, in a burst. This mechanism of ion extracting could lead to the self-oscillation of the ion beam where a cycle consists of a short ion burst followed by a time when the ions are trapped and accumulate around the electron beam.
It is acknowledged, therefore, that a need exists for a solution that would inhibit the occurrence of the ion self-oscillation phenomenon but at the same time would preserve the overall sensitivity of the ion source. Experiments of the inventors in the present disclosure have indicated that the phenomenon of self-oscillation could be prevented by a series of possible actions. First, the self-oscillation could be prevented by reducing the electron density in the ion source, either through reducing the electron filament current or reducing the strength of the electron-collimating magnetic field. Unfortunately, for a given geometry of the ion source, this leads to a significant reduction of the overall sensitivity of the source. Second, the self-oscillation could be prevented by increasing the voltage applied on the first ion extracting lens, but this again is limited by a given source geometry, so it could lead to a significant decrease of the sensitivity of the source. Third, the self-oscillation could be prevented by increasing the background gas present in the source that usually is the carrier gas of the gas chromatograph, for example, helium. This pressure has a limited range of adjustment due to the specific flow rates needed to operate the gas chromatograph, so it is not presently deemed to be an acceptable solution either.
Accordingly, there continues to be a need for providing an adequate solution for controlling space charge-driven ion instabilities in ion sources, and particularly EI ion sources.
To address the foregoing problems, in whole or in part, and/or other problems that may have been observed by persons skilled in the art, the present disclosure provides methods for inhibiting space charge-related effects in an electron ionization source, and electron ionization apparatus that may be employed to implement the methods, as described by way of examples set forth below.
In one aspect, a method is provided for inhibiting space charge-related effects in an ion source. According to the method, an electron beam is directed into a chamber to produce ions from sample material in the chamber. A voltage pulse is applied to the chamber to perturb an electron space charge present in the chamber.
In some implementations, the operating parameters of the voltage pulse, such as pulse height, pulse width, and pulse frequency in the case of multiple voltage pulses, may be selected in whole or in part based on one or more operating parameters of other components of the ion source or the system in which the ion source operates. Examples of operating parameters of other components include, but are not limited to, data sampling frequency, electron emission current, pressure in the chamber, and ion mass in the chamber.
In some implementations, the voltage pulse is applied to a conductive surface disposed proximate to an aperture of the chamber, such that a pulsatile voltage potential is impressed between the conductive surface and a surface of or in the chamber. The conductive surface may be external to the chamber such as, for example, an ion extraction lens or an electron collection electrode, or the conductive surface may be internal to the chamber such as, for example, a repeller or reflector electrode.
In other implementations, the voltage pulse is applied to the chamber structure itself, such that a pulsatile voltage potential is impressed between the chamber structure and a conductive surface disposed in the chamber.
In other implementations, the voltage pulse is applied by pulsing the electron beam.
In another aspect, an ionization apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a chamber, an electron source for directing an electron beam into the chamber, and means for applying a voltage pulse to the chamber to perturb an electron space charge present in the chamber.
In some implementations, the voltage pulse applying means comprises a voltage source and a conductive surface disposed proximate to the chamber in communication with the voltage source. The conductive surface may be disposed external to the chamber, internal to the chamber, or may be a part of a structure of the chamber.
In other implementations, the voltage pulse applying means comprises a means for controlling the electron beam or the device employed to apply the electron beam.
In general, the term “communicate” (for example, a first component “communicates with” or “is in communication with” a second component) is used herein to indicate a structural, functional, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, ionic or fluidic relationship between two or more components or elements. As such, the fact that one component is said to communicate with a second component is not intended to exclude the possibility that additional components may be present between, and/or operatively associated or engaged with, the first and second components.
The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to ionization of sample materials., Examples of implementations of methods and related devices, apparatus, and/or systems are described in more detail below with reference to
The sample inlet system 102 may be any system or device suitable for interfacing with the ion source 104 so as to conduct a flow or beam of gaseous sample material 122 into the ion source 104. In a case where the MS system 100 is a continuous-beam system, the sample inlet system 102 is often a gas chromatographic (GC) instrument, which is capable of providing a source of analytes to the MS system 100 at a high, continuous flow rate if desired. The MS system 100 may, however, be capable of implementing hyphenated techniques other than GC/MS such as, for example, LC/MS or MS/MS. As a further alternative, the introduction of sample material into the ion source 104 may be done directly, and not as the output of an upstream analytical instrument.
The ion source 104 may be any ion source that is compatible with the methods disclosed herein and with the type of mass analyzer 108 employed. Insofar as the methods disclosed herein have been tested in connection with ionization driven by electron beams, the ion source 104 is illustrated in
Once sample material from the sample beam 122 has been ionized, the ions are extracted from the ionization chamber 130 for further processing. The operation of the ion source 104 results in the production of an ion signal, flux, or beam 158 that typically is orthogonal to the sample beam 122 and is directed out from the ionization chamber 130 through the ion exit aperture 134. The process of extracting ions in this manner may be facilitated by the use of the ion optics 106 that are located just downstream of the ionization chamber 130 in close proximity to the ion exit aperture 134. Suitable ion optics 106 of various configurations are widely known and commercially available. As one example, the ion optics 106 may include one or more lenses 162, 164 and 166, including an ion extracting lens 162. The other lenses 164 and 166 may be utilized for focusing and/or accelerating the ions. As schematically illustrated in
The ion beam 158 is then introduced into the mass analyzer 108 via a suitable inlet interface. The mass analyzer 108 may be any type suitable for mass-sorting operations as well as any other operations that may be desired (for example, reaction or fragmentation). Examples of suitable mass analyzers 108 include, but are not limited to, those of the continuous-beam type and multi-quad linear traps. The operation of the mass analyzer 108 results in a mass-discriminated output of ions 176. This ion output or signal 176 is collected by the ion detector 110. The ion detector 110 can be any device capable of converting the ion signal 176 received as an output from the mass analyzer 108 into an electrical signal 178 such as an electrical current. For example, the ion detector 110 may be of the type that includes an electron multiplier (EM) or photomultiplier, although other types of ion detectors 110 may be employed.
The electrical signals 178 produced by the ion detector 110 are fed to the electronic controller 112. As a general matter, the electronic controller 112 illustrated in
In addition to data acquisition, manipulation, storage and output, the electronic controller 112 may implement any number of other functions such as computerized control of one or more components of the MS system 100. For instance, the electronic controller 112 may communicate with the voltage source 172 over a control signal line 186 to control the timing and magnitude of voltages employed for ion extraction, as well as the pulse width and frequency of voltage pulses that may be applied to the ionization chamber 130 in accordance with methods disclosed herein. Although not specifically shown in
The electronic controller 112 may have both hardware and software attributes. In particular, the electronic controller 112 may be adapted to execute instructions embodied in computer-readable or signal-bearing media for implementing one or more algorithms, methods, or processes employed in one or more operations of the MS system 100. The instructions may be written in any suitable code, one example being C.
As noted previously, in the operation of an ion source such as the ion source 104 illustrated in
The voltage pulse (or each voltage pulse of a series or train of voltage pulses) may be defined by a controllable pulse width and pulse height (voltage magnitude). In implementations where a plurality of voltage pulses are applied, the voltage pulses are applied at a controllable pulse frequency. The parameters of the voltage pulse or pulses (pulse width, pulse height, and pulse frequency) may depend on several factors, including the type of instruments employed in the MS system 100, the operational limitations of these instruments, and the operating conditions associated with the ion source 104 such as the data sampling rate, the geometry and dimensions of the ionization chamber 130, the pressure within the ionization chamber 130, the mean-free path of particles within the ionization chamber 130, the number of ions within the ionization chamber 130 or their masses or mass ranges, the flow rate of the sample beam 122, the electron emission current of the electron beam 140, the electrical potential driving the electron beam 140, the voltage potential being used to extract ions from the ionization chamber 130, the voltages of conductive surfaces of the ionization chamber 130 such as the walls 131 of the ionization chamber 130 or ion-guiding components located within the ionization chamber 130, and so on.
Generally, the pulse width, pulse height, and pulse frequency are set within ranges of values that are sufficient to perturb the space charge in a manner that stabilizes the ion instabilities and inhibits the self-oscillation phenomenon as described above. The pulse width may be set to be a fraction (for example, 15% or thereabouts) of the duty (pulse) cycle. That is, the period of time during which the voltage pulse is on may be a predetermined fraction of the period of time between the applied voltage pulses. In some implementations, for example, the pulse width ranges from approximately 2 μs to approximately 20 μs. In a more specific example, the pulse width is approximately 10 μs. The pulse height may be set to be a function of an operating parameter such as electron emission current, and may be varied in accordance with variations in that operating parameter. For instance, the pulse height may be set to automatically increase with increasing electron emission current, either linearly or nonlinearly. As another example, the pulse height may be set to be a function of the pressure in the ionization chamber 130. As a further example, the pulse height may be set to be a function of the scanned ion mass or concentration in the ionization chamber 130. The voltage pulse applied in the ion source 104 may be optimized for the particular ion mass that is scanned and transmitted through the mass analyzer 108 at a particular moment. In some implementations, for example, the pulse height from approximately 0 V to approximately 60 V.
The pulse frequency may be selected independently from other operating parameters (i.e., the pulse frequency may be free-running). Alternatively, the pulse frequency may be set to be a function of, and/or synchronized with, the rate or frequency by which data are sampled (data acquisition or collection rate) by the mass analyzer 108. In some implementations, the pulse frequency is set to be higher than the data sampling rate (for example, twice the data sampling rate). For example, if data are sampled every 80 μs, voltage pulses may be applied every 40 μs. Setting the pulse frequency to be higher than the data sampling frequency may be utilized to ensure that no ion signal fluctuations are observed in the mass spectra. Synchronizing the voltage pulses with the data sampling events may be useful in ensuring that no frequency interference (e.g., the aliasing phenomenon) occurs. In some implementations, for example, the pulse frequency ranges from approximately 12 kHz to approximately 50 kHz.
The voltage pulse may be applied such that a pulsatile electrical potential is impressed between the ionization chamber 130 (for example, a wall 131 of the ionization chamber 130) and another conductive surface located anywhere in proximity of the ionization chamber 130, so long as the voltage pulse is sufficient to perturb the space charge in the ionization chamber 130 to effect ion space charge stability. For example, the conductive surface may be positioned externally relative to the ionization chamber 130 if an aperture of the ionization chamber 130—such as the ion exit aperture 134 or the electron beam outlet aperture 138—allows fringing fields to penetrate the interior of the ionization chamber 130. Alternatively, the conductive surface may be positioned within the ionization chamber 130. Implementations for applying the voltage pulse are described below. As a further alternative, an input of energy into the ionization chamber 130, which may be a pre-existing energy input such as the electron beam 146, may be pulsed to attain the same ion-stabilizing effect. Generally, the voltage pulsing according to any of these techniques may be implemented in a manner that does not appreciably change the observed continuous operation of the MS system 100 (e.g., sample introduction, ionization, ion extraction, mass analysis and detection, and the like).
In one implementation, the conductive surface to which the voltage pulse is applied is a conductive surface external to the ionization chamber 130. Specifically, as illustrated in
The technique just described has been experimentally tested with very good results, indicating that the performance of the mass spectrometer—in terms of sensitivity, linearity, dynamic range, ion ratios consistency, mass resolution, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and reproducibility—is similar when the pulsed ion extraction lens is employed. At the same time, the phenomenon of ion self-oscillation was inhibited, thereby allowing the ion source to be operated under maximum sensitivity conditions. The operating parameters employed to optimize the performance of the ion source and other components of the mass spectrometer were not adversely affected by the use of voltage pulsing. These experiments demonstrate that the application of a voltage pulse to an ion source is an improvement over ion sources that operate without this new technique of voltage pulsing.
In the implementations described thus far in conjunction with
Referring to the flow diagram of
It will be understood that the methods disclosed herein may be implemented in conjunction with hyphenated techniques such as, for example, the afore-mentioned GC/MS technique, as well as in other hyphenated techniques such as tandem MS or MS/MS. For instance, in tandem MS, more than one mass analyzer (and more than one type of mass analyzer) may be used. As one example, an ion source may be coupled to a multipole (for example, quadrupole) structure that acts as a first stage of mass separation to isolate molecular ions of a mixture. The first analyzer may in turn be coupled to another multipole structure (normally operated in an RF-only mode) that performs a collision-focusing function and is often termed a collision chamber or collision cell. A suitable collision gas such as argon is injected into the collision cell to cause fragmentation of the ions and thereby produce daughter ions. This second multipole structure may in turn be coupled to yet another multipole structure that acts as a second stage of mass separation to scan the daughter ions. Finally, the output of the second stage is coupled to an ion detector. Instead of multipole structures, magnetic and/or electrostatic sectors may be employed. Other examples of MS/MS systems include the Varian Inc. 1200 series of triple-quadrupole GC/MS systems commercially available from Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, California, and the implementations disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,897, assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure.
It will also be understood, and is appreciated by persons skilled in the art, that one or more processes, sub-processes, or process steps carried out in the mass spectrometer, ion source, and/or one or more voltage sources, such as the processes and apparatus described with reference to
It will be further understood that various aspects or details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation—the invention being defined by the claims.
